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Song C, Liu Y. A high urinary urobilinogen/serum total bilirubin ratio indicates acute hepatic porphyria in patients with abdominal pain. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21330. [PMID: 38044386 PMCID: PMC10694128 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48824-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatic porphyria (AHP) has always been a diagnostic dilemma for physicians due to its variable symptoms. Correct diagnosis mainly depends on the detection of an elevated urinary porphobilinogen (PBG), which is not a routine test and highly relies on the physician's awareness of AHP. In the present study, we identified a more convenient indicator during routine examinations to improve the diagnosis of AHP. We found that AHP patients showed a significant higher "FALSE" urinary urobilinogen level caused by urinary PBG during the urinalysis when detected by strips impregnated with Ehrlich reagent (P < 0.05). And a remarkable increase in the urinary urobilinogen/serum total bilirubin ratio was observed in AHP patients. The area under the ROC curve of this ratio for AHP was 1.000 (95% confidence interval 1.000-1.000, P < 0.01). A cutoff value of 3.22 for this ratio yielded a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 100% to distinguish AHP patients from the controls. Thus, we proved that a "falsely" high urinary urobilinogen level that was adjusted by the serum total bilirubin level (urinary urobilinogen/serum total bilirubin ratio) could be used as a sensitive and specific screening marker for AHP in patients with abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Song
- Department of Neurology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, #107 of Culture Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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Variant etiologies of neonatal cholestasis and their outcome: a Middle East single-center experience. Clin Exp Hepatol 2021; 7:205-214. [PMID: 34295989 PMCID: PMC8284164 DOI: 10.5114/ceh.2021.107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim of the study Neonatal cholestasis (NC) constitutes a large proportion of pediatric liver disorders. Nevertheless, awareness of the variant etiologies and how to manage them appropriately are lacking. So, out of a few specialized centers, many cases pass without appropriate management. This study aimed to present our tertiary level center’s experience in NC that could increase the pediatrician’s awareness of handling this problematic and common medical morbidity efficiently. Material and methods It is a retrospective study in which we analyzed the NC cases admitted to the inpatient department within three years. For all recruited patients, the available data were retrieved and recorded. Results A total of 412 patients were reviewed with 20 different etiologies diagnosed. The most common cause was biliary atresia (n = 151, 37%), followed by progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (n = 51, 12%), neonatal sepsis (n = 39, 9%), and cytomegalovirus (n = 33, 8%). Of the 412 patients, 394 (81%) had follow-up ranging from 1 to 36 months. A total of 173 patients improved with supportive and/or specific therapy, while 108 patients died at a median age of 6 months. The commonest cause of death was liver failure (40.7%), followed by pneumonia (28.7%), sudden death (13%), septicemia (6.5%), and hepatorenal syndrome (5.5%). Conclusions NC constitutes more than one-third of the inpatient admissions of all pediatric liver disorders and has a high rate of mortality. Awareness of the variety of etiologies and a rapid stepwise approach to diagnosis could have an impact on the outcome of this devastating disease.
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Development and validation of bile acid profile-based scoring system for identification of biliary atresia: a prospective study. BMC Pediatr 2020; 20:255. [PMID: 32460787 PMCID: PMC7251733 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-020-02169-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early distinguishing biliary atresia from other causes of infantile cholestasis remains a major challenge. We aimed to develop and validate a scoring system based on bile acid for identification of biliary atresia. METHODS In a prospective study, a total of 141 infants with cholestasis were enrolled in two sets (derivation cohort, n = 66; validation cohort, n = 75) from 2014 to 2018. Variables with significant difference between biliary atresia and non-biliary atresia infants were selected in the derivation cohort. Then, a scoring system including those variables was designed and validated. RESULTS Among 66 patients in the derivation cohort, 34 (51.5%) had biliary atresia. A scoring system was proposed with the following variables: glycochenodeoxycholic acid/chenodeoxycholic acid, clay stool, and gamma-glutamyl transferase. The total score ranged from 0 to 41, and a cutoff value of 15 identified biliary atresia with an area under receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87 (95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.94), sensitivity of 85.3%, and specificity of 81.3% in the derivation cohort; these values were also confirmed in a validation cohort with a sensitivity of 90.0% and specificity of 80.0%. CONCLUSIONS The proposed simple scoring system had good diagnostic accuracy for estimating the risk of biliary atresia in infants with cholestasis.
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Ding Y, Zhao J, Liu G, Li Y, Jiang J, Meng Y, Xu T, Wu K. Total Bilirubin Predicts Severe Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy and the Possible Causal Mechanism. J Diabetes Res 2020; 2020:7219852. [PMID: 32832563 PMCID: PMC7421159 DOI: 10.1155/2020/7219852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early detection and treatment are key to delaying the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR), avoiding loss of vision, and reducing the burden of advanced disease. Our study is aimed at determining if total bilirubin has a predictive value for DR progression and exploring the potential mechanism involved in this pathogenesis. A total of 540 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR) were enrolled between July 2014 and September 2016 and assigned into a progression group (N = 67) or a stable group (N = 473) based on the occurrence of diabetic macular edema (DME), vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, or other conditions that may cause severe loss of vision following a telephonic interview in August 2019. After further communication, 108 patients consented to an outpatient consultation between September and November 2019. Our findings suggest the following: (1) TBIL were significant independent predictors of DR progression (HR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.54-0.89, p = 0.006). (2) Examination of outpatients indicated that compared to stable group patients, progression group patients had more components of urobilinogen and LPS but a lower concentration of TBIL. The relationship between bilirubin and severe DR was statistically significant after adjusting for sex, age, diabetes duration, type of diabetes, FPG, and HbA1c (OR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.912-0.986, p = 0.016). The addition of serum LPS and/or urobilinogen attenuated this association. This study concludes that total bilirubin predicts an increased risk of severe DR progression. Decreasing bilirubin might be attributed to the increased levels of LPS and urobilinogen, which may indicate that the change of bilirubin levels is secondary to intestinal flora disorder and/or intestinal barrier destruction. Further prospective investigations are necessary to explore the causal associations for flora disorder, intestinal barrier destruction, and DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Junmin Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Gangsheng Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Yinglong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Yun Meng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Tingting Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
| | - Kaifeng Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hefei Binhu Hospital, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230001, China
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Abstract
The abnormal breakdown of circulating red blood cells (RBCs), also known as hemolysis, is a significant clinical issue that can present as a primary disorder or arise secondary to another disease process. The evaluation for pathologic hemolysis (and the establishment of a hemolytic disorder) is heavily dependent on assays performed and overseen by the divisions of Hematology, Blood Bank/Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Chemistry, and Immunology in the clinical laboratory. Because of the wide variety of assays used across the spectrum of clinical pathology and potential pitfalls/limitations associated with this testing, the decision of which assay to choose and, perhaps more importantly, how to interpret results, can both be quite challenging. Thus, the aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive review on the laboratory investigation of pathologic forms of hemolysis and hemolytic disorders. This chapter will: (1) introduce basic concepts on the pathophysiology of hemolysis and (2) examine assays available for hemolysis on a laboratory-by-laboratory basis, with a particular emphasis on the strengths, limitations, and clinical interpretations of each of these assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa J Siddon
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Christopher A Tormey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States; Pathology & Laboratory Medicine Service, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, United States.
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Behairy BES, Konswa HAA, Ahmed HT, El-Azab DS, Adawy NM, Sira AM. Serum ferritin in neonatal cholestasis: A specific and active molecule or a non-specific bystander marker? Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2019; 18:173-180. [PMID: 30833173 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum ferritin (SF) and consequently hepatic iron have long been considered important in liver fibrosis progression. They have been studied in different liver diseases with no previous reports in neonatal cholestasis (NC). This study aimed to measure SF in different etiologies of NC and investigate its relation to hepatic iron and fibrosis. METHODS SF was measured in 75 infants, including 50 with NC and 25 with sepsis. SF was compared between these two groups. Biochemical parameters, hepatic iron grades, and liver fibrosis and other histopathological characteristics and correlated with SF were assessed in NC group. Finally, a comparison between intrahepatic cholestasis and obstructive etiology was performed. RESULTS SF was elevated in NC (1598 ± 2405 ng/mL) with no significant difference from those with sepsis (P = 0.445). NC and sepsis constituted augmenting factors leading to more elevation of SF (2589 ± 3511 ng/mL). SF was significantly correlated with hepatic iron grades (r = 0.536, P < 0.0001) and a cut-off value of 803.5 ng/mL can predict higher grades (≥ grade 3) of iron deposition with sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 70% and accuracy of 85%. Moreover, SF was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) in those with intrahepatic cholestasis (2602 ± 3154 ng/mL) and their prevalent pathological findings of giant cell transformation (P = 0.009) and hepatocyte swelling (P = 0.023) than those with obstructive etiology (672 ± 566 ng/mL) and their prevalent pathological findings of ductular proliferation (P = 0.003) and bile plugs (P = 0.002). SF was unrelated to the grade of liver fibrosis (P = 0.058). CONCLUSIONS SF is non-specifically elevated in NC, with positive correlation to hepatic iron grades. SF ≥ 803.5 ng/mL can predict higher grades (≥ grade 3) of hepatic iron. However, an active role of increased SF and hepatic iron in disease progression remains questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behairy El-Sayed Behairy
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Hatem Abd-Alsattar Konswa
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Hanaa Talaat Ahmed
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Dina Shehata El-Azab
- Department of Pathology, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Nermin Mohamed Adawy
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt
| | - Ahmad Mohamed Sira
- Department of Pediatric Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Nutrition, National Liver Institute, Menofiya University, 32511 Shebin El-koom, Menofiya, Egypt.
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Chen P, Zhong Z, Jiang H, Chen H, Lyu J, Zhou L. Th17-associated cytokines multiplex testing indicates the potential of macrophage inflammatory protein-3 alpha in the diagnosis of biliary atresia. Cytokine 2019; 116:21-26. [PMID: 30684914 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal obliterative cholangiopathy with high prevalence in south China. Accurate identification of BA among infants with obstructive jaundice is still difficult by noninvasive diagnostic tools. Th17 cells have been reported closely related with the development of BA, which suggest that Th17-associated cytokines were potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of BA patients. METHODS In the training study, 76 infants who were divided into 2 groups, including BA group (n = 31) and non-BA jaundice group (n = 45). Clinical and routine laboratory data were collected from all subjects. Totally 25 Th17-associated cytokines were tested and compared between groups. The diagnostic value of each differential cytokine was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The best potential diagnostic biomarker was further validated in a cohort including 68 jaundice infants from our partnering institution in a blinded fashion. RESULTS Data from the training study showed that gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) and clay stool would be helpful in the identification of BA patients in jaundice subjects. Th17-associated cytokines assay indicated that IL-17F, IL-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha (MIP3a), IL-22, IL-13, IL-33, IL-6, IL-17E, IL-27, IL-31, TNF-a and TNF-b were differentially expressed in BA patients, and the AUC of MIP3a was higher than other markers. MIP3a alone or combined with other laboratory data would significantly increase the diagnostic accuracy of BA. The diagnostic value of MIP3a was further confirmed in our validation study. CONCLUSION MIP3a alone or combined with other laboratory data would significantly increase the diagnostic accuracy of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisong Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Zhihai Zhong
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Huadong Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China
| | - Junjian Lyu
- Department of Neonatal Surgery, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, PR China.
| | - Luyao Zhou
- Department of Medical Ultrasonics, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Ultrasound, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, PR China.
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Zhang M, Jia S, Liu Y, Liu Y, Li S, Bo L, Zhao X, Sun C. Metabonomics analysis of kidneys in rats administered with chronic low-dose cadmium by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Appl Toxicol 2018; 39:441-450. [PMID: 30325046 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the nephrotoxicity in rats administered with chronic low-dose cadmium (Cd) by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 40 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups, namely: control; low-dose (0.13 mg/kg·body weight [bw]); middle-dose (0.80 mg/kg·bw); and high-dose (4.89 mg/kg·bw). The rats received CdCl2 daily via drinking water for 24 weeks. Rat kidneys were collected for metabonomics analysis. Principal components analysis and partial least-squares discriminant analysis were used to investigate the metabonomics profile changes in the kidney samples and to screen the potential biomarkers. Ten metabolites were identified in the positive and negative ion modes. Compared with the control group, the intensities of tetranor 12-HETE, uric acid, hypoxanthine, phenylacetylglycine, guanidinosuccinic acid and xanthosine significantly increased (P < 0.01), and those of imidazolelactic acid, lactose 6-phosphate, l-urobilinogen and arachidonic acid significantly decreased (P < 0.01) in the high-dose group. Results showed that exposure to Cd in rats induced oxidative stress to the kidneys and disrupted amino acid metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siqi Jia
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yajing Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanli Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Siqi Li
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Lu Bo
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xiujuan Zhao
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changhao Sun
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Public Health College, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Liquid chromatography–mass spectroscopy in the diagnosis of biliary atresia in children with hyperbilirubinemia. J Surg Res 2018; 228:228-237. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Due to a peculiar age-dependent increased susceptibility, neonatal cholestasis affects the liver of approximately 1 in every 2500 term infants. A high index of suspicion is the key to an early diagnosis, and to implement timely, often life-saving treatments. Even when specific treatment is not available or curative, prompt medical management and optimization of nutrition are of paramount importance to survival and avoidance of complications. Areas covered: The present article will prominently focus on a series of newer diagnostic and therapeutic options of cholestasis in neonates and infants blended with consolidated established paradigms. The overview of strategies for the management reported here is based on a systematic literature search published in English using accessible databases (PubMed, MEDLINE) with the keywords biliary atresia, choleretics and neonatal cholestasis. References lists from retrieved articles were also reviewed. Expert commentary: A large number of uncommon and rare hepatobiliary disorders may present with cholestasis during the neonatal and infantile period. Potentially life-saving disease-specific pharmacological and surgical therapeutic approaches are currently available. Advances in hepatobiliary transport mechanisms have started clarifying fundamental aspects of inherited and acquired cholestasis, laying the foundation for the development of possibly more effective specific therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Catzola
- a Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Pediatrics Section , University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
| | - Pietro Vajro
- a Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Pediatrics Section , University of Salerno , Salerno , Italy
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Wong KC. How to apply clinical cases and medical literature in the framework of a modified "failure mode and effects analysis" as a clinical reasoning tool--an illustration using the human biliary system. J Med Case Rep 2016; 10:85. [PMID: 27048215 PMCID: PMC4822271 DOI: 10.1186/s13256-016-0850-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicians use various clinical reasoning tools such as Ishikawa diagram to enhance their clinical experience and reasoning skills. Failure mode and effects analysis, which is an engineering methodology in origin, can be modified and applied to provide inputs into an Ishikawa diagram. METHOD The human biliary system is used to illustrate a modified failure mode and effects analysis. The anatomical and physiological processes of the biliary system are reviewed. Failure is defined as an abnormality caused by infective, inflammatory, obstructive, malignancy, autoimmune and other pathological processes. The potential failures, their effect(s), main clinical features, and investigation that can help a clinician to diagnose at each anatomical part and physiological process are reviewed and documented in a modified failure mode and effects analysis table. Relevant medical and surgical cases are retrieved from the medical literature and weaved into the table. RESULTS A total of 80 clinical cases which are relevant to the modified failure mode and effects analysis for the human biliary system have been reviewed and weaved into a designated table. The table is the backbone and framework for further expansion. Reviewing and updating the table is an iterative and continual process. The relevant clinical features in the modified failure mode and effects analysis are then extracted and included in the relevant Ishikawa diagram. CONCLUSIONS This article illustrates an application of engineering methodology in medicine, and it sows the seeds of potential cross-pollination between engineering and medicine. Establishing a modified failure mode and effects analysis can be a teamwork project or self-directed learning process, or a mix of both. Modified failure mode and effects analysis can be deployed to obtain inputs for an Ishikawa diagram which in turn can be used to enhance clinical experiences and clinical reasoning skills for clinicians, medical educators, and students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kam Cheong Wong
- Bathurst Rural Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Bathurst, NSW, Australia. .,School of Rural Health, University of Sydney, Orange, NSW, Australia. .,George Street Medical Practice, Bathurst, NSW, Australia.
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