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Mašek J, Dorado-Liñán I, Treml V. Responses of stem growth and canopy greenness of temperate conifers to dry spells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2024; 68:1533-1544. [PMID: 38630139 PMCID: PMC11281975 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-024-02682-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Dry spells strongly influence biomass production in forest ecosystems. Their effects may last several years following a drought event, prolonging growth reduction and therefore restricting carbon sequestration. Yet, our understanding of the impact of dry spells on the vitality of trees' above-ground biomass components (e.g., stems and leaves) at a landscape level remains limited. We analyzed the responses of Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies to the four most severe drought years in topographically complex sites. To represent stem growth and canopy greenness, we used chronologies of tree-ring width and time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We analyzed the responses of radial tree growth and NDVI to dry spells using superposed epoch analysis and further explored this relationship using mixed-effect models. Our results show a stronger and more persistent response of radial growth to dry spells and faster recovery of canopy greenness. Canopy greenness started to recover the year after the dry spell, whereas radial tree growth remained reduced for the two subsequent years and did not recover the pre-drought level until the fourth year after the event. Stem growth and canopy greenness were influenced by climatic conditions during and after drought events, while the effect of topography was marginal. The opposite responses of stem growth and canopy greenness following drought events suggest a different impact of dry spells on trees´ sink and source compartments. These results underscore the crucial importance of understanding the complexities of tree growth as a major sink of atmospheric carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Mašek
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Dpto. de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Václav Treml
- Department of Physical Geography and Geoecology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43, Prague, Czech Republic
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2
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Niemczyk M, Wrzesiński P, Szyp-Borowska I, Krajewski S, Żytkowiak R, Jagodziński AM. Coping with extremes: Responses of Quercus robur L. and Fagus sylvatica L. to soil drought and elevated vapour pressure deficit. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174912. [PMID: 39038682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Climate change, particularly droughts and heat waves, significantly impacts global photosynthesis and forest ecosystem sustainability. To understand how trees respond to and recover from hydrological stress, we investigated the combined effects of soil moisture and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on seedlings of the two major European broadleaved tree species Fagus sylvatica (FS) and Quercus robur (QR). The experiment was conducted under natural forest gap conditions, while soil water availability was strictly manipulated. We monitored gas exchange (net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and transpiration rates), nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) concentration in roots and stomatal morphometry (size and density) during a drought period and recovery. Our comparative empirical study allowed us to distinguish and quantify the effects of soil drought and VPD on stomatal behavior, going beyond theoretical models. We found that QR conserved water more conservatively than FS by reducing transpiration and regulating stomatal conductance under drought. FS maintained higher stomatal conductance and transpiration at elevated VPD until soil moisture became critically low. QR showed higher intrinsic water use efficiency than FS. Stomata density and size also likely played a role in photosynthetic rate and speed of recovery, especially since QR with its seasonal adjustments in stomatal traits (smaller, more numerous stomata in summer leaves) responded and recovered faster compared to FS. Our focal species showed different responses in NSC content under drought stress and recovery, suggesting possible different evolutionary pathways in coping with stress. QR mobilized soluble sugars, while FS relied on starch mobilization to resist drought. Although our focal species often co-occur in mixed forests, our study showed that they have evolved different physiological, morphological and biochemical strategies to cope with drought stress. This suggests that ongoing climate change may alter their competitive ability and adaptive potential in favor of one of the species studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzena Niemczyk
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland.
| | - Piotr Wrzesiński
- Dendrolab IBL, Department of Silviculture and Genetics of Forest Trees, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
| | - Iwona Szyp-Borowska
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
| | - Szymon Krajewski
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Tree Genetics, Forest Research Institute, Braci Leśnej 3, Sękocin Stary, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland
| | - Roma Żytkowiak
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
| | - Andrzej M Jagodziński
- Institute of Dendrology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Parkowa 5, 62-035 Kórnik, Poland
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Tang W, Liu S, Jing M, Healey JR, Smith MN, Farooq TH, Zhu L, Zhao S, Wu Y. Vegetation growth responses to climate change: A cross-scale analysis of biological memory and time lags using tree ring and satellite data. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17441. [PMID: 39054867 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Vegetation growth is affected by past growth rates and climate variability. However, the impacts of vegetation growth carryover (VGC; biotic) and lagged climatic effects (LCE; abiotic) on tree stem radial growth may be decoupled from photosynthetic capacity, as higher photosynthesis does not always translate into greater growth. To assess the interaction of tree-species level VGC and LCE with ecosystem-scale photosynthetic processes, we utilized tree-ring width (TRW) data for three tree species: Castanopsis eyrei (CE), Castanea henryi (CH, Chinese chinquapin), and Liquidambar formosana (LF, Chinese sweet gum), along with satellite-based data on canopy greenness (EVI, enhanced vegetation index), leaf area index (LAI), and gross primary productivity (GPP). We used vector autoregressive models, impulse response functions, and forecast error variance decomposition to analyze the duration, intensity, and drivers of VGC and of LCE response to precipitation, temperature, and sunshine duration. The results showed that at the tree-species level, VGC in TRW was strongest in the first year, with an average 77% reduction in response intensity by the fourth year. VGC and LCE exhibited species-specific patterns; compared to CE and CH (diffuse-porous species), LF (ring-porous species) exhibited stronger VGC but weaker LCE. For photosynthetic capacity at the ecosystem scale (EVI, LAI, and GPP), VGC and LCE occurred within 96 days. Our study demonstrates that VGC effects play a dominant role in vegetation function and productivity, and that vegetation responses to previous growth states are decoupled from climatic variability. Additionally, we discovered the possibility for tree-ring growth to be decoupled from canopy condition. Investigating VGC and LCE of multiple indicators of vegetation growth at multiple scales has the potential to improve the accuracy of terrestrial global change models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Tang
- School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, CSUFT, Changsha, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Ecological Conservation and Restoration in Dongting Lake Basin, Ministry of Natural Resources, Changsha, China
| | - Shuguang Liu
- School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Mengdan Jing
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - John R Healey
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
| | - Marielle N Smith
- School of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK
- Bangor College China, A Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Taimoor Hassan Farooq
- Bangor College China, A Joint Unit of Bangor University and Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Liangjun Zhu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Applied Technology of Forestry & Ecology in South China, Central South University of Forestry and Technology (CSUFT), Changsha, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, CSUFT, Changsha, China
| | - Shuqing Zhao
- School of Ecology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Earth & Environmental Science, Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an, China
- Technology Innovation Center for Land Engineering and Human Settlements, Shaanxi Land Engineering Construction Group Co. Ltd and Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Bose AK, Doležal J, Scherrer D, Altman J, Ziche D, Martínez-Sancho E, Bigler C, Bolte A, Colangelo M, Dorado-Liñán I, Drobyshev I, Etzold S, Fonti P, Gessler A, Kolář T, Koňasová E, Korznikov KA, Lebourgeois F, Lucas-Borja ME, Menzel A, Neuwirth B, Nicolas M, Omelko AM, Pederson N, Petritan AM, Rigling A, Rybníček M, Scharnweber T, Schröder J, Silla F, Sochová I, Sohar K, Ukhvatkina ON, Vozmishcheva AS, Zweifel R, Camarero JJ. Revealing legacy effects of extreme droughts on tree growth of oaks across the Northern Hemisphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:172049. [PMID: 38552974 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Forests are undergoing increasing risks of drought-induced tree mortality. Species replacement patterns following mortality may have a significant impact on the global carbon cycle. Among major hardwoods, deciduous oaks (Quercus spp.) are increasingly reported as replacing dying conifers across the Northern Hemisphere. Yet, our knowledge on the growth responses of these oaks to drought is incomplete, especially regarding post-drought legacy effects. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence, duration, and magnitude of legacy effects of extreme droughts and how that vary across species, sites, and drought characteristics. The legacy effects were quantified by the deviation of observed from expected radial growth indices in the period 1940-2016. We used stand-level chronologies from 458 sites and 21 oak species primarily from Europe, north-eastern America, and eastern Asia. We found that legacy effects of droughts could last from 1 to 5 years after the drought and were more prolonged in dry sites. Negative legacy effects (i.e., lower growth than expected) were more prevalent after repetitive droughts in dry sites. The effect of repetitive drought was stronger in Mediterranean oaks especially in Quercus faginea. Species-specific analyses revealed that Q. petraea and Q. macrocarpa from dry sites were more negatively affected by the droughts while growth of several oak species from mesic sites increased during post-drought years. Sites showing positive correlations to winter temperature showed little to no growth depression after drought, whereas sites with a positive correlation to previous summer water balance showed decreased growth. This may indicate that although winter warming favors tree growth during droughts, previous-year summer precipitation may predispose oak trees to current-year extreme droughts. Our results revealed a massive role of repetitive droughts in determining legacy effects and highlighted how growth sensitivity to climate, drought seasonality and species-specific traits drive the legacy effects in deciduous oak species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Bose
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Jiri Doležal
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Scherrer
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jan Altman
- Institute of Botany, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Třeboň, Czech Republic; Faculty of Forestry and Wood Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, Suchdol, 165 21, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Ziche
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Department of Biological Evolution, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christof Bigler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Universitätstrasse, 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Michele Colangelo
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain; Scuola di Scienze Agrarie, Forestali, Alimentari, e Ambientali, Università della Basilicata, Potenza, Italy
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Departamento de Sistemas y Recursos Naturales, E.T.S.I. Montes Forestal y del Medio Natural, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Igor Drobyshev
- Southern Swedish Research Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden; Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Québec, Canada
| | - Sophia Etzold
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Universitätstrasse, 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Koňasová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Manuel Esteban Lucas-Borja
- Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología Agroforestal y Genética, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, Spain
| | - Annette Menzel
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany; Technische Universität München, Institute for Advanced Study, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Nicolas
- Departement Recherche et Développement, ONF, Office National des Fôrets, Batiment B, Boulevard de Constance, Fontainebleau F 77300, France
| | - Alexander Mikhaylovich Omelko
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, 324 N.Main St, Petersham, MA 01366, USA
| | - Any Mary Petritan
- National Institute for Research and Development in Forestry "Marin Dracea", Eroilor 128, 077190 Voluntari, Romania
| | - Andreas Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems (ITES), Universitätstrasse, 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- DendroGreif, Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr.15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Schröder
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Fernando Silla
- Departamento Biología Animal, Parasitología, Ecología, Edafología y Química Agrícola, University Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Irena Sochová
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Wood Science and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kristina Sohar
- Department of Geography, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Olga Nikolaevna Ukhvatkina
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 690022 Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna Stepanovna Vozmishcheva
- Botanical Garden-Institute of the Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia; Siberian Federal University, Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Roman Zweifel
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
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Zhang P, Jiao L, Xue R, Wei M, Wang X, Li Q. Wet events increase tree growth recovery after different drought intensities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171595. [PMID: 38492585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of tree recovery after drought is critical for predicting the state of tree growth in the context of future climate change. While there has been a great deal of researches showing that drought events can cause numerous significant negative effects on tree growth, the positive effects of post-drought wetting events on tree growth remain unclear. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of wet and dry events on the radial growth of trees in Central Asia using data on the width of tree rings. The results showed that 1) Drought is the main limiting factor for radial growth of trees in Central Asia, and that as the intensity and sensitivity of drought increases, tree resistance decreases and recovery rises, and more frequent droughts reduce tree resistance. 2) Tree radial growth varied significantly with wet and dry conditions, with wet events before and after drought events significantly enhancing tree radial growth. 3) When drought is followed by a wetting event, the relationship between tree resistance and recovery is closer to the "line of full resilience", with a significant increase in recovery, and compensatory growth is more likely to occur. Thus, wetting events have a significant positive effect on tree radial growth and are a key factor in rapid tree growth recovery after drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Liang Jiao
- College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Ruhong Xue
- College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mengyuan Wei
- College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xuge Wang
- College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Geography and Environment Sciences, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Key Laboratory of Resource Environment and Sustainable Development of Oasis, Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Lv H, Gangwisch M, Saha S. Crown die-back of peri-urban forests after combined heatwave and drought was species-specific, size-dependent, and also related to tree neighbourhood characteristics. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169716. [PMID: 38159755 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The Rhine River valley of Germany has been facing recurrent and intense spells of drought and heatwaves threatening the health of trees in peri-urban forests. Crown damage intensified by climate change accelerates tree mortality, threatening its ecological, economic, and social benefits; however, the pattern of crown die-back in peri-urban forests remained unclear. We performed a field inventory to estimate the crown die-back of 2578 trees of 51 species from 68 randomly selected peri-urban forest plots in Karlsruhe region on the right bank of the Rhine, after the catastrophic summer heatwave and drought of 2018. We related crown die-back to species-specific drought tolerance, wood anatomical traits, tree size, canopy surface temperature, tree density, Shannon's diversity and Gini coefficient for tree height. Regression results indicate that small-size trees were found to be more susceptible to canopy damage than large trees, with a 1-meter increase in tree height associated with a 0.8 % reduction in crown die-back. This size-dependent process is also species-specific. Among the 12 species with significant (p < 0.05) linear relationship between height and die-back, 9 species demonstrated negative correlations and 3 species showed positive relationships. Species tolerant to drought or cavitation (e.g., trees with diffuse porous xylem, 21 species) had significantly lower crown dieback. For example, with a 1-point-scale increase in drought tolerance crown die-back declined 14.35 %. Trees that experienced high canopy surface temperature and grew with high tree density and species diversity (Shannon's diversity) had more crown die-back. However, high structural diversity (Gini coefficient) was related to lower crown die-back. Our results suggested that future research should focus more on tree species-specific hydraulic and thermal traits and tree density and structure management to improve tree health and species selection in peri-urban forests under future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailiang Lv
- Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Xinfeng Road 5, 163316 Daqing, China; Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlstr. 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Marcel Gangwisch
- Institute of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Freiburg, Werthmannstr. 10, D-79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Somidh Saha
- Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis (ITAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlstr. 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany; Institute of Geography and Geoecology (IfGG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstr. 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
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7
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Spiecker H, Kahle HP. Climate-driven tree growth and mortality in the Black Forest, Germany-Long-term observations. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:5908-5923. [PMID: 37551846 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Episodic tree mortality can be caused by various reasons. This study describes climate-driven tree mortality and tree growth in the Black Forest mountain range in Germany. It is based on a 68-year consistent data series describing the annual mortality of all trees growing in a forest area of almost 250 thousand ha. The study excludes mortality caused by storm, snow and ice, and fire. The sequence of the remaining mortality, the so-called "desiccated trees," is analyzed and compared with the sequence of the climatic water balance during the growing season and the annual radial growth of Norway spruce in the Black Forest. The annual radial growth series covers 121 years and the climatic water balance series 140 years. These unique time series enable a quantitative assessment of multidecadal drought and heat impacts on growth and mortality of forest trees on a regional spatial scale. Data compiled here suggest that the mortality of desiccated trees in the Black Forest during the last 68 years is driven by the climatic water balance. Decreasing climatic water balance coincided with an increase in tree mortality and growth decline. Consecutive hot and dry summers enhance mortality and growth decline as a consequence of drought legacies lasting several years. The sensitivity of tree growth and mortality to changes in the climatic water balance increases with the decreasing trend of the climatic water balance. The findings identify the climatic water balance as the main driver of mortality and growth variation during the 68-year observation period on a landscape-scale including a variety of different sites. They suggest that bark beetle population dynamics modify mortality rates. They as well provide evidence that the mortality during the last 140 years never was as high as in the most recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinrich Spiecker
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Kahle
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
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8
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Portela AP, Gonçalves JF, Durance I, Vieira C, Honrado J. Riparian forest response to extreme drought is influenced by climatic context and canopy structure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163128. [PMID: 37030365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Droughts significantly impact forest ecosystems, reducing forest health and productivity, compromising ecosystem functioning, and nature-based solutions for climate change. The response and resilience of riparian forests to drought are poorly understood despite their key role in the functioning of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Here we investigate riparian forest drought responses and resilience to an extreme drought event at a regional scale. We also examine how drought event characteristics, average climate conditions, topography, soil, vegetation structure, and functional diversity shape the resilience of riparian forests to drought. We used a time series of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) to calculate the resistance to and recovery after an extreme drought (2017-2018) in 49 sites across an Atlantic-Mediterranean climate gradient in North Portugal. We used generalized additive models and multi-model inference to understand which factors best explained drought responses. We found a trade-off between drought resistance and recovery (maximum r = -0.5) and contrasting strategies across the climatic gradient of the study area. Riparian forests in the Atlantic regions showed comparatively higher resistance, while Mediterranean forests recovered more. Canopy structure and climate context were the most relevant predictors of resistance and recovery. However, median NDVI and NDWI had not returned to pre-drought levels (RcNDWI mean = 1.21, RcNDVI mean = 1.01) three years after the event. Our study shows that riparian forests have contrasting drought response strategies and may be susceptible to extended legacy effects associated with extreme and/or recurring droughts, similarly to upland forests. This work highlights the drought vulnerability of riparian ecosystems and emphasises the need for further studies on long-term resilience to droughts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Portela
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
| | - João F Gonçalves
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; proMetheus-Research Unit in Materials, Energy and Environment for Sustainability, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo (IPVC), Avenida do Atlântico, No. 644, 4900-348 Viana do Castelo, Portugal.
| | - Isabelle Durance
- Water Research Institute and School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom.
| | - Cristiana Vieira
- Museu de História Natural e da Ciência da Universidade do Porto (MHNC-UP/UPorto/PRISC), Praça Gomes Teixeira, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal..
| | - João Honrado
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.
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9
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Thomas FM, Schunck L, Zisakos A. Legacy Effects in Buds and Leaves of European Beech Saplings ( Fagus sylvatica) after Severe Drought. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:568. [PMID: 36771652 PMCID: PMC9920899 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Against the background of climate change, we studied the effects of a severe summer drought on buds of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) saplings and on leaves formed during the subsequent spring in trees attributed to different drought-damage classes. For the first time, we combined assessments of the vitality (assessed through histochemical staining), mass and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of buds from drought-stressed woody plants with morphological and physiological variables of leaves that have emerged from the same plants and crown parts. The number, individual mass and vitality of the buds decreased and δ13C increased with increasing drought-induced damage. Bud mass, vitality and δ13C were significantly intercorrelated. The δ13C of the buds was imprinted on the leaves formed in the subsequent spring, but individual leaf mass, leaf size and specific leaf area were not significantly different among damage classes. Vitality and δ13C of the buds are suitable indicators of the extent of preceding drought impact. Bud vitality may be used as a simple means of screening saplings for the flushing capability in the subsequent spring. European beech saplings are susceptible, but-due to interindividual differences-are resilient, to a certain extent, to a singular severe drought stress.
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10
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Miller TW, Stangler DF, Larysch E, Honer H, Puhlmann H, Schindler D, Jung C, Seifert T, Rigling A, Kahle HP. Later growth onsets or reduced growth rates: What characterises legacy effects at the tree-ring level in conifers after the severe 2018 drought? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158703. [PMID: 36099953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought events negatively affect tree growth and often cause legacy effects, expressed by smaller tree rings in the post-drought recovery years. While the pattern of reduced tree-ring widths is frequently described the processes underlying such legacy effects, i.e., whether it is due to shorter growth periods or lower growth rates, remains unclear and is investigated in this study. To elucidate these post-drought effects, we examined radial stem growth dynamics monitored with precision band-dendrometers on 144 Douglas fir, Norway spruce and silver fir sample trees distributed along four elevational gradients in the Black Forest (Southwest Germany) during the post-drought years 2019 and 2020. Growth onset of all investigated species occurred between 11 and 24 days significantly earlier in 2020 compared to 2019. Modelling growth onset based on chilling and forcing units and taking the study year into account explained 88-98 % of the variance in the growth onset data. The highly significant effect of the study year (p < 0.001) led to the conclusion, that other factors than the prevailing site conditions (chilling and forcing units) must have triggered the earlier growth onset in 2020. On the other hand, for Douglas fir growth rates were significantly higher in 2020 compared to 2019 (2.9 μm d-1) and marginally significantly higher for silver fir (1.3 μm d-1), underlining the explanatory power of growth rate on recovery processes in general and suggesting that Douglas fir copes better with droughts, as it recovered faster. Growth dynamics at the beginning of the year showed limited growth for earlier growth onsets, which, however, could not explain the difference between the investigated years. Our results provide evidence that legacy effects of drought events are expressed by a delayed growth onset and a reduced growth rate in the post-drought year and that Douglas fir has a superior recovery potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Walter Miller
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Dominik Florian Stangler
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Elena Larysch
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Harald Honer
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Puhlmann
- Department of Soil and Environment, Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Schindler
- Environmental Meteorology, University of Freiburg, Werthmann-str. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christopher Jung
- Environmental Meteorology, University of Freiburg, Werthmann-str. 10, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Seifert
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Department for Forest and Wood Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; SwissForestLab, Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Kahle
- Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Forest Growth and Dendroecology, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacher Str. 4, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Frei ER, Gossner MM, Vitasse Y, Queloz V, Dubach V, Gessler A, Ginzler C, Hagedorn F, Meusburger K, Moor M, Samblás Vives E, Rigling A, Uitentuis I, von Arx G, Wohlgemuth T. European beech dieback after premature leaf senescence during the 2018 drought in northern Switzerland. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2022; 24:1132-1145. [PMID: 36103113 PMCID: PMC10092601 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
During the particularly severe hot summer drought in 2018, widespread premature leaf senescence was observed in several broadleaved tree species in Central Europe, particularly in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). For beech, it is yet unknown whether the drought evoked a decline towards tree mortality or whether trees can recover in the longer term. In this study, we monitored crown dieback, tree mortality and secondary drought damage symptoms in 963 initially live beech trees that exhibited either premature or normal leaf senescence in 2018 in three regions in northern Switzerland from 2018 to 2021. We related the observed damage to multiple climate- and stand-related parameters. Cumulative tree mortality continuously increased up to 7.2% and 1.3% in 2021 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence in 2018, respectively. Mean crown dieback in surviving trees peaked at 29.2% in 2020 and 8.1% in 2019 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. Thereafter, trees showed first signs of recovery. Crown damage was more pronounced and recovery was slower for trees that showed premature leaf senescence in 2018, for trees growing on drier sites, and for larger trees. The presence of bleeding cankers peaked at 24.6% in 2019 and 10.7% in 2020 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. The presence of bark beetle holes peaked at 22.8% and 14.8% in 2021 for trees with premature and normal leaf senescence, respectively. Both secondary damage symptoms occurred more frequently in trees that had higher proportions of crown dieback and/or showed premature senescence in 2018. Our findings demonstrate context-specific differences in beech mortality and recovery reflecting the importance of regional and local climate and soil conditions. Adapting management to increase forest resilience is gaining importance, given the expected further beech decline on dry sites in northern Switzerland.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Frei
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLFDavos DorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Climate Change and Extremes in Alpine Regions Research Centre CERCDavos DorfSwitzerland
| | - M. M. Gossner
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - Y. Vitasse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - V. Queloz
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - V. Dubach
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - A. Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - C. Ginzler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - F. Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - K. Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - M. Moor
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - E. Samblás Vives
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB)Cerdanyola del VallesSpain
| | - A. Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | - I. Uitentuis
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - G. von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Oeschger Centre for Climate Change ResearchUniversity of BernBernSwitzerland
| | - T. Wohlgemuth
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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12
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Müller LM, Bahn M. Drought legacies and ecosystem responses to subsequent drought. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:5086-5103. [PMID: 35607942 PMCID: PMC9542112 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is expected to increase the frequency and severity of droughts. These events, which can cause significant perturbations of terrestrial ecosystems and potentially long-term impacts on ecosystem structure and functioning after the drought has subsided are often called 'drought legacies'. While the immediate effects of drought on ecosystems have been comparatively well characterized, our broader understanding of drought legacies is just emerging. Drought legacies can relate to all aspects of ecosystem structure and functioning, involving changes at the species and the community scale as well as alterations of soil properties. This has consequences for ecosystem responses to subsequent drought. Here, we synthesize current knowledge on drought legacies and the underlying mechanisms. We highlight the relevance of legacy duration to different ecosystem processes using examples of carbon cycling and community composition. We present hypotheses characterizing how intrinsic (i.e. biotic and abiotic properties and processes) and extrinsic (i.e. drought timing, severity, and frequency) factors could alter resilience trajectories under scenarios of recurrent drought events. We propose ways for improving our understanding of drought legacies and their implications for subsequent drought events, needed to assess the longer-term consequences of droughts on ecosystem structure and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena M. Müller
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael Bahn
- Department of EcologyUniversity of InnsbruckInnsbruckAustria
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13
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Qian R, Hao Y, Li L, Zheng Z, Wen F, Cui X, Wang Y, Zhao T, Tang Z, Du J, Xue K. Joint control of seasonal timing and plant function types on drought responses of soil respiration in a semiarid grassland. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:974418. [PMID: 36046587 PMCID: PMC9421296 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.974418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Globally, droughts are the most widespread climate factor impacting carbon (C) cycling. However, as the second-largest terrestrial C flux, the responses of soil respiration (Rs) to extreme droughts co-regulated by seasonal timing and PFT (plant functional type) are still not well understood. Here, a manipulative extreme-duration drought experiment (consecutive 30 days without rainfall) was designed to address the importance of drought timing (early-, mid-, or late growing season) for Rs and its components (heterotrophic respiration (Rh) and autotrophic respiration (Ra)) under three PFT treatments (two graminoids, two shrubs, and their combination). The results suggested that regardless of PFT, the mid-drought had the greatest negative effects while early-drought overall had little effect on Rh and its dominated Rs. However, PFT treatments had significant effects on Rh and Rs in response to the late drought, which was PFT-dependence: reduction in shrubs and combination but not in graminoids. Path analysis suggested that the decrease in Rs and Rh under droughts was through low soil water content induced reduction in MBC and GPP. These findings demonstrate that responses of Rs to droughts depend on seasonal timing and communities. Future droughts with different seasonal timing and induced shifts in plant structure would bring large uncertainty in predicting C dynamics under climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyan Qian
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanbin Hao
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Mountains Earth Critical Zone and Surface Flux Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fuqi Wen
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Mountains Earth Critical Zone and Surface Flux Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanfen Wang
- Yanshan Mountains Earth Critical Zone and Surface Flux Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Tang
- The High School Affiliated to Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jianqing Du
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Yanshan Mountains Earth Critical Zone and Surface Flux Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Xue
- Yanshan Mountains Earth Critical Zone and Surface Flux Research Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Tao W, Mao K, He J, Smith NG, Qiao Y, Guo J, Yang H, Wang W, Liu J, Chen L. Daytime warming triggers tree growth decline in the Northern Hemisphere. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4832-4844. [PMID: 35561010 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Global warming has been linked to declines in tree growth. However, it is unclear how the asymmetry in daytime and nighttime warming influences this response. Here, we use 2947 residual tree-ring width chronologies covering 32 species at 2493 sites, between 1901 and 2018, across the Northern Hemisphere, to analyze the effects of daytime and nighttime temperatures, precipitation, and drought stress on the radial growth of trees. We show that drought stress was primarily triggered by daytime rather than nighttime warming. The radial growth of trees was more sensitive to drought stress in warm regions than in cold regions, especially for angiosperms. Our study provides robust evidence that daytime warming is the primary driver of the observed declines in forest productivity related to drought stress and that daytime and nighttime warming should be considered separately when modelling forest-climate interactions and feedbacks in a future, warmer world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Tao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kangshan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang He
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Nicholas G Smith
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
| | - Yuxin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenzhi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mountain Environment Evolution and Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianquan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, USA
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15
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Zlobin IE. Linking the growth patterns of coniferous species with their performance under climate aridization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154971. [PMID: 35367548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tree growth is highly sensitive to water deficit. At the same time, growth processes substantially influence tree performance under water stress by changing the root-absorbing surface, leaf-transpiring surface, amount of conducting xylem, etc. Drought-induced growth suppression is often higher in conifers than in broadleaf species. This review is devoted to the relations between the growth of coniferous plants and their performance under increasing climate aridization in the temperate and boreal zones of the Northern Hemisphere. For adult trees, available evidence suggests that increasing the frequency and severity of water deficit would be more detrimental to those plants that have higher growth in favorable conditions but decrease growth more prominently under water shortage, compared to trees whose growth is less sensitive to moisture availability. Not only the overall sensitivity of growth processes to water supply but also the asymmetry in response to lower-than-average and higher-than-average moisture conditions can be important for the performance of coniferous trees under upcoming adverse climate change. To fully understand the tree response under future climate change, the responses to both drier and wetter years need to be analyzed separately. In coniferous seedlings, more active growth is usually linked with better drought survival, although physiological reasons for such a link can be different. Growth stability under exacerbating summer water deficit in coniferous plants can be maintained by more active spring growth and/or by a bimodal growth pattern; each strategy has specific advantages and drawbacks. The optimal choice of growth strategy would be critical for future reforestation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya E Zlobin
- K.A. Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, RAS, 35 Botanicheskaya St., Moscow 127276, Russia.
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16
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Vilonen L, Ross M, Smith MD. What happens after drought ends: synthesizing terms and definitions. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:420-431. [PMID: 35377474 PMCID: PMC9322664 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drought is intensifying globally with climate change, creating an urgency to understand ecosystem response to drought both during and after these events end to limit loss of ecosystem functioning. The literature is replete with studies of how ecosystems respond during drought, yet there are far fewer studies focused on ecosystem dynamics after drought ends. Furthermore, while the terms used to describe drought can be variable and inconsistent, so can those that describe ecosystem responses following drought. With this review, we sought to evaluate and create clear definitions of the terms that ecologists use to describe post-drought responses. We found that legacy effects, resilience and recovery were used most commonly with respect to post-drought ecosystem responses, but the definitions used to describe these terms were variable. Based on our review of the literature, we propose a framework for generalizing ecosystem responses after drought ends, which we refer to as 'the post-drought period'. We suggest that future papers need to clearly describe characteristics of the imposed drought, and we encourage authors to use the term post-drought period as a general term that encompasses responses after drought ends and use other terms as more specific descriptors of responses during the post-drought period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Vilonen
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Maggie Ross
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
| | - Melinda D. Smith
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCO80521USA
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17
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Species- and Age-Specific Growth Reactions to Extreme Droughts of the Keystone Tree Species across Forest-Steppe and Sub-Taiga Habitats of South Siberia. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Over the coming decades, climate change can decrease forest productivity and stability in many semiarid regions. Tree-ring width (TRW) analysis allows estimation of tree sensitivity to droughts, including resistance (Rt) and resilience (Rc) indexes. It helps to find adaptive potential of individual trees and forest populations. On a forest stand scale, it is affected by habitat conditions and species’ ecophysiological characteristics, and on individual scale by tree genotype, age, and size. This study investigated TRW response to droughts in forest-steppe and sub-taiga of southern Siberia for keystone species Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb.), and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth.). Chronologies reacted positively to the Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) of the previous July–September and current April–July. Depressed tree growth across region and droughts lasting over both intra-seasonal intervals were registered in 1965, 1974, and 1999. TRW-based Rt and Rc for these droughts did not reveal age- or size-related patterns. Higher growth stability indexes were observed for birch in sub-taiga and for conifers in forest-steppe. Larch at all sites had disadvantage against pine for 1965 and 1999 droughts aggravated by pest outbreaks, but adapted better to drought in 1974. Site aridity affected both tree growth stability and intensity of climatic response.
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18
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van Kampen R, Fisichelli N, Zhang YJ, Wason J. Drought timing and species growth phenology determine intra-annual recovery of tree height and diameter growth. AOB PLANTS 2022; 14:plac012. [PMID: 35558163 PMCID: PMC9089829 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plac012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Droughts interact with tree phenology to drive declines in growth. As climate change makes drought more likely in the Northeastern USA, it is important to understand how droughts at different times of year will lead to reduced height and diameter growth of trees. To determine how seasonal drought may reduce intra-annual growth, we implemented spring, summer or fall droughts on 288 containerized saplings of six tree species (Acer rubrum, Betula papyrifera, Prunus serotina, Juniperus virginiana, Pinus strobus and Thuja occidentalis). We tracked weekly soil moisture, leaf water potential, height, diameter and survival of all trees before, during and after each 6-week drought. We found that the tree species that conducted the majority of their height or diameter growth in the spring were most sensitive to spring droughts (B. papyrifera and Pi. strobus). Thuja occidentalis also experienced significantly reduced growth from the spring drought but increased growth after the drought ended and achieved total height and diameter growth similar to controls. In contrast, summer droughts halted growth in most species for the remainder of the growing season even after the drought had ended. Fall droughts never impacted growth in the current year. These fine temporal-scale measurements of height and diameter growth suggest that tree response varies among species and is dynamic at intra-annual scales. These relatively rare data on intra-annual height growth sensitivity are important for canopy recruitment of saplings in forest ecosystems. Species-specific sensitivities of intra-annual growth to drought can inform models of forest competition in a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth van Kampen
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | | | - Yong-Jiang Zhang
- School of Biology and Ecology, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04693, USA
| | - Jay Wason
- School of Forest Resources, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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19
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Gao S, Liang E, Liu R, Babst F, Camarero JJ, Fu YH, Piao S, Rossi S, Shen M, Wang T, Peñuelas J. An earlier start of the thermal growing season enhances tree growth in cold humid areas but not in dry areas. Nat Ecol Evol 2022; 6:397-404. [PMID: 35228669 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-022-01668-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Climatic warming alters the onset, duration and cessation of the vegetative season. While previous studies have shown a tight link between thermal conditions and leaf phenology, less is known about the impacts of phenological changes on tree growth. Here, we assessed the relationships between the start of the thermal growing season and tree growth across the extratropical Northern Hemisphere using 3,451 tree-ring chronologies and daily climatic data for 1948-2014. An earlier start of the thermal growing season promoted growth in regions with high ratios of precipitation to temperature but limited growth in cold-dry regions. Path analyses indicated that an earlier start of the thermal growing season enhanced growth primarily by alleviating thermal limitations on wood formation in boreal forests and by lengthening the period of growth in temperate and Mediterranean forests. Semi-arid and dry subalpine forests, however, did not benefit from an earlier onset of growth and a longer growing season, presumably due to associated water loss and/or more frequent early spring frosts. These emergent patterns of how climatic impacts on wood phenology affect tree growth at regional to hemispheric scales hint at how future phenological changes may affect the carbon sequestration capacity of extratropical forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Eryuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Ruishun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Yongshuo H Fu
- College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sergio Rossi
- Département des Sciences Fondamentales, Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Chicoutimi, Quebec, Canada.,Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miaogen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Spain.,CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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20
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D’Orangeville L, Itter M, Kneeshaw D, Munger JW, Richardson AD, Dyer JM, Orwig DA, Pan Y, Pederson N. Peak radial growth of diffuse-porous species occurs during periods of lower water availability than for ring-porous and coniferous trees. TREE PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 42:304-316. [PMID: 34312673 PMCID: PMC8842417 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate models project warmer summer temperatures will increase the frequency and heat severity of droughts in temperate forests of Eastern North America. Hotter droughts are increasingly documented to affect tree growth and forest dynamics, with critical impacts on tree mortality, carbon sequestration and timber provision. The growing acknowledgement of the dominant role of drought timing on tree vulnerability to water deficit raises the issue of our limited understanding of radial growth phenology for most temperate tree species. Here, we use well-replicated dendrometer band data sampled frequently during the growing season to assess the growth phenology of 610 trees from 15 temperate species over 6 years. Patterns of diameter growth follow a typical logistic shape, with growth rates reaching a maximum in June, and then decreasing until process termination. On average, we find that diffuse-porous species take 16-18 days less than other wood-structure types to put on 50% of their annual diameter growth. However, their peak growth rate occurs almost a full month later than ring-porous and conifer species (ca. 24 ± 4 days; mean ± 95% credible interval). Unlike other species, the growth phenology of diffuse-porous species in our dataset is highly correlated with their spring foliar phenology. We also find that the later window of growth in diffuse-porous species, coinciding with peak evapotranspiration and lower water availability, exposes them to a higher water deficit of 88 ± 19 mm (mean ± SE) during their peak growth than ring-porous and coniferous species (15 ± 35 mm and 30 ± 30 mm, respectively). Given the high climatic sensitivity of wood formation, our findings highlight the importance of wood porosity as one predictor of species climatic sensitivity to the projected intensification of the drought regime in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loïc D’Orangeville
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400, 28 Dineen Drive, Fredericton, NB, E3B 5A3, Canada
| | - Malcolm Itter
- Research Center for Ecological Change, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 4, 00014, Finland
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 225 Holdsworth Hall, Amherst MA 01003, USA
| | - Dan Kneeshaw
- Center for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, CP 8888, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - J William Munger
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, 20 Oxford Street, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Andrew D Richardson
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, 1295 S. Knoles Dr., Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, P.O. Box 5620, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - James M Dyer
- Department of Geography, Ohio University, Clippinger 122, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - David A Orwig
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
| | - Yude Pan
- U.S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 11 Campus Blvd #200, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA
| | - Neil Pederson
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, 324 N Main St, Petersham, MA, 10366, USA
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21
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Novick K, Jo I, D'Orangeville L, Benson M, Au TF, Barnes M, Denham S, Fei S, Heilman K, Hwang T, Keyser T, Maxwell J, Miniat C, McLachlan J, Pederson N, Wang L, Wood JD, Phillips RP. The Drought Response of Eastern US Oaks in the Context of Their Declining Abundance. Bioscience 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The oak (Quercus) species of eastern North America are declining in abundance, threatening the many socioecological benefits they provide. We discuss the mechanisms responsible for their loss, many of which are rooted in the prevailing view that oaks are drought tolerant. We then synthesize previously published data to comprehensively review the drought response strategies of eastern US oaks, concluding that whether or not eastern oaks are drought tolerant depends firmly on the metric of success. Although the anisohydric strategy of oaks sometimes confers a gas exchange and growth advantage, it exposes oaks to damaging hydraulic failure, such that oaks are just as or more likely to perish during drought than neighboring species. Consequently, drought frequency is not a strong predictor of historic patterns of oak abundance, although long-term climate and fire frequency are strongly correlated with declines in oak dominance. The oaks’ ability to survive drought may become increasingly difficult in a drier future.
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22
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Bose AK, Rigling A, Gessler A, Hagedorn F, Brunner I, Feichtinger L, Bigler C, Egli S, Etzold S, Gossner MM, Guidi C, Lévesque M, Meusburger K, Peter M, Saurer M, Scherrer D, Schleppi P, Schönbeck L, Vogel ME, Arx G, Wermelinger B, Wohlgemuth T, Zweifel R, Schaub M. Lessons learned from a long‐term irrigation experiment in a dry Scots pine forest: Impacts on traits and functioning. ECOL MONOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Bose
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline Khulna University Khulna Bangladesh
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Frank Hagedorn
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Ivano Brunner
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Linda Feichtinger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Christof Bigler
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22 ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Simon Egli
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Martin M. Gossner
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Claudia Guidi
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Lévesque
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22 ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Martina Peter
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Matthias Saurer
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Daniel Scherrer
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schleppi
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
- Plant Ecology Research Laboratory, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering ENAC École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne EPFL, Station 2 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Michael E. Vogel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Georg Arx
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Beat Wermelinger
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Thomas Wohlgemuth
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL, Zürcherstrasse 111 Birmensdorf Switzerland
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23
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Evans MEK, DeRose RJ, Klesse S, Girardin MP, Heilman KA, Alexander MR, Arsenault A, Babst F, Bouchard M, Cahoon SMP, Campbell EM, Dietze M, Duchesne L, Frank DC, Giebink CL, Gómez-Guerrero A, García GG, Hogg EH, Metsaranta J, Ols C, Rayback SA, Reid A, Ricker M, Schaberg PG, Shaw JD, Sullivan PF, GaytÁn SAV. Adding Tree Rings to North America's National Forest Inventories: An Essential Tool to Guide Drawdown of Atmospheric CO2. Bioscience 2021; 72:233-246. [PMID: 35241971 PMCID: PMC8888126 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tree-ring time series provide long-term, annually resolved information on the growth of trees. When sampled in a systematic context, tree-ring data can be scaled to estimate the forest carbon capture and storage of landscapes, biomes, and—ultimately—the globe. A systematic effort to sample tree rings in national forest inventories would yield unprecedented temporal and spatial resolution of forest carbon dynamics and help resolve key scientific uncertainties, which we highlight in terms of evidence for forest greening (enhanced growth) versus browning (reduced growth, increased mortality). We describe jump-starting a tree-ring collection across the continent of North America, given the commitments of Canada, the United States, and Mexico to visit forest inventory plots, along with existing legacy collections. Failing to do so would be a missed opportunity to help chart an evidence-based path toward meeting national commitments to reduce net greenhouse gas emissions, urgently needed for climate stabilization and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E K Evans
- Assistant professor, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - R Justin DeRose
- Quinney College of Natural Resources, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States
| | - Stefan Klesse
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow, and Landscape Research, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin P Girardin
- Canadian Forest Service, Laurentian Forestry Centre, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Kelly A Heilman
- Postdoctoral researcher, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | - André Arsenault
- Canadian Forest Service, Atlantic Forestry Centre, Natural Resources Canada, Corner Brook, Labrador, Canada
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources, Environment at University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Mathieu Bouchard
- Department of Wood Science and Forestry, Laval University, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Sean M P Cahoon
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, Anchorage, Alaska, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Campbell
- Canadian Forest Service, Pacific Forestry Centre, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Dietze
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Louis Duchesne
- Direction de la Recherche Forestière, Ministère des Forêts, de la Faune, et des Parcs du Québec, Quebec, Québec, Canada
| | - David C Frank
- Professor and the director, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | - Courtney L Giebink
- Graduate student, Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States
| | | | - Genaro Gutiérrez García
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales y del Suelo, Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Edward H Hogg
- Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juha Metsaranta
- Canadian Forest Service, Northern Forestry Centre, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Clémentine Ols
- Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière, Nancy, France
| | - Shelly A Rayback
- Department of Geography, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - Anya Reid
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Ricker
- Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Paul G Schaberg
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Burlington, Vermont, United States
| | - John D Shaw
- USDA Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, Ogden, Utah, United States
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24
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D'Odorico P, Schönbeck L, Vitali V, Meusburger K, Schaub M, Ginzler C, Zweifel R, Velasco VME, Gisler J, Gessler A, Ensminger I. Drone-based physiological index reveals long-term acclimation and drought stress responses in trees. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:3552-3570. [PMID: 34462922 PMCID: PMC9292485 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring early tree physiological responses to drought is key to understanding progressive impacts of drought on forests and identifying resilient species. We combined drone-based multispectral remote sensing with measurements of tree physiology and environmental parameters over two growing seasons in a 100-y-old Pinus sylvestris forest subject to 17-y of precipitation manipulation. Our goal was to determine if drone-based photochemical reflectance index (PRI) captures tree drought stress responses and whether responses are affected by long-term acclimation. PRI detects changes in xanthophyll cycle pigment dynamics, which reflect increases in photoprotective non-photochemical quenching activity resulting from drought-induced photosynthesis downregulation. Here, PRI of never-irrigated trees was up to 10 times lower (higher stress) than PRI of irrigated trees. Long-term acclimation to experimental treatment, however, influenced the seasonal relationship between PRI and soil water availability. PRI also captured diurnal decreases in photochemical efficiency, driven by vapour pressure deficit. Interestingly, 5 years after irrigation was stopped for a subset of the irrigated trees, a positive legacy effect persisted, with lower stress responses (higher PRI) compared with never-irrigated trees. This study demonstrates the ability of remotely sensed PRI to scale tree physiological responses to an entire forest and the importance of long-term acclimation in determining current drought stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra D'Odorico
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Leonie Schönbeck
- Plant Ecology Research LaboratorySchool of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, EPFLLausanneSwitzerland
- Community Ecology UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Valentina Vitali
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Biogeochemistry UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Christian Ginzler
- Land Change Science UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Roman Zweifel
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | | | - Jonas Gisler
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Forest Dynamics Research UnitSwiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSLBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Department of Environmental Systems ScienceETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Ingo Ensminger
- Department of BiologyUniversity of Toronto MississaugaMississaugaOntarioCanada
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25
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Bohner T, Diez J. Tree resistance and recovery from drought mediated by multiple abiotic and biotic processes across a large geographic gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147744. [PMID: 34051506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, increasing severity of droughts threatens to change forest ecosystem functioning and community structure. Understanding how forest resilience is determined by its two underlying components, resistance and recovery, will help elucidate the mechanisms of drought responses and help inform management strategies. However, drought responses are shaped by complex processes across different scales, including species-specific drought strategies, tree size, competition, local environmental conditions, and the intensity of the drought event. Here, we quantified the reduction in tree growth during drought (an inverse measure of drought resistance) and post-drought recovery for three montane conifers (Abies concolor, Pinus jeffreyi, and Pinus lambertiana) in California. We used tree ring analysis to quantify responses to drought events of varying intensity between 1895 and 2018 across a geographic climatic gradient, to examine the roles of tree size (DBH) and competition (tree density) in mediating drought responses. We found that years of more intense drought corresponded with larger growth reductions and recovery rates were lower following drought years where trees suffered larger reductions. We found little variation among species in their growth reductions during drought events, but significant differences among species in their recovery post-drought. Across the geographic gradient, trees in the driest locations were susceptible to large growth reductions, signaling either strong sensitivity to drought intensity or exposure to the most extreme drought conditions. These growth reductions were not always compensated for by higher recovery rates. We also found that larger trees were more susceptible to drought due to a steeper negative relationship between recovery rates and the intensity of growth reduction during the drought. Contrary to expectations, recovery rates following the most detrimental drought years were higher in denser forests. Our results demonstrate the importance of considering how factors at various spatial and temporal scales affect the different components of drought responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Bohner
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Jeffrey Diez
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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26
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Bose AK, Scherrer D, Camarero JJ, Ziche D, Babst F, Bigler C, Bolte A, Dorado-Liñán I, Etzold S, Fonti P, Forrester DI, Gavinet J, Gazol A, de Andrés EG, Karger DN, Lebourgeois F, Lévesque M, Martínez-Sancho E, Menzel A, Neuwirth B, Nicolas M, Sanders TGM, Scharnweber T, Schröder J, Zweifel R, Gessler A, Rigling A. Climate sensitivity and drought seasonality determine post-drought growth recovery of Quercus petraea and Quercus robur in Europe. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147222. [PMID: 34088042 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have identified strong relationships between delayed recovery of tree growth after drought and tree mortality caused by subsequent droughts. These observations raise concerns about forest ecosystem services and post-drought growth recovery given the projected increase in drought frequency and extremes. For quantifying the impact of extreme droughts on tree radial growth, we used a network of tree-ring width data of 1689 trees from 100 sites representing most of the distribution of two drought tolerant, deciduous oak species (Quercus petraea and Quercus robur). We first examined which climatic factors and seasons control growth of the two species and if there is any latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trend. We then quantified the relative departure from pre-drought growth during droughts, and how fast trees were able to recover the pre-drought growth level. Our results showed that growth was more related to precipitation and climatic water balance (precipitation minus potential evapotranspiration) than to temperature. However, we did not detect any clear latitudinal, longitudinal or elevational trends except a decreasing influence of summer water balance on growth of Q. petraea with latitude. Neither species was able to maintain the pre-drought growth level during droughts. However, both species showed rapid recovery or even growth compensation after summer droughts but displayed slow recovery in response to spring droughts where none of the two species was able to fully recover the pre-drought growth-level over the three post-drought years. Collectively, our results indicate that oaks which are considered resilient to extreme droughts have also shown vulnerability when droughts occurred in spring especially at sites where long-term growth is not significantly correlated with climatic factors. This improved understanding of the role of drought seasonality and climate sensitivity of sites is key to better predict trajectories of post-drought growth recovery in response to the drier climate projected for Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Bose
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, Bangladesh.
| | - Daniel Scherrer
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - J Julio Camarero
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Daniel Ziche
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Flurin Babst
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA; Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA
| | - Christof Bigler
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Isabel Dorado-Liñán
- Forest Genetics and Ecophysiology Research Group, E.T.S. Forestry Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Sophia Etzold
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Fonti
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - David I Forrester
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Jordane Gavinet
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), UMR 5175, CNRS, Univ Montpellier, Univ Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD, 1919 route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
| | - Antonio Gazol
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Ester González de Andrés
- Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología (IPE-CSIC), Avda. Montañana 1005, Apdo. 202, Zaragoza E-50192, Spain
| | - Dirk Nikolaus Karger
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | - Mathieu Lévesque
- ETH Zurich, Department of Environmental Systems Science, Forest Ecology, Universitätstrasse 22, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabet Martínez-Sancho
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Annette Menzel
- Technische Universität München, TUM School of Life Sciences, Freising, Germany; Technische Universität München, Institute for Advanced Study, Garching, Germany
| | | | - Manuel Nicolas
- Departement Recherche et Développement, ONF, Office National des Fôrets, Batiment B, Boulevard de Constance, Fontainebleau F-77300, France
| | - Tanja G M Sanders
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Moeller-Str. 1, Haus 41/42, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Tobias Scharnweber
- Institute of Botany and Landscape Ecology, University of Greifswald, Soldmannstr.15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jens Schröder
- Faculty of Forest and Environment, Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, 16225 Eberswalde, Germany
| | - Roman Zweifel
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Arthur Gessler
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Zürcherstrasse 111, CH-8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland; Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, ETH Zurich, Universitätstrasse 16, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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27
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Meta-analysis Reveals Different Competition Effects on Tree Growth Resistance and Resilience to Drought. Ecosystems 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-021-00638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDrought will increasingly threaten forest ecosystems worldwide. Understanding how competition influences tree growth response to drought is essential for forest management aiming at climate change adaptation. However, published results from individual case studies are heterogeneous and sometimes contradictory. We reviewed 166 cases from the peer-reviewed literature to assess the influence of stand-level competition on tree growth response to drought. We monitored five indicators of tree growth response: mean sensitivity (inter-annual tree ring width variability); association between inter-annual growth variability and water availability; resistance; recovery; and resilience to drought. Vote counting did not indicate a consistent effect of competition on mean sensitivity. Conversely, higher competition for resources strengthened the association between water availability and inter-annual growth rates. Meta-analysis showed that higher competition reduced resistance (p < 0.001) and improved recovery (p < 0.05), but did not consistently affect resilience. Species, site and stand characteristics, and drought intensity were insignificant or poor predictors for the large variability among the investigated cases. Our review and meta-analysis show that competition does not affect the response of tree growth to drought in a unidirectional and universal way. Although density reduction (thinning) can alleviate growth declines during drought, the effects on growth after stress are uncertain. The large variability among investigated cases suggests that local-scale processes play a crucial role in determining such responses and should be explicitly evaluated and integrated into specific strategies for adaptation of forests to climate change.
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28
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Skiadaresis G, Schwarz J, Stahl K, Bauhus J. Groundwater extraction reduces tree vitality, growth and xylem hydraulic capacity in Quercus robur during and after drought events. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5149. [PMID: 33664306 PMCID: PMC7970862 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Climate change is expected to pose major direct and indirect threats to groundwater-dependent forest ecosystems. Forests that concurrently experience increased rates of water extraction may face unprecedented exposure to droughts. Here, we examined differences in stem growth and xylem hydraulic architecture of 216 oak trees from sites with contrasting groundwater availability, including sites where groundwater extraction has led to reduced water availability for trees over several decades. We expected reduced growth and xylem hydraulic capacity for trees at groundwater extraction sites both under normal and unfavourable growing conditions. Compared to sites without extraction, trees at sites with groundwater extraction showed reduced growth and hydraulic conductivity both during periods of moderate and extremely low soil water availability. Trees of low vigour, which were more frequent at sites with groundwater extraction, were not able to recover growth and hydraulic capacity following drought, pointing to prolonged drought effects. Long-term water deficit resulting in reduced CO2 assimilation and hydraulic capacity after drought are very likely responsible for observed reductions in tree vitality at extraction sites. Our results demonstrate that groundwater access maintains tree function and resilience to drought and is therefore important for tree health in the context of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Skiadaresis
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.
| | - Julia Schwarz
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kerstin Stahl
- Chair of Environmental Hydrological Systems, University of Freiburg, Friedrichstrasse 39, 79098, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstrasse 4, 79085, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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29
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Buras A, Rammig A, Zang CS. The European Forest Condition Monitor: Using Remotely Sensed Forest Greenness to Identify Hot Spots of Forest Decline. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:689220. [PMID: 34925391 PMCID: PMC8672298 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.689220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Forest decline, in course of climate change, has become a frequently observed phenomenon. Much of the observed decline has been associated with an increasing frequency of climate change induced hotter droughts while decline induced by flooding, late-frost, and storms also play an important role. As a consequence, tree mortality rates have increased across the globe. Despite numerous studies that have assessed forest decline and predisposing factors for tree mortality, we still lack an in-depth understanding of (I) underlying eco-physiological mechanisms, (II) the influence of varying environmental conditions related to soil, competition, and micro-climate, and (III) species-specific strategies to cope with prolonged environmental stress. To deepen our knowledge within this context, studying tree performance within larger networks seems a promising research avenue. Ideally such networks are already established during the actual period of environmental stress. One approach for identifying stressed forests suitable for such monitoring networks is to assess measures related to tree vitality in near real-time across large regions by means of satellite-borne remote sensing. Within this context, we introduce the European Forest Condition monitor (EFCM)-a remote-sensing based, freely available, interactive web information tool. The EFCM depicts forest greenness (as approximated using NDVI from MODIS at a spatial resolution of roughly 5.3 hectares) for the pixel-specific growing season across Europe and consequently allows for guiding research within the context of concurrent forest performance. To allow for inter-temporal comparability and account for pixel-specific features, all observations are set in relation to normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) records over the monitoring period beginning in 2001. The EFCM provides both a quantile-based and a proportion-based product, thereby allowing for both relative and absolute comparison of forest greenness over the observational record. Based on six specific examples related to spring phenology, drought, late-frost, tree die-back on water-logged soils, an ice storm, and windthrow we exemplify how the EFCM may help identifying hotspots of extraordinary forest greenness. We discuss advantages and limitations when monitoring forest condition at large scales on the basis of moderate resolution remote sensing products to guide users toward an appropriate interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Buras
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Allan Buras
| | - Anja Rammig
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Christian S. Zang
- Land Surface-Atmosphere Interactions, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
- Forests and Climate Change, Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising, Germany
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30
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LeBlanc D, Maxwell J, Pederson N, Berland A, Mandra T. Radial growth responses of tulip poplar (
Liriodendron tulipifera
) to climate in the eastern United States. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David LeBlanc
- Department of Biology Ball State University Muncie Indiana47306USA
| | - Justin Maxwell
- Department of Geography Indiana University Bloomington Indiana47405USA
| | | | - Adam Berland
- Department of Geography Ball State University Muncie Indiana47306USA
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31
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Peltier DMP, Ogle K. Tree growth sensitivity to climate is temporally variable. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:1561-1572. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Drew M. P. Peltier
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
- Department of Biological Sciences Northern Arizona University Flagstaff Arizona USA
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32
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Zweifel R, Etzold S, Sterck F, Gessler A, Anfodillo T, Mencuccini M, von Arx G, Lazzarin M, Haeni M, Feichtinger L, Meusburger K, Knuesel S, Walthert L, Salmon Y, Bose AK, Schoenbeck L, Hug C, De Girardi N, Giuggiola A, Schaub M, Rigling A. Determinants of legacy effects in pine trees - implications from an irrigation-stop experiment. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 227:1081-1096. [PMID: 32259280 PMCID: PMC7383578 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Tree responses to altered water availability range from immediate (e.g. stomatal regulation) to delayed (e.g. crown size adjustment). The interplay of the different response times and processes, and their effects on long-term whole-tree performance, however, is hardly understood. Here we investigated legacy effects on structures and functions of mature Scots pine in a dry inner-Alpine Swiss valley after stopping an 11-yr lasting irrigation treatment. Measured ecophysiological time series were analysed and interpreted with a system-analytic tree model. We found that the irrigation stop led to a cascade of downregulations of physiological and morphological processes with different response times. Biophysical processes responded within days, whereas needle and shoot lengths, crown transparency, and radial stem growth reached control levels after up to 4 yr only. Modelling suggested that organ and carbon reserve turnover rates play a key role for a tree's responsiveness to environmental changes. Needle turnover rate was found to be most important to accurately model stem growth dynamics. We conclude that leaf area and its adjustment time to new conditions is the main determinant for radial stem growth of pine trees as the transpiring area needs to be supported by a proportional amount of sapwood, despite the growth-inhibiting environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Zweifel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Sophia Etzold
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Frank Sterck
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forest Ecology and Management GroupWageningen University6701Wageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Arthur Gessler
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH Zurich8092ZurichSwitzerland
| | - Tommaso Anfodillo
- Dipartimento Territorio e Sistemi Agro‐ForestaliUniversity of Padova35020LegnaroItaly
| | - Maurizio Mencuccini
- ICREA08010BarcelonaSpain
- CREAFUniversidad Autonoma de Barcelona08193BarcelonaSpain
| | - Georg von Arx
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Martina Lazzarin
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Horticulture and Product PhysiologyWageningen UniversityWageningen6701the Netherlands
| | - Matthias Haeni
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Linda Feichtinger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Katrin Meusburger
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Simon Knuesel
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Lorenz Walthert
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Yann Salmon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/PhysicsUniversity of Helsinki00100HelsinkiFinland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Forest SciencesUniversity of Helsinki00100HelsinkiFinland
| | - Arun K. Bose
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forestry and Wood Technology DisciplineKhulna University9208KhulnaBangladesh
| | - Leonie Schoenbeck
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Christian Hug
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Nicolas De Girardi
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Arnaud Giuggiola
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Rigling
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL8903BirmensdorfSwitzerland
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33
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Bose AK, Gessler A, Bolte A, Bottero A, Buras A, Cailleret M, Camarero JJ, Haeni M, Hereş A, Hevia A, Lévesque M, Linares JC, Martinez‐Vilalta J, Matías L, Menzel A, Sánchez‐Salguero R, Saurer M, Vennetier M, Ziche D, Rigling A. Growth and resilience responses of Scots pine to extreme droughts across Europe depend on predrought growth conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:4521-4537. [PMID: 32388882 PMCID: PMC7383776 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Global climate change is expected to further raise the frequency and severity of extreme events, such as droughts. The effects of extreme droughts on trees are difficult to disentangle given the inherent complexity of drought events (frequency, severity, duration, and timing during the growing season). Besides, drought effects might be modulated by trees' phenotypic variability, which is, in turn, affected by long-term local selective pressures and management legacies. Here we investigated the magnitude and the temporal changes of tree-level resilience (i.e., resistance, recovery, and resilience) to extreme droughts. Moreover, we assessed the tree-, site-, and drought-related factors and their interactions driving the tree-level resilience to extreme droughts. We used a tree-ring network of the widely distributed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) along a 2,800 km latitudinal gradient from southern Spain to northern Germany. We found that the resilience to extreme drought decreased in mid-elevation and low productivity sites from 1980-1999 to 2000-2011 likely due to more frequent and severe droughts in the later period. Our study showed that the impact of drought on tree-level resilience was not dependent on its latitudinal location, but rather on the type of sites trees were growing at and on their growth performances (i.e., magnitude and variability of growth) during the predrought period. We found significant interactive effects between drought duration and tree growth prior to drought, suggesting that Scots pine trees with higher magnitude and variability of growth in the long term are more vulnerable to long and severe droughts. Moreover, our results indicate that Scots pine trees that experienced more frequent droughts over the long-term were less resistant to extreme droughts. We, therefore, conclude that the physiological resilience to extreme droughts might be constrained by their growth prior to drought, and that more frequent and longer drought periods may overstrain their potential for acclimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Bose
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Forestry and Wood Technology DisciplineKhulna UniversityKhulnaBangladesh
| | - Arthur Gessler
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest EcosystemsEberswaldeGermany
| | - Alessandra Bottero
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Allan Buras
- Land Surface‐Atmosphere InteractionsTechnische Universitat MünchenFreisingGermany
| | - Maxime Cailleret
- UMR RECOVER/Ecosystèmes Méditerranéens et RisquesINRAEAix‐en‐Provencecedex 5France
| | | | - Matthias Haeni
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Ana‐Maria Hereş
- Department of Forest SciencesTransilvania University of BraşovBraşovRomania
- BC3 ‐ Basque Centre for Climate ChangeScientific Campus of the University of the Basque CountryLeioaSpain
| | - Andrea Hevia
- Departamento de Ciencias AgroforestalesUniversidad de HuelvaPalos de la FronteraSpain
| | | | - Juan C. Linares
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
| | - Jordi Martinez‐Vilalta
- CREAFBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de BarcelonaBellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès)Spain
| | - Luis Matías
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal y EcologíaFacultad de BiologíaUniversidad de SevillaSevillaSpain
| | - Annette Menzel
- EcoclimatologyTechnische Universität MünchenFreisingGermany
- Institute for Advanced StudyTechnische Universität MünchenGarchingGermany
| | - Raúl Sánchez‐Salguero
- Depto. Sistemas Físicos, Químicos y NaturalesUniversidad Pablo de OlavideSevillaSpain
| | - Matthias Saurer
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
| | - Michel Vennetier
- UMR RECOVER/Ecosystèmes Méditerranéens et RisquesINRAEAix‐en‐Provencecedex 5France
| | - Daniel Ziche
- Thünen Institute of Forest EcosystemsEberswaldeGermany
- Faculty of Forest and EnvironmentEberswalde University for Sustainable DevelopmentEberswaldeGermany
| | - Andreas Rigling
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape ResearchBirmensdorfSwitzerland
- Institute of Terrestrial EcosystemsETH ZurichZurichSwitzerland
- SwissForestLabBirmensdorfSwitzerland
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34
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Schuldt B, Buras A, Arend M, Vitasse Y, Beierkuhnlein C, Damm A, Gharun M, Grams TE, Hauck M, Hajek P, Hartmann H, Hiltbrunner E, Hoch G, Holloway-Phillips M, Körner C, Larysch E, Lübbe T, Nelson DB, Rammig A, Rigling A, Rose L, Ruehr NK, Schumann K, Weiser F, Werner C, Wohlgemuth T, Zang CS, Kahmen A. A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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35
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Kannenberg SA, Schwalm CR, Anderegg WRL. Ghosts of the past: how drought legacy effects shape forest functioning and carbon cycling. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:891-901. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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36
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Castagneri D, Carrer M, Regev L, Boaretto E. Precipitation variability differently affects radial growth, xylem traits and ring porosity of three Mediterranean oak species at xeric and mesic sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 699:134285. [PMID: 31520941 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the Mediterranean basin, diffuse-porous, semi-ring-porous and ring-porous tree species coexist in the same regions. Climate change might differently affect these types, but a mechanistic understanding of drought effects on their xylem structure is lacking. We investigated tree-ring width and xylem functional traits in ring-porous Quercus boissieri, semi-ring-porous Q. ithaburensis and diffuse-porous Q. calliprinos, at xeric (Galilee) and mesic (Golan) sites in the South-Eastern Mediterranean basin. We quantitatively assessed how dry and wet years affect growth and xylem traits in different porosity type oaks, and evaluated whether porosity type is preserved or altered during these years. We measured, counted or computed tree-ring width, vessel number, maximum lumen area, frequency, tree-ring and xylem theoretical hydraulic conductivity along 40-year ring series of 50 trees in total. We also quantified ring porosity in each year using two indices, the Gini coefficient and the porosity ratio of vessel area, and described vessel area intra-ring variations by distribution profiles. We then compared these parameters in the five driest and five wettest years of the 40-year period. Radial growth and functional trait variations were more similar between species in the same site (strong drought effects in Q. ithaburensis and Q. calliprinos in Galilee, moderate effects in Q. boissieri and Q. calliprinos in Golan) than between sites for the same species (Q. calliprinos was more affected in Galilee than in Golan). Ring porosity indices and distribution profiles showed that diffuse-porous xylem structure of Q. calliprinos was maintained even under dry conditions at both sites. However, Q. boissieri xylem shifted from ring-porous in wet and normal years to semi-ring-porous in dry years, i.e. the porous ring cannot be completely built under water constraint. This suggests that ring porous strategy, typical of temperate regions with strong seasonality, might not be realized under future drier conditions in the Mediterranean basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Castagneri
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Via dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Marco Carrer
- Università degli Studi di Padova, Dept. TeSAF, Via dell'Università 16, I-35020 Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lior Regev
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Herzl St 234, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Elisabetta Boaretto
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Herzl St 234, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
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37
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Hinko-Najera N, Najera Umaña JC, Smith MG, Löw M, Griebel A, Bennett LT. Relationships of intra-annual stem growth with climate indicate distinct growth niches for two co-occurring temperate eucalypts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 690:991-1004. [PMID: 31302562 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Forests are an important global carbon sink but their responses to climate change are uncertain. Tree stems, as the predominant carbon pool, represent net productivity in temperate eucalypt forests but the drivers of growth in these evergreen forests remain poorly understood partly because the dominant tree species lack distinct growth rings. Disentangling eucalypt species' growth responses to climate from other factors, such as competition and disturbances like fire, remains challenging due to a lack of long-term growth data. We measured monthly stem-diameter changes (as basal area increment, BAI) of two co-occurring dominant eucalypts from different sub-genera (Eucalyptus obliqua and E. rubida) over nearly four years. Our study included seven sites in a natural temperate forest of south-eastern Australia, and we used linear mixed-effects models to examine the relative importance to monthly BAI of species, monthly climate variables (temperature and rainfall), inter-tree competition, and recent fire history (long-unburnt, prescribed fire, wildfire). Monthly BAI peaked in spring and autumn and was significantly different between species during spring and summer. BAI variation was most clearly associated with temperature, increasing in hyperbolic response curves up to maximum mean temperatures of ~ 15-17 °C and thereafter decreasing. Temperature optima for maximum monthly BAI were 1 to 2 °C warmer for E. rubida than E. obliqua. While less important than temperature, rainfall, particularly autumn rainfall, also helped explain patterns in monthly BAI, with inter-tree competition and recent fire history of comparatively minor importance. Our study provides the first comprehensive field-based evidence of different growth niches for eucalypts from different subgenera in natural temperate mixed forests. It highlights the importance of intra-annual climate to understanding productivity variation in temperate evergreen forests and provides insights into the mechanisms underpinning the successful co-existence of different tree species as well as their relative vulnerabilities to changing climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Hinko-Najera
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia.
| | - Julio C Najera Umaña
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Merryn G Smith
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia
| | - Markus Löw
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia; Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
| | - Anne Griebel
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 500 Yarra Boulevard, Richmond, VIC 3121, Australia; Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
| | - Lauren T Bennett
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences, The University of Melbourne, 4 Water Street, Creswick, VIC 3363, Australia
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38
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Szejner P, Belmecheri S, Ehleringer JR, Monson RK. Recent increases in drought frequency cause observed multi-year drought legacies in the tree rings of semi-arid forests. Oecologia 2019; 192:241-259. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04550-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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39
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Peltier DMP, Ogle K. Legacies of more frequent drought in ponderosa pine across the western United States. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:3803-3816. [PMID: 31155807 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread interest in drought legacies-multiyear impacts of drought on tree growth-the key implication of reported drought legacies remains unaddressed: as impaired growth and slow recovery associated with drought legacies are pervasive across forest ecosystems, what is the impact of more frequent drought conditions? We investigated the assumption that either multiple drought years occurring during a short period (multiyear droughts), or droughts occurring during the recovery period from previous drought (compounded droughts), are detrimental to subsequent growth. There is evidence that drought responses may vary among populations of widespread species, leading us to examine regional differences in responses of the conifer Pinus ponderosa to historic drought frequency in the western United States. More frequent drought conditions incurred additional growth declines and shifts in growth-climate sensitivities in the years following drought relative to single-drought events, with 'triple-droughts' being worse than 'double-droughts'. Notably, prediction skill was not strongly reduced when ignoring compounded droughts, a consequence of the temporally comprehensive formulation of our stochastic antecedent model that accounts for the climatic memory of tree growth. We argue that incorporating drought-induced temporal variability in tree growth sensitivities can aid inference gained from statistical models, where more simplistic models could overestimate the severity of drought legacies. We also found regional differences in response to repeated drought, and suggest plastic post-drought sensitivities and climatic memory may represent beneficial physiological adjustments in interior regions. Within-species variability may thus mediate forest responses to increasing drought frequency under future climate change, but experimental approaches using more species are necessary to improve our understanding of the mechanisms that underlie drought legacy effects on tree growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew M P Peltier
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Kiona Ogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
- School of Informatics, Computing, and Cyber Systems, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
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Kannenberg SA, Novick KA, Alexander MR, Maxwell JT, Moore DJP, Phillips RP, Anderegg WRL. Linking drought legacy effects across scales: From leaves to tree rings to ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:2978-2992. [PMID: 31132225 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Severe drought can cause lagged effects on tree physiology that negatively impact forest functioning for years. These "drought legacy effects" have been widely documented in tree-ring records and could have important implications for our understanding of broader scale forest carbon cycling. However, legacy effects in tree-ring increments may be decoupled from ecosystem fluxes due to (a) postdrought alterations in carbon allocation patterns; (b) temporal asynchrony between radial growth and carbon uptake; and (c) dendrochronological sampling biases. In order to link legacy effects from tree rings to whole forests, we leveraged a rich dataset from a Midwestern US forest that was severely impacted by a drought in 2012. At this site, we compiled tree-ring records, leaf-level gas exchange, eddy flux measurements, dendrometer band data, and satellite remote sensing estimates of greenness and leaf area before, during, and after the 2012 drought. After accounting for the relative abundance of tree species in the stand, we estimate that legacy effects led to ~10% reductions in tree-ring width increments in the year following the severe drought. Despite this stand-scale reduction in radial growth, we found that leaf-level photosynthesis, gross primary productivity (GPP), and vegetation greenness were not suppressed in the year following the 2012 drought. Neither temporal asynchrony between radial growth and carbon uptake nor sampling biases could explain our observations of legacy effects in tree rings but not in GPP. Instead, elevated leaf-level photosynthesis co-occurred with reduced leaf area in early 2013, indicating that resources may have been allocated away from radial growth in conjunction with postdrought upregulation of photosynthesis and repair of canopy damage. Collectively, our results indicate that tree-ring legacy effects were not observed in other canopy processes, and that postdrought canopy allocation could be an important mechanism that decouples tree-ring signals from GPP.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
| | | | - Justin T Maxwell
- Department of Geography, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
- Harvard Forest, Harvard University, Petersham, Massachusetts
| | - David J P Moore
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Kannenberg SA, Novick KA, Phillips RP. Anisohydric behavior linked to persistent hydraulic damage and delayed drought recovery across seven North American tree species. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2019; 222:1862-1872. [PMID: 30664253 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The isohydry-anisohydry spectrum has become a popular way to characterize plant drought responses and recovery processes. Despite the proven utility of this framework for understanding the interconnected physiological changes plants undergo in response to water stress, new challenges have arisen pertaining to the traits and tradeoffs that underlie this concept. To test the utility of this framework for understanding hydraulic traits, drought physiology and recovery, we applied a 6 wk experimental soil moisture reduction to seven tree species followed by a 6 wk recovery period. Throughout, we measured hydraulic traits and monitored changes in gas exchange, leaf water potential, and hydraulic conductivity. Species' hydraulic traits were not coordinated, as some anisohydric species had surprisingly low resistance to embolism (P50 ) and negative safety margins. In addition to widespread hydraulic damage, these species also experienced reductions in photosynthesis and stem water potential during water stress, and delayed recovery time. Given that we observed no benefit of being anisohydric either during or after drought, our results indicate the need to reconsider the traits and tradeoffs that underlie anisohydric behavior, and to consider the environmental, biological and edaphic processes that could allow this strategy to flourish in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Kannenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
| | - Kimberly A Novick
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, 47405, USA
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