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McDowell N, Butler P. Validation of the Austin Assessment: A screening tool for cerebral visual impairment related visual issues. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0293904. [PMID: 37917596 PMCID: PMC10621811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0293904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral visual impairment is the most common cause of vision impairment affecting children in the economically developed world with a prevalence rate of approximately 3.4%. Currently there are limited options for screening for cerebral visual impairment, resulting in many children going undiagnosed, especially those that have normal visual acuity. The aim of this research was to validate an iPad App called the Austin Assessment, which was developed as a potential screening tool for cerebral visual impairment related visual issues. The research involved three separate phases: (1) creating a database of normative ranges for children aged 5-18 across the different variables of the Austin Assessment, (2) using the Austin Assessment to screen children aged 5-13 to assess the effectiveness of the Austin Assessment as a screening tool for CVI related visual issues, and (3) conducting specific validation research assessing children using the Austin Assessment and an already validated visual search tool. Each phase used different quantitative research methodologies to help show the effectiveness of the Austin Assessment as a screening tool for cerebral visual impairment related visual issues. From phase one of the research, thresholds were established for three variables of the Austin Assessment for the age groupings of 5-8, 9-12 and 13-18. If a child meets one of these thresholds this indicates further assessment is required to determine if they do in fact have cerebral visual impairment related visual issues. Phase two identified 17 children out of 270 who had clinical findings indicating visual issues; potentially indicative of CVI; investigation into the nature of these visual issues is ongoing. Phase three found that the Austin Assessment has moderate diagnostic value for each age group, with good sensitivity and specificity, making it effective at distinguishing those children who have visual issues from those who have typical vision. Further investigation is needed to confirm this initial validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola McDowell
- Institute of Education, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Philippa Butler
- Institute of Education, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
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Merabet LB, Manley CE, Pamir Z, Bauer CM, Skerswetat J, Bex PJ. Motion and form coherence processing in individuals with cerebral visual impairment. Dev Med Child Neurol 2023; 65:1379-1386. [PMID: 37012700 PMCID: PMC10795851 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.15591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM Using a visual psychophysical paradigm, we sought to assess motion and form coherence thresholds as indices of dorsal and ventral visual stream processing respectively, in individuals with cerebral visual impairment (CVI). We also explored potential associations between psychophysical assessments and brain lesion severity in CVI. METHOD Twenty individuals previously diagnosed with CVI (mean age = 17 years 11 months [SD 5 years 10 months]; mean Verbal IQ = 86.42 [SD 35.85]) and 30 individuals with neurotypical development (mean age = 20 years 1 month [SD 3 years 8 months]; mean Verbal IQ = 110.05 [SD 19.34]) participated in the study. In this two-group comparison, cross-sectional study design, global motion, and form pattern coherence thresholds were assessed using a computerized, generalizable, self-administrable, and response-adaptive psychophysical paradigm called FInD (Foraging Interactive D-prime). RESULTS Consistent with dorsal stream dysfunction, mean global motion (but not form) coherence thresholds were significantly higher in individuals with CVI compared to controls. No statistically significant association was found between coherence thresholds and lesion severity. INTERPRETATION These results suggest that the objective assessment of motion and form coherence threshold sensitivities using this psychophysical paradigm may be useful in helping to characterize perceptual deficits and the complex clinical profile of CVI. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS In participants with cerebral visual impairment (CVI), motion (but not form) coherence thresholds were significantly higher compared to controls. These psychophysical results support the notion of dorsal stream dysfunction in CVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lotfi B. Merabet
- The Laboratory for Visual Neuroplasticity, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claire E. Manley
- The Laboratory for Visual Neuroplasticity, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zahide Pamir
- The Laboratory for Visual Neuroplasticity, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Bilkent University, Department of Psychology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Corinna M. Bauer
- Lab for Neuroimaging and Vision Science, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jan Skerswetat
- Translational Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter J. Bex
- Translational Vision Lab, Department of Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
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Lu X, Wang Q, Li X, Wang G, Chen Y, Li X, Li H. Connectivity reveals homology between the visual systems of the human and macaque brains. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1207340. [PMID: 37476839 PMCID: PMC10354265 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1207340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The visual systems of humans and nonhuman primates share many similarities in both anatomical and functional organization. Understanding the homology and differences between the two systems can provide important insights into the neural basis of visual perception and cognition. This research aims to investigate the homology between human and macaque visual systems based on connectivity, using diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to construct structural and functional connectivity fingerprints of the visual systems in humans and macaques, and quantitatively analyze the connectivity patterns. By integrating multimodal magnetic resonance imaging, this research explored the homology and differences between the two systems. The results showed that 9 brain regions in the macaque visual system formed highly homologous mapping relationships with 11 brain regions in the human visual system, and the related brain regions between the two species showed highly structure homologous, with their functional organization being essentially conserved across species. Finally, this research generated a homology information map of the visual system for humans and macaques, providing a new perspective for subsequent cross-species analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lu
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Qianshan Wang
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaowen Li
- Shanxi Technology and Business College, Taiyuan, China
| | - Guolan Wang
- Shanxi Technology and Business College, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xueqi Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Haifang Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Technology and Business College, Taiyuan, China
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Kim S, Kim J, Nam K. Electrophysiological Evidence Reveals the Asymmetric Transfer from the Right to Left Hemisphere as Key to Reading Proficiency. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040621. [PMID: 37190586 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The present investigation aimed to explore the interhemispheric interactions that contribute to changes in reading proficiency by examining the processing of visual word recognition in relation to word familiarity. A lexical decision task was administered to 25 participants, and their electrophysiological activity was recorded. A behavioral analysis showed the faster and more accurate processing of highly familiar words compared to less familiar ones. An event-related potential analysis uncovered an asymmetric familiarity effect over the N100 and N400 components across the two hemispheres, indicating an asymmetrical word familiarity processing. Granger causality analyses demonstrated a stronger transfer of information from the right hemisphere (RH) to the left hemisphere (LH) during the N100 processing and a weaker transfer from the LH to the RH during the N400 processing for highly familiar word recognition. These findings suggest that the asymmetric coordination between the RH and LH occurs early in visual word recognition and highlight the importance of interhemispheric interactions in efficient visual word recognition and proficient reading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangyub Kim
- Wisdom Science Center, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonwoo Kim
- Department of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Kichun Nam
- School of Psychology, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Ben Itzhak N, Kooiker MJG, Pel JJM, Ortibus E. Including visual orienting functions into cerebral visual impairment screening: Reliability, variability, and ecological validity. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2023; 132:104391. [PMID: 36493737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) is a heterogeneous brain-based visual processing disorder in which basic visual orienting functions (VOF) and higher-order perception can be impaired. AIMS To evaluate (1) the test-retest reliability and variability of an eye tracking-based VOF paradigm, and related clinical characteristics, and (2) the relations between VOF (variability) and daily visual functioning and visuoperceptual dimensions. METHODS AND PROCEDURES Thirty-three children with CVI (Males=14; mean age=9 years 10 months) underwent eye tracking thrice, completed a visuoperceptual battery, and parents completed the Flemish CVI questionnaire. VOF reliability and variability of reaction time (RTF), fixation duration and accuracy were assessed with intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), Bland-Altman plots, and coefficient of variation. Relations were analysed with linear mixed models. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Highly salient visual stimuli had good RTF reliability (ICCs=0.75) and triggered less variable VOF. Intermediate and low salience stimuli had poor-to-moderate reliability and triggered more variable VOF. Younger performance age related to more VOF variability. Greater visual (dis)interest, clutter and distance viewing impairments, and a weaker visuoperceptual profile related to slower RTF. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Highly salient stimuli reveal a child's 'optimal' visual performance, whereas intermediate and low salience stimuli uncover VOF variability, which is a key CVI hallmark to detect.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ben Itzhak
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Child Youth Institute (L-C&Y), Leuven, Belgium.
| | - M J G Kooiker
- Vestibular and Ocular Motor Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Royal Dutch Visio, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J M Pel
- Vestibular and Ocular Motor Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Ortibus
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Child Youth Institute (L-C&Y), Leuven, Belgium
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Pearce D, Gould RL, Roughley M, Reynolds G, Ward EV, Bhome R, Reeves S. Paranoid and misidentification subtypes of psychosis in dementia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 134:104529. [PMID: 35032536 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to review the neurobiological and neuropsychological correlates of paranoid (persecutory delusions) and misidentification (misidentification delusions and/or hallucinations) subtypes of psychosis in dementia, to establish if they represent distinct subphenotypes. Nine studies were eligible, all included patients with Alzheimer's disease. Greater global cognitive deficits and an accelerated global cognitive decline were observed in the misidentification subtype. Neuroimaging studies showed more marked volume loss in multiple regions in patients with the misidentification subtype, including those involved in object recognition and the processing of information on spatial and temporal context. A single study found greater impairment in visual sustained attention and object recognition in the misidentification subtype. The small number of studies and methodological heterogeneity limit interpretation of the findings. Nevertheless, these findings would tentatively suggest that there may be additional or accelerated pathological change in functional networks involved in visuoperceptual processing in the misidentification subtype. This should be further explored in prospective studies and the investigation extended to other forms of dementia, to gain a transdiagnostic perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Pearce
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Rebecca L Gould
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | | | - Gemma Reynolds
- Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Emma V Ward
- Middlesex University, The Burroughs, London, NW4 4BT, UK
| | - Rohan Bhome
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, W1T 7NF, UK
| | - Suzanne Reeves
- Division of Psychiatry, University College London, W1T 7NF, UK.
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Sakki H, Dale NJ, Mankad K, Sargent J, Talenti G, Bowman R. Exploratory Investigation of Brain MRI Lesions According to Whole Sample and Visual Function Subtyping in Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 15:765371. [PMID: 35069150 PMCID: PMC8770951 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.765371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: There is limited research on brain lesions in children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI) of heterogeneous etiologies and according to associated subtyping and vision dysfunctions. This study was part of a larger project establishing data-driven subtypes of childhood CVI according to visual dysfunctions. Currently there is no consensus in relation to assessment, diagnosis and classification of CVI and more information about brain lesions may be of potential diagnostic value. Aim: This study aimed to investigate overall patterns of brain lesions and associations with level of visual dysfunction and to compare the patterns between the classification subgroups in children with CVI. Methods: School-aged children with CVI received ophthalmological and neuro-psychological/developmental assessments to establish CVI-related subtyping. Other pediatric information was collected from medical records. MRI scans were coded according to a semi-quantitative template including brain regions (right hemisphere, left hemisphere, visual pathways) and summed for total scores. Non-parametric analyses were conducted. Results: 28 children had clinical brain MRI scans available [44% of total sample, Group A (lower severity of visual dysfunctions) n = 16, Group B (higher severity) n = 12]. Total brain scores ranged between 0 and 18 (Group A mdn = 7, IQR = 0.8–10.0, Group B mdn = 10, IQR = 6.5–11.8) and were widespread across regions. 71 per cent had post-geniculate visual pathway damage. The median total brain and hemisphere scores of Group B were higher than subgroup A but differences did not reach statistical significance. No statistically significant associations were found between brain scores and vision variables (acuity, contrast sensitivity). Conclusion: This study found a spread of lesions across all regions on the brain scans in children with congenital CVI. The majority had damage in the postgeniculate visual pathways and visual cortex region suggesting this is an area of interest and potentially informative for diagnosis. However the subtyping classification did not show differences in number or region of lesions though the trend was higher toward Group B. This study confirms the complex diffuse and variable nature of brain lesions in children with congenital CVI, many of whom have other neurological impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Sakki
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi J. Dale
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Neurodisability Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Naomi J. Dale,
| | - Kshitij Mankad
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jenefer Sargent
- Neurodisability Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Talenti
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Bowman
- Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Ophthalmology Department, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Ben Itzhak N, Kooiker MJG, van der Steen J, Pel JJM, Wagemans J, Ortibus E. The relation between visual orienting functions, daily visual behaviour and visuoperceptual performance in children with (suspected) cerebral visual impairment. RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2021; 119:104092. [PMID: 34619456 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with cerebral visual impairment (CVI) present heterogeneous visual orienting functions (VOF) and higher-order perception. Multiple assessment methods evaluate CVI, but the relations between them remain unclear. AIM To investigate the relations between VOF and (1) daily life behaviour and (2) visuoperceptual tests in children with (suspected) CVI. METHODS AND PROCEDURES VOF were tested with a validated eye tracking-based paradigm. Visual perception was assessed using the children's visual impairment test for 3- to 6-year olds (CVIT 3-6) and (retrospective) visuoperceptual dimension results. Caregivers completed the Flemish cerebral visual impairment questionnaire (FCVIQ) and an expert panel scored relations between VOF and the other methods. We compared experts' survey responses with data-based results (linear mixed models and correlations). OUTCOMES AND RESULTS Fourty-four children (23 boys, 21 girls; median age = 7y11mo, SD = 2y7mo) participated. Twenty-one experts completed the survey. Slower VOF was significantly associated with (1) object and face processing impairments, (2) visual (dis)interest, (3) worse visual spatial perception (to local motion and form stimuli), and (4) worse CVIT 3-6 object and scene recognition (to cartoon stimuli). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Integration of VOF with existing visual assessments provides a better clinical picture of CVI and can prevent misdiagnosing children as inattentive, incapable, or unmotivated.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ben Itzhak
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), O&N IV Herestraat 49, Box 805, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - M J G Kooiker
- Vestibular and Ocular Motor Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Royal Dutch Visio, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J van der Steen
- Vestibular and Ocular Motor Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J J M Pel
- Vestibular and Ocular Motor Research Group, Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Wagemans
- Department of Brain & Cognition, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, Belgium; Leuven Brain Institute (LBI), Leuven, Belgium
| | - E Ortibus
- Department of Development and Regeneration, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), O&N IV Herestraat 49, Box 805, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Child Youth Institute (L-C&Y), Leuven, Belgium
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Chandna A, Ghahghaei S, Foster S, Kumar R. Higher Visual Function Deficits in Children With Cerebral Visual Impairment and Good Visual Acuity. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:711873. [PMID: 34867236 PMCID: PMC8636735 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.711873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In clinical practice Cerebral Visual Impairment (CVI) is typically diagnosed by observation of abnormal visually guided behaviors which indicate higher visual function deficits (HVFDs) suggesting abnormal brain development or brain damage in a child with a suitable clinical history. HVFDs can occur even in the presence of good visual acuity and may remain undiagnosed because the good visual acuity does not prompt further investigation. This leads to a lack of understanding of the child's visual perceptual difficulties. In a prospective study, we determined the spectrum of HVFDs in a group of children with history suggestive of brain damage or disruption of brain development and an independent diagnosis of CVI in comparison with typically developing children with a structured 51 question inventory, the Higher Visual Function Question Inventory (HVFQI-51) adapted from the Cerebral Vision Impairment Inventory, CVI-I. Here, we show that the HVFQI-51 can detect a range of HVFDs in children with CVI with good visual acuity and clearly distinguishes these children from typically developing children. HVFDs in our study group could mostly be attributed to dorsal stream visual processing dysfunction though the spectrum varied between children. We report on the inclusion of the "not applicable" response option in analysis providing a picture of HVFDs more in tune with the overall disability of each child. We also propose a subset of 11 questions (Top-11) which discriminate between children with CVI vs. behaviors seen in typical children: this provides both a potential screening tool for initial assessment of HVFDs and a measure of CVI-related impairment, and needs further validation in a secondary independent sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Chandna
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Saeideh Ghahghaei
- The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Susan Foster
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ram Kumar
- Alder Hey Children’s Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Spiteri S, Crewther D. Neural Mechanisms of Visual Motion Anomalies in Autism: A Two-Decade Update and Novel Aetiology. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:756841. [PMID: 34790092 PMCID: PMC8591069 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.756841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 21st century has seen dramatic changes in our understanding of the visual physio-perceptual anomalies of autism and also in the structure and development of the primate visual system. This review covers the past 20 years of research into motion perceptual/dorsal stream anomalies in autism, as well as new understanding of the development of primate vision. The convergence of this literature allows a novel developmental hypothesis to explain the physiological and perceptual differences of the broad autistic spectrum. Central to these observations is the development of motion areas MT+, the seat of the dorsal cortical stream, central area of pre-attentional processing as well as being an anchor of binocular vision for 3D action. Such development normally occurs via a transfer of thalamic drive from the inferior pulvinar → MT to the anatomically stronger but later-developing LGN → V1 → MT connection. We propose that autistic variation arises from a slowing in the normal developmental attenuation of the pulvinar → MT pathway. We suggest that this is caused by a hyperactive amygdala → thalamic reticular nucleus circuit increasing activity in the PIm → MT via response gain modulation of the pulvinar and hence altering synaptic competition in area MT. We explore the probable timing of transfer in dominance of human MT from pulvinar to LGN/V1 driving circuitry and discuss the implications of the main hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Spiteri
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Ionta S. Visual Neuropsychology in Development: Anatomo-Functional Brain Mechanisms of Action/Perception Binding in Health and Disease. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:689912. [PMID: 34135745 PMCID: PMC8203289 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.689912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is the main entrance for environmental input to the human brain. Even if vision is our most used sensory modality, its importance is not limited to environmental exploration. Rather it has strong links to motor competences, further extending to cognitive and social aspects of human life. These multifaceted relationships are particularly important in developmental age and become dramatically evident in presence of complex deficits originating from visual aberrancies. The present review summarizes the available neuropsychological evidence on the development of visual competences, with a particular focus on the associated visuo-motor integration skills in health and disease. With the aim of supporting future research and interventional settings, the goal of the present review is to constitute a solid base to help the translation of neuropsychological hypotheses into straightforward empirical investigations and rehabilitation/training protocols. This approach will further increase the impact, ameliorate the acceptance, and ease the use and implementation of lab-derived intervention protocols in real-life situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Ionta
- Sensory-Motor Lab (SeMoLa), Department of Ophthalmology-University of Lausanne, Jules Gonin Eye Hospital-Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Shibata M, Tsutsumi K, Iwabuchi Y, Kameyama M, Takizawa T, Nakahara T, Fujiwara H, Jinzaki M, Nakahara J, Dodick DW. [ 123I]-IMP single-photon emission computed tomography imaging in visual snow syndrome: A case series. Cephalalgia 2020; 40:1671-1675. [PMID: 32791921 PMCID: PMC7691621 DOI: 10.1177/0333102420950454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visual snow syndrome (VSS) is a neurological condition characterized by persistent flickering dots in the visual fields, palinopsia, enhanced entoptic phenomenon, photophobia, and nyctalopia. Neuroimaging evidence supports the role of the visual association cortex in visual snow syndrome.Case series: We provided clinical care to three patients with visual snow syndrome, in whom [123I]-IMP single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging was performed. Case 1 was a 21-year-old male with a past history of migraine with aura who exhibited visual snow and entoptic phenomenon. In this patient, [123I]-IMP SPECT imaging revealed right occipital and temporal hypoperfusion with a distribution matching the ventral visual stream. [123I]-IMP SPECT imaging detected only mild bilateral frontal hypoperfusion in Case 2 and no overt abnormalities in Case 3. CONCLUSION Although visual snow syndrome seems to be a heterogenous condition, our observations indicate that abnormal visual processing within the ventral visual stream may play a role in the pathogenesis of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Shibata
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan,Mamoru Shibata, Department of Neurology, Keio
University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Kei Tsutsumi
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Yu Iwabuchi
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Masashi Kameyama
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan,Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatric Hospital,
Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsubasa Takizawa
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Tadaki Nakahara
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Hirokazu Fujiwara
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Masahiro Jinzaki
- Department of Radiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Jin Nakahara
- Department of Neurology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo,
Japan
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Advances in the evaluation and management of cortical/cerebral visual impairment in children. Surv Ophthalmol 2020; 65:708-724. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Scholl LR, Foik AT, Lyon DC. Projections between visual cortex and pulvinar in the rat. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:129-140. [PMID: 32361987 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The extrageniculate visual pathway, which carries visual information from the retina through the superficial layers of the superior colliculus and the pulvinar, is poorly understood. The pulvinar is thought to modulate information flow between cortical areas, and has been implicated in cognitive tasks like directing visually guided actions. In order to better understand the underlying circuitry, we performed retrograde injections of modified rabies virus in the visual cortex and pulvinar of the Long-Evans rat. We found a relatively small population of cells projecting to primary visual cortex (V1), compared to a much larger population projecting to higher visual cortex. Reciprocal corticothalamic projections showed a similar result, implying that pulvinar does not play as big a role in directly modulating rodent V1 activity as previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo R Scholl
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Andrzej T Foik
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - David C Lyon
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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15
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Bennett CR, Bauer CM, Bailin ES, Merabet LB. Neuroplasticity in cerebral visual impairment (CVI): Assessing functional vision and the neurophysiological correlates of dorsal stream dysfunction. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 108:171-181. [PMID: 31655075 PMCID: PMC6949360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) results from perinatal injury to visual processing structures and pathways and is the most common individual cause of pediatric visual impairment and blindness in developed countries. While there is mounting evidence demonstrating extensive neuroplastic reorganization in early onset, profound ocular blindness, how the brain reorganizes in the setting of congenital damage to cerebral (i.e. retro-geniculate) visual pathways remains comparatively poorly understood. Individuals with CVI exhibit a wide range of visual deficits and, in particular, present with impairments of higher order visual spatial processing (referred to as "dorsal stream dysfunction") as well as object recognition (associated with processing along the ventral stream). In this review, we discuss the need for ongoing work to develop novel, neuroscience-inspired approaches to investigate functional visual deficits in this population. We also outline the role played by advanced structural and functional neuroimaging in helping to elucidate the underlying neurophysiology of CVI, and highlight key differences with regard to patterns of neural reorganization previously described in ocular blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Bennett
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Corinna M Bauer
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Emma S Bailin
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States
| | - Lotfi B Merabet
- Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, MA 02114, United States.
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16
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Hemianopia and Features of Bálint Syndrome following Occipital Lobe Hemorrhage: Identification and Patient Understanding Have Aided Functional Improvement Years after Onset. Case Rep Ophthalmol Med 2019; 2019:3864572. [PMID: 31019823 PMCID: PMC6452550 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3864572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Cerebral visual impairment (CVI) can present around birth or any time thereafter. Homonymous hemianopia is a common feature. The concept that functional improvement is unattainable augurs against active management. Dorsal stream dysfunction (or Bálint syndrome when severe) results from bilateral posterior parietal dysfunction but may go undetected, especially in children. Case Presentation. At 16 the patient suffered spontaneous left occipital lobe brain hemorrhage from a ruptured arteriovenous malformation. This was surgically excised. Short lived right upper limb intermittent jerking, with additional left sided weakness, ensued. Anomalous EEG recordings, with right-sided bias, arose from the posterior temporoparietal area. A right homonymous hemianopia was evident. During the ensuing 17 years she experienced multiple complex difficulties, until, at a lecture describing how to identify and support children with CVI, she realized she herself had many of the difficulties described. Visual assessment identified hemianopia and dorsal stream dysfunction. Discussion. Following identification, characterization, and explanation of the impact of her visual difficulties, she both gained greater awareness of her visual difficulties and their impact and developed a range of strategies leading to functional improvement of her visual field loss and amelioration of her dorsal stream dysfunction, with great improvement in quality of life.
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17
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Di Rosa G, Pironti E, Cucinotta F, Alibrandi A, Gagliano A. Gender affects early psychomotor milestones and long‐term neurodevelopment of preterm infants. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/icd.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Di Rosa
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and PsychiatryUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Erica Pironti
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and PsychiatryUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Francesca Cucinotta
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and PsychiatryUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Angela Alibrandi
- Department of Economical, Business and Environmental Sciences and Quantitative MethodsUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
| | - Antonella Gagliano
- Department of Human Pathology of the Adult and Developmental Age “Gaetano Barresi,” Unit of Child Neurology and PsychiatryUniversity of Messina Messina Italy
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18
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Stegmayer K, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T, Federspiel A, Wiest R, Müri RM, Strik W, Walther S. Limbic Interference During Social Action Planning in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:359-368. [PMID: 28575506 PMCID: PMC5814975 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is characterized by social interaction deficits contributing to poor functional outcome. Hand gesture use is particularly impaired, linked to frontal lobe dysfunction and frontal grey matter deficits. The functional neural correlates of impaired gesturing are currently unclear. We therefore investigated aberrant brain activity during impaired gesturing in schizophrenia. We included 22 patients with schizophrenia and 25 healthy control participants matched for age, gender, and education level. We obtained functional magnetic resonance imaging data using an event-related paradigm to assess brain activation during gesture planning and execution. Group differences in whole brain effects were calculated using factorial designs. Gesture ratings were performed by a single rater, blind to diagnoses and clinical presentation. During gesture planning and execution both groups activated brain areas of the praxis network. However, patients had reduced dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and increased inferior parietal lobe (IPL) activity. Performance accuracy was associated with IPL activity in patients. Furthermore, patients activated temporal poles, amygdala and hippocampus during gesture planning, which was associated with delusion severity. Finally, patients demonstrated increased dorsomedial prefrontal cortex activity during planning of novel gestures. We demonstrate less prefrontal, but more IPL and limbic activity during gesturing in schizophrenia. IPL activity was associated with performance accuracy, whereas limbic activity was linked to delusion severity. These findings may reflect impaired social action planning and a limbic interference with gestures in schizophrenia contributing to poor gesture performance and consequently poor social functioning in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Stegmayer
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry Bern, Bern, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed; University Hospital of Psychiatry, Bolligenstrasse 111, 3060 Bern, Switzerland; tel: +41-31-930-9757, fax: +41-31-930-9404, e-mail:
| | - Stephan Bohlhalter
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland,Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tim Vanbellingen
- Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Center, Kantonsspital Luzern, Luzern, Switzerland,Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Federspiel
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - René M Müri
- Department of Clinical Research, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Werner Strik
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sebastian Walther
- Translational Research Center, University Hospital of Psychiatry Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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19
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Perry CJ, Amarasooriya P, Fallah M. An Eye in the Palm of Your Hand: Alterations in Visual Processing Near the Hand, a Mini-Review. Front Comput Neurosci 2016; 10:37. [PMID: 27148034 PMCID: PMC4834298 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2016.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Feedback within the oculomotor system improves visual processing at eye movement end points, also termed a visual grasp. We do not just view the world around us however, we also reach out and grab things with our hands. A growing body of literature suggests that visual processing in near-hand space is altered. The control systems for moving either the eyes or the hands rely on parallel networks of fronto-parietal regions, which have feedback connections to visual areas. Since the oculomotor system effects on visual processing occur through feedback, both through the motor plan and the motor efference copy, a parallel system where reaching and/or grasping motor-related activity also affects visual processing is likely. Areas in the posterior parietal cortex, for example, receive proprioceptive and visual information used to guide actions, as well as motor efference signals. This trio of information channels is all that would be necessary to produce spatial allocation of reach-related visual attention. We review evidence from behavioral and neurophysiological studies that support the hypothesis that feedback from the reaching and/or grasping motor control networks affects visual processing while noting ways in which it differs from that seen within the oculomotor system. We also suggest that object affordances may represent the neural mechanism through which certain object features are selected for preferential processing when stimuli are near the hand. Finally, we summarize the two effector-based feedback systems and discuss how having separate but parallel effector systems allows for efficient decoupling of eye and hand movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J. Perry
- Visual Perception and Attention Laboratory, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Prakash Amarasooriya
- Visual Perception and Attention Laboratory, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mazyar Fallah
- Visual Perception and Attention Laboratory, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- Centre for Vision Research, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
- Canadian Action and Perception Network, York UniversityToronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Chakraborty A, Anstice NS, Jacobs RJ, LaGasse LL, Lester BM, Wouldes TA, Thompson B. Prenatal exposure to recreational drugs affects global motion perception in preschool children. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16921. [PMID: 26581958 PMCID: PMC4652269 DOI: 10.1038/srep16921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to recreational drugs impairs motor and cognitive development; however it is currently unknown whether visual brain areas are affected. To address this question, we investigated the effect of prenatal drug exposure on global motion perception, a behavioural measure of processing within the dorsal extrastriate visual cortex that is thought to be particularly vulnerable to abnormal neurodevelopment. Global motion perception was measured in one hundred and forty-five 4.5-year-old children who had been exposed to different combinations of methamphetamine, alcohol, nicotine and marijuana prior to birth and 25 unexposed children. Self-reported drug use by the mothers was verified by meconium analysis. We found that global motion perception was impaired by prenatal exposure to alcohol and improved significantly by exposure to marijuana. Exposure to both drugs prenatally had no effect. Other visual functions such as habitual visual acuity and stereoacuity were not affected by drug exposure. Prenatal exposure to methamphetamine did not influence visual function. Our results demonstrate that prenatal drug exposure can influence a behavioural measure of visual development, but that the effects are dependent on the specific drugs used during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Chakraborty
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nicola S Anstice
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Jacobs
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Linda L LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Barry M Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA
| | - Trecia A Wouldes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand.,School of Optometry and Vision Science, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, 200 Columbia Street West, Waterloo, Ontario, ON N2L, Canada
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21
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Mundinano IC, Kwan WC, Bourne JA. Mapping the mosaic sequence of primate visual cortical development. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:132. [PMID: 26539084 PMCID: PMC4611065 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional “textbook” theory suggests that the development and maturation of visual cortical areas occur as a wave from V1. However, more recent evidence would suggest that this is not the case, and the emergence of extrastriate areas occurs in a non-hierarchical fashion. This proposition comes from both physiological and anatomical studies but the actual developmental sequence of extrastriate areas remains unknown. In the current study, we examined the development and maturation of the visual cortex of the marmoset monkey, a New World simian, from embryonic day 130 (15 days prior to birth) through to adulthood. Utilizing the well-described expression characteristics of the calcium-binding proteins calbindin and parvalbumin, and nonphosphorylated neurofilament for the pyramidal neurons, we were able to accurately map the sequence of development and maturation of the visual cortex. To this end, we demonstrated that both V1 and middle temporal area (MT) emerge first and that MT likely supports dorsal stream development while V1 supports ventral stream development. Furthermore, the emergence of the dorsal stream-associated areas was significantly earlier than ventral stream areas. The difference in the temporal development of the visual streams is likely driven by a teleological requirement for specific visual behavior in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inaki-Carril Mundinano
- Bourne Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - William Chin Kwan
- Bourne Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Bourne
- Bourne Group, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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22
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Chakraborty A, Anstice NS, Jacobs RJ, Paudel N, LaGasse LL, Lester BM, Wouldes TA, Harding JE, Thompson B. Global motion perception is independent from contrast sensitivity for coherent motion direction discrimination and visual acuity in 4.5-year-old children. Vision Res 2015; 115:83-91. [PMID: 26318529 PMCID: PMC4587337 DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Global motion processing depends on a network of brain regions that includes extrastriate area V5 in the dorsal visual stream. For this reason, psychophysical measures of global motion perception have been used to provide a behavioral measure of dorsal stream function. This approach assumes that global motion is relatively independent of visual functions that arise earlier in the visual processing hierarchy such as contrast sensitivity and visual acuity. We tested this assumption by assessing the relationships between global motion perception, contrast sensitivity for coherent motion direction discrimination (henceforth referred to as contrast sensitivity) and habitual visual acuity in a large group of 4.5-year-old children (n=117). The children were born at risk of abnormal neurodevelopment because of prenatal drug exposure or risk factors for neonatal hypoglycemia. Motion coherence thresholds, a measure of global motion perception, were assessed using random dot kinematograms. The contrast of the stimuli was fixed at 100% and coherence was varied. Contrast sensitivity was measured using the same stimuli by fixing motion coherence at 100% and varying dot contrast. Stereoacuity was also measured. Motion coherence thresholds were not correlated with contrast sensitivity or visual acuity. However, lower (better) motion coherence thresholds were correlated with finer stereoacuity (ρ=0.38, p=0.004). Contrast sensitivity and visual acuity were also correlated (ρ=-0.26, p=0.004) with each other. These results indicate that global motion perception for high contrast stimuli is independent of contrast sensitivity and visual acuity and can be used to assess motion integration mechanisms in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Chakraborty
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola S Anstice
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J Jacobs
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nabin Paudel
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Linda L LaGasse
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, USA
| | - Barry M Lester
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Warren Alpert Medical School at Brown University, USA
| | - Trecia A Wouldes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Benjamin Thompson
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New Zealand; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, Canada.
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23
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Dong D, Franklin S. A New Action Execution Module for the Learning Intelligent Distribution Agent (LIDA): The Sensory Motor System. Cognit Comput 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12559-015-9322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Perry CJ, Fallah M. Feature integration and object representations along the dorsal stream visual hierarchy. Front Comput Neurosci 2014; 8:84. [PMID: 25140147 PMCID: PMC4122209 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2014.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual system is split into two processing streams: a ventral stream that receives color and form information and a dorsal stream that receives motion information. Each stream processes that information hierarchically, with each stage building upon the previous. In the ventral stream this leads to the formation of object representations that ultimately allow for object recognition regardless of changes in the surrounding environment. In the dorsal stream, this hierarchical processing has classically been thought to lead to the computation of complex motion in three dimensions. However, there is evidence to suggest that there is integration of both dorsal and ventral stream information into motion computation processes, giving rise to intermediate object representations, which facilitate object selection and decision making mechanisms in the dorsal stream. First we review the hierarchical processing of motion along the dorsal stream and the building up of object representations along the ventral stream. Then we discuss recent work on the integration of ventral and dorsal stream features that lead to intermediate object representations in the dorsal stream. Finally we propose a framework describing how and at what stage different features are integrated into dorsal visual stream object representations. Determining the integration of features along the dorsal stream is necessary to understand not only how the dorsal stream builds up an object representation but also which computations are performed on object representations instead of local features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn Jeane Perry
- Visual Perception and Attention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Centre for Vision Research, York University Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mazyar Fallah
- Visual Perception and Attention Laboratory, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Centre for Vision Research, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Departments of Biology and Psychology, York University Toronto, ON, Canada ; Canadian Action and Perception Network, York University Toronto, ON, Canada
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25
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Salavati M, Rameckers EA, Steenbergen B, van der Schans C. Gross motor function, functional skills and caregiver assistance in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) with and without cerebral visual impairment (CVI). EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOTHERAPY 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/21679169.2014.899392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Salavati
- Royal Visio, Center of Expertise for Blind and Partially Sighted People, Haren, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A.A. Rameckers
- Maastricht University, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Adelante Center of Expertise in Rehabilitation and Audiology, Valkenburg and Hoensbroek, The Netherlands
- AVANSplus, University for Professionals for Pediatric Physical Therapy, Breda, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Steenbergen
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Behavioural Science Institute, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Australian Catholic University, School of Psychology, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Cees van der Schans
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Research Group in Health Care and in Nursing, Hanze University Applied Sciences Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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26
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Braddick O, Atkinson J. Visual control of manual actions: brain mechanisms in typical development and developmental disorders. Dev Med Child Neurol 2013; 55 Suppl 4:13-8. [PMID: 24237273 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Some key stages in the development of manual actions have been discussed in this supplement based on the idea of the dorsal cortical stream as the pathway for translating visual information into action control. We argue that visual information, transmitted through specialized visuomotor dorsal-stream modules, is required in the control of manual actions for selecting and attending to the target object of the action, translating visual spatial information into motor programmes and planning a coordinated sequence of actions so as to reach an optimal end-state. In typical development, we illustrate dorsal-stream processing through results on the use of stereoscopic information to guide infants' reaches, and changes in target selection and detailed kinematics of reaches depending on age, object size, and reaching in darkness (when dorsal-stream information rapidly decays). We hypothesize 'dorsal-stream vulnerability' as a widespread feature of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, Williams syndrome, and children born very preterm. Such deficits, identified as abnormal visuomanual actions, are seen in bimanual coordination, visual guidance of action in the 'postbox' task, and failures in motor planning for end-state comfort. We discuss the possible application of these approaches to a wider range of disorders including developmental coordination disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Braddick
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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