1
|
Gandhi UH, Benjamin A, Gajjar S, Hirani T, Desai K, Suhagia BB, Ahmad R, Sinha S, Haque M, Kumar S. Alcohol and Periodontal Disease: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e62270. [PMID: 39006719 PMCID: PMC11246185 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.62270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The scientific literature dealing with alcohol and alcoholic beverages revealed that these drinks possess an adverse impact on periodontal tissues. Additionally, other principal risk factors include tobacco, smoking, poor oral hygiene, etc. It has been observed that among chronic alcoholics, there are further issues, such as mental, social, and physical effects, that promote alcoholism. These people may have weak immunity for defense against pathogenic organisms and bacteria. Thus, chances of gingival bleeding, swollen gums, bad breath, and increased bone loss are there. Different alcoholic beverages in the market cause less salivation; these beverages contain sugars that promote acid production in the oral cavity by pathogens that demineralize the enamel and damage gum and teeth. This chronic alcohol consumption can progress into different types of oral disorders, including cancer, halitosis, and caries, and is also associated with tobacco and smoking. Chronic alcohol consumption can cause alteration of the oral microbiome and increase oral pathogens, which lead to periodontal disease and an environment of inflammation created in the body due to malnutrition, diminished immunity, altered liver condition, brain damage, and gut microbiota alteration. Heavily colored alcoholic beverages produce staining on teeth and, due to less saliva, may cause other toxic effects on the periodontium. Over-dependency on alcohol leads to necrotizing lesions such as necrotizing gingivitis, necrotizing periodontitis, and necrotizing stomatitis. These pathological impairments instigate severe damage to oral structures. Therefore, proper counseling by the attending dental surgeon and related health professionals is urgently required for the patient on the basis that the individual case needs to go away from the regular heavy consumption of alcohol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Utsav H Gandhi
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Amit Benjamin
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Shreya Gajjar
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Tanvi Hirani
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Khushboo Desai
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| | - Bansariben B Suhagia
- Department of Periodontology, Ahmedabad Dental College and Hospital, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, IND
| | - Rahnuma Ahmad
- Department of Physiology, Medical College for Women and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Susmita Sinha
- Department of Physiology, Enam Medical College and Hospital, Dhaka, BGD
| | - Mainul Haque
- Department of Research, Karnavati Scientific Research Center, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National Defence University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, MYS
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Karnavati University, Gandhinagar, IND
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Oliveira LM, Antoniazzi RP, Demarco FF, Zanatta FB. Differences in the subgingival microbial composition associated with alcohol intake: A systematic review. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res 2023; 13:259-266. [PMID: 36866164 PMCID: PMC9971176 DOI: 10.1016/j.jobcr.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to conduct a systematic evaluation of the literature on whether individuals exposed to alcohol intake present differences in the subgingival microbial composition compared to those unexposed. Methods Five databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, SCOPUS and Web of Science) and one source of grey literature (Google Scholar) were searched by two independent reviewers up to December 2022 according to pre-specified eligibility criteria. No restrictions were imposed regarding the date and language of publication and the periodontal status of the participants. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used for methodological quality appraisal and a narrative synthesis was performed. Results Eight cross-sectional studies and one cross-sectional analysis nested in a cohort were considered for qualitative analysis, including data of 4636 individuals. Overall, the studies exhibited considerable heterogeneity in terms of characteristics of the participants and microbiological methods. Four studies have high methodological quality. Exposed individuals have higher overall quantity of periodontal pathogens in shallow and moderate to deep pockets. Findings on richness, relative abundance, alpha- and beta-diversity were limited and inconclusive. Conclusion The subgingival microbiota of individuals exposed to alcohol intake has higher overall quantity of red (i.e., P. gingivalis) and orange-complex (i.e., F. nucleatum) bacteria when compared to those unexposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Machado Oliveira
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Raquel Pippi Antoniazzi
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Batistin Zanatta
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliveira LM, da Silva Pilecco K, de Oliveira CA, Antoniazzi RP, Demarco FF, Zanatta FB. Alcohol Intake Influences the Occurrence and Progression of Periodontitis Differently According to Sex and Country Sociodemographic Development: A Two-Stage Systematic Review. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:566-575. [PMID: 35475575 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To conduct an overview and systematic evaluation of prospective cohort studies on whether alcohol intake is associated with the incidence and progression of periodontitis. METHODS Nine databases were searched by two independent reviewers up to November 2021 according to prespecified eligibility criteria. Risk of Bias in Systematic Reviews and Risk of Bias in Non-Randomized Studies of Interventions were used for risk of bias assessment and certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE approach. Random-effects pair-wise meta-analyses were performed with data from cohort studies on the effects of higher levels of alcohol intake compared with current non-drinking to determine risk ratios (RR) and confidence intervals of periodontitis. RESULTS The four systematic reviews were at high risk of bias and concluded that alcohol intake is associated with periodontitis regardless of the study design. Five reports from seven cohort studies contributed to the meta-analyses and no statistically significant differences were found for higher levels of consumption regarding the risk of periodontitis, except for men from countries with low- and high-middle socio-demographic index (RR = 1.30, 95% CI: 1.13-1.46), with low certainty evidence. CONCLUSION Higher levels of alcohol consumption seem to be part of the causal mechanism of periodontitis when cooccurring with male sex in underdeveloped countries. No conclusion can be drawn regarding alcohol use disorders or patterns of consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Machado Oliveira
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97015-900, Brazil
| | - Kimberly da Silva Pilecco
- Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97015-900, Brazil
| | - Cícero Anghinoni de Oliveira
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97015-900, Brazil
| | - Raquel Pippi Antoniazzi
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97015-900, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97015-900, Brazil
| | - Flávio Fernando Demarco
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96020-220, Brazil.,Graduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul 96020-220, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Batistin Zanatta
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Emphasis on Periodontics, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97015-900, Brazil.,Department of Stomatology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul 97015-900, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Oliveira LM, Cerezer DM, Casarin M, Moreira CHC, Zanatta FB. Alcohol use disorders are associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis in a rural area of Brazil. J Periodontal Res 2021; 56:940-950. [PMID: 34057233 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present cross-sectional study was to determine whether alcohol use disorders (AUD) are independently associated with severe and extent cases of periodontitis in individuals living in a rural area of Brazil. METHODS A representative probability sample (N = 585) was evaluated using six-site full-mouth periodontal examination. AUD was assessed using the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT) and considered in its unidimensional and bidimensional factor structures. The first address hazardous alcohol consumption [HAC (overall scores ≥8)], and the second deals with two distinct constructs, harmful use [HU (items 1-3 scores ≥4 for men or ≥3 for women)], and alcohol-related consequences [ARC (items 4-10 scores ≥1)]. Periodontal outcomes were defined based on the criteria proposed by the CDC-AAP (2012) and an adaptation of the EFP-AAP (2018) definition of generalized stages III or IV periodontitis (GP). Adjusted multilevel multinomial and binary logistic regression analysis were used with a conceptual hierarchical approach to calculate the odds ratios (OR) of periodontal outcomes. RESULTS In the adjusted model, HU (OR = 2.69; 95% CI: 1.29-5.58) and ARC (OR = 3.79; 95% CI: 1.51-9.51) were significantly associated with higher prevalence of severe periodontitis (SP). Higher occurrence of GP was detected in individuals presenting HAC (OR = 1.88; 95% CI: 1.05-3.37) and ARC (OR = 2.90; 95% CI: 1.61-5.24). CONCLUSION AUD was independently associated with higher prevalence of SP and GP in individuals living in a rural area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Machado Oliveira
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Débora Martins Cerezer
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maísa Casarin
- Department of Semiology and Clinic, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel, Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Heitor Cunha Moreira
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Batistin Zanatta
- Department of Stomatology, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hamdi Z, Detzen L, Fessi S, Julia C, Hercberg S, Czernichow S, Boillot A, Touvier M, Bouchard P, Andreeva VA, Carra MC. Alcoholic beverage consumption, smoking habits, and periodontitis: A cross-sectional investigation of the NutriNet-Santé study. J Periodontol 2020; 92:727-737. [PMID: 32895953 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence suggests that dietary habits influence the development and severity of periodontitis. The present cross-sectional study evaluated the association between different types and quantity of alcoholic beverage consumption (alone and interacting with smoking) and the probability to suffer from severe periodontitis in the French e-cohort NutriNet-Santé. METHODS The study population consisted of 35,390 adults (mean age: 49.04 ± 13.94 years), who filled oral health questionnaires and completed at least three non-consecutive 24-hour dietary records. Data on type and frequency of alcoholic beverage consumption were obtained from a semi-quantitative self-reported alcohol frequency questionnaire; the daily quantity (g/day) was estimated from the 24-hour dietary records. The probability of severe periodontitis (main dependent variable) was assessed by calculating the modified periodontal screening score (mPESS) from selected questions. RESULTS A total of 7263 individuals (20.5%) presented a high probability of suffering from severe periodontitis (high-mPESS). After adjusting for confounding factors, the frequency of alcoholic beverage consumption was significantly higher among high-mPESS group than their low-mPESS counterparts, especially for hard liquor/spirits (1.9 ± 1.4 days/week for high-PESS versus 1.6 ± 1.1 days/week the low-PESS [P < 0.0001]). The mean daily quantity of ethanol was also higher in high-mPESS versus low-mPESS individuals (11.2 ± 15.6 versus 7.9 ± 12.3 g/day; P = 0.011). A stronger association with self-report severe periodontitis was noted when alcohol consumption exceeding > 20 g/day for women and > 30 g/day for men was combined with smoking habit (OR = 7.30 [95% CI: 6.1-8.73]). CONCLUSION The present results support an association between alcoholic beverage consumption and self-report severe periodontitis, particularly when it is associated with current smoking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Hamdi
- Department of Periodontology, U.F.R. of Odontology, Garanciere, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Periodontology, Odontology Unit, Rothschild Hospital (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Laurent Detzen
- Department of Periodontology, U.F.R. of Odontology, Garanciere, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Periodontology, Odontology Unit, Rothschild Hospital (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Sabrine Fessi
- Department of Periodontology, U.F.R. of Odontology, Garanciere, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Periodontology, Odontology Unit, Rothschild Hospital (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Chantal Julia
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France.,Public Health Department, Avicenne Hospital (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP), Bobigny, France
| | - Serge Hercberg
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Sébastien Czernichow
- Department of Nutrition, Georges-Pompidou European Hospital (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP), Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Boillot
- Department of Periodontology, U.F.R. of Odontology, Garanciere, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Periodontology, Odontology Unit, Rothschild Hospital (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Philippe Bouchard
- Department of Periodontology, U.F.R. of Odontology, Garanciere, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Periodontology, Odontology Unit, Rothschild Hospital (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP), Paris, France.,EA 2496 Dental School, Université de Paris, U.F.R. of Odontology, Paris, France
| | - Valentina A Andreeva
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, Inra U1125, Cnam, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center - University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Maria Clotilde Carra
- Department of Periodontology, U.F.R. of Odontology, Garanciere, Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Department of Periodontology, Odontology Unit, Rothschild Hospital (Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP), Paris, France.,Inserm, Population-based Epidemiologic Cohorts Unit, UMS 011, Villejuif, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sankaranarayanan R, Saxlin T, Knuuttila M, Ylöstalo P, Suominen AL. Alcohol use and the development of periodontal pockets: An 11‐year follow‐up study. J Periodontol 2020; 91:1621-1631. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.19-0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuomas Saxlin
- Institute of Dentistry University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
| | - Matti Knuuttila
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
| | - Pekka Ylöstalo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Oulu University Hospital Oulu Finland
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences Medical Research Centre Oulu (MRC Oulu) University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Anna Liisa Suominen
- Institute of Dentistry University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases Kuopio University Hospital Kuopio Finland
- Unit of Public Health Evaluation and Projection National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL ) Helsinki Finland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sankaranarayanan R, Saxlin T, Knuuttila M, Ylöstalo P, Suominen AL. Intake of different alcoholic beverages and periodontal condition. Acta Odontol Scand 2019; 77:608-616. [PMID: 31230511 DOI: 10.1080/00016357.2019.1626479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The objective of this study is to study the association of alcoholic beverages and serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) level with periodontal condition. Material and methods: The study included 4294 dentate, non-diabetic Finnish adults aged 30-65 years who underwent periodontal examination during the Health 2000 Survey. The number of teeth with deepened (≥4 mm) periodontal pockets was the outcome. The exposures were self-reported beverage-specific alcohol intake (amount and frequency) and serum GGT level. The relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were obtained by fitting zero-inflated negative binomial regression models. Results: We found no consistent association of either the intake of different alcoholic beverages or GGT level with the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets in the total study population or among the non-smokers. Among the highly educated non-smokers, spirit intake was associated with a low likelihood of having teeth with deepened periodontal pockets; RRs varied between 0.3 and 0.8. Among the non-smokers who had basic or intermediate education, spirit intake was associated with a higher likelihood of having teeth with deepened periodontal pockets; RRs varied between 1.2 and 1.8. Conclusion: In general, neither the intake of different alcoholic beverages nor the GGT level was consistently associated with the number of teeth with deepened periodontal pockets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tuomas Saxlin
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Matti Knuuttila
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka Ylöstalo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Medical Research Centre Oulu (MRC Oulu), University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Anna Liisa Suominen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Unit of Public Health Evaluation and Projection, National Institute for Health and Welfare (THL), Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|