1
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Ray T, Fichtner A, Kunz M, Proß T, Bradler PM, Bruelheide H, Georgi L, Haider S, Hildebrand M, Potvin C, Schnabel F, Trogisch S, von Oheimb G. Diversity-enhanced canopy space occupation and leaf functional diversity jointly promote overyielding in tropical tree communities. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 951:175438. [PMID: 39134282 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that drive biodiversity-productivity relationships is critical for guiding forest restoration. Although complementarity among trees in the canopy space has been suggested as a key mechanism for greater productivity in mixed-species tree communities, empirical evidence remains limited. Here, we used data from a tropical tree diversity experiment to disentangle the effects of tree species richness and community functional characteristics (community-weighted mean and functional diversity of leaf traits) on canopy space filling, and how these effects are related to overyielding. We found that canopy space filling was largely explained by species identity effects rather than tree diversity effects. Communities with a high abundance of species with a conservative resource-use strategy were those with most densely packed canopies. Across monocultures and mixtures, a higher canopy space filling translated into an enhanced wood productivity. Importantly, most communities (83 %) produced more wood volume than the average of their constituent species in monoculture (i.e. most communities overyielded). Our results show that overyielding increased with leaf functional diversity and positive net biodiversity effects on canopy space filling, which mainly arose due to a high taxonomic diversity. These findings suggest that both taxonomic diversity-enhanced canopy space filling and canopy leaf diversity are important drivers for overyielding in mixed-species forests. Consequently, restoration initiatives should promote stands with functionally diverse canopies by selecting tree species with large interspecific differences in leaf nutrition, as well as leaf and branch morphology to optimize carbon capture in young forest stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tama Ray
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Tharandt, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Helmholtz Centre Potsdam - GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Telegrafenberg, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Tobias Proß
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Pia M Bradler
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Tharandt, Germany; Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Louis Georgi
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Sylvia Haider
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | | | - Catherine Potvin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr Penfield, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada; Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama, Panama
| | - Florian Schnabel
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Tennenbacherstr. 4, 79085 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Trogisch
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Tharandt, Germany
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2
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Cheng C, Zhang J, Li M, Liu C, Xu L, He N. Vertical structural complexity of plant communities represents the combined effects of resource acquisition and environmental stress on the Tibetan Plateau. Commun Biol 2024; 7:395. [PMID: 38561417 PMCID: PMC10984992 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The vertical structural complexity (VSC) of plant communities reflects the occupancy of spatial niches and is closely related to resource utilization and environmental adaptation. However, understanding the large-scale spatial pattern of VSC and its underlying mechanisms remains limited. Here, we systematically investigate 2013 plant communities through grid sampling on the Tibetan Plateau. VSC is quantified as the maximum plant height within a plot (Height-max), coefficient of variation of plant height (Height-var), and Shannon evenness of plant height (Height-even). Precipitation dominates the spatial variation in VSC in forests and shrublands, supporting the classic physiological tolerance hypothesis. In contrast, for alpine meadows, steppes, and desert grasslands in extreme environments, non-resource limiting factors (e.g., wide diurnal temperature ranges and strong winds) dominate VSC variation. Generally, with the shifting of climate from favorable to extreme, the effect of resource availability gradually decreases, but the effect of non-resource limiting factors gradually increases, and that the physiological tolerance hypothesis only applicable in favorable conditions. With the help of machine learning models, maps of VSC at 1-km resolution are produced for the Tibetan Plateau. Our findings and maps of VSC provide insights into macroecological studies, especially for adaptation mechanisms and model optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, China
- School of Ecology and Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jiahui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
| | - Mingxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Congcong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management - Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
- Northeast Asia Ecosystem Carbon Sink Research Center, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China.
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3
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Nunes MH, Vaz MC, Camargo JLC, Laurance WF, de Andrade A, Vicentini A, Laurance S, Raumonen P, Jackson T, Zuquim G, Wu J, Peñuelas J, Chave J, Maeda EE. Edge effects on tree architecture exacerbate biomass loss of fragmented Amazonian forests. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8129. [PMID: 38097604 PMCID: PMC10721830 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44004-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Habitat fragmentation could potentially affect tree architecture and allometry. Here, we use ground surveys of terrestrial LiDAR in Central Amazonia to explore the influence of forest edge effects on tree architecture and allometry, as well as forest biomass, 40 years after fragmentation. We find that young trees colonising the forest fragments have thicker branches and architectural traits that optimise for light capture, which result in 50% more woody volume than their counterparts of similar stem size and height in the forest interior. However, we observe a disproportionately lower height in some large trees, leading to a 30% decline in their woody volume. Despite the substantial wood production of colonising trees, the lower height of some large trees has resulted in a net loss of 6.0 Mg ha-1 of aboveground biomass - representing 2.3% of the aboveground biomass of edge forests. Our findings indicate a strong influence of edge effects on tree architecture and allometry, and uncover an overlooked factor that likely exacerbates carbon losses in fragmented forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Henrique Nunes
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Marcel Caritá Vaz
- Institute for Environmental Science and Sustainabilty, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, PA, USA
| | - José Luís Campana Camargo
- Ecology Graduate Program, National Institute for Amazonian Research, (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) at National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - William F Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ana de Andrade
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) at National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
| | - Alberto Vicentini
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project (BDFFP) at National Institute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, Brazil
- Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | - Susan Laurance
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science, College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pasi Raumonen
- Computing Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Toby Jackson
- Plant Sciences and Conservation Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriela Zuquim
- Amazon Research Team, Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jérôme Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, CNRS, UPS, IRD, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Eduardo Eiji Maeda
- Department of Geosciences and Geography, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, FMI, Helsinki, Finland.
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4
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Ray T, Delory BM, Beugnon R, Bruelheide H, Cesarz S, Eisenhauer N, Ferlian O, Quosh J, von Oheimb G, Fichtner A. Tree diversity increases productivity through enhancing structural complexity across mycorrhizal types. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi2362. [PMID: 37801499 PMCID: PMC10558120 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Tree species diversity and mycorrhizal associations play a central role for forest productivity, but factors driving positive biodiversity-productivity relationships remain poorly understood. In a biodiversity experiment manipulating tree diversity and mycorrhizal associations, we examined the roles of above- and belowground processes in modulating wood productivity in young temperate tree communities and potential underlying mechanisms. We found that tree species richness, but not mycorrhizal associations, increased forest productivity by enhancing aboveground structural complexity within communities. Structurally complex communities were almost twice as productive as structurally simple stands, particularly when light interception was high. We further demonstrate that overyielding was largely explained by positive net biodiversity effects on structural complexity with functional variation in shade tolerance and taxonomic diversity being key drivers of structural complexity in mixtures. Consideration of stand structural complexity appears to be a crucial element in predicting carbon sequestration in the early successional stages of mixed-species forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tama Ray
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Benjamin M. Delory
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Rémy Beugnon
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Stephanstraße 3, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- CEFE, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, 1919, route de Mende, F-34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Simone Cesarz
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nico Eisenhauer
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Ferlian
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julius Quosh
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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5
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Butz EM, Schmitt LM, Parker JD, Burghardt KT. Positive tree diversity effects on arboreal spider abundance are tied to canopy cover in a forest experiment. Ecology 2023; 104:e4116. [PMID: 37263980 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.4116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Human actions are decreasing the diversity and complexity of forests, and a mechanistic understanding of how these changes affect predators is needed to maintain ecosystem services, including pest regulation. Using a large-scale tree diversity experiment, we investigate how spiders respond to trees growing in plots of single or mixed species combinations (4 or 12) by repeatedly sampling 540 trees spanning 15 species. In 2019 (6 years post-establishment), spider responses to tree diversity varied by tree species. By 2021, diversity had a more consistently positive effect, with trees in 4- or 12-species plots supporting 23% or 50% more spiders, respectively, compared to conspecifics in monocultures. Spiders showed stronger tree species preferences in late summer, and the positive impact of plot diversity doubled. In early summer, the positive diversity effect was tied to higher canopy cover in diverse plots, leading to higher spider densities. This indirect path strengthened in late summer, with an additional direct effect of plot diversity on spiders. Prey availability was higher in diverse plots but was not tied to spider density. Overall, diverse plots supported more predators, partly by increasing available habitat. Adopting planting strategies focused on species mixtures may better maintain higher trophic levels and ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Butz
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Lauren M Schmitt
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - John D Parker
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
| | - Karin T Burghardt
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, Maryland, USA
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6
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Zou G, Xu K, Yang Q, Niklas KJ, Wang G. Competitive performance of Pinus massoniana is related to scaling relationships at the individual plant and branch levels. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1097-1107. [PMID: 35694727 PMCID: PMC9540003 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Competition is an important driver of tree mortality and thus affects forest structure and dynamics. Tree architectural traits, such as height-to-diameter (H-D) and branch length-to-diameter (L-d) relationships are thought to influence species competitiveness by affecting light capture. Unfortunately, little is known about how the H vs. D and L vs. d scaling exponents are related to tree performance (defined in the context of growth vigor) in competition. METHODS Using data from field surveys of 1547 individuals and destructive sampling of 51 trees with 1086 first-order branches from a high-density Pinus massoniana forest, we explored whether the H vs. D and the L vs. d scaling exponents respectively differed numerically across tree performance and branch vertical position in crowns. RESULTS The results indicated that (1) the H vs. D scaling exponent decreased as tree performance declined; (2) the L vs. d scaling exponent differed across tree performance classes (i.e., the scaling exponent of "inferior" trees was significantly larger than that of "moderate" and "superior" trees); (3) the L vs. d scaling exponent decreased as branch position approached ground level; and (4) overall, the branch scaling exponent decreased as tree performance improved in each crown layer, but decreased significantly in the intermediate layer. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the variation within (and linkage among) length-to-diameter scaling relationships across tree performance at the individual and branch levels. This linkage provides new insights into potential mechanisms of tree growth variation (and even further mortality) under competition in subtropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Zou
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310029China
| | - Kang Xu
- College of Environmental & Resource SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058China
| | - Qingpei Yang
- College of ForestryJiangxi Agricultural UniversityNanchang330045China
| | - Karl J. Niklas
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology SectionCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Genxuan Wang
- College of Life SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310029China
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7
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Neighbourhood Species Richness Reduces Crown Asymmetry of Subtropical Trees in Sloping Terrain. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Reforestation in sloping terrain is an important measure for soil erosion control and sustainable watershed management. The mechanical stability of such reforested stands, however, can be low due to a strong asymmetric shape of tree crowns. We investigated how neighbourhood tree species richness, neighbourhood pressure, tree height, and slope inclination affect crown asymmetry in a large-scale plantation biodiversity-ecosystem functioning experiment in subtropical China (BEF-China) over eight years. We took the advantage of terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) measurements, which provide non-destructive, high-resolution data of tree structure without altering tree interactions. Neighbourhood species richness significantly reduced crown asymmetry, and this effect became stronger at steeper slopes. Our results suggest that tree diversity promotes the mechanical stability of forest stands in sloping terrain and highlight the importance of TLS-data for a comprehensive understanding of the role of tree diversity in modulating crown interactions in mixed-species forest plantations.
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8
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Müller S, Mitesser O, Oschwald L, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Potvin C. Temporal Soundscape Patterns in a Panamanian Tree Diversity Experiment: Polycultures Show an Increase in High Frequency Cover. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.808589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this ecoacoustic study we used the setting of a tropical tree diversity planted forest to analyze temporal patterns in the composition of soundscapes and to test the effects of tree species richness on associated biodiversity measured as acoustic diversity. The analysis of soundscapes offers easy, rapid and sustainable methods when assessing biodiversity. During the last years the quantification of regional or global acoustic variability in sounds and the analysis of different soundscapes has been evolving into an important tool for biodiversity conservation, especially since case studies confirmed a relationship between land-use management, forest structure and acoustic diversity. Here we analyzed soundscapes from two seasons (dry and rainy season) and aurally inspected a subset of audio recordings to describe temporal patterns in soundscape composition. Several acoustic indices were calculated and we performed a correlation analysis and a non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis to identify acoustic indices that: (i) were complementary to each other and such represented different aspects of the local soundscapes and (ii) related most strongly to differences in acoustic composition among tree species richness, season and day phase. Thus, we chose “High Frequency Cover,” “Bioacoustic Index,” and “Events Per Second” to test the hypothesis that acoustic diversity increases with increasing tree species richness. Monocultures differed significantly from polycultures during night recordings, with respect to High Frequency Cover. This index covers sounds above 8 kHz and thus represents part of the orthopteran community. We conclude that increasing tree species richness in a young tropical forest plantation had positive effects on the vocalizing communities. The strongest effects were found for acoustic activity of the orthopteran community. In contrast to birds, orthopterans have smaller home ranges, and are therefore important indicator species for small scale environmental conditions.
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9
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Urgoiti J, Messier C, Keeton WS, Reich PB, Gravel D, Paquette A. No complementarity no gain-Net diversity effects on tree productivity occur once complementarity emerges during early stand development. Ecol Lett 2022; 25:851-862. [PMID: 35106898 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although there is compelling evidence that tree diversity has an overall positive effect on forest productivity, there are important divergences among studies on the nature and strength of these diversity effects and their timing during forest stand development. To clarify conflicting results related to stand developmental stage, we explored how diversity effects on productivity change through time in a diversity experiment spanning 11 years. We show that the strength of diversity effects on productivity progressively increases through time, becoming significantly positive after 9 years. Moreover, we demonstrate that the strengthening of diversity effects is driven primarily by gradual increases in complementarity. We also show that mixing species with contrasting resource-acquisition strategies, and the dominance of deciduous, fast-developing species, promote positive diversity effects on productivity. Our results suggest that the canopy closure and subsequent stem exclusion phase are key for promoting niche complementarity in diverse tree communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Urgoiti
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christian Messier
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Institut des sciences de la forêt tempérée (ISFORT), Université du Québec en Outaouais (UQO), Ripon, Québec, Canada
| | - William S Keeton
- Rubenstein School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA.,Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.,Institute for Global Change Biology, and School for the Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dominique Gravel
- Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada
| | - Alain Paquette
- Centre for Forest Research, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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10
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Schnabel F, Liu X, Kunz M, Barry KE, Bongers FJ, Bruelheide H, Fichtner A, Härdtle W, Li S, Pfaff CT, Schmid B, Schwarz JA, Tang Z, Yang B, Bauhus J, von Oheimb G, Ma K, Wirth C. Species richness stabilizes productivity via asynchrony and drought-tolerance diversity in a large-scale tree biodiversity experiment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabk1643. [PMID: 34919425 PMCID: PMC8682986 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk1643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Extreme climatic events threaten forests and their climate mitigation potential globally. Understanding the drivers promoting ecosystem stability is therefore considered crucial for mitigating adverse climate change effects on forests. Here, we use structural equation models to explain how tree species richness, asynchronous species dynamics, species-level population stability, and drought-tolerance traits relate to the stability of forest productivity along an experimentally manipulated species richness gradient ranging from 1 to 24 tree species. Tree species richness improved community stability by increasing asynchrony. That is, at higher species richness, interannual variation in productivity among tree species buffered the community against stress-related productivity declines. This effect was positively related to variation in stomatal control and resistance-acquisition strategies among species, but not to the community-weighted means of these trait syndromes. The identified mechanisms by which tree species richness stabilizes forest productivity emphasize the importance of diverse, mixed-species forests to adapt to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schnabel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Kathryn E. Barry
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Franca J. Bongers
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Claas-Thido Pfaff
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Julia A. Schwarz
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Zhiyao Tang
- Institute of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, and Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Jingdezhen University, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jürgen Bauhus
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, Freiburg University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Christian Wirth
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany
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Bongers FJ, Schmid B, Bruelheide H, Bongers F, Li S, von Oheimb G, Li Y, Cheng A, Ma K, Liu X. Functional diversity effects on productivity increase with age in a forest biodiversity experiment. Nat Ecol Evol 2021; 5:1594-1603. [PMID: 34737435 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-021-01564-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Forest restoration increases global forest area and ecosystem services such as primary productivity and carbon storage. How tree species functional composition impacts the provisioning of these services as forests develop is sparsely studied. We used 10-year data from 478 plots with 191,200 trees in a forest biodiversity experiment in subtropical China to assess the relationship between community productivity and community-weighted mean (CWM) or functional diversity (FD) values of 38 functional traits. We found that effects of FD values on productivity became larger than effects of CWM values after 7 years of forest development and that the FD values also became more reliable predictors of productivity than the CWM values. In contrast to CWM, FD values consistently increased productivity across ten different species-pool subsets. Our results imply that to promote productivity in the long term it is imperative for forest restoration projects to plant multispecies communities with large functional diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca J Bongers
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Department of Geography, Remote Sensing Laboratories, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Yin Li
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Monitoring and Sustainable Management and Utilization, Sanming University, Sanming, China
| | - Anpeng Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Keping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China. .,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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12
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Bienert A, Georgi L, Kunz M, von Oheimb G, Maas HG. Automatic extraction and measurement of individual trees from mobile laser scanning point clouds of forests. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:787-804. [PMID: 34232276 PMCID: PMC8557376 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS In addition to terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), mobile laser scanning (MLS) is increasingly arousing interest as a technique which provides valuable 3-D data for various applications in forest research. Using mobile platforms, the 3-D recording of large forest areas is carried out within a short space of time. Vegetation structure is described by millions of 3-D points which show an accuracy in the millimetre range and offer a powerful basis for automated vegetation modelling. The successful extraction of single trees from the point cloud is essential for further evaluations and modelling at the individual-tree level, such as volume determination, quantitative structure modelling or local neighbourhood analyses. However, high-precision automated tree segmentation is challenging, and has so far mostly been performed using elaborate interactive segmentation methods. METHODS Here, we present a novel segmentation algorithm to automatically segment trees in MLS point clouds, applying distance adaptivity as a function of trajectory. In addition, tree parameters are determined simultaneously. In our validation study, we used a total of 825 trees from ten sample plots to compare the data of trees segmented from MLS data with manual inventory parameters and parameters derived from semi-automatic TLS segmentation. KEY RESULTS The tree detection rate reached 96 % on average for trees with distances up to 45 m from the trajectory. Trees were almost completely segmented up to a distance of about 30 m from the MLS trajectory. The accuracy of tree parameters was similar for MLS-segmented and TLS-segmented trees. CONCLUSIONS Besides plot characteristics, the detection rate of trees in MLS data strongly depends on the distance to the travelled track. The algorithm presented here facilitates the acquisition of important tree parameters from MLS data, as an area-wide automated derivation can be accomplished in a very short time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Bienert
- Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Louis Georgi
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, Germany
| | - Hans-Gerd Maas
- Institute of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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13
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O’Sullivan H, Raumonen P, Kaitaniemi P, Perttunen J, Sievänen R. Integrating terrestrial laser scanning with functional-structural plant models to investigate ecological and evolutionary processes of forest communities. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:663-684. [PMID: 34610091 PMCID: PMC8557364 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Woody plants (trees and shrubs) play an important role in terrestrial ecosystems, but their size and longevity make them difficult subjects for traditional experiments. In the last 20 years functional-structural plant models (FSPMs) have evolved: they consider the interplay between plant modular structure, the immediate environment and internal functioning. However, computational constraints and data deficiency have long been limiting factors in a broader application of FSPMs, particularly at the scale of forest communities. Recently, terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), has emerged as an invaluable tool for capturing the 3-D structure of forest communities, thus opening up exciting opportunities to explore and predict forest dynamics with FSPMs. SCOPE The potential synergies between TLS-derived data and FSPMs have yet to be fully explored. Here, we summarize recent developments in FSPM and TLS research, with a specific focus on woody plants. We then evaluate the emerging opportunities for applying FSPMs in an ecological and evolutionary context, in light of TLS-derived data, with particular consideration of the challenges posed by scaling up from individual trees to whole forests. Finally, we propose guidelines for incorporating TLS data into the FSPM workflow to encourage overlap of practice amongst researchers. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that TLS is a feasible tool to help shift FSPMs from an individual-level modelling technique to a community-level one. The ability to scan multiple trees, of multiple species, in a short amount of time, is paramount to gathering the detailed structural information required for parameterizing FSPMs for forest communities. Conventional techniques, such as repeated manual forest surveys, have their limitations in explaining the driving mechanisms behind observed patterns in 3-D forest structure and dynamics. Therefore, other techniques are valuable to explore how forests might respond to environmental change. A robust synthesis between TLS and FSPMs provides the opportunity to virtually explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of forest communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah O’Sullivan
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Pasi Raumonen
- Mathematics, Tampere University, Korkeakoulunkatu 7, FI-33720 Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kaitaniemi
- Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Hyytiäläntie 124, FI-35500 Korkeakoski, Finland
| | - Jari Perttunen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Latokartanontie 9, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
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14
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Åkerblom M, Kaitaniemi P. Terrestrial laser scanning: a new standard of forest measuring and modelling? ANNALS OF BOTANY 2021; 128:653-662. [PMID: 34487143 PMCID: PMC8557362 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laser scanning technology has opened new horizons for the research of forest dynamics, because it provides a largely automated and non-destructive method to rapidly capture the structure of individual trees and entire forest stands at multiple spatial scales. The structural data themselves or in combination with additional remotely sensed data also provide information on the local physiological state of structures within trees. The capacity of new methods is facilitated by the ongoing development of automated processing tools that are designed to capture information from the point cloud data provided by the remote measurements. SCOPE Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), performed from the ground or from unmanned aerial vehicles, in particular, has potential to become a unifying measurement standard for forest research questions, because the equipment is flexible to use in the field and has the capacity to capture branch-level structural information at the forestplot or even forest scale. This issue of Annals of Botany includes selected papers that exemplify the current and potential uses of TLS, such as for examination of crown interactions between trees, growth dynamics of mixed stands, non-destructive characterization of urban trees, and enhancement of ecological and evolutionary models. The papers also present current challenges in the applicability of TLS methods and report recent developments in methods facilitating the use of TLS data for research purposes, including automatic processing chains and quantifying branch and above-ground biomass. In this article, we provide an overview of the current and anticipated future capacity of TLS and related methods in solving questions that utilize measurements and models of forests. CONCLUSIONS Due to its measurement speed, TLS provides a method to effortlessly capture large amounts of detailed structural forest information, and consequent proxy data for tree and forest processes, at a far wider spatial scale than is feasible with manual measurements. Issues with measurement precision and occlusion of laser beams before they reach their target structures continue to reduce the accuracy of TLS data, but the limitations are counterweighted by the measurement speed that enables large sample sizes. The currently high time-cost of analysing TLS data, in turn, is likely to decrease through progress in automated processing methods. The developments point towards TLS becoming a new and widely accessible standard tool in forest measurement and modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Åkerblom
- Unit of Computing Sciences, Tampere University, FI-33014 Tampere University, Finland
| | - Pekka Kaitaniemi
- Hyytiälä Forestry Field Station, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Hyytiäläntie 124, FI-35500 Korkeakoski, Finland
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15
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Perles‐Garcia MD, Kunz M, Fichtner A, Härdtle W, von Oheimb G. Tree species richness promotes an early increase of stand structural complexity in young subtropical plantations. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria D. Perles‐Garcia
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology Leuphana University of Lüneburg Lüneburg Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection Technische Universität Dresden Tharandt Germany
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16
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Reprint of: Functional-structural plant models to boost understanding of complementarity in light capture and use in mixed-species forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Trogisch S, Liu X, Rutten G, Xue K, Bauhus J, Brose U, Bu W, Cesarz S, Chesters D, Connolly J, Cui X, Eisenhauer N, Guo L, Haider S, Härdtle W, Kunz M, Liu L, Ma Z, Neumann S, Sang W, Schuldt A, Tang Z, van Dam NM, von Oheimb G, Wang MQ, Wang S, Weinhold A, Wirth C, Wubet T, Xu X, Yang B, Zhang N, Zhu CD, Ma K, Wang Y, Bruelheide H. The significance of tree-tree interactions for forest ecosystem functioning. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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18
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Hildebrand M, Perles-Garcia MD, Kunz M, Härdtle W, von Oheimb G, Fichtner A. Reprint of: Tree-tree interactions and crown complementarity: the role of functional diversity and branch traits for canopy packing. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Davrinche A, Haider S. Intra-specific leaf trait responses to species richness at two different local scales. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Yamawo A, Suzuki N, Tagawa J. Species diversity and biological trait function: Effectiveness of ant–plant mutualism decreases as ant species diversity increases. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamawo
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Saga University Saga Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Applied Biological Sciences Faculty of Agriculture Saga University Saga Japan
| | - Jun Tagawa
- Department of Biosphere–Geosphere System Science Faculty of Informatics Okayama University of Science Okayama Japan
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21
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Jing X, Muys B, Bruelheide H, Desie E, Hättenschwiler S, Jactel H, Jaroszewicz B, Kardol P, Ratcliffe S, Scherer‐Lorenzen M, Selvi F, Vancampenhout K, van der Plas F, Verheyen K, Vesterdal L, Zuo J, Van Meerbeek K. Above‐ and below‐ground complementarity rather than selection drive tree diversity–productivity relationships in European forests. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jing
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Bart Muys
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Helge Bruelheide
- Institute of Biology/Geobotany and Botanical Garden Martin Luther University Halle‐Wittenberg Halle (Saale) Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Ellen Desie
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Stephan Hättenschwiler
- CEFE University of Montpellier CNRS EPHE IRD University of Paul‐Valéry Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Hervé Jactel
- INRAE University of BordeauxBIOGECO Cestas France
| | - Bogdan Jaroszewicz
- Białowieża Geobotanical Station Faculty of Biology University of Warsaw Białowieża Poland
| | - Paul Kardol
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå Sweden
| | | | | | - Federico Selvi
- Department of Agriculture, Food Environment and Forestry University of Firenze Firenze Italy
| | | | - Fons van der Plas
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity Life Science Leipzig University Germany
- Plant Ecology and Nature Conservation Group Wageningen University Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Kris Verheyen
- Forest and Nature Lab Campus Gontrode Department of Environment Ghent University Melle‐Gontrode Belgium
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Juan Zuo
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology Wuhan Botanical Garden Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
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22
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Hildebrand M, Perles-Garcia MD, Kunz M, Härdtle W, von Oheimb G, Fichtner A. Tree-tree interactions and crown complementarity: The role of functional diversity and branch traits for canopy packing. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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23
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Guillemot J, Kunz M, Schnabel F, Fichtner A, Madsen CP, Gebauer T, Härdtle W, von Oheimb G, Potvin C. Neighbourhood-mediated shifts in tree biomass allocation drive overyielding in tropical species mixtures. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1256-1268. [PMID: 32496591 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Variations in crown forms promote canopy space-use and productivity in mixed-species forests. However, we have a limited understanding on how this response is mediated by changes in within-tree biomass allocation. Here, we explored the role of changes in tree allometry, biomass allocation and architecture in shaping diversity-productivity relationships (DPRs) in the oldest tropical tree diversity experiment. We conducted whole-tree destructive biomass measurements and terrestrial laser scanning. Spatially explicit models were built at the tree level to investigate the effects of tree size and local neighbourhood conditions. Results were then upscaled to the stand level, and mixture effects were explored using a bootstrapping procedure. Biomass allocation and architecture substantially changed in mixtures, which resulted from both tree-size effects and neighbourhood-mediated plasticity. Shifts in biomass allocation among branch orders explained substantial shares of the observed overyielding. By contrast, root-to-shoot ratios, as well as the allometric relationships between tree basal area and aboveground biomass, were little affected by the local neighbourhood. Our results suggest that generic allometric equations can be used to estimate forest aboveground biomass overyielding from diameter inventory data. Overall, we demonstrate that shifts in tree biomass allocation are mediated by the local neighbourhood and promote DPRs in tropical forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joannès Guillemot
- CIRAD, UMR Eco&Sols, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
- Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, 34060, France
- Department of Forest Sciences, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Matthias Kunz
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
| | - Florian Schnabel
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Systematic Botany and Functional Biodiversity, Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
- Chair of Silviculture, Institute of Forest Sciences, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79106, Germany
| | - Andreas Fichtner
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, Lüneburg, 21335, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Gebauer
- Geobotany, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, 79104, Germany
| | - Werner Härdtle
- Institute of Ecology, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Universitätsallee 1, Lüneburg, 21335, Germany
| | - Goddert von Oheimb
- Institute of General Ecology and Environmental Protection, Technische Universität Dresden, Tharandt, 01737, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Catherine Potvin
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0G4, Canada
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Luis Clement Avenue, Bldg. 401 Tupper, Balboa, Panama
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24
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Functional-structural plant models to boost understanding of complementarity in light capture and use in mixed-species forests. Basic Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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25
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Cushman KC, Machado JL. Plasticity in branching and crown architecture helps explain how tree diversity increases tropical forest production. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2020; 228:1163-1165. [PMID: 32860714 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K C Cushman
- Center for Tropical Forest Science - Forest Global Earth Observatory, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, PO Box 0843-03092, Balboa, Ancón, Panama
| | - Jose-Luis Machado
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, 500 College Avenue, Swarthmore, PA, 19081, USA
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26
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Structural Changes in Boreal Forests Can Be Quantified Using Terrestrial Laser Scanning. REMOTE SENSING 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/rs12172672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) has been adopted as a feasible technique to digitize trees and forest stands, providing accurate information on tree and forest structural attributes. However, there is limited understanding on how a variety of forest structural changes can be quantified using TLS in boreal forest conditions. In this study, we assessed the accuracy and feasibility of TLS in quantifying changes in the structure of boreal forests. We collected TLS data and field reference from 37 sample plots in 2014 (T1) and 2019 (T2). Tree stems typically have planar, vertical, and cylindrical characteristics in a point cloud, and thus we applied surface normal filtering, point cloud clustering, and RANSAC-cylinder filtering to identify these geometries and to characterize trees and forest stands at both time points. The results strengthened the existing knowledge that TLS has the capacity to characterize trees and forest stands in space and showed that TLS could characterize structural changes in time in boreal forest conditions. Root-mean-square-errors (RMSEs) in the estimates for changes in the tree attributes were 0.99–1.22 cm for diameter at breast height (Δdbh), 44.14–55.49 cm2 for basal area (Δg), and 1.91–4.85 m for tree height (Δh). In general, tree attributes were estimated more accurately for Scots pine trees, followed by Norway spruce and broadleaved trees. At the forest stand level, an RMSE of 0.60–1.13 cm was recorded for changes in basal area-weighted mean diameter (ΔDg), 0.81–2.26 m for changes in basal area-weighted mean height (ΔHg), 1.40–2.34 m2/ha for changes in mean basal area (ΔG), and 74–193 n/ha for changes in the number of trees per hectare (ΔTPH). The plot-level accuracy was higher in Scots pine-dominated sample plots than in Norway spruce-dominated and mixed-species sample plots. TLS-derived tree and forest structural attributes at time points T1 and T2 differed significantly from each other (p < 0.05). If there was an increase or decrease in dbh, g, h, height of the crown base, crown ratio, Dg, Hg, or G recorded in the field, a similar outcome was achieved by using TLS. Our results provided new information on the feasibility of TLS for the purposes of forest ecosystem growth monitoring.
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27
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Yue Q, Hao M, Li X, Zhang C, von Gadow K, Zhao X. Assessing biotic and abiotic effects on forest productivity in three temperate forests. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:7887-7900. [PMID: 32760572 PMCID: PMC7391343 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well understood that biotic and abiotic variables influence forest productivity. However, in regard to temperate forests, the relative contributions of the aforementioned drivers to biomass demographic processes (i.e., the growth rates of the survivors and recruits) have not received a great deal of attention. Thus, this study focused on the identification of the relative influencing effects of biotic and abiotic variables in the demographic biomass processes of temperate forests.This study was conducted in the Changbai Mountain Nature Reserve, in northeastern China. Based on the observational data collected from three 5.2-hectare forest plots, the annual above-ground biomass (AGB) increment (productivity) of the surviving trees, recruits, and the total tree community (survivors + recruits) were estimated. Then, the changes in the forest productivity in response to biotic variables (including species diversity, structural diversity, and density variables) along with abiotic variables (including topographic and soil variables) were evaluated using linear mixed-effect models.This study determined that the biotic variables regulated the variabilities in productivity. Density variables were the most critical drivers of the annual AGB increments of the surviving trees and total tree community. Structural diversity enhanced the annual AGB increments of the recruits, but diminished the annual AGB increments of the surviving trees and the total tree community. Species diversity and abiotic variables did not have impacts on the productivity in the examined forest plots.The results highlighted the important roles of forest density and structural diversity in the biomass demographic processes of temperate forests. The surviving and recruit trees were found to respond differently to the biotic variables, which suggested that the asymmetric competition had shaped the productivity dynamics in forests. Therefore, the findings emphasized the need to consider the demographic processes of forest productivity to better understand the functions of forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmin Yue
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Minhui Hao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyu Li
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Klaus von Gadow
- Faculty of Forestry and Forest EcologyGeorg‐August‐UniversityGöttingenGermany
- Faculty of AgriSciencesStellenbosch UniversityMatielandSouth Africa
| | - Xiuhai Zhao
- Research Center of Forest Management Engineering of State Forestry and Grassland AdministrationBeijing Forestry UniversityBeijingChina
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28
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Kim D, Medvigy D, Maier CA, Johnsen K, Palmroth S. Biomass increases attributed to both faster tree growth and altered allometric relationships under long-term carbon dioxide enrichment at a temperate forest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:2519-2533. [PMID: 31869491 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) concentrations are expected to lead to increases in the rate of tree biomass accumulation, at least temporarily. On the one hand, trees may simply grow faster under higher CO2 concentrations, preserving the allometric relations that prevailed under lower CO2 concentrations. Alternatively, the allometric relations themselves may change. In this study, the effects of elevated CO2 (eCO2 ) on tree biomass and allometric relations were jointly assessed. Over 100 trees, grown at Duke Forest, NC, USA, were harvested from eight plots. Half of the plots had been subjected to CO2 enrichment from 1996 to 2010. Several subplots had also been subjected to nitrogen fertilization from 2005 to 2010. Allometric equations were developed to predict tree height, stem volume, and aboveground biomass components for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.), the dominant tree species, and broad-leaved species. Using the same diameter-based allometric equations for biomass, it was estimated that plots with eCO2 contained 21% more aboveground biomass, consistent with previous studies. However, eCO2 significantly affected allometry, and these changes had an additional effect on biomass. In particular, P. taeda trees at a given diameter were observed to be taller under eCO2 than under ambient CO2 due to changes in both the allometric scaling exponent and intercept. Accounting for allometric change increased the treatment effect of eCO2 on aboveground biomass from a 21% to a 27% increase. No allometric changes for the nondominant broad-leaved species were identified, nor were allometric changes associated with nitrogen fertilization. For P. taeda, it is concluded that eCO2 affects allometries, and that knowledge of allometry changes is necessary to accurately compute biomass under eCO2 . Further observations are needed to determine whether this assessment holds for other taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dohyoung Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - David Medvigy
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Chris A Maier
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Kurt Johnsen
- USDA Forest Service, Southern Research Station, Asheville, NC, USA
| | - Sari Palmroth
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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