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Berni Canani R, Caminati M, Carucci L, Eguiluz-Gracia I. Skin, gut, and lung barrier: Physiological interface and target of intervention for preventing and treating allergic diseases. Allergy 2024; 79:1485-1500. [PMID: 38439599 DOI: 10.1111/all.16092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The epithelial barriers of the skin, gut, and respiratory tract are critical interfaces between the environment and the host, and they orchestrate both homeostatic and pathogenic immune responses. The mechanisms underlying epithelial barrier dysfunction in allergic and inflammatory conditions, such as atopic dermatitis, food allergy, eosinophilic oesophagitis, allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis, and asthma, are complex and influenced by the exposome, microbiome, individual genetics, and epigenetics. Here, we review the role of the epithelial barriers of the skin, digestive tract, and airways in maintaining homeostasis, how they influence the occurrence and progression of allergic and inflammatory conditions, how current treatments target the epithelium to improve symptoms of these disorders, and what the unmet needs are in the identification and treatment of epithelial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Caminati
- Allergy Unit and Asthma Centre, Verona Integrated University Hospital and Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Carucci
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ibon Eguiluz-Gracia
- Allergy Unit, Hospital Regional Universitario de Malága, Malaga, Spain
- Allergy Group, Biomedical Research Institute of Malaga (IBIMA)-BIONAND Platform, RICORS Inflammatory Diseases, Malaga, Spain
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Die schwere atopische Dermatitis im frühen Kindesalter – Wo stehen wir, wohin führt uns der Weg? J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2024; 22:333-334. [PMID: 38450895 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15404_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
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Traidl S, Heinrich L, Siegels D, Rösner L, Haufe E, Harder I, Abraham S, Ertner K, Kleinheinz A, Schäkel K, Wollenberg A, Effendy I, Quist S, Asmussen A, Wildberger J, Weisshaar E, Wiemers F, Brücher JJ, Weidinger S, Schmitt J, Werfel T. High recurrence rate of eczema herpeticum in moderate/severe atopic dermatitis -TREATgermany registry analysis. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:1490-1498. [PMID: 37814394 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eczema herpeticum (EH) is a disseminated skin infection caused by herpes simplex virus in atopic dermatitis (AD) patients. The frequency of EH and the clinical features of EH patients have not yet been investigated in a larger cohort. METHODS We sought to investigate the TREATgermany cohort, a multicenter, non-interventional clinical registry of moderately to severely affected AD patients in Germany. Baseline characteristics of patients included between December 2017 and April 2021 were compared between patients without, single, and multiple EH. RESULTS Of the 893 patients, 195 (21.8%) had at least one EH. Of the 195 patients with EH, 107 had multiple EH (54.9%), representing 12.0% of the total study population. While there were no differences in demographic characteristics, previous treatment, and disease scores at enrollment (itch, IGA, oSCORAD, EASI), patients with EH had more frequent atopic comorbidities and sensitizations to house dust mite, food, and mold. DISCUSSION TREATgermany registry data suggest a high prevalence and recurrence rate of EH, while there appears to be no specific clinical phenotype, besides an increase in allergies, to identify EH patients in the daily routine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Traidl
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany
| | - Luise Heinrich
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Doreen Siegels
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lennart Rösner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany
| | - Eva Haufe
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Inken Harder
- Center for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Susanne Abraham
- Department of Dermatology, University Allergy Center, Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Knut Schäkel
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wollenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Isaak Effendy
- Department of Dermatology, OWL University Hospital of Bielefeld University, Campus Clinic Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Sven Quist
- Dermatology Clinic, Helix Medical Ecellence Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Asmussen
- Practice Dr. med. Andrea Asmussen, Dermatology at Lesum, Bremen, Germany
| | - Julia Wildberger
- Practice Dr. med. Julia Wildberger Hautmedizin, Bad Soden, Germany
| | - Elke Weisshaar
- Division of Occupational Dermatology, Department of Dermatology, Ruprecht-Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jens-Joachim Brücher
- Practice Dr. med. Jens-Joachim Brücher, Hautambulatorium Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Center for Inflammatory Skin Diseases, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jochen Schmitt
- Center for Evidence-Based Healthcare, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus and Carl Gustav Carus Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Hannover Medical School, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany
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Traidl S, Heinrich L, Siegels D, Rösner L, Haufe E, Harder I, Abraham S, Ertner K, Kleinheinz A, Schäkel K, Wollenberg A, Effendy I, Quist S, Asmussen A, Wildberger J, Weisshaar E, Wiemers F, Brücher JJ, Weidinger S, Schmitt J, Werfel T. Hohe Rezidivrate des Eczema herpeticatum bei mittelschwerer bis schwerer atopischer Dermatitis - eine TREATgermany Registeranalyse. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2023; 21:1490-1499. [PMID: 38082531 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.15205_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
ZusammenfassungHintergrundDas Eczema herpeticatum (EH) ist eine disseminierte Hautinfektion, die durch Herpes‐simplex‐Viren bei Patienten mit atopischer Dermatitis (AD) verursacht wird. Die Häufigkeit des EH und die klinischen Charakteristika von EH Patienten wurden bisher noch nicht in einer größeren Kohorte untersucht.Methodik87 Patienten des TREATgermany Registers, einem multizentrischen, nichtinterventionellen klinischen Register mit moderat bis schwer betroffenen AD‐Patienten in Deutschland, wurden in dieser Analyse betrachtet. Patienten, die zwischen Dezember 2017 und April 2021 in das Register eingeschlossen wurden, wurden unterteilt in die Gruppen ohne, mit einem und mit mehreren EH und basierend auf den klinischen Charakteristika verglichen.ErgebnisseVon 893 Patienten berichteten 195 (21,8%) über mindestens eine EH. 107 der 195 Patienten mit EH hatten sogar mehrere EH in der Anamnese (54,9%), was 12,0% der gesamten Studienpopulation entspricht. Während hinsichtlich demographischer Merkmale, Vorbehandlungen und Krankheitsscores (Juckreiz, IGA, oSCORAD, EASI) keine Unterschiede festgestellt wurden, litten Patienten mit EH häufiger an atopischen Begleiterkrankungen und Sensibilisierungen gegen Hausstaubmilben, Nahrungsmittel und Schimmelpilze.SchlussfolgerungenDie Daten des TREATgermany‐Registers deuten auf eine hohe Prävalenz und Rezidivrate des EH hin, während es neben einer Häufung von Allergien keinen spezifischen klinischen Phänotyp zu geben scheint, um EH‐Patienten in der täglichen Routine zu identifizieren.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Traidl
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Exzellenzcluster RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover
| | - Luise Heinrich
- Zentrum für Evidenzbasierte Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus und Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Doreen Siegels
- Zentrum für Evidenzbasierte Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus und Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Lennart Rösner
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Exzellenzcluster RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover
| | - Eva Haufe
- Zentrum für Evidenzbasierte Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus und Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Inken Harder
- Zentrum für entzündliche Hauterkrankungen, Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Susanne Abraham
- Klinik für Dermatologie, Universitäts-Allergie-Centrum, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Wollenberg
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany
| | - Isaak Effendy
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum OWL der Universität Bielefeld, Campus Klinikum Bielefeld
| | - Sven Quist
- Hautklinik, Helix Medical Ecellence Center Mainz
| | - Andrea Asmussen
- Praxis Dr. med. Andrea Asmussen, Hautarztpraxis an der Lesum, Bremen
| | | | - Elke Weisshaar
- Abteilung für Berufsdermatologie, Hautklinik, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
| | | | | | - Stephan Weidinger
- Zentrum für entzündliche Hauterkrankungen, Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel
| | - Jochen Schmitt
- Zentrum für Evidenzbasierte Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus und Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Klinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Exzellenzcluster RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover
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Sharma S, Kumari M, Vakhlu J. Metatranscriptomic insight into the possible role of clay microbiome in skin disease management. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2023; 67:1803-1811. [PMID: 37584759 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-023-02540-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Even though the scientific documentation is limited, microbiome of healing clay is gradually gaining attention of the scientific community, as a therapeutic force playing an indispensable role in skin disease management. The present study explores the metatranscriptome profile of the Chamliyal clay, widely known for its efficacy in managing various skin problems, using Illumina NextSeq sequencing technology. The gene expression profile of the clay microbial community was analyzed through SEED subsystems of the MG-RAST server. Due to the unavailability of metatranscriptomic data on other therapeutic clays, Chamliyal's profile was compared to non-therapeutic soils, as well as healthy and diseased human skin microbiomes. The study identified Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Actinobacteria as the primary active microbial phyla in Chamliyal clay. These resemble those abundant in a healthy human skin microbiome. This is significant as lower levels of these phyla in the skin are linked to inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis. Interestingly, pathogenic microbes actively metabolizing in the clay were absent. Importantly, 6% of the transcripts annotated to sulfur and iron metabolism, which are known to play a major role in skin disease management. This study provides the most comprehensive and a novel overview of the metatranscriptome of any of the healing clay available worldwide. The findings offer valuable insights into the clay microbiome's potential in managing skin disorders, inspiring future endeavors to harness these insights for medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Sharma
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, J&K, 180006, India
| | - Monika Kumari
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, J&K, 180006, India
| | - Jyoti Vakhlu
- School of Biotechnology, University of Jammu, J&K, 180006, India.
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Çetinarslan T, Kümper L, Fölster-Holst R. The immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction and skin microbiome in atopic dermatitis-an update. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1159404. [PMID: 37654796 PMCID: PMC10467310 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1159404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common, chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease with various clinical presentations and combinations of symptoms. The pathophysiology of AD is complex and multifactorial. There are several factors involved in the etiopathogenesis of AD including structural and immunological epidermal barrier defect, imbalance of the skin microbiome, genetic background and environmental factors. Alterations in structural proteins, lipids, proteases, and their inhibitors, lead to the impairment of the stratum corneum which is associated with the increased skin penetration and transepidermal water loss. The elevated serum immunoglobulin E levels and blood eosinophilia have been shown in the majority of AD patients. Type 2 T-helper cell immune pathway with increased expression of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13, has an important role in the etiopathogenesis of AD. Both T cells and keratinocytes contribute to epidermal barrier impairment in AD via a dynamic interaction of cytokines and chemokines. The skin microbiome is another factor of relevance in the etiopathogenesis of AD. It has been shown that during AD flares, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) colonization increased, while Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) decreased. On the contrary, S. epidermidis and species of Streptococcus, Corynebacterium and Propionibacterium increased during the remision phases. However, it is not clear whether skin dysbiosis is one of the symptoms or one of the causes of AD. There are several therapeutic options, targeting these pathways which play a critical role in the etiopathogenesis of AD. Although topical steroids are the mainstay of the treatment of AD, new biological therapies including IL-4, IL-13, and IL-31 inhibitors, as well as Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi), increasingly gain more importance with new advances in the therapy of AD. In this review, we summarize the role of immunological and structural epidermal barrier dysfunction, immune abnormalities, impairment of lipids, filaggrin mutation and skin microbiome in the etiopathogenesis of AD, as well as the therapeutic options for AD and their effects on these abnormalities in AD skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tubanur Çetinarslan
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Türkiye
| | - Lisa Kümper
- MEDICE Arzneimittel Pütter GmbH and Co. KG, Iserlohn, Germany
| | - Regina Fölster-Holst
- Department of Dermatology-Venereology and Allergology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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Grueso-Navarro E, Navarro P, Laserna-Mendieta EJ, Lucendo AJ, Arias-González L. Blood-Based Biomarkers for Eosinophilic Esophagitis and Concomitant Atopic Diseases: A Look into the Potential of Extracellular Vesicles. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043669. [PMID: 36835081 PMCID: PMC9967575 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is a chronic, Th2-inflammatory disease of the esophagus that can severely affect food intake. Currently, diagnosis and assessing response to treatment of EoE is highly invasive and requires endoscopy with esophageal biopsies. Finding non-invasive and accurate biomarkers is important for improving patient well-being. Unfortunately, EoE is usually accompanied by other atopies, which make it difficult to identify specific biomarkers. Providing an update of circulating EoE biomarkers and concomitant atopies is therefore timely. This review summarizes the current knowledge in EoE blood biomarkers and two of its most common comorbidities, bronchial asthma (BA) and atopic dermatitis (AD), focusing on dysregulated proteins, metabolites, and RNAs. It also revises the current knowledge on extracellular vesicles (EVs) as non-invasive biomarkers for BA and AD, and concludes with the potential use of EVs as biomarkers in EoE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Grueso-Navarro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.G.-N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Pilar Navarro
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
| | - Emilio J. Laserna-Mendieta
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
- Laboratory Medicine Department, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo J. Lucendo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.G.-N.); (A.J.L.)
| | - Laura Arias-González
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hospital General de Tomelloso, Tomelloso, 13700 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), 45004 Toledo, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-IP), 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Phytocannabinoids in the Pharmacotherapy of Psoriasis. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031192. [PMID: 36770858 PMCID: PMC9920113 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytocannabinoids are naturally occurring compounds, the main source of which is Cannabis sativa L. Through direct action or interaction with G protein-coupled receptors, they affect ROS and pro-inflammatory cytokines levels and modify the effectiveness of transcription factor responsible for the biosynthesis of antioxidants which lead to oxidative stress and its consequences. Due to the modification of the redox balance and inflammation, phytocannabinoids are used in the treatment of various diseases, including autoimmune dermatoses, such as atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Psoriasis is one of the most common dermatoses, and one of unknown etiology. A disturbed redox balance with a shift towards the oxidation leads to oxidative stress, resulting in oxidative modifications, mainly of lipids and proteins, and prolonged activation of immune cells and increased generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in chronic inflammation. Given the biological activity of phytocannabinoids, they have become the focus of research as components of pharmacotherapy for psoriasis. Beneficial effects were shown by various representatives of phytocannabinoids, but the effect of cannabidiol (CBD) on skin cells (in vitro and ex vivo) and on blood cells from patients with psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis has been most often evaluated in recent years.
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Akdis CA, Akdis M, Boyd SD, Sampath V, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC. Allergy: Mechanistic insights into new methods of prevention and therapy. Sci Transl Med 2023; 15:eadd2563. [PMID: 36652536 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.add2563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In the past few decades, the prevalence of allergic diseases has increased worldwide. Here, we review the etiology and pathophysiology of allergic diseases, including the role of the epithelial barrier, the immune system, climate change, and pollutants. Our current understanding of the roles of early life and infancy; diverse diet; skin, respiratory, and gut barriers; and microbiome in building immune tolerance to common environmental allergens has led to changes in prevention guidelines. Recent developments on the mechanisms involved in allergic diseases have been translated to effective treatments, particularly in the past 5 years, with additional treatments now in advanced clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezmi A Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos CH-7265, Switzerland.,Christine Kühne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, Davos CH-7265, Switzerland
| | - Mübeccel Akdis
- Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF), University of Zurich, Davos CH-7265, Switzerland
| | - Scott D Boyd
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Vanitha Sampath
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research at Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Composition and Bioactivity of a Modified Huang-Lian-Jie-Du Decoction. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:2147923. [PMID: 36204127 PMCID: PMC9532069 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2147923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRIs) and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are key drugs in targeted cancer therapy. However, they may cause skin toxicity. We previously prepared a modified Huang-Lian-Jie-Du (mHLJD) decoction cream using 10 herbs, which effectively alleviated EGFRI/TKI-induced skin toxicity. In the present study, we identified the reference markers of the mHLJD decoction and investigated the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects of the mHLJD decoction extract. Methods. We performed high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the composition of the mHLJD decoction. Human epidermoid A431 cells were treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α to induce inflammation; then, the effects of the mHLJD decoction extract on the cytokine expression were determined using a cytokine array and by performing real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The antibacterial effects of the extract were examined using disk diffusion and microdilution assays. Results. HPLC results revealed that the mHLJD decoction primarily consisted of geniposide, berberine chloride, baicalin, coptisine, and palmatine. TNF-α treatment increased the expression of certain cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-8, M-CSF, and TGF-β2; however, pretreatment with the mHLJD decoction extract reduced their expression. The qPCR results demonstrated a decreased mRNA expression of IL-8, M-CSF, and TGF-β2. The antibacterial assay revealed that the extract exerted inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, forming an inhibition zone at the minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3.125 and 6.25 mg/mL; however, the extract exerted no effects on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Conclusions. We developed an HPLC method to quantify the reference markers of the mHLJD decoction. The bioactivity analysis provided the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of the mHLJD decoction on EGFRI/TKI-induced skin toxicity.
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Epigenetic Mechanisms of Epidermal Differentiation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094874. [PMID: 35563264 PMCID: PMC9102508 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocyte differentiation is an essential process for epidermal stratification and stratum corneum formation. Keratinocytes proliferate in the basal layer of the epidermis and start their differentiation by changing their functional or phenotypical type; this process is regulated via induction or repression of epidermal differentiation complex (EDC) genes that play a pivotal role in epidermal development. Epidermal development and the keratinocyte differentiation program are orchestrated by several transcription factors, signaling pathways, and epigenetic regulators. The latter exhibits both activating and repressive effects on chromatin in keratinocytes via the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers, histone demethylases, and genome organizers that promote terminal keratinocyte differentiation, and the DNA methyltransferases, histone deacetylases, and Polycomb components that stimulate proliferation of progenitor cells and inhibit premature activation of terminal differentiation-associated genes. In addition, microRNAs are involved in different processes between proliferation and differentiation during the program of epidermal development. Here, we bring together current knowledge of the mechanisms controlling gene expression during keratinocyte differentiation. An awareness of epigenetic mechanisms and their alterations in health and disease will help to bridge the gap between our current knowledge and potential applications for epigenetic regulators in clinical practice to pave the way for promising target therapies.
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