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Lin D, Chen D, Huang J, Li Y, Wen X, Ou P, Shi H. Breastfeeding is associated with reduced risks of central obesity and hypertension in young school-aged children: a large, population-based study. Int Breastfeed J 2023; 18:52. [PMID: 37697319 PMCID: PMC10496387 DOI: 10.1186/s13006-023-00581-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies examined the effects of breastfeeding on measured values of body circumferences or blood pressure during childhood. However, limited data are available for the association between child feeding and a specific disease diagnosed as central obesity or hypertension. Hence, we aimed to examine whether the type and duration of breastfeeding are associated with obesity/central obesity or hypertension in young school-aged children. METHODS We matched the data obtained from a cross-sectional survey in 2019 with retrospective breastfeeding information recorded in the database. Heights, weights, waist circumferences, and blood pressures of 8480 children in first grade of primary schools in Shanghai, China were measured to diagnose obesity, central obesity, and hypertension. Data on child feeding was collected retrospectively from clinical records. Associations between the type/duration of breastfeeding and children's measured values of body mass index, waist circumference, and blood pressure were analysed by linear regression. Associations between the type/duration of breastfeeding and risks of obesity, central obesity, and hypertension were analysed by generalised linear models. RESULTS Breastfeeding duration was inversely associated with blood pressure values in children in the first grade. Each month's increase in the duration of any breastfeeding was associated with a 0.07 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure (P < 0.01) and a 0.05 mmHg decrease in diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.01). Any breastfeeding > one month was associated with a reduced risk of hypertension (adjusted risk ratio 0.84; 95% CI 0.73, 0.96, P = 0.01). Exclusive breastfeeding > one month was associated with a reduced risk of central obesity (adjusted risk ratio 0.76; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.96, P = 0.02). Any breastfeeding > 12 months was linked with a lower risk of hypertension (adjusted risk ratio 0.83; 95% CI 0.70, 0.98, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Lack of breastfeeding is associated with higher risks of central obesity and hypertension during middle childhood. As a potential component of the public health strategy to reduce population levels of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, breastfeeding could be a vital prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lin
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Didi Chen
- Minhang Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Minhang Maternal and Child Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Li
- Minhang Maternal and Child Health Centre, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaosa Wen
- Minhang Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Minhang Branch, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Ou
- Fujian Maternity and Child Health Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Huijing Shi
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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Body mass index and potential correlates among elementary school children in Jordan. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:629-638. [PMID: 32328908 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00899-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Childhood obesity and overweight are on the rise worldwide, and Jordanian children are no exception to this rule. Childhood Obesity has major implications on the physical and mental health of individuals, and it can often develop into adult obesity. Obesity/overweight correlates have not been researched extensively in the Middle East region, where Jordan is central. This region is undergoing tremendous changes because of wars, globalization, and the influx of refugees. The cultural and eating habits of the people are changing along with demographical changes. Thus, timely research is required to assess the current health state of this dynamic society. The main goal of this study is to understand the environmental and cultural factors that are associated with Body Mass Index (BMI) z score in elementary school children in Jordan. METHODS A total of 1260 children enrolled in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The study used a parental self-reporting questionnaire that contains possible factors associated with BMI, zBMI, demographics, and other pertinent information. RESULTS Several factors have been associated with higher zBMI among elementary school children: if a child owns a smartphone (p = 0.0037), uses electronics to play ([Formula: see text]), uses electronics for longer hours ([Formula: see text]), eats food while using electronics or watching TV ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], respectively), sleeps less hours in weekends ([Formula: see text]), was breastfed for lower number of months ([Formula: see text]), lives in rural areas ([Formula: see text]), goes to a private school ([Formula: see text]) and is a male ([Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION Investigating characteristics and environmental determinants of childhood obesity play an essential role in establishing effective intervention program and reduce future risks of morbidity. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, descriptive (cross-sectional) study.
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Sims CR, Lipsmeyer ME, Turner DE, Andres A. Human milk composition differs by maternal BMI in the first 9 months postpartum. Am J Clin Nutr 2020; 112:548-557. [PMID: 32401302 PMCID: PMC7458771 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that maternal weight status modulates human milk composition; however, results are conflicting. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to examine the relation between maternal body composition and human milk macronutrients and bioactive components and also their association with infant daily intakes and body composition. METHODS Human milk samples were obtained from a longitudinal study (NCT01131117) in normal weight (NW: 18.5-24.9 kg/m2, n = 88) and overweight/obese (OW: 25-35 kg/m2, n = 86) women between 0.5 and 9 mo postpartum. Macronutrient content was estimated using mid-infrared spectroscopy. Leptin, insulin, and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured using electrochemiluminescence immunoassays. Infant body composition was obtained using quantitative MRI. Linear mixed models were adjusted for postpartum age and infant sex. RESULTS Human milk in OW mothers was higher in fat and protein and lower in carbohydrate content at some time points compared with that in NW mothers. Human milk leptin, insulin, and CRP concentrations were higher in OW mothers compared with NW mothers, with infants of OW mothers exposed to 1.5-2.5 times higher concentrations of leptin and insulin compared with infants of NW mothers. Similar results were observed when concentrations were normalized to infant daily intake and body weight. The effect sizes of infant daily intakes associated with infant growth parameters were small for macronutrients [0.005-0.05 z-score units and 0.02-0.45 fat mass index (FMI) or fat-free mass index units per unit of change in composition, P < 0.05]. Larger effect sizes were seen with human milk insulin and leptin (0.24 z-score units and 0.37-1.15 FMI units per unit of change in composition, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that infants of OW mothers are exposed to higher concentrations of insulin, leptin, and, to a lesser extent, CRP. The bioavailability of these 3 human milk bioactives and their mechanisms of action in the infant are unclear.This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01131117.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clark R Sims
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Melissa E Lipsmeyer
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine–Louisiana Campus, Monroe, LA, USA
| | | | - Aline Andres
- Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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Young BE, Levek C, Reynolds RM, Rudolph MC, MacLean P, Hernandez TL, Friedman JE, Krebs NF. Bioactive components in human milk are differentially associated with rates of lean and fat mass deposition in infants of mothers with normal vs. elevated BMI. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:598-606. [PMID: 30092608 PMCID: PMC6390491 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To model breastfed infant growth and body composition patterns over the first 4 months with multiple bioactive components of human milk (HM) and clinical factors (including maternal BMI status), which are related to growth. METHODS Longitudinal observation of infant growth and body composition from 0 to 4 months among 41 predominantly breastfed infants (25 mothers of Normal-weight and 16 mothers with overweight/obesity). Fasted morning HM samples were collected at 5 time-points. Macronutrients, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, insulin, cytokines and n-6:n-3 esterified fatty acid ratio were measured. Infant weight-for-length Z-score (WLZ) trajectory, fat-free mass (FFM) gain, fat mass gain and %fat gain were modelled controlling for clinical covariates. RESULTS HM insulin negatively associated with WLZ trajectory among infants of NW mothers (P = 0.028), but not associated with WLZ trajectory among infants of OW/Ob mothers. HM glucose (P < 0.001) was associated with slower rates of infant FFM gain. Infants of mothers with OW/Ob exhibited slower rates of FFM gain. HM protein, adiponectin and insulin concentrations, and n-6:n-3 ratio were all significant predictors in the model of infant fat mass gain (P < 0.03). Any amount of formula supplementation was associated with faster fat gain (P = 0.002). The model of %fat gain was similar to that of fat mass gain, excepting HM adiponectin was not a significant covariate, and a trend for maternal OW/Ob to correlate with faster %fat gain (P = 0.056). CONCLUSIONS Bioactive components in HM may contribute to regulation of partitioning of body composition, and these contributions may differ between mothers of normal-weight vs. with OW/Ob.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. E. Young
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - C. Levek
- Department of Pediatrics and Colorado Children’s Hospital Research Institute Biostatistics Core, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - R. M. Reynolds
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M. C. Rudolph
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - P. MacLean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - T. L. Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J. E. Friedman
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA,Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - N. F. Krebs
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Nutrition, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Mitchell EA, Stewart AW, Braithwaite I, Murphy R, Hancox RJ, Wall C, Beasley R. Factors associated with body mass index in children and adolescents: An international cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196221. [PMID: 29718950 PMCID: PMC5931641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in childhood has implications for their future health. There are many potential contributors to overweight and obesity in childhood. The aim was to investigate the association between postulated risk factors and body mass index (BMI) in children and adolescents. METHODS Secondary analysis of data from a multi-centre, multi-country, cross-sectional study (ISAAC Phase Three). Parents/guardians of children aged 6-7 years completed a questionnaire about their child's current height and weight, and the postulated risk factors. Adolescents aged 13-14 years reported their own height and weight and answered questions about the postulated risk factors. A general linear mixed model was used to determine the association between BMI and the postulated risk factors. Imputation was used if there were missing responses for 3 or fewer explanatory variables. RESULTS 65,721 children (27 centres, 15 countries) and 189,282 adolescents (70 centres, 35 countries) were included in the final analyses. Many statistically significant associations were identified, although for most variables the effect sizes were small. In children birth weight (for each kg increase in birth weight the BMI increased by +0.43 kg/m2, p<0.001), television viewing (5+ hours/day +0.33 kg/m2 vs. <1 hour/day, p<0.001), fast food (≥3 times/week +0.16 kg/m2 vs. never, p<0.001) vigorous physical activity (3+ hours/week 0.071 kg/m2 vs. never, p = 0.023) and maternal smoking in the first year of life (+0.13 kg/m2, p<0.001) were associated with a higher BMI in the adjusted model. Nut consumption (≥3 times/week -0.11 kg/m2 vs. never, p = 0.002) was associated with a lower BMI. Early life exposures (antibiotics, paracetamol and breast feeding) were also associated with BMI. For adolescents statistically significant associations with BMI and were seen with maternal smoking (+0.25 kg/m2, p<0.001), television viewing (5+ hours/day +0.23 kg/m2 vs. <1 hour/day, p<0.001), fast food (≥3 times/week -0.19 kg/m2 vs. never, p<0.001), vigorous physical activity (3+ hours/week 0.047 kg/m2 vs. never, p<0.001) and nuts (≥3 times/week -0.22 kg/m2 vs. never, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although several early life exposures were associated with small differences in BMI, most effect sizes were small. Larger effect sizes were seen with current maternal smoking, television viewing (both with higher BMI) and frequent nut consumption (lower BMI) in both children and adolescents, suggesting that current behaviours are more important than early exposures. Although many variables may influence BMI in childhood, the putative factors studied are not of sufficient magnitude to support major public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin A. Mitchell
- Department of Paediatrics: Child and Youth Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair W. Stewart
- School of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Rinki Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert J. Hancox
- Department of Preventive & Social Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Clare Wall
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard Beasley
- Medical Research Institute of New Zealand, Wellington, New Zealand
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Reyes M, Burrows R, Blanco E, Lozoff B, Gahagan S. Greater early weight gain and shorter breastfeeding are associated with low adolescent adiponectin levels. Pediatr Obes 2018; 13:277-284. [PMID: 28303690 PMCID: PMC5600663 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early life factors can programme future risk for cardiovascular disease. OBJECTIVES We explored associations between adolescent adiponectin levels and concomitant metabolic alteration and also looked at the association between early life factors and adolescent adiponectin levels. METHODS We studied a longitudinal cohort of low-income to middle-income Chilean adolescents who were enroled in an infancy iron-deficiency anaemia preventive trial and follow-up studies at the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile. In the 577 adolescents who were assessed as part of the 16-year follow-up, we evaluated independent associations between adiponectin levels and metabolic disturbances during adolescence. We also assessed the association between early life factors [short breastfeeding {<6 months} and infancy weight gain] and adolescent adiponectin levels. RESULTS Participants were 16.8 years old (16.4-18.1), 48% female and 38% overweight/obese. Adolescent adiponectin levels were inversely associated with metabolic disturbances: altered homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [odds ratios {95% confidence interval} = 0.87 {0.79-0.95}, p-value = 0.002, and 0.90 {0.87-0.94}, p-value < 0.001, respectively], adjusting for sex and fat mass index. Early life factors were independently associated with adolescent adiponectin levels, which decreased 0.88 ug mL-1 per each unit increase in weight-for-age z-score between 0 and 6 months and was 1.58 ug mL-1 lower among participants with short breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS Higher adolescent adiponectin levels were independently associated with lower odds of metabolic disturbances. Greater weight gain during infancy and shorter breastfeeding were associated with lower adolescent adiponectin levels, supporting research indicating early life as a window of opportunity for prevention of later cardiovascular alterations. © 2017 World Obesity Federation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Reyes
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology (INTA), University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Estela Blanco
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA
| | - Betsy Lozoff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Sheila Gahagan
- Division of Child Development and Community Health, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, USA,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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Exclusive breastfeeding and partial breastfeeding reduce the risk of overweight in childhood: A nationwide longitudinal study in Korea. Obes Res Clin Pract 2018; 12:222-228. [PMID: 29396229 DOI: 10.1016/j.orcp.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breastfeeding is generally known to reduce the risk of childhood overweight and obesity. However, the results are controversial between countries, and nationwide data are rare. This study assessed the relationship between breastfeeding types and overweight incidence using nationwide longitudinal data in Korea. METHODS We analysed 774,764 infants who participated in the longitudinal nationwide data from the Korea National Children's Health Examination 2007-2013. Childhood overweight was defined by a Z-score≥1.64 (95th centile) for infants under 24 months and Z-scores≥1.04 (85th centile) for children over 24 months. Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyse the relationship between breastfeeding types and overweight incidence. RESULTS Infants who were exclusively breastfed at 4-6 months of age had the multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio (HRs) for overweight of 0.78 (95% CI 0.77-0.79) and infants who were partially breastfed had the HRs for overweight of 0.96 (95% CI 0.94-0.98), which was lower compared to that of the exclusively formula fed group. Similar results were obtained for stratified analysis by boys and girls. CONCLUSIONS Exclusive and partial breastfeeding have preventive effect on childhood overweight in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage breastfeeding to prevent childhood obesity and its consequences in developed Asian countries.
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Lindsay AC, Le Q, Greaney ML. Infant Feeding Beliefs, Attitudes, Knowledge and Practices of Chinese Immigrant Mothers: An Integrative Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:ijerph15010021. [PMID: 29295487 PMCID: PMC5800121 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chinese are a fast-growing immigrant population group in several parts of the world (e.g., Australia, Canada, Europe, Southeast Asia, United States). Research evidence suggests that compared to non-Hispanic whites, individuals of Asian-origin including Chinese are at higher risk of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes at a lower body mass index (BMI). These risks may be possibly due to genetic differences in body composition and metabolic responses. Despite the increasing numbers of Chinese children growing up in immigrant families and the increasing prevalence of obesity among Chinese, little research has been focused on children of Chinese immigrant families. This integrative review synthesizes the evidence on infant feeding beliefs, attitudes, knowledge and practices of Chinese immigrant mothers; highlights limitations of available research; and offers suggestions for future research. Using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched four electronic academic/research databases (CINAHL, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed) to identify peer-reviewed, full-text papers published in English between January 2000 and September 2017. Only studies with mothers 18+ years old of normally developing infants were included. Of the 797 citations identified, 15 full-text papers were retrieved and 11 studies (8 cross-sectional studies, 3 qualitative studies) met the inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Reviewed studies revealed high initiation rates of breastfeeding, but sharp declines in breastfeeding rates by six months of age. In addition, reviewed studies revealed that the concomitantly use of breast milk and formula, and the early introduction of solid foods were common. Finally, reviewed studies identified several familial and socio-cultural influences on infant feeding beliefs and practices that may increase risk of overweight and obesity during infancy and early childhood among Chinese children of immigrant families. Nonetheless, as only 11 studies were identified and because the majority of studies (n = 8) were conducted in Australia, additional research including longitudinal studies, and studies conducted in countries with large Chinese immigrant population are needed to further identify and understand influences on Chinese immigrant mothers' beliefs, attitudes, and practices related to infant feeding that may increase risk of child overweight and obesity. This information is needed to develop interventions tailored to the beliefs and needs of this fast-growing immigrant group and aimed at promoting healthy infant feeding practices to prevent childhood overweight and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Lindsay
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Qun Le
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| | - Mary L Greaney
- Health Studies and Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Nianogo RA, Wang MC, Wang A, Nobari TZ, Crespi CM, Whaley SE, Arah OA. Projecting the impact of hypothetical early life interventions on adiposity in children living in low-income households. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:398-405. [PMID: 27283011 PMCID: PMC5290222 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing early childhood obesity using randomized trials. Objective To illustrate how observational data can be analysed using causal inference methods to estimate the potential impact of behavioural 'interventions' on early childhood adiposity. Methods We used longitudinal data from 1054 children 1-5 years old enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children and followed (WIC) from 2008 to 2010 for a mean duration of 23 months. The data came from a random sample of WIC families living in Los Angeles County in 2008. We used the parametric g-formula to estimate the impact of various hypothetical behavioural interventions. Results Adjusted mean weight-for-height Z score at the end of follow-up was 0.73 (95% CI 0.65, 0.81) under no intervention and 0.63 (95% CI 0.38, 0.87) for all interventions given jointly. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or longer was the most effective intervention [population mean difference = -0.11 (95% CI -0.22, 0.01)]. Other interventions had little or no effect. Conclusions Compared with interventions promoting healthy eating and physical activity behaviours, breastfeeding was more effective in reducing obesity risk in children aged 1-5 years. When carefully applied, causal inference methods may offer viable alternatives to randomized trials in etiologic and evaluation research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roch A Nianogo
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California Center for Population Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - May C Wang
- California Center for Population Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aolin Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California Center for Population Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tabashir Z Nobari
- California Center for Population Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
- Research and Evaluation Unit, Public Health Foundation Enterprises- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (PHFE WIC), 12781 Schabarum Ave., Irwindale, CA 91706
| | - Catherine M Crespi
- Department of Biostatistics, UCLA School of Public Health, Box 951772, Los Angeles, CA 951772
| | - Shannon E Whaley
- Research and Evaluation Unit, Public Health Foundation Enterprises- Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children (PHFE WIC), 12781 Schabarum Ave., Irwindale, CA 91706
| | - Onyebuchi A Arah
- Department of Epidemiology, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), 650 Charles E Young Dr S, Los Angeles, CA 90095
- California Center for Population Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA
- UCLA Center for Health Policy Research, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Rauschert S, Mori TA, Beilin LJ, Jacoby P, Uhl O, Koletzko B, Oddy WH, Hellmuth C. Early Life Factors, Obesity Risk, and the Metabolome of Young Adults. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1549-1555. [PMID: 28758369 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Noncommunicable diseases such as obesity have become a serious global public health epidemic. This study aimed to examine whether there was an association between early life factors (with a special focus on breastfeeding) BMI, waist circumference, and the metabolome in offspring at 20 years. METHODS Data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study were analyzed using 1,024 plasma samples from the 20-year follow-up. A liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry metabolomics approach was used to measure metabolites. Multiple linear regression models were performed and adjusted for relevant confounders. Inverse probability weighting was used to adjust the 20-year data for differences in socioeconomic variables between participants and nonparticipants since the commencement of the study. RESULTS An inverse association between breastfeeding and BMI or waist circumference at 20 years was lost after adjusting for parental prepregnancy BMI and maternal smoking during pregnancy. There was no significant effect of breastfeeding on metabolite concentrations at 20 years. CONCLUSIONS Although other studies have shown associations between breastfeeding, obesity, and metabolite concentrations at younger ages, this was not evident in our study in young adults. We found no association of metabolites previously associated with waist circumference at 20 years and breastfeeding in early life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Rauschert
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Trevor A Mori
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lawrence J Beilin
- School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Royal Perth Hospital Unit, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Peter Jacoby
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Olaf Uhl
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Wendy H Oddy
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Christian Hellmuth
- Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany
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11
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Modrek S, Basu S, Harding M, White JS, Bartick M, Rodriguez E, Rosenberg KD. Does breastfeeding duration decrease child obesity? An instrumental variables analysis. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:304-311. [PMID: 27161761 PMCID: PMC6588354 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have documented that breastfeeding is associated with a significant reduction in child obesity risk. However, a persistent problem in this literature is that unobservable confounders may drive the correlations between breastfeeding behaviors and child weight outcomes. OBJECTIVE This study examines the effect of breastfeeding practices on child weight outcomes at age 2. METHODS This study relied on population-based data for all births in Oregon in 2009 followed for two years. We used instrumental variables methods to exploit variations in breastfeeding by mothers immediately after delivery and the degree to which hospitals encouraged mothers to breastfeed in order to isolate the effect of breastfeeding practices on child weight outcomes. RESULTS We found that for every extra week that the child was breastfed, the likelihood of the child being obese at age 2 declined by 0.82% [95% CI -1.8% to 0.1%]. Likewise, for every extra week that the child was exclusively breastfed, the likelihood of being obese declined by 0.66% [95% CI -1.4 to 0.06%]. While the magnitudes of effects were modest and marginally significant, the results were robust in a variety of specifications. CONCLUSION The results suggest that hospital practices that support breastfeeding may influence childhood weight outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Modrek
- Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - S. Basu
- Stanford University School of Medicine Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - M. Harding
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - J. S. White
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - M.C. Bartick
- Cambridge Health Alliance Somerville Hospital Somerville, MA, USA
| | - E. Rodriguez
- School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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12
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Fields DA, George B, Williams M, Whitaker K, Allison DB, Teague A, Demerath EW. Associations between human breast milk hormones and adipocytokines and infant growth and body composition in the first 6 months of life. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12 Suppl 1:78-85. [PMID: 28160457 PMCID: PMC5540830 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much is to be learnt about human breast milk (HBM). OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study is to extend our knowledge of HBM by investigating the role of maternal body mass index (BMI), sex and stage of lactation (month 1 vs. 6) on HBM insulin, glucose, leptin, IL-6 and TNF-α and their associations with infant body composition. METHODS Thirty-seven exclusively breastfeeding infants (n = 37; 16♀, 21♂), and their mothers (19-47 kg m-2 ) were studied at 1 and 6 months of lactation. Infants had body composition measured (using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) and HBM collected. RESULTS A significant interaction between maternal BMI and infant sex on insulin levels (p = 0.0322) was observed such that insulin was 229% higher in obese mothers nursing female infants than in normal weight mothers nursing female infants and 179% higher than obese mothers nursing male infants. For leptin, a significant association with BMI category was observed (p < 0.0001) such that overweight and obese mothers had 96.5% and 315.1% higher leptin levels than normal weight mothers, respectively. Leptin was also found to have a significant (p = 0.0004) 33.7% decrease from months 1 to 6, controlling for BMI category and sex. A significant inverse relationship between month 1 leptin levels and infant length (p = 0.0257), percent fat (p = 0.0223), total fat mass (p = 0.0226) and trunk fat mass (p = 0.0111) at month 6 was also found. No associations or interactions were observed for glucose, TNF-α or IL-6. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that maternal BMI, infant sex and stage of lactation affect the compositional make-up of insulin and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Fields
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and CMRI Metabolic Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Brandon George
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - Marvin Williams
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Maternal Fetal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Kara Whitaker
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
| | - David B. Allison
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Birmingham, AL
| | - April Teague
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and CMRI Metabolic Research Program, Oklahoma City, OK
| | - Ellen W. Demerath
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN
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13
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Betoko A, Lioret S, Heude B, Hankard R, Carles S, Forhan A, Regnault N, Botton J, Charles MA, de Lauzon-Guillain B. Influence of infant feeding patterns over the first year of life on growth from birth to 5 years. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12 Suppl 1:94-101. [PMID: 28299906 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES As early-life feeding experiences may influence later health, we aimed to examine relations between feeding patterns over the first year of life and child's growth in the first 5 years of life. METHODS Our analysis included 1022 children from the EDEN mother-child cohort. Three feeding patterns were previously identified, i.e. 'Later dairy products introduction and use of ready-prepared baby foods' (pattern-1), 'Long breastfeeding, later main meal food introduction and use of home-made foods' (pattern-2) and 'Use of ready-prepared adult foods' (pattern-3). Associations between the feeding patterns and growth [weight, height and body mass index {BMI}] were analysed by multivariable linear regressions. Anthropometric changes were assessed by the final value adjusted for the initial value. RESULTS Even though infant feeding patterns were not related to anthropometric measurements at 1, 3 and 5 years, high scores on pattern-1 were associated with higher 1-3 years weight and height changes. High scores on pattern-2 were related to lower 0-1 year weight and height changes, higher 1-5 years weight and height changes but not to BMI changes, after controlling for a wide range of potential confounding variables including parental BMI. Scores on pattern-3 were not significantly related to growth. Additional adjustment for breastfeeding duration reduced the strength of the associations between pattern-2 and growth but not those between pattern-1 and height growth. CONCLUSION Our findings emphasize the relevance of considering infant feeding patterns including breastfeeding duration, age of complementary foods introduction as well as type of foods used when examining effects of early infant feeding practices on later health. © 2017 World Obesity Federation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Betoko
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - S Lioret
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - B Heude
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - R Hankard
- Inserm, UMR 1069, Tours, France.,CHU Tours, Tours, France.,Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
| | - S Carles
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - A Forhan
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - N Regnault
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - J Botton
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Université Paris Sud, Faculty of Pharmacy, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - M A Charles
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - B de Lauzon-Guillain
- INSERM, UMR1153 Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sorbonne Paris Cité Center (CRESS), ORCHAD Team, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
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14
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Martin RM, Kramer MS, Patel R, Rifas-Shiman SL, Thompson J, Yang S, Vilchuck K, Bogdanovich N, Hameza M, Tilling K, Oken E. Effects of Promoting Long-term, Exclusive Breastfeeding on Adolescent Adiposity, Blood Pressure, and Growth Trajectories: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr 2017; 171:e170698. [PMID: 28459932 PMCID: PMC5576545 DOI: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2017.0698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Evidence that breastfeeding reduces child obesity risk and lowers blood pressure (BP) is based on potentially confounded observational studies. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of a breastfeeding promotion intervention on adiposity and BP at age 16 years and on longitudinal growth trajectories from birth. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Cluster-randomized Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial. Belarusian maternity hospitals and affiliated polyclinics (the clusters) were allocated into intervention (n = 16) or control arms (n = 15) in 1996 and 1997. The trial participants were 17 046 breastfeeding mother-infant pairs; of these, 13 557 children (79.5%) were followed up at 16 years of age between September 2012 and July 2015. INTERVENTIONS Breastfeeding promotion, modeled on the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Body mass index (BMI, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); fat and fat-free mass indices and percentage of body fat from bioimpedance; waist circumference; overweight and obesity; height; BP; and longitudinal growth trajectories. The primary analysis was modified intention-to-treat (without imputation for losses to follow-up) accounting for within-clinic clustering. RESULTS We examined 13 557 children at a median age of 16.2 years (48.5% were girls). The intervention substantially increased breastfeeding duration and exclusivity compared with the control arm (exclusively breastfed: 45% vs 6% at 3 months, respectively). Mean differences at 16 years between intervention and control groups were 0.21 (95% CI, 0.06-0.36) for BMI; 0.21 kg/m2 (95% CI, -0.03 to 0.44) for fat mass index; 0.00 kg/m2 (95% CI, -0.21 to 0.22) for fat-free mass index; 0.71% (95% CI, -0.32 to 1.74) for percentage body fat; -0.73 cm (-2.48 to 1.02) for waist circumference; 0.05 cm (95% CI, -0.85 to 0.94) for height; -0.54 mm Hg (95% CI, -2.40 to 1.31) for systolic BP; and 0.71 mm Hg (95% CI, -0.68 to 2.10) for diastolic BP. The odds ratio for overweight/obesity (BMI ≥85th percentile vs <85th percentile) was 1.14 (95% CI, 1.02-1.28) and the odds ratio for obesity (BMI ≥95th percentile vs <95th percentile) was 1.09 (95% CI, 0.92-1.29). The intervention resulted in a more rapid rate of gain in postinfancy height (1 to 2.8 years), weight (2.8 to 14.5 years), and BMI (2.8 to 8.5 years) compared with the control arm. The intervention had little effect on BMI z score changes after 8.5 years. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE A randomized intervention that increased the duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding was not associated with lowered adolescent obesity risk or BP. On the contrary, the prevalence of overweight/obesity was higher in the intervention arm. All mothers initiated breastfeeding, so findings may not apply to comparisons of the effects of breastfeeding vs formula feeding. TRIAL REGISTRATION isrctn.org: ISRCTN37687716; and clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01561612.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Martin
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, BS8 2PS,University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust National Institute for Health Research Bristol Nutrition Biomedical Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK,Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, BS8 2BN
| | - Michael S. Kramer
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Canada, QC H3A 1A2
| | - Rita Patel
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, BS8 2PS
| | - Sheryl L. Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Drive Suite 401E, Boston, USA, MA 02215
| | - Jennifer Thompson
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Drive Suite 401E, Boston, USA, MA 02215
| | - Seungmi Yang
- Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Montreal, Canada, QC H3A 1A2
| | - Konstantin Vilchuck
- National Research and Applied Medicine Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Natalia Bogdanovich
- National Research and Applied Medicine Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Mikhail Hameza
- National Research and Applied Medicine Mother and Child Centre, Minsk, Republic of Belarus
| | - Kate Tilling
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, BS8 2PS
| | - Emily Oken
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 401 Park Drive Suite 401E, Boston, USA, MA 02215
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15
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Chi DL, Luu M, Chu F. A scoping review of epidemiologic risk factors for pediatric obesity: Implications for future childhood obesity and dental caries prevention research. J Public Health Dent 2017; 77 Suppl 1:S8-S31. [PMID: 28600842 DOI: 10.1111/jphd.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are the non-modifiable (socioeconomic, genetic) and modifiable factors (physical activity, dietary behaviors) related to childhood (under age 12) obesity? How can this knowledge be applied to oral health professionals' efforts to prevent or manage dental caries in children? OBJECTIVES Studies have identified risk factors for childhood obesity. The purpose of this scoping review was to develop a conceptual model to identify non-modifiable and modifiable risk factors for childhood obesity and to illustrate how these findings are relevant in developing interventions aimed at preventing obesity and dental caries in children. METHODS The authors searched PubMed and Embase and limited the study to English-language publications. A total of 2,572 studies were identified. After de-duplication, 2,479 studies remained and were downloaded into a citation-management tool. Two authors screened the titles and abstracts for relevance. Two hundred and sixty studies remained and were retrieved for a full-text review, and 80 studies were excluded, resulting in 180 studies included in the scoping review. An inductive content analytic methods was used to organize all statistically significant obesity risk factors into seven domains, which were classified as non-modifiable or modifiable; then a conceptual model of common risk factors associated with childhood obesity and dental caries was developed. RESULTS Non-modifiable obesity risk factors include biological and developmental (e.g., genes, developmental conditions, puberty), sociodemographic and household (e.g., race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parent education, unemployment), cultural (e.g., degree of acculturation), and community (e.g., neighborhood composition). Modifiable risk factors included behavioral (e.g., diet, physical activity, weight), psychosocial (e.g., maternal stress, family functioning, parenting practices, child temperament), and medical (e.g., parent smoking, maternal health, child health). CONCLUSIONS Identifying common risk factors has important implications for future oral health research aimed at preventing childhood obesity and dental caries. Epidemiologic knowledge gleaned from the literature can be used to develop rigorous interventions and programs aimed at preventing these highly prevalent diseases and improving health outcomes for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L Chi
- Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Monique Luu
- Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Frances Chu
- Oral Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Lindsay AC, Sitthisongkram S, Greaney ML, Wallington SF, Ruengdej P. Non-Responsive Feeding Practices, Unhealthy Eating Behaviors, and Risk of Child Overweight and Obesity in Southeast Asia: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14040436. [PMID: 28422081 PMCID: PMC5409637 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14040436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is increasing dramatically in many Southeast Asian countries, and becoming a significant public health concern. This review summarizes the evidence on associations between parental feeding practices, child eating behaviors, and the risk of overweight and obesity in Southeast Asian children 2–12 years old. We systematically searched five electronic academic/research (PubMed, PsycINFO, ProQuest Nursing, Medline, and CINAHL) databases using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement for peer-reviewed studies published in English between January 2000 and December 2016. Fourteen observational studies met the inclusion criteria and were reviewed. Reviewed studies were examined separately for preschool- and school-aged children and revealed that non-responsive parental feeding practices and unhealthy child eating behaviors were associated with a risk of child overweight and obesity in several Southeast Asian countries. Nonetheless, due to the small number of identified studies (n = 14) and because only about half of the Southeast Asian countries (Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, the Philippines, and Malaysia) were represented (5/11) in the examined studies, additional research is needed to further understand the factors associated with childhood obesity among children in Southeast Asia to develop interventions that are tailored to the specific needs of Southeast Asian countries and designed to address practices and behaviors that may promote childhood obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cristina Lindsay
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts-Boston, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02125, USA.
| | | | - Mary L Greaney
- Health Studies and Department of Kinesiology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Sherrie F Wallington
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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17
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Bider-Canfield Z, Martinez MP, Wang X, Yu W, Bautista MP, Brookey J, Page KA, Buchanan TA, Xiang AH. Maternal obesity, gestational diabetes, breastfeeding and childhood overweight at age 2 years. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:171-178. [PMID: 26956226 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal obesity, excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG), gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and breastfeeding are four important factors associated with childhood obesity. OBJECTIVES The objective of the study was to assess the interplay among these four factors and their independent contributions to childhood overweight in a cohort with standard clinical care. METHODS The cohort included 15 710 mother-offspring pairs delivered in 2011. Logistic regression was used to assess associations between maternal exposures and childhood overweight (body mass index >85th percentile) at age 2 years. RESULTS Mothers with pre-pregnancy obesity or overweight were more likely to have EGWG, GDM and less likely to breastfeed ≥6 months. Mothers with GDM had 40-49% lower EGWG rates and similar breastfeeding rates compared with mothers without GDM. Analysis adjusted for exposures and covariates revealed an adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) associated with childhood overweight at age 2 years of 2.34 (2.09-2.62), 1.50 (1.34-1.68), 1.23 (1.12-1.35), 0.95 (0.83-1.10) and 0.76 (0.69-0.83) for maternal obesity, overweight, EGWG, GDM and breastfeeding ≥6 months vs. <6 months, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In this large clinical cohort, GDM was not associated with, but maternal pre-pregnancy obesity or overweight and EGWG were independently associated with an increased risk, and breastfeeding ≥6 months was associated with a decreased risk of childhood overweight at age 2 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Bider-Canfield
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M P Martinez
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - X Wang
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - W Yu
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M P Bautista
- Consulting & Implementation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J Brookey
- Quality and Risk, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - K A Page
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - T A Buchanan
- Department of Medicine and Diabetes and Obesity Research Institute, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - A H Xiang
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
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18
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Besharat Pour M, Bergström A, Bottai M, Magnusson J, Kull I, Moradi T. Age at adiposity rebound and body mass index trajectory from early childhood to adolescence; differences by breastfeeding and maternal immigration background. Pediatr Obes 2017; 12:75-84. [PMID: 26910193 DOI: 10.1111/ijpo.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This paper aims to assess association between breastfeeding and maternal immigration background and body mass index development trajectories from age 2 to 16 years. METHODS A cohort of children born in Stockholm during 1994 to 1996 was followed from age 2 to 16 years with repeated measurement of height and weight at eight time points (n = 2278). Children were categorized into groups by breastfeeding status during the first 6 months of life and maternal immigration background. Body mass index (BMI) trajectories and age at adiposity rebound were estimated using mixed-effects linear models. RESULTS Body mass index trajectories were different by breastfeeding and maternal immigration status (P-value < 0.0001). Compared with exclusively breastfed counterparts, never/short breastfed children of Swedish mothers had a higher BMI trajectory, whereas never/short breastfed children of immigrant mothers followed a lower BMI trajectory. Ages at adiposity rebound were earlier for higher BMI trajectories regardless of maternal immigration background. CONCLUSION Differences in BMI trajectories between offspring of immigrant and of Swedish mothers suggest a lack of beneficial association between breastfeeding and long-term BMI development among children of immigrant mothers. Given the relation between long-term BMI development and risk of overweight/obesity, these differences challenge the notion that exclusive breastfeeding is always beneficial for children's BMI development and subsequent risk of overweight/obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Besharat Pour
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Bergström
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Bottai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Unit of Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Magnusson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I Kull
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Science and Education, Stockholm South General Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Sachs' Children and Youth Hospital, Stockholm South General Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Moradi
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Epidemiology and Community Medicine, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
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19
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Obese Mothers have Lower Odds of Experiencing Pro-breastfeeding Hospital Practices than Mothers of Normal Weight: CDC Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS), 2004-2008. Matern Child Health J 2016; 20:593-601. [PMID: 26515471 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-015-1858-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study examines the extent to which a mother's pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) category is associated with her exposure to pro-breastfeeding hospital practices. METHODS Data from the 2004-2008 CDC PRAMS were analyzed for three states (Illinois, Maine, and Vermont) that had administered an optional survey question about hospital pro-breastfeeding practices. RESULTS Of 19,145 mothers surveyed, 19 % were obese (pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 30). Obese mothers had lower odds than mothers of normal weight of initiating breastfeeding [70 vs. 79 % (unweighted), p < 0.0001]. Compared with women of normal weight, obese mothers had lower odds of being exposed to pro-breastfeeding hospital practices during the birth hospitalization. Specifically, obese mothers had higher odds of using a pacifier in the hospital [odds ratio (OR) 1.31, 95 % confidence interval (CI) (1.17-1.48), p < 0.0001] and lower odds of: a staff member providing them with information about breastfeeding [OR 0.71, 95 % CI (0.57-0.89), p = 0.002], a staff member helping them breastfeed [OR 0.69, 95 % CI (0.61-0.78), p < 0.0001], breastfeeding in the first hour after delivery [OR 0.55, 95 % CI (0.49-0.62), p < 0.0001], being given a telephone number for breastfeeding help [OR 0.65, 95 % CI (0.57-0.74), p < 0.0001], rooming in [OR 0.84, 95 % CI (0.73-0.97), p = 0.02], and being instructed to breastfeed on demand [OR 0.66, 95 % CI (0.58-0.75), p < 0.0001]. Adjusting for multiple covariates, all associations except rooming in remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Obesity stigma may be a determinant of breastfeeding outcomes for obese mothers. Breastfeeding support should be improved for this at-risk population.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Cody Stanford
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics; Massachusetts General Hospital Weight Center , Boston, Massachusetts
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21
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Kair LR, Colaizy TT. When Breast Milk Alone Is Not Enough: Barriers to Breastfeeding Continuation among Overweight and Obese Mothers. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:250-7. [PMID: 26378016 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415605303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with decreased breastfeeding duration. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to identify barriers to breastfeeding continuation among overweight and obese mothers. METHODS A retrospective cohort study examining breastfeeding continuation barriers was conducted using results of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System survey from Illinois, Maine, and Vermont from 2004 to 2008. SAS Complex Survey version 9.3 was used for analysis. RESULTS Of 19,145 mothers surveyed, 3717 (19%) were obese and 4367 (23%) were overweight. Overall, 14,731 women initiated breastfeeding, and 6467 discontinued breastfeeding prior to survey completion, around 4 months postpartum. The most common reasons that mothers reported for discontinuing breastfeeding were insufficient milk supply, infant not satisfied with breast milk alone, and breastfeeding difficulty. Overweight and obese women, compared with women of normal weight, had higher odds of discontinuing breastfeeding because their babies were not satisfied by breast milk alone (overweight: odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.68; obese: OR = 1.26, 95% CI, 1.03-1.54). Obese mothers, compared with normal weight mothers, had lower odds of discontinuing breastfeeding because it felt like the right time (OR = 0.64, 95% CI, 0.47-0.88) and higher odds of discontinuing due to breastfeeding difficulties (OR = 1.29, 95% CI, 1.05-1.58) and infant jaundice (OR = 1.81, 95% CI, 1.26-2.60). CONCLUSION Obese and overweight mothers were significantly more likely to discontinue breastfeeding due to infant dissatisfaction with breast milk alone. Obese mothers had higher odds than normal weight mothers of discontinuing breastfeeding due to breastfeeding difficulties and infant jaundice. Breastfeeding education and support should be enhanced for this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Kair
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Tarah T Colaizy
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, USA
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