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Baaij A, Kruse C, Whitworth J, Jarad F. EUROPEAN SOCIETY OF ENDODONTOLOGY Undergraduate Curriculum Guidelines for Endodontology. Int Endod J 2024; 57:982-995. [PMID: 38551606 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Undergraduate education should accomplish graduates who are skilled to provide quality care for patients, who are aware of their scope of practice, competency level and limits and who are open to referring patients whose needs are beyond their own skills and experience. They should also become self-efficacious. Quality performance begins with good diagnosis and decision-making. Graduates should understand when to treat, why to treat, what to treat and how to treat. These guidelines include a list of capabilities that the graduating student will be expected to have achieved to provide a minimum level of competency in endodontics. Theoretical knowledge, practical skills, understanding and insight should be assessed, with both formative and summative assessment procedures, making use of reflection and feedback. Endodontic procedures should be undertaken within the context of comprehensive patient care and should be evidence based. Students should not perform treatments on patients until they have demonstrated in a pre-clinical setting that they possess the required skills. Only if it is not possible to simulate a specific procedure sufficiently in a pre-clinical setting should students learn this procedure by performing it clinically under close supervision. Clinical endodontics should ideally be supervised by endodontists or by staff with special knowledge, interest and self-efficacy in endodontics. It is advised to ensure that students apply their knowledge and practice their skills periodically throughout the continuum of endodontic education until graduation. A philosophy of lifelong learning and evidence-based practice should be instilled in all dental undergraduates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemarie Baaij
- Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Casper Kruse
- Center of Oral Health in Rare Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - John Whitworth
- School of Dental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle, UK
| | - Fadi Jarad
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Madfa AA, Almansour MI, Al-Zubaidi SM, Albaqawi AH, Almeshari SA, Khawshhal AA, Alshammari RH. Assessment of the quality of root canal fillings performed on extracted teeth by undergraduate dental students in a sample from Saudi Arabia. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2024; 24:157. [PMID: 38374029 PMCID: PMC10875893 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-024-05136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The educational process in the field of endodontics commences with preclinical exercises to enhance students' proficiency in cleaning, shaping, and performing root canal fillings. Therefore, this study aimed to radiographically evaluate the technical quality of root canal fillings performed by preclinical students on extracted teeth at the College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Saudi Arabia. METHODS A total of 788 extracted human teeth received root canal treatment by undergraduate students. The samples were then gathered and radiographically assessed using the three quality criteria of length, density, and taper. The category of root canal fillings was classified as either acceptable or unacceptable. The criteria for evaluating the acceptability of filling quality were defined based on the presence of adequate length, density, and taper. The effectiveness of root canal fillings was also evaluated in relation to the tooth type, sex, and treatment year. The agreement between the examiners was evaluated using Cohen's kappa test, and the relationship between the research variables was determined using the chi-squared test. The significance threshold was set at 0. 05. RESULTS The overall quality of root filling was determined to be satisfactory in 532 (67.5%) of 788 endodontically treated extracted teeth. The majority of the research sample (88.1%) had enough length, 89.6% had adequate density, and 86.4% had acceptable taper. The quality of anterior teeth was substantially better than that of posterior teeth (p < 0.001). Our findings showed that the quality of root canals was better in 2022 than it had been in earlier years (p = 0.001). The three RCT quality criteria differed significantly when compared between sexes (p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS The quality of the root canal fillings completed by undergraduate students was rated as acceptable. The findings of the research suggest that the implementation of routine assessments to evaluate the technical competence of undergraduate dental students performing root canal treatments could provide significant insights into the efficacy of the curriculum requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Madfa
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moazzy I Almansour
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad M Al-Zubaidi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed H Albaqawi
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Saleh A Almeshari
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Anas A Khawshhal
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehab H Alshammari
- Department of Restorative Dental Science, College of Dentistry, University of Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Ha'il, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Nawar NN, Elkholy MMA, Ha WN, Bürklein S, Saber SM. Parallel endodontic education via social media: An exploratory survey study. AUST ENDOD J 2023; 49:512-523. [PMID: 37439393 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
There is insufficient research to evaluate social media's influence on endodontic education. Therefore, this study assessed the percentage of students utilising Facebook in their education and the factors influencing their engagement. A survey was conducted on dental students, interns and dentists undertaking specialist programmes. Categorical data were analysed using Fisher's Exact test and multiple pairwise comparisons. The significance level was set at p < 0.05. Responses were received from 801 participants, with 98.4% using Facebook for endodontic knowledge. Although most students knew that scientific evidence is not always provided, they still deemed such information valuable as it was a practical demonstration of clinical cases. Most students turn to Facebook for endodontic education to compensate for the gap between their academic education and clinical practice. The utilisation of social media for education can be a concerning phenomenon and should not be ignored by academic institutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawar Naguib Nawar
- Department of Endodontics, The British University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - William Nguyen Ha
- Department of Endodontics, Sydney Dental School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Sebastian Bürklein
- Central Interdisciplinary Ambulance in the School of Dentistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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Uzun D, de Sousa T, Görl S, Brandt S, Giraki M, Petsos H, Blauhut T, Heitkamp S, Begic A, Obreja K, Sayahpour B, Bühling S, Plein N, Möltner A, Gerhardt-Szép S, Zahn T. [ZApprO versus ZÄPrO: results of a first comparative study]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2023; 66:1397-1408. [PMID: 37864053 PMCID: PMC10667395 DOI: 10.1007/s00103-023-03788-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 60 years after the enactment of the first Licensing Regulations for Dentists (ZÄPrO), a new Licensing Regulations for Dentists, the ZApprO, was implemented in 2020. The aims of this study were to evaluate and compare the "Course in Technical Propaedeutics" (TPK) with the course "Dental Propaedeutics with a Focus on Dental Technology" (ZPDT), which are based on different legal foundations. METHODS The following parameters were compared after completion of the courses: (1) theoretical and practical knowledge, (2) regular department-internal learner evaluation, and (3) special evaluation of learning conditions by the learners and (4) by the instructors. The theoretical and practical exams and the questionnaires were analyzed in terms of their test-statistical characteristics (difficulty, discrimination index, internal consistency). Group comparisons between TPK and ZPDT were conducted using t‑tests for independent groups. RESULTS Significant differences were only detected in the students' evaluation of their learning conditions, with theoretical and practical knowledge transfer being rated lower in the TPK than in the ZPDT. DISCUSSION The comparable results of the knowledge assessments and the regular learner evaluation, triangulated with the comprehensive learner and instructor evaluation, allowed a broad assessment of both courses. The significant differences identified provide opportunities for optimization of the newly implemented ZPDT course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Uzun
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 (Haus 29), 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland.
| | - Theresa de Sousa
- Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Prothetik, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Steffani Görl
- Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Prothetik, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Silvia Brandt
- Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Prothetik, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Maria Giraki
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 (Haus 29), 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Hari Petsos
- Poliklinik für Parodontologie, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Thorsten Blauhut
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 (Haus 29), 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Heitkamp
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 (Haus 29), 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Amira Begic
- Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Chirurgie und Implantologie, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Karina Obreja
- Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Chirurgie und Implantologie, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Babak Sayahpour
- Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Sarah Bühling
- Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Nicolas Plein
- Poliklinik für Kieferorthopädie, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Möltner
- Qualitätsmanagement Lehre, Qualitätssicherung Prüfungen, Medizinische Fakultät Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - Susanne Gerhardt-Szép
- Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7 (Haus 29), 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
| | - Tuğba Zahn
- Poliklinik für Zahnärztliche Prothetik, Zentrum der Zahn‑, Mund- und Kieferheilkunde (ZZMK, Carolinum), Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Deutschland
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Zhong T, Liao C, Shi H. Differential attitudes and outcomes of endodontics education between mainland and non-mainland chinese students during COVID-19 pandemic. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:205. [PMID: 37024816 PMCID: PMC10078075 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-02901-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic has changed the learning style and campus life of dental students. This study aimed to evaluate the learning attitudes and outcomes of endodontics among mainland Chinese students and non-mainland Chinese students (students from Hong Kong, Macao, and Taiwan) during the pandemic. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted in November 2022 at the School of Stomatology, Jinan University, utilizing a self-report online questionnaire, including demographic characteristics and attitudes toward the endodontic course and the COVID-19 pandemic. The endodontics scores were collected from recruited students for further analysis. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software, with independent two-sample t-tests to compare continuous variables and chi-square tests for categorical variables. RESULTS A total of 215 dental students completed the survey, with 126 (58.6%) of them being non-mainland Chinese students. Compared to mainland Chinese students, non-mainland Chinese students had lower scores in both theoretical (63.6 ± 13.5 vs. 83.2 ± 8.00) and skill (88.4 ± 5.38 vs. 90.0 ± 4.91) endodontic assessments. Non-mainland Chinese students reported significantly greater impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on their learning emotions, personal hygiene, and future career choices compared to mainland Chinese students. CONCLUSIONS Non-mainland Chinese students had poorer academic performance in endodontics and experienced a greater impact from the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of their studies and lives. Dental educators should consider the diversity of students and take necessary measures to support their mental health and enhance learning outcomes in the post-COVID-19 era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhong
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Chufang Liao
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Haishan Shi
- School of Stomatology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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Fu D, Yao L, Zhu H, Yan Y, Ji M, Li Y, Chi Y, Wang Y, Liao G, Zou L. The landscape of endodontic education research area: A bibliometric analysis. J Dent Educ 2023; 87:711-720. [PMID: 36646984 DOI: 10.1002/jdd.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Educational research is essential for rationalizing curriculum design, improving evaluation systems, and updating teaching content. This bibliometric study aimed at analyzing the characteristics of publications relevant to endodontic education, thus forming a comprehensive scope of this research area. METHODS The search was conducted in the Web of Science Core Collection database in May 2022. Knowledge units of the included publications, such as year of publication, journal, country/institution/author, keywords, and highly cited articles/references, were analyzed. RESULTS The United States ranked first in the number of articles with a total of 17 articles. The majority of included articles were published in Journal of Dental Education (n = 25), International Endodontic Journal (n = 21), and European Journal of Dental Education (n = 14). The top 3 most frequent keywords were Endodontics, Education, and Root canal treatment. The main topic in endodontic education were curriculum, preclinical education, educational technology, and continuing education. CONCLUSION Forming a full scope of the endodontic research area, this bibliomertic analysis can help mine the hot topic, predict the frontiers in the field and provide the data necessary to determine the direction of research, rationalize resource allocation, and formulate policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hualing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengzhen Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yaqi Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ga Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Information Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Stomatology Informatics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Mergoni G, Citterio I, Toffoli A, Macaluso GM, Manfredi M. How Is Endodontics Taught in Italy? A Survey of Italian Dental Schools. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11237190. [PMID: 36498763 PMCID: PMC9738303 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11237190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to investigate how endodontics is taught in Italian universities. An online survey was conducted from August to December 2021. A comparison between courses led by full or associate professors (Group 1) versus courses led by other figures, such as researchers or temporary lecturers (Group 2), was made. A total of 28 out of 36 schools participated (78%). In most schools, endodontics is taught in the fifth year to 15-29 students. All schools planned pre-clinical endodontic training, and in 25/28 schools (89.3%), clinical endodontic training was also provided. The course programs varied among schools, and significantly more hours were allocated to teaching nonsurgical root canal treatment in Group 1 schools than in Group 2 schools. The average numbers of hours of preclinical and clinical training were 34.3 ± 23.6 and 84.1 ± 76.7, respectively. All schools used rotary NiTi files in their clinical training, and the vertical condensation of hot gutta-percha was the most frequently taught obturation technique. As expected, the scenario of endodontic education in Italian universities was variable and needs harmonization. Courses led by full or associate professors seem to be better structured.
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Pietrzycka K, Radwanski M, Hardan L, Bourgi R, Mancino D, Haikel Y, Lukomska-Szymanska M. The Assessment of Quality of the Root Canal Filling and the Number of Visits Needed for Completing Primary Root Canal Treatment by Operators with Different Experience. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:468. [PMID: 36135014 PMCID: PMC9495316 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9090468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of root canal treatment (RCT) is to eradicate or essentially diminish the microbial population within the root canal system and to prevent reinfection by a proper chemo-mechanical preparation and hermetic final obturation of the root canal space. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of the root canal filling and the number of visits needed for completing RCT by operators with different experience, including dentistry students (4th and 5th year), general dental practitioners (GDPs), and endodontists. Data from medical records of 798 patients were analyzed, obtaining 900 teeth and 1773 obturated canals according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. A similar number of teeth was assessed in each group in terms of density and length of root canal filling and number of visits. The larger number of visits and the lower quality of treatment was observed for 4th year students than for other groups (p < 0.05); in contrast, the endodontists needed the lowest number of visits to complete RCT and more often overfilled teeth than other operator groups (p < 0.05). Interestingly, no statistical difference in quality of root canal filling was noted between 5th year students, GPDs and endodontists. The treatment of lower teeth demanded statistically more visits than that of upper teeth (p < 0.05). The results of the study emphasize that most of the root canal filling performed by operators was considered adequate, regardless of tooth type, files used and number of visits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Pietrzycka
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Mateusz Radwanski
- Department of Endodontics, Medical University of Lodz, 251 Pomorska Str., 92-213 Lodz, Poland
| | - Louis Hardan
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Rim Bourgi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Saint-Joseph University, Beirut 1107 2180, Lebanon
| | - Davide Mancino
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Youssef Haikel
- Department of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, INSERM UMR_S 1121, Biomaterials and Bioengineering, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Strasbourg University, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Pôle de Médecine et Chirurgie Bucco-Dentaire, Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaire de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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