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Noel JK, Rosenthal SR. Impact of alcohol home delivery and other methods of obtaining alcohol in young adults. Alcohol Alcohol 2023; 58:606-611. [PMID: 37173866 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agad035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To estimate the use of home alcohol delivery and other methods of obtaining alcohol, rates of ID checking for home alcohol delivery purchases, and associations with alcohol-related consequences. METHODS Surveillance data from 784 lifetime drinkers participating in the 2022 Rhode Island Young Adult Survey were used. The method of obtaining alcohol (e.g. type of purchase, gifted, theft) was assessed. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Brief Young Adults Alcohol Consequences Questionnaire, and a drinking and driving question were used to measure high-risk drinking behaviors, experiencing negative alcohol questions, and history of drinking and driving. Logistic regression models adjusting for sociodemographic variables were used to estimate main effects. RESULTS About 7.4% of the sample purchased alcohol through a home delivery or to-go purchase; 12.1% of participants who obtained alcohol this way never had their ID checked during the purchase attempt, and 10.2% of these purchases were completed by participants under the legal purchase age. Home delivery/to-go purchases were associated with high-risk drinking. Alcohol theft was associated with high-risk drinking, experiencing negative alcohol consequences, and drinking and driving. CONCLUSIONS Home alcohol delivery and to-go purchases may provide an opportunity for underage access to alcohol, but their current use as a method of obtaining alcohol is rare. Stronger ID checking policies are needed. Alcohol theft was linked to several negative alcohol outcomes, and home-based preventive interventions should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan K Noel
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
| | - Samantha R Rosenthal
- Department of Health Science, College of Health & Wellness, Johnson & Wales University, Providence, RI 02903, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States
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Grube JW, Lipperman-Kreda S, García-Ramírez G, Paschall MJ, Abadi MH. California's tobacco 21 minimum sales age law and adolescents' tobacco and nicotine use: differential associations among racial and ethnic groups. Tob Control 2022; 31:e126-e133. [PMID: 34193606 PMCID: PMC8716668 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2020-056219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A California, USA, law raised the minimum tobacco sales age to 21 (T21) on 9 June 2016. We investigated whether T21 was associated with reductions adolescents' use of tobacco cigarettes, smokeless tobacco and electronic cigarettes and whether these associations differed across racial and ethnic groups. METHODS Secondary analyses of data from 2 956 054 7th, 9th and 11th grade students who participated in the California Healthy Kids Survey from 2010-11 to 2017-2018. RESULTS Multilevel mixed effects logistic regression analyses showed that T21 was associated with reduced prevalence of lifetime smokeless tobacco and e-cigarette use and past month smokeless tobacco use in the overall student population. T21 was associated with increases in prevalence of past month e-cigarette use. Moderation analyses indicated differences by racial and ethnic groups. Notably, T21 was associated with reductions in lifetime and past 30-day use of all tobacco and nicotine products among Latinx youth. The findings were more mixed for other racial and ethnic groups. Slopes analyses indicated that T21 was associated with accelerated downward trends for 30-day cigarette and smokeless use; moderated trends for lifetime cigarette smoking such that downward slopes became less steep; and reversed downward trends for e-cigarette use. Changes in slopes varied across racial and ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the importance of understanding the complex associations that T21 and other tobacco control policies have with the use of different tobacco and nicotine products among racial and ethnic groups. Future research should investigate mechanisms underlying these differences to inform tobacco control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Sharon Lipperman-Kreda
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Grisel García-Ramírez
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, USA
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Mallie J Paschall
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Melissa H Abadi
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation Louisville Center, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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Feltmann K, Gripenberg J, Elgán TH. Compliance Checks Decrease Cigarette Sales Rates to Pseudo-Underaged Mystery Shoppers: A Quasi-Experimental Control Group Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13161. [PMID: 36293737 PMCID: PMC9602829 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To control adherence to age limits regarding sales of tobacco products, Swedish authorities can conduct compliance checks. Compliance checks involve prior information to all retailers, mystery shopping, and subsequent feedback to the retailers. This study investigated whether compliance checks can decrease the rates of cigarette sales to underaged adolescents. Test purchases of cigarettes were conducted using pseudo-underaged mystery shoppers, i.e., 18-year-old adolescents with a younger appearance not carrying ID, to measure the refusal rate and rate of ID checks. Test purchases were conducted at 257 retail outlets in 13 municipalities in Stockholm County at baseline 2017 and follow-up 2019, respectively. In between the measurements, six municipalities (intervention area) conducted compliance checks, and seven municipalities were used as a comparison. Comparing baseline and follow-up, rates of refusal (70.4 to 95.8%) and ID checks (80.3 to 95.8%) improved in the intervention area. In the comparison area, refusal rates increased (80.9 to 85.2%), and ID check rates remained stable (at 86.1%). Significant group × time interaction effects reveal that the rates of refusal and ID checks differently changed in the study areas over time. These results indicate that compliance checks are an effective method to decrease cigarette sales to underaged adolescents.
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Grube JW, Krevor BS, DeJong W. A Group Randomized Trial of the Stop Service to Obviously-Impaired Patrons (S-STOP) Program to Prevent Overservice in Bars and Restaurants in College Communities. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:1216-1223. [PMID: 33960263 PMCID: PMC8159893 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1914107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND College student drinking in on-premises establishments has been associated with heavy alcohol consumption and a range of problems including assault, fighting, risky sex, and drinking and driving. Although more strictly enforcing overservice laws might reduce heavy drinking in on-premises establishments, law enforcement agencies have few resource-efficient tools for doing so, resulting in these laws seldom being enforced. OBJECTIVES In this paper, we report the results of an evaluation of the Stop Service to Obviously-impaired Patrons (S-STOP) program that was implemented in 303 bars and restaurants in 18 university communities in California using a randomized cross-over design (early vs. delayed implementation). The S-STOP program: (a) deployed pseudo-intoxicated patrons who attempted to purchase a drink when showing obvious signs of intoxication; (b) provided feedback to owners and managers on staff performance; and (c) offered free online refresher training for staff. RESULTS Overall, alcohol servers in bars and restaurants in these college communities were willing to serve a pseudo-intoxicated mystery shopper 90% of the time. The study found no evidence that S-STOP reduced the prevalence of alcohol sales to apparently impaired patrons during the two intervention stages of the study. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the need for developing effective interventions to prevent overservice and should prompt college and university leaders to take the lead in addressing the problem of alcohol overservice at on-premises establishments by working with community leaders, law enforcement, and retailers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel W. Grube
- Prevention Research Center, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
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Kremer P, Crooks N, Rowland B, Hall J, Toumbourou JW. Increasing compliance with alcohol service laws in community sporting clubs in Australia. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 41:188-196. [PMID: 33819363 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many community sporting clubs in Australia sell alcohol, but many do not comply with laws that require verification of age and forbid underage alcohol sales. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of an intervention that incorporated sales monitoring and community awareness raising to improve compliance with alcohol service regulations in community sporting clubs. METHODS Non-randomised community trial in 'matched' intervention and comparison communities. A total of 50 sporting clubs from two metropolitan and two regional areas in Victoria, Australia, were selected, and baseline and follow-up purchase observations completed during 2018. Youth who looked underage were monitored as they attempted to purchase alcohol. Intervention clubs received feedback letters regarding staff sales behaviour. Other intervention actions included building awareness of underage supply of alcohol and media coverage of baseline observations. RESULTS Observations were completed at 46 clubs (intervention = 24; comparison = 22) at baseline and 39 (intervention = 24; comparison = 15) at follow up. Compliance was low but improved at follow up for both groups for age verification (intervention +12.5%; comparison +8.5%) and non-supply of alcohol (intervention +12.5%; comparison +10.6%); but no significant intervention effects were found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Findings indicated low compliance with age verification checks and underage alcohol sales laws at baseline. Promising improvements in compliance were observed at follow up; however, 'spillover' of intervention activities may have compromised ability to detect significant intervention effects. Further intervention effort and evaluation is recommended to encourage alcohol sales compliance in community sporting clubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kremer
- Centre for Sport Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Nicholas Crooks
- Global Obesity Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bosco Rowland
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jessica Hall
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - John W Toumbourou
- Centre for Social and Early Emotional Development, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
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Paschall MJ, Grube JW, Miller TR, Ringwalt CL, Fisher DA, DeJong W. Evaluation of a Mystery Shopper Intervention to Reduce Sales of Alcohol to Minors in Zacatecas and Guadalupe, Mexico. JOURNAL OF DRUG EDUCATION 2020; 49:115-124. [PMID: 33342304 DOI: 10.1177/0047237920981776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the results of a quasi-experimental evaluation of a mystery shopper intervention in Zacatecas and Guadalupe, Mexico. Underage youth attempted to purchase beer at 50 Modelorama stores and 32 Oxxo stores (intervention groups), and at 19 comparison convenience stores in March, July, and August 2018. After each attempt, intervention store operators were informed if a sale was made. Modelorama operators also received training and were warned that repeated sales to minors could jeopardize their franchise. Average sales rates to minors were 63.8% at Modeloramas, 86.5% at Oxxo stores, and 98.2% at comparison stores. The findings suggest that mystery shopper interventions with training, feedback to store operators, and sanctions after repeated sales to underage youth may reduce sales to minors in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallie J Paschall
- HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Joel W Grube
- HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, California, United States
| | - Ted R Miller
- HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, United States
| | - Christopher L Ringwalt
- HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Deborah A Fisher
- HBSA, Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Calverton, Maryland, United States
| | - William DeJong
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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Duch M, Gervilla E, Juan M, Guimarães C, Kefauver M, Elgán TH, Gripenberg J, Quigg Z. Effectiveness of a Community-Based Intervention to Increase Supermarket Vendors' Compliance with Age Restrictions for Alcohol Sales in Spain: A Pilot Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165991. [PMID: 32824763 PMCID: PMC7460388 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Spain the legal age to buy alcohol is 18 years. However, official surveys show that minors perceive alcohol availability to be easy. This paper describes the impacts of a community-based intervention to increase vendors' compliance with age limits regarding alcohol sales in supermarkets. The aim of this study was to explore the association between implementation of a multicomponent intervention to reduce adolescents' alcohol use and sale of alcohol to minors in the city of Palma (Spain). Twenty trained adolescents (14-17 years old) conducted 138 alcohol test purchases in nine supermarket chains in August 2018 (baseline; n = 73) prior to the intervention, and again in January 2020 (follow-up; n = 65). Analysis was conducted according to three levels of intervention implemented across the supermarkets: (i) personnel from the supermarkets' Human Resources or Corporate Social Responsibility teams received alcohol service training as trainers (i.e., community mobilization); (ii) managers and vendors training by the capacitated trainers; and (iii) no training of managers or vendors (i.e., control group). In the supermarkets that completed the Training of Trainers and the vendors' training program, average sales decreased significantly from 76.9% in 2018 to 45.5% in 2020, asking for the age of the shopper significantly increased from 3.8% to 45.4%, and asking for proof of age significantly increased from 15.4% to 72.7%. Additionally, a statistically significant increase was observed in the visibility of prohibition to sell alcohol to minors' signs, from 61.5% to 100%. No statistically significant differences were found for the Training of Trainers intervention alone nor in the control group. In conclusion, community mobilization combined with staff training is associated with significant increases in supermarket vendors' compliance with alcohol legislation in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariàngels Duch
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Elena Gervilla
- Balearic Islands Health Research Institute, Carretera de Valldemossa, 79, 07120 Palma, Spain
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-971-259-630
| | - Montse Juan
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Clarisse Guimarães
- Faculty of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Spain;
| | - Maite Kefauver
- European Institute of Studies on Prevention, Rambla, 15 (2º-3º), 07003 Palma, Spain; (M.D.); (M.J.); (M.K.)
| | - Tobias H. Elgán
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.E.); (J.G.)
| | - Johanna Gripenberg
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, & Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Norra Stationsgatan 69, 11364 Stockholm, Sweden; (T.H.E.); (J.G.)
| | - Zara Quigg
- Public Health Institute, Liverpool John Moores University, Exchange Station, Tithebarn Street, Liverpool L2 2QP, UK;
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