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Notari S, Gambardella G, Vincenzoni F, Desiderio C, Castagnola M, Bocedi A, Ricci G. The unusual properties of lactoferrin during its nascent phase. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14113. [PMID: 37644064 PMCID: PMC10465537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoferrin, a multifunctional iron-binding protein containing 16 disulfides, is actively studied for its antibacterial and anti-carcinogenic properties. However, scarce information is nowadays available about its oxidative folding starting from the reduced and unfolded status. This study discovers unusual properties when this protein is examined in its reduced molten globule-like conformation. Using kinetic, CD and fluorescence analyses together with mass spectrometry, we found that a few cysteines display astonishing hyper-reactivity toward different thiol reagents. In details, four cysteines (i.e. 668, 64, 512 and 424) display thousands of times higher reactivity toward GSSG but normal against other natural disulfides. The formation of these four mixed-disulfides with glutathione probably represents the first step of its folding in vivo. A widespread low pKa decreases the reactivity of other 14 cysteines toward GSSG limiting their involvement in the early phase of the oxidative folding. The origin of this hyper-reactivity was due to transient lactoferrin-GSSG complex, as supported by fluorescence experiments. Lactoferrin represents another disulfide containing protein in addition to albumin, lysozyme, ribonuclease, chymotrypsinogen, and trypsinogen which shows cysteines with an extraordinary and specific hyper-reactivity toward GSSG confirming the discovery of a fascinating new feature of proteins in their nascent phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Notari
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Gambardella
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Vincenzoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze biotecnologiche di Base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta", Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Ricci
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, Università di Roma "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.
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Zhao W, Yang S, Zhang D, Zhou T, Huang J, Gao M, Jiang Y, Liu Y, Yang J. Ultrasensitive dual-enhanced sandwich strategy for simultaneous detection of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus based on optimized aptamers-functionalized magnetic capture probes and graphene oxide-Au nanostars SERS tags. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:651-663. [PMID: 36549213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sandwich strategy biosensing platform has been established for simultaneously detecting Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Fe3O4@SiO2-Au nanocomposites (NCs) with varying amounts of Au nanocrystals were prepared, and the effect of interparticle gaps on SERS activity was studied by finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method. The optimal magnetic SERS-active substrates (FS-A5) were functionalized with the specific aptamers to act as capture probes. Meanwhile, graphene oxide-Au nanostars (GO-Au NSs) decorated with Raman reporters and aptamers were used as SERS tags. The loading density of Au NSs on GO was tuned to change the number of SERS active sites. In this proposal, E. coli and S. aureus were first captured by capture probes and then bound with SERS tags to form a sandwich-like structure, which caused enhanced electromagnetic field because of the dual enhancement strategy. Under optimal conditions, SERS platform could detect E. coli and S. aureus simultaneously, and the detection limit was as low as 10 cfu/mL. Our sandwich assay-based dual-enhanced SERS platform provides a new idea for simultaneously detecting multiple pathogens with high selectivity and sensitivity, and thus will have more hopeful prospects in the field of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China; Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Science, Changchun University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Daxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China; Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Ming Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Yuhong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
| | - Jinghai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry (Ministry of Education), College of Physics, Jilin Normal University, Changchun 130103, China.
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Gambardella G, Notari S, Cavaterra D, Iavarone F, Castagnola M, Bocedi A, Ricci G. The Anfinsen Dogma: Intriguing Details Sixty-Five Years Later. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147759. [PMID: 35887107 PMCID: PMC9318638 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pioneering experiments of Anfinsen on the oxidative folding of RNase have been revisited discovering some details, which update the statement of his dogma and shed new light on the leading role of the correct disulfide in the attainment of the native structure. CD analysis, mass spectrometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and enzyme activity indicate that native disulfides drive the formation of the secondary and tertiary structures that cannot be entirely formed in their absence. This opposes a common opinion that these structures are first formed and then stabilized by the native disulfides. Our results also indicate that a spontaneous re-oxidation of a reduced RNase cannot produce a complete recovery of activity, as described by many textbooks; this can be obtained only in the presence of a reshuffling solution such as GSH/GSSG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Gambardella
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (S.N.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Sara Notari
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (S.N.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Dario Cavaterra
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (S.N.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Federica Iavarone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- Laboratorio di Proteomica, Centro Europeo di Ricerca sul Cervello, IRCCS Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessio Bocedi
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (S.N.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
| | - Giorgio Ricci
- Department of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Rome ‘Tor Vergata’, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.G.); (S.N.); (D.C.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0672594353
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Oxidative Folding of Proteins: The "Smoking Gun" of Glutathione. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221810148. [PMID: 34576311 PMCID: PMC8468038 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221810148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutathione has long been suspected to be the primary low molecular weight compound present in all cells promoting the oxidative protein folding, but twenty years ago it was found “not guilty”. Now, new surprising evidence repeats its request to be the “smoking gun” which reopens the criminal trial revealing the crucial involvement of this tripeptide.
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