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Cox C, Dideriksen C, Keren-Portnoy T, Roepstorff A, Christiansen MH, Fusaroli R. Infant-directed speech does not always involve exaggerated vowel distinctions: Evidence from Danish. Child Dev 2023; 94:1672-1696. [PMID: 37307398 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study compared the acoustic properties of 26 (100% female, 100% monolingual) Danish caregivers' spontaneous speech addressed to their 11- to 24-month-old infants (infant-directed speech, IDS) and an adult experimenter (adult-directed speech, ADS). The data were collected between 2016 and 2018 in Aarhus, Denmark. Prosodic properties of Danish IDS conformed to cross-linguistic patterns, with a higher pitch, greater pitch variability, and slower articulation rate than ADS. However, an acoustic analysis of vocalic properties revealed that Danish IDS had a reduced or similar vowel space, higher within-vowel variability, raised formants, and lower degree of vowel discriminability compared to ADS. None of the measures, except articulation rate, showed age-related differences. These results push for future research to conduct theory-driven comparisons across languages with distinct phonological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cox
- School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, Vanbrugh College, York, UK
| | - Christina Dideriksen
- School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tamar Keren-Portnoy
- Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York, Vanbrugh College, York, UK
| | - Andreas Roepstorff
- School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten H Christiansen
- School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Psychology, Cornell University, New York, Ithaca, USA
| | - Riccardo Fusaroli
- School of Communication and Culture, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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2
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Sclafani V, De Pascalis L, Bozicevic L, Sepe A, Ferrari PF, Murray L. Similarities and differences in the functional architecture of mother- infant communication in rhesus macaque and British mother-infant dyads. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13164. [PMID: 37574499 PMCID: PMC10423724 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Similarly to humans, rhesus macaques engage in mother-infant face-to-face interactions. However, no previous studies have described the naturally occurring structure and development of mother-infant interactions in this population and used a comparative-developmental perspective to directly compare them to the ones reported in humans. Here, we investigate the development of infant communication, and maternal responsiveness in the two groups. We video-recorded mother-infant interactions in both groups in naturalistic settings and analysed them with the same micro-analytic coding scheme. Results show that infant social expressiveness and maternal responsiveness are similarly structured in humans and macaques. Both human and macaque mothers use specific mirroring responses to specific infant social behaviours (modified mirroring to communicative signals, enriched mirroring to affiliative gestures). However, important differences were identified in the development of infant social expressiveness, and in forms of maternal responsiveness, with vocal responses and marking behaviours being predominantly human. Results indicate a common functional architecture of mother-infant communication in humans and monkeys, and contribute to theories concerning the evolution of specific traits of human behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Sclafani
- Winnicott Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
- College of Social Sciences, School of Psychology, University of Lincoln, Brayford Pool, Lincoln, LN6 7TS, UK.
| | - L De Pascalis
- Winnicott Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
- Department of Psychology, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - L Bozicevic
- Winnicott Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Department of Primary Care & Mental Health, Institute of Population Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, Merseyside, UK
| | - A Sepe
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Laboratory of Neuro- and Psychophysiology, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven Medical School, Leuven, Belgium
| | - P F Ferrari
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Institut des Sciences Cognitives 'Marc Jeannerod', CNRS, Bron, and Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - L Murray
- Winnicott Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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3
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Ferjan Ramírez N, Hippe DS, Lindekugel K. Electronic media and social features of language input in bilingually-raised Latinx infants. Infant Behav Dev 2022; 68:101740. [PMID: 35749825 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2022.101740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The present study examines the language environments of bilingually-raised Latinx infants (n = 37) to characterize the relation between exposure to electronic media and infants' language input, with a specific focus on parentese, a near-universal style of infant-directed speech, distinguished by its higher pitch, slower tempo, and exaggerated intonation. Previous research shows that parentese and parent-infant turn-taking are both associated with advances in children's language learning. Here we test the hypothesis that exposure to electronic media is associated with a reduction in these two social features of language input. Using the Language Environment Analysis (LENA) technology, two daylong audio recordings were collected from each family. Exposure to electronic media was measured in three ways: 1) Through LENA's automatic estimate; 2) Through manual annotation of LENA audio recordings; and 3) Through a parental questionnaire. Language of electronic media, parental language input, and child language output were quantified through automatic and manual analyses of LENA recordings. Infants' estimated daily exposure to electronic media varied between the three methods used. There was a significant positive correlation between daily media exposure assessed via the two observational methods, but neither significantly correlated with parental report. Infants experienced electronic media in Spanish and English, and the language of electronic media correlated with the language of paternal and maternal child-directed speech. Linear regression analyses controlling for demographics (infant age, sex, socioeconomic status) demonstrated a negative association between exposure to electronic media and parentese, as well as between exposure to electronic media and turn-taking. Exposure to electronic media was also negatively associated with infants' linguistic vocalizations. The present findings suggest that exposure to electronic media negatively impacts infant vocal activity by reducing parental parentese and parent-infant turn-taking, which are known to positively impact infants' linguistic, socioemotional, and cognitive development. This analysis is an important step forward in understanding Latinx infants' electronic media ecologies and their relation to language input and language development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naja Ferjan Ramírez
- Department of Linguistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Daniel S Hippe
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katie Lindekugel
- Department of Linguistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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White-Traut R, Gillette P, Simpson P, Zhang L, Nazarloo HP, Carter CS. Early Postpartum Maternal and Newborn Responses to Auditory, Tactile, Visual, Vestibular, and Olfactory Stimuli. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2022; 51:402-417. [PMID: 35469779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare maternal psychological well-being, newborn behavior, and maternal and newborn salivary oxytocin (OT) and cortisol before and after two maternally administered multisensory behavioral interventions or an attention control group. DESIGN Randomized prospective clinical trial. SETTING U.S. Midwest community hospital. PARTICIPANTS Newborns and their mothers (n = 102 dyads) participated. Mothers gave birth vaginally at term gestation and had no physical or mental health diagnoses. Newborns with low Apgar scores, receipt of oxygen, suspected infection, or congenital anomalies were excluded. METHODS Dyads were randomly assigned to the auditory, tactile, visual, and vestibular (ATVV) intervention, the ATVV with odor from a baby lotion (ATVVO), or the attention control (AC) Group. Maternal psychological well-being, newborn behavior, and endocrine responses (salivary cortisol and OT) were measured before and after the intervention. RESULTS Newborns in the ATVV and ATVVO groups exhibited increases in potent engagement behaviors (p < .0001 and p = .001, respectively). Newborns in the AC group exhibited a decrease in potent engagement (p = .013) and an increase in potent disengagement (p = .029). Mothers in the ATVVO group exhibited an increase in OT (p = .01) and the largest change in OT (p = .02) compared to mothers in the ATVV and AC groups. We noted no change in maternal psychological well-being or newborn endocrine responses. CONCLUSION Inclusion of an odor via lotion with a behavioral intervention (ATVV) influenced maternal OT more than the behavioral intervention alone. Newborns were behaviorally responsive to the interventions; however, endocrine measures were not associated with intervention changes.
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Carnevali L, Gui A, Jones EJH, Farroni T. Face Processing in Early Development: A Systematic Review of Behavioral Studies and Considerations in Times of COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Psychol 2022; 13:778247. [PMID: 35250718 PMCID: PMC8894249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.778247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human faces are one of the most prominent stimuli in the visual environment of young infants and convey critical information for the development of social cognition. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mask wearing has become a common practice outside the home environment. With masks covering nose and mouth regions, the facial cues available to the infant are impoverished. The impact of these changes on development is unknown but is critical to debates around mask mandates in early childhood settings. As infants grow, they increasingly interact with a broader range of familiar and unfamiliar people outside the home; in these settings, mask wearing could possibly influence social development. In order to generate hypotheses about the effects of mask wearing on infant social development, in the present work, we systematically review N = 129 studies selected based on the most recent PRISMA guidelines providing a state-of-the-art framework of behavioral studies investigating face processing in early infancy. We focused on identifying sensitive periods during which being exposed to specific facial features or to the entire face configuration has been found to be important for the development of perceptive and socio-communicative skills. For perceptive skills, infants gradually learn to analyze the eyes or the gaze direction within the context of the entire face configuration. This contributes to identity recognition as well as emotional expression discrimination. For socio-communicative skills, direct gaze and emotional facial expressions are crucial for attention engagement while eye-gaze cuing is important for joint attention. Moreover, attention to the mouth is particularly relevant for speech learning. We discuss possible implications of the exposure to masked faces for developmental needs and functions. Providing groundwork for further research, we encourage the investigation of the consequences of mask wearing for infants' perceptive and socio-communicative development, suggesting new directions within the research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carnevali
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Anna Gui
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J. H. Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Farroni
- Department of Developmental Psychology and Socialization, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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6
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Ferjan Ramírez N, Hippe DS, Correa L, Andert J, Baralt M. Habla conmigo, daddy! Fathers’ language input in North American bilingual Latinx families. INFANCY 2022; 27:301-323. [DOI: 10.1111/infa.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel S. Hippe
- Clinical Research Division Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center Seattle Washington USA
| | - Lili Correa
- Department of Linguistics University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Josephine Andert
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle Washington USA
| | - Melissa Baralt
- Department of Modern Languages Center for Children and Families Florida International University Miami Florida USA
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Oakes LM, DeBolt MC, Beckner AG, Voss AT, Cantrell LM. Infant Eye Gaze While Viewing Dynamic Faces. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11020231. [PMID: 33673342 PMCID: PMC7918747 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Research using eye tracking methods has revealed that when viewing faces, between 6 to 10 months of age, infants begin to shift visual attention from the eye region to the mouth region. Moreover, this shift varies with stimulus characteristics and infants’ experience with faces and languages. The current study examined the eye movements of a racially diverse sample of 98 infants between 7.5 and 10.5 months of age as they viewed movies of White and Asian American women reciting a nursery rhyme (the auditory component of the movies was replaced with music to eliminate the influence of the speech on infants’ looking behavior). Using an analytic approach inspired by the multiverse analysis approach, several measures from infants’ eye gaze were examined to identify patterns that were robust across different analyses. Although in general infants preferred the lower regions of the faces, i.e., the region containing the mouth, this preference depended on the stimulus characteristics and was stronger for infants whose typical experience included faces of more races and for infants who were exposed to multiple languages. These results show how we can leverage the richness of eye tracking data with infants to add to our understanding of the factors that influence infants’ visual exploration of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Oakes
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.C.D); (A.G.B.)
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Michaela C. DeBolt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.C.D); (A.G.B.)
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA;
| | - Aaron G. Beckner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (M.C.D); (A.G.B.)
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA;
| | - Annika T. Voss
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, USA;
| | - Lisa M. Cantrell
- Department of Child and Adolescent Development, California State University, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA;
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Quinn PC, Lee K, Pascalis O. Beyond perceptual development: Infant responding to social categories. ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 58:35-61. [PMID: 32169198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A body of research is reviewed that has investigated how infants respond to social category information in faces based on differential experience. Whereas some aspects of behavioral performance (visual preference, discrimination, and scanning) are consistent with traditional models of perceptual development (induction, maintenance, and attunement), other aspects (category formation, association with valence, and selective learning) suggest the need for an account that links perceptual with social-emotional processing. We also consider how responding to social categories in infancy may anticipate subsequent responding to these categories in childhood and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Quinn
- University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.
| | - Kang Lee
- University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Xiao NG, Wu R, Quinn PC, Liu S, Tummeltshammer KS, Kirkham NZ, Ge L, Pascalis O, Lee K. Infants Rely More on Gaze Cues From Own-Race Than Other-Race Adults for Learning Under Uncertainty. Child Dev 2018; 89:e229-e244. [PMID: 28397243 PMCID: PMC5634912 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Differential experience leads infants to have perceptual processing advantages for own- over other-race faces, but whether this experience has downstream consequences is unknown. Three experiments examined whether 7-month-olds (range = 5.9-8.5 months; N = 96) use gaze from own- versus other-race adults to anticipate events. When gaze predicted an event's occurrence with 100% reliability, 7-month-olds followed both adults equally; with 25% (chance) reliability, neither was followed. However, with 50% (uncertain) reliability, infants followed own- over other-race gaze. Differential face race experience may thus affect how infants use social cues from own- versus other-race adults for learning. Such findings suggest that infants integrate online statistical reliability information with prior knowledge of own versus other race to guide social interaction and learning.
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10
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Qian MK, Quinn PC, Heyman GD, Pascalis O, Fu G, Lee K. A Long-Term Effect of Perceptual Individuation Training on Reducing Implicit Racial Bias in Preschool Children. Child Dev 2017; 90:e290-e305. [PMID: 29023649 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study tracked the long-term effect of perceptual individuation training on reducing 5-year-old Chinese children's (N = 95, Mage = 5.64 years) implicit pro-Asian/anti-Black racial bias. Initial training to individuate other-race Black faces, followed by supplementary training occurring 1 week later, resulted in a long-term reduction of pro-Asian/anti-Black bias (70 days). In contrast, training Chinese children to recognize White or Asian faces had no effect on pro-Asian/anti-Black bias. Theoretically, the finding that individuation training can have a long-term effect on reducing implicit racial bias in preschoolers suggests that a developmentally early causal linkage between perceptual and social processing of faces is not a transitory phenomenon. Practically, the data point to an effective intervention method for reducing implicit racism in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao K Qian
- Hangzhou Normal University.,University of Toronto
| | | | - Gail D Heyman
- University of California, San Diego.,Zhejiang Normal University
| | | | | | - Kang Lee
- University of Toronto.,Zhejiang Normal University
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11
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Vernetti A, Senju A, Charman T, Johnson MH, Gliga T. Simulating interaction: Using gaze-contingent eye-tracking to measure the reward value of social signals in toddlers with and without autism. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 29:21-29. [PMID: 28939027 PMCID: PMC6987892 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Toddlers with ASD show typical social orienting and positive facial expressions in response to predictable social stimuli. Variable social stimuli provoke an atypical pattern of reward-seeking behaviour in toddlers with ASD. Simulated social interaction, made possible by gaze-contingent eye-tracking, shows great potential to probe the conditions under which impaired social interaction emerges in ASD.
Several accounts have been proposed to explain difficulties with social interaction in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), amongst which atypical social orienting, decreased social motivation or difficulties with understanding the regularities driving social interaction. This study uses gaze-contingent eye-tracking to tease apart these accounts by measuring reward related behaviours in response to different social videos. Toddlers at high or low familial risk for ASD took part in this study at age 2 and were categorised at age 3 as low risk controls (LR), high-risk with no ASD diagnosis (HR-no ASD), or with a diagnosis of ASD (HR-ASD). When the on-demand social interaction was predictable, all groups, including the HR-ASD group, looked longer and smiled more towards a person greeting them compared to a mechanical Toy (Condition 1) and also smiled more towards a communicative over a non-communicative person (Condition 2). However, all groups, except the HR-ASD group, selectively oriented towards a person addressing the child in different ways over an invariant social interaction (Condition 3). These findings suggest that social interaction is intrinsically rewarding for individuals with ASD, but the extent to which it is sought may be modulated by the specific variability of naturalistic social interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Vernetti
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
| | - Atsushi Senju
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Tony Charman
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Teodora Gliga
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet Street, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
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12
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Setoh P, Lee KJJ, Zhang L, Qian MK, Quinn PC, Heyman GD, Lee K. Racial Categorization Predicts Implicit Racial Bias in Preschool Children. Child Dev 2017; 90:162-179. [PMID: 28605007 PMCID: PMC8246978 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research investigated the relation between racial categorization and implicit racial bias in majority and minority children. Chinese and Indian 3‐ to 7‐year‐olds from Singapore (N = 158) categorized Chinese and Indian faces by race and had their implicit and explicit racial biases measured. Majority Chinese children, but not minority Indian children, showed implicit bias favoring own race. Regardless of ethnicity, children's racial categorization performance correlated positively with implicit racial bias. Also, Chinese children, but not Indian children, displayed explicit bias favoring own race. Furthermore, children's explicit bias was unrelated to racial categorization performance and implicit bias. The findings support a perceptual–social linkage in the emergence of implicit racial bias and have implications for designing programs to promote interracial harmony.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Miao K Qian
- University of Toronto.,Hangzhou Normal University
| | | | - Gail D Heyman
- University of California, San Diego.,Zhejiang Normal University
| | - Kang Lee
- University of Toronto.,University of California, San Diego.,Zhejiang Normal University
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13
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Xiao NG, Quinn PC, Liu S, Ge L, Pascalis O, Lee K. Older but not younger infants associate own-race faces with happy music and other-race faces with sad music. Dev Sci 2017; 21. [DOI: 10.1111/desc.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Naiqi G. Xiao
- Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
| | - Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences; University of Delaware; Newark USA
| | | | - Liezhong Ge
- Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Hangzhou China
- Center for Psychological Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | | | - Kang Lee
- Dr Eric Jackman Institute of Child Study; University of Toronto; Toronto Canada
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14
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Singarajah A, Chanley J, Gutierrez Y, Cordon Y, Nguyen B, Burakowski L, Johnson SP. Infant attention to same- and other-race faces. Cognition 2017; 159:76-84. [PMID: 27894007 PMCID: PMC5186363 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We recorded visual attention to same- and other-race faces in Hispanic and White 11-month-old infants, an age at which face processing is presumably biased by an own-race recognition advantage. Infants viewed pairs of faces differing in race or ethnicity as their eye movements were recorded. We discovered consistently greater attention to Black over Hispanic faces, to Black faces over White faces, and to Hispanic over White faces. Inversion of face stimuli, and infant ethnicity, had little effect on performance. Infants' social environments, however, differed sharply according to ethnicity: Hispanic infants are almost exclusively exposed to Hispanic family members, and White infants to White family members. Moreover, Hispanic infants inhabit communities that are more racially and ethnically diverse. These results imply that race-based visual attention in infancy is closely aligned with the larger society's racial and ethnic composition, as opposed to race-based recognition, which is more closely aligned with infants' immediate social environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jill Chanley
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | | | - Bryan Nguyen
- University of California, Los Angeles, United States
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15
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Richoz AR, Quinn PC, Hillairet de Boisferon A, Berger C, Loevenbruck H, Lewkowicz DJ, Lee K, Dole M, Caldara R, Pascalis O. Audio-Visual Perception of Gender by Infants Emerges Earlier for Adult-Directed Speech. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169325. [PMID: 28060872 PMCID: PMC5218491 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Early multisensory perceptual experiences shape the abilities of infants to perform socially-relevant visual categorization, such as the extraction of gender, age, and emotion from faces. Here, we investigated whether multisensory perception of gender is influenced by infant-directed (IDS) or adult-directed (ADS) speech. Six-, 9-, and 12-month-old infants saw side-by-side silent video-clips of talking faces (a male and a female) and heard either a soundtrack of a female or a male voice telling a story in IDS or ADS. Infants participated in only one condition, either IDS or ADS. Consistent with earlier work, infants displayed advantages in matching female relative to male faces and voices. Moreover, the new finding that emerged in the current study was that extraction of gender from face and voice was stronger at 6 months with ADS than with IDS, whereas at 9 and 12 months, matching did not differ for IDS versus ADS. The results indicate that the ability to perceive gender in audiovisual speech is influenced by speech manner. Our data suggest that infants may extract multisensory gender information developmentally earlier when looking at adults engaged in conversation with other adults (i.e., ADS) than when adults are directly talking to them (i.e., IDS). Overall, our findings imply that the circumstances of social interaction may shape early multisensory abilities to perceive gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Raphaëlle Richoz
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States of America
| | - Anne Hillairet de Boisferon
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Carole Berger
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Loevenbruck
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - David J. Lewkowicz
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kang Lee
- Institute of Child Study University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marjorie Dole
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Roberto Caldara
- Eye and Brain Mapping Laboratory (iBMLab), Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- LPNC, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- LPNC, CNRS-UMR 5105, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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16
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Bahrick LE, Todd JT, Castellanos I, Sorondo BM. Enhanced attention to speaking faces versus other event types emerges gradually across infancy. Dev Psychol 2016; 52:1705-1720. [PMID: 27786526 PMCID: PMC5291072 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of attention to dynamic faces versus objects providing synchronous audiovisual versus silent visual stimulation was assessed in a large sample of infants. Maintaining attention to the faces and voices of people speaking is critical for perceptual, cognitive, social, and language development. However, no studies have systematically assessed when, if, or how attention to speaking faces emerges and changes across infancy. Two measures of attention maintenance, habituation time (HT) and look-away rate (LAR), were derived from cross-sectional data of 2- to 8-month-old infants (N = 801). Results indicated that attention to audiovisual faces and voices was maintained across age, whereas attention to each of the other event types (audiovisual objects, silent dynamic faces, silent dynamic objects) declined across age. This reveals a gradually emerging advantage in attention maintenance (longer HTs, lower LARs) for audiovisual speaking faces compared with the other 3 event types. At 2 months, infants showed no attentional advantage for faces (with greater attention to audiovisual than to visual events); at 3 months, they attended more to dynamic faces than objects (in the presence or absence of voices), and by 4 to 5 and 6 to 8 months, significantly greater attention emerged to temporally coordinated faces and voices of people speaking compared with all other event types. Our results indicate that selective attention to coordinated faces and voices over other event types emerges gradually across infancy, likely as a function of experience with multimodal, redundant stimulation from person and object events. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Irina Castellanos
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Barbara M. Sorondo
- Flordia International University Libraries, Florida International University, Miami, FL
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17
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de Boisferon AH, Dupierrix E, Quinn PC, Lœvenbruck H, Lewkowicz DJ, Lee K, Pascalis O. Perception of Multisensory Gender Coherence in 6- and 9-month-old Infants. INFANCY 2015; 20:661-674. [PMID: 26561475 PMCID: PMC4637175 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
One of the most salient social categories conveyed by human faces and voices is gender. We investigated the developmental emergence of the ability to perceive the coherence of auditory and visual attributes of gender in 6- and 9-month-old infants. Infants viewed two side-by-side video clips of a man and a woman singing a nursery rhyme and heard a synchronous male or female soundtrack. Results showed that 6-month-old infants did not match the audible and visible attributes of gender, and 9-month-old infants matched only female faces and voices. These findings indicate that the ability to perceive the multisensory coherence of gender emerges relatively late in infancy and that it reflects the greater experience that most infants have with female faces and voices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eve Dupierrix
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UMR 5105, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul C. Quinn
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Hélène Lœvenbruck
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UMR 5105, Grenoble, France
| | - David J. Lewkowicz
- Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kang Lee
- Institute of Child Study, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et NeuroCognition, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS-UMR 5105, Grenoble, France
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18
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Trehub SE, Plantinga J, Russo FA. Maternal Vocal Interactions with Infants: Reciprocal Visual Influences. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/sode.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariève Corbeil
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS); Center for Research on Brain, Music and Language (CRBML); Université de Montréal
| | | | - Isabelle Peretz
- International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research (BRAMS); Center for Research on Brain, Music and Language (CRBML); Université de Montréal
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20
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Kim HI, Johnson KL, Johnson SP. Gendered race: are infants' face preferences guided by intersectionality of sex and race? Front Psychol 2015; 6:1330. [PMID: 26388823 PMCID: PMC4558472 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
People occupy multiple social categories simultaneously (e.g., a White female), and this complex intersectionality affects fundamental aspects of social perception. Here, we examined the possibility that infant face processing may be susceptible to effects of intersectionality of sex and race. Three- and 10-month-old infants were shown a series of computer-generated face pairs (5 s each) that differed according to sex (Female or Male) or race (Asian, Black, or White). All possible combinations of face pairs were tested, and preferences were recorded with an eye tracker. Infants showed preferences for more feminine faces only when they were White, but we found no evidence that White or Asian faces were preferred even though they are relatively more feminized. These findings challenge the notions that infants’ social categories are processed independently of one another and that infants’ preferences for sex or race can be explained from mere exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojin I Kim
- Department of Psychology, UCLA Baby Lab, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kerri L Johnson
- Department of Psychology, UCLA Baby Lab, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott P Johnson
- Department of Psychology, UCLA Baby Lab, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles, CA, USA
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21
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Gogate L, Maganti M, Bahrick LE. Cross-cultural evidence for multimodal motherese: Asian Indian mothers' adaptive use of synchronous words and gestures. J Exp Child Psychol 2015; 129:110-26. [PMID: 25285369 PMCID: PMC4252564 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In a quasi-experimental study, 24 Asian Indian mothers were asked to teach novel (target) names for two objects and two actions to their children of three different levels of lexical mapping development: prelexical (5-8 months), early lexical (9-17 months), and advanced lexical (20-43 months). Target naming (n=1482) and non-target naming (other, n=2411) were coded for synchronous spoken words and object motion (multimodal motherese) and other naming styles. Indian mothers abundantly used multimodal motherese with target words to highlight novel word-referent relations, paralleling earlier findings from American mothers. They used it with target words more often for prelexical infants than for advanced lexical children and to name target actions later in children's development. Unlike American mothers, Indian mothers also abundantly used multimodal motherese to name target objects later in children's development. Finally, monolingual mothers who spoke a verb-dominant Indian language used multimodal motherese more often than bilingual mothers who also spoke noun-dominant English to their children. The findings suggest that within a dynamic and reciprocal mother-infant communication system, multimodal motherese adapts to unify novel words and referents across cultures. It adapts to children's level of lexical development and to ambient language-specific lexical dominance hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi Gogate
- Psychology, Florida Gulf Coast University, Fort Myers, FL 33965
| | - Madhavilatha Maganti
- University of Hyderabad, Center for Neural and Cognitive Sciences, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Lorraine E. Bahrick
- Psychology, Florida International University, DM Building, Miami, Florida 33199
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22
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Schonberg C, Sandhofer CM, Tsang T, Johnson SP. Does bilingual experience affect early visual perceptual development? Front Psychol 2014; 5:1429. [PMID: 25566116 PMCID: PMC4263081 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual attention and perception develop rapidly during the first few months after birth, and these behaviors are critical components in the development of language and cognitive abilities. Here we ask how early bilingual experiences might lead to differences in visual attention and perception. Experiments 1–3 investigated the looking behavior of monolingual and bilingual infants when presented with social (Experiment 1), mixed (Experiment 2), or non-social (Experiment 3) stimuli. In each of these experiments, infants' dwell times (DT) and number of fixations to areas of interest (AOIs) were analyzed, giving a sense of where the infants looked. To examine how the infants looked at the stimuli in a more global sense, Experiment 4 combined and analyzed the saccade data collected in Experiments 1–3. There were no significant differences between monolingual and bilingual infants' DTs, AOI fixations, or saccade characteristics (specifically, frequency, and amplitude) in any of the experiments. These results suggest that monolingual and bilingual infants process their visual environments similarly, supporting the idea that the substantial cognitive differences between monolinguals and bilinguals in early childhood are more related to active vocabulary production than perception of the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tawny Tsang
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Scott P Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Kubicek C, Gervain J, Hillairet de Boisferon A, Pascalis O, Lœvenbruck H, Schwarzer G. The influence of infant-directed speech on 12-month-olds' intersensory perception of fluent speech. Infant Behav Dev 2014; 37:644-51. [PMID: 25238663 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2014.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether infant-directed (ID) speech facilitates intersensory matching of audio-visual fluent speech in 12-month-old infants. German-learning infants' audio-visual matching ability of German and French fluent speech was assessed by using a variant of the intermodal matching procedure, with auditory and visual speech information presented sequentially. In Experiment 1, the sentences were spoken in an adult-directed (AD) manner. Results showed that 12-month-old infants did not exhibit a matching performance for the native, nor for the non-native language. However, Experiment 2 revealed that when ID speech stimuli were used, infants did perceive the relation between auditory and visual speech attributes, but only in response to their native language. Thus, the findings suggest that ID speech might have an influence on the intersensory perception of fluent speech and shed further light on multisensory perceptual narrowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Kubicek
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany.
| | - Judit Gervain
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Laboratoire Psychologie de la Perception, CNRS UMR 8158, Paris, France
| | | | - Olivier Pascalis
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR 5105, Université Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Lœvenbruck
- Laboratoire de Psychologie et Neurocognition, CNRS UMR 5105, Université Pierre Mendès France, Grenoble, France
| | - Gudrun Schwarzer
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Germany
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