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Sudri S, Shitrit S, Ben Amy DP, Dahoud WA, Laviv A, El-Naaj IA. Pediatric Trauma During COVID-19: What Have We Learned? J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2024; 82:546-553. [PMID: 38403270 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In December 2019, an outbreak of a novel pneumonia-like illness, COVID-19 (C-19), emerged in Wuhan, China. In March 2020, as the incidence of C-19 rose, the Israeli government, like that of other nations, declared a national state of emergency, and a full, general lockdown was announced. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to determine the incidence and characteristics of pediatric maxillofacial trauma presentation during the 2020 C-19 lockdown restrictions and compare them to periods outside lockdown between 2019 and 2020 (pre-C-19). STUDY DESIGN, SETTING, SAMPLE A retrospective cohort study was conducted and included all pediatric patients (0-18 years) referred to the emergency department (ED) at Tzafon Medical Center, Israel, and diagnosed with maxillofacial injuries. Patients with missing demographic data and patients who did not complete the medical examination were excluded. PREDICTOR/EXPOSURE/INDEPENDENT VARIABLE The exposure variable is the date of injury-2020 C-19 lockdown period compared to the previous year (pre-C-19). MAIN OUTCOME VARIABLE(S) The main outcome variable was the number of pediatric maxillofacial trauma ED arrivals out of total pediatric ED arrivals and out of total maxillofacial ED arrivals. COVARIATES Covariates included patient demographics, etiology, and place of injury. ANALYSES The association between categorical variables was tested using the Fisher exact test or χ2 test for binary variables with relative risk when appropriate, logistic regression model used to predict outcome variable. P values were 2-tailed and statistical significance was defined as P < .05. RESULTS The study sample comprised 1174 patients. Relative risk of presenting with oral and maxillofacial trauma out of all pediatric ED patients was 1.85 comparing C-19 period to pre-C-19 period (confidence interval [1.65; 2.073], P < .0001). Most of the injuries recorded during the C-19 restrictions occurred in the domestic environment (56.1% compared to 47.5% in pre-C-19, P < .001). Incidences necessitating treatment increased from 45.8 to 55% during C-19 (P = .002). CONCLUSION AND RELEVANCE During C-19, there was a higher rate of pediatric injuries compared to pre-C-19. The incidence of domestic oral and maxillofacial injuries increased despite the considered home safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiran Sudri
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel.
| | - Shany Shitrit
- Dental Student at the Maurice & Gabriela Goldschlager School of Dental Medicine, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Maurice & Gabriela Goldschlager School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv; Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Maurice & Gabriela Goldschlager School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Dalit Porat Ben Amy
- Head of Oral Medicine Unit, Oral Medicine Unit, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Wadie Abu Dahoud
- Head Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed, Israel; Statical Analysist, Research Institute, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Amir Laviv
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Maurice & Gabriela Goldschlager School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv
| | - Imad Abu El-Naaj
- Resident, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel; Head Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tzafon Medical Center, Affiliated with Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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Šimunović L, Špiljak B, Vranić L, Negovetić Vranić D. Treatment priorities and arrival time of traumatic dental injuries-An 8-year retrospective study. Dent Traumatol 2024; 40:11-21. [PMID: 37750007 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Most of the previous studies in the available literature discussed the time of arrival in general to the healthcare system, while a minority studied the relationship between the type of trauma and arrival. The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the arrival time of traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) depending on the urgency of treatment according to Andreasen. MATERIALS AND METHODS This 8-year retrospective study was carried out at the Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the University Dental Clinic in Zagreb, Croatia. Andreasen's classification was used to define the kind of TDI as well as to divide them by the need for urgent treatment or treatment priorities in three groups: acute, subacute, and delayed. RESULTS The sample consisted of 1040 children (59% male and 41% female) with a median age of 7. Each year, the age group most affected by TDIs was 6-12 years old. While there is a general increase in the prevalence of TDIs overall, there is a decline in TDIs among children aged 6-12 and an increase among preschoolers and adolescents (below 6 and above 12 years old). Throughout the years, 52.73% red/acute and 41.16% yellow/subacute TDIs were not treated on time due to delayed arrival. More patients from Zagreb come in the first 24 h, while more patients from outside Zagreb come to the clinic a month or more after their injuries. Patients which suffered TDI accompanied with soft-tissue injury arrived sooner. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to introduce monitoring and education of patients under the age of 6 and over 12, as well as their parents/caregivers. New programs should be implemented and new referent centers that specialize in treating TDIs outside of Zagreb should be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Šimunović
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruno Špiljak
- School of Dental Medicine Zagreb, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Lara Vranić
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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Patidar D, Sogi S, Fry RR, Patidar DC, Malhotra A. Maxillofacial Trauma in Pediatric Patients: A Retrospective Study. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2024; 23:99-106. [PMID: 38312951 PMCID: PMC10830960 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-022-01842-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The study was conducted to analyze the pattern, etiology and management of maxillofacial trauma in children up to 16 years of age. Study Design Records of the patients who sustained maxillofacial trauma from 2013 to 2018 were retrospectively evaluated for age, gender, etiology, pattern of injuries and their management. Children were divided into three groups-primary (0-5 yrs), mixed (6-11 yrs) and permanent dentition group (12-16 yrs). Maxillofacial trauma was observed as midface fracture, mandible fractures, soft tissue injuries and associated tooth fractures. SPSS software version 19.0 was used for the data analysis. Result A total record of 99 children were evaluated. Gender-wise distribution was reported twice in male than females. Fall was observed as the major etiological factor (73.7%) with a significant p value of 0.012 using chi-square test. The highest frequency of maxillofacial trauma is noted in mixed dentition group (47.4%). Mandible fracture was most frequently observed followed by associated soft tissue injury. Conservative approach/closed reduction for management was executed for the majority of cases. Conclusion Knowledge gained from the present study would help in assessing the effectiveness of present preventive modalities and facilitate elaboration of future preventive measures and new research works as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Patidar
- Deptartment of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, College of Dental Science and Hospital, Rau, Indore, Madhya Pradesh India
| | - Suma Sogi
- Deptartment of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
| | - Ramesh Ram Fry
- Deptartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
| | | | - Aayush Malhotra
- Deptartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Maharishi Markandeshwar College of Dental Sciences and Research, Mullana, Ambala (Haryana), India
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Zhou J, Wan T, Miao R, Tang W, Liu L, Long J, Jing W. Oral and maxillofacial emergencies: A retrospective study of 5220 cases in West China. Dent Traumatol 2023; 39:140-146. [PMID: 36366969 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM There are no epidemiological reports focused on the oral and maxillofacial surgery emergency department in the West China Hospital of Stomatology. The aim of this study was to analyse the epidemiological characteristics of emergency patients admitted for Trauma and Plastic Surgery Department of the West China Hospital of Stomatology from 2016-2019. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this retrospective study, 5220 patients with complete medical records were evaluated. The following data were collected: gender, age, etiology, disease type distribution, anatomic injury site and treatment modality. RESULTS There were 3046 males and 2174 females (ratio 1.40:1), with an average age of 16.2 years. The largest group was children aged between 3 and 6 years old (28.3%). Maxillofacial injuries were the most common condition (87.3%), which mostly occurred on the forehead (29.7%), followed by the lips (27.8%). A fall was the leading cause of injury (59.9%), especially in patients younger than 6 years old. There were 327 cases of maxillofacial space infections (MSI), and the mandibular third molars were the most common tooth associated with odontogenic infections (36.2%). Univariable analysis identified that multiple-space infection, visit time and systemic conditions were the risk factors for being admitted to the hospital for treatment. There were 116 patients (2.2%) with bleeding as the main complaint, and most of the maxillofacial bleeding patients could be stopped by compression (52.6%). CONCLUSION Males and children aged younger than 6 years were the highest risk populations. Trauma accounted for the majority of emergency patients in maxillofacial surgery. Most maxillofacial injuries involved the forehead and were mainly caused by accidental falls. The proportion of MSI was not high, but serious cases may be life-threatening. The causes of bleeding were diverse, and the bleeding was easy to control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Ting Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Stomatology, Affiliated Hospital of Sichuan Nursing Vocational College, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jie Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Analysis of Pediatric Maxillofacial Fractures: A 10-year Retrospective Study. J Craniofac Surg 2023; 34:448-453. [PMID: 36441830 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to analyze patterns of maxillofacial fractures in children and adolescent in southeast of China,in a period of 10 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective study, the medical records of 162 hospitalized patients under 18 years old were analyzed in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, China. Age, gender, etiology, site, and type of fracture, monthly distribution, weekly distribution, dental complications, and treatment were evaluated. The cases were divided into 3 age groups: group A: 0 to 6 years, group B: 7 to 12 years, and group C: 13 to 18 years. RESULTS Three hundred thirty-four maxillofacial fractures in 162 patients younger than 18 years were analyzed. The male to female ratio was 2.24:1 and mean age of these patients was 9.85 years old . Falls were the leading cause of maxillofacial fractures.The most frequent fracture site was mandible. Most patients with maxillofacial fractures were treated by open reduction. And it was done more in adolescents than in children. CONCLUSIONS Falls were the main reason for maxillofacial fracutres in childern, and traffic accidents was the leading cause in adolescent. Preventive measures should be applied to reduce occurrences of pediatric facial fractures .Children can not be left at home alone, and monitoring is very necessary when children play in the high place. The government can consider related e-bike driving skills training. Teenagers must pass the relevant electric vehicle test before they can drive. Make the law that the driver of e-bike must wear a safety helmet. Our study shows that open reduction was a good choice for pediatric facial fractures, but usually conservative treatment is a better choice for condylar fractures.
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Xavier TB, Silva Meira CL, Rodrigues de Lemos JG, Lacerda de Souza L, Ferreira DP, de Vasconcelos Macedo D, Monnazzi MS, Neto NC, Rebelo Pontes HA. Evaluation of the SEVERITY of FACIAL and GENERAL TRAUMA in child and adolescent victims of traffic accidents. Heliyon 2023; 9:e12680. [PMID: 36685385 PMCID: PMC9853304 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
•Evaluation of the FISS and TRISS SpO2 to obtain greater rigor in a standardized epidemiological profile of injury severity.•More accurate determination of trauma severity in child and adolescent victims of traffic accidents for improved urgency and emergency care.•Relation between the scales allows for better decisions on patient hospitalization, adequate treatment and the prevention of irreversible injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Brito Xavier
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clarina Louis Silva Meira
- Service of Oral Pathology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas Lacerda de Souza
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Pacheco Ferreira
- Service of Oral Pathology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Diogo de Vasconcelos Macedo
- Diagnosis and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Silva Monnazzi
- Diagnosis and Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicolau Conte Neto
- Service of Oral Pathology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará (UFPA), Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Hélder Antônio Rebelo Pontes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Borrelli M, Echanique KA, Koempel J, Ference EH. Crayon in the Orbit and Sinuses in a Pediatric Patient. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2021; 100:856S-858S. [PMID: 34030513 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211018582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Penetrating transorbital injury with skull base involvement is a rare occurrence from a crayon. We report a case of a 2-year-old male who sustained a penetrating crayon injury through the right orbit and lamina papyracea into the posterior ethmoid sinus complicated by cerebrospinal fluid leak. There have been no other reported cases of this type of injury by a crayon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Borrelli
- Cedars Sinai Sinus Center of Excellence, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Cedars-Sinai Division of Otolaryngology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristen A Echanique
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Koempel
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elisabeth H Ference
- Caruso Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Agouropoulos A, Pavlou N, Kotsanti M, Gourtsogianni S, Tzanetakis G, Gizani S. A 5-year data report of traumatic dental injuries in children and adolescents from a major dental trauma center in Greece. Dent Traumatol 2021; 37:631-638. [PMID: 33821535 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Prevalence and demographic characteristics of traumatic dental injuries (TDI) differ in different countries. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess TDI in primary and permanent teeth among children and adolescents who presented to the Department of Paediatric Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, during the last 5 years. MATERIAL AND METHODS Dental records of 236 new patients who presented with dento-alveolar trauma to the Postgraduate Dental Clinic from 1/1/2014 to 31/12/2019 were reviewed. Data recorded were gender, age, month of the year the injury occurred, type of trauma, and number of traumatized teeth. Injuries were classified as fracture, luxation, or combination injuries. Descriptive statistics, chi-squared (x2 ), and Fisher's exact tests were used to evaluate the results. Level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS The age of the patients ranged from 1 to 18 years old, with a mean of 8.63 years (SD: 3.52). There were 395 anterior traumatized teeth and 2 cases with traumatized posterior teeth. Children suffered trauma more often at the ages of 5 years, 7 years, and 11 years. In this cohort, 60% were boys who had a higher chance of having trauma than girls (odds ratio = 1.418 95% CI = 0.724, 2.777). Most TDI occurred in March and May, followed by June and February, and most traumatized teeth were permanent (80%). Maxillary central incisors in both dentitions were injured most often and significantly more compared to lateral incisors (p < 0 .01). The most common type of injury was a fracture in the permanent dentition (60%) and luxation injuries (69%) in the primary dentition. CONCLUSIONS Traumatic dental injuries in this cohort occurred mostly in spring, affected boys more than girls, permanent teeth more than primary teeth, maxillary incisors more than mandibular incisors, and central incisors more than lateral incisors, while children aged 5, 7, and 11 years old had the most injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Agouropoulos
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nancy Pavlou
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Marilena Kotsanti
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sofia Gourtsogianni
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Giorgos Tzanetakis
- Department of Endodontics, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiria Gizani
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Guo HQ, Yang X, Wang XT, Li S, Ji AP, Bai J. Epidemiology of maxillofacial soft tissue injuries in an oral emergency department in Beijing: A two-year retrospective study. Dent Traumatol 2021; 37:479-487. [PMID: 33423383 DOI: 10.1111/edt.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Maxillofacial soft tissue injuries (STIs) may differ in epidemiological characteristics from other maxillofacial injuries. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of maxillofacial STIs in a public oral emergency department in Beijing, China, from 2017 to 2018. MATERIAL AND METHODS In this retrospective study, 5949 patients with maxillofacial STIs and complete medical records were evaluated. Gender, age, etiology, visit date and time, interval between accident and treatment, anatomic injury site, treatment modality, and the number of associated maxillofacial bone fractures or tooth injuries were analyzed. RESULT There were 3831 males and 2118 females (ratio 1.81:1). Patients younger than 10 years were the most frequently seen group (44.2%). Among adults, 20- to 29-years-old (16.2%) was the most prominent age group. The month of May (11.8%) had the highest incidence of maxillofacial STIs, and February (4.5%) had the lowest incidence. The average number of daily visits was significantly higher on holidays than on workdays. Of the 5949 patients, 45.9% attended at night, 2021 patients had dental trauma, and 31 had jaw fractures. The lips were the most common site of STIs, followed by the chin and gingiva. Lip and gingival STIs were more common in the 0- to 10-years-old group. Chin STIs were more common in the 20- to 39-years-old group. A fall was the leading cause of injury, especially in patients younger than 10 years and older than 70 years. Approximately 56.7% of the falls resulted in injuries to the lower one-third of the face. Sports injuries were more common among 10- to 29-years-old individuals. CONCLUSION STIs of the maxillofacial region were most likely to occur at night, in May and during holidays. Males, children younger than 10 years and 20- to 29-years-old adults were high-risk populations. Most maxillofacial STIs involved the lips, and one-third of the patients had dental trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Qiu Guo
- Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Tong Wang
- Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Ai-Ping Ji
- Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Bai
- Department of Oral Emergency, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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