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El-Baky NA, Amara AA, Uversky VN, Redwan EM. Intrinsic factors behind long COVID: III. Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its components. J Cell Biochem 2024; 125:22-44. [PMID: 38098317 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Considerable research has been done in investigating SARS-CoV-2 infection, its characteristics, and host immune response. However, debate is still ongoing over the emergence of post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC). A multitude of long-lasting symptoms have been reported several weeks after the primary acute SARS-CoV-2 infection that resemble several other viral infections. Thousands of research articles have described various post-COVID-19 conditions. Yet, the evidence around these ongoing health problems, the reasons behind them, and their molecular underpinnings are scarce. These persistent symptoms are also known as long COVID-19. The persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and/or its components in host tissues can lead to long COVID. For example, the presence of viral nucleocapsid protein and RNA was detected in the skin, appendix, and breast tissues of some long COVID patients. The persistence of viral RNA was reported in multiple anatomic sites, including non-respiratory tissues such as the adrenal gland, ocular tissue, small intestine, lymph nodes, myocardium, and sciatic nerve. Distinctive viral spike sequence variants were also found in non-respiratory tissues. Interestingly, prolonged detection of viral subgenomic RNA was observed across all tissues, sometimes in multiple tissues of the same patient, which likely reflects recent but defective viral replication. Moreover, the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA was noticed throughout the brain at autopsy, as late as 230 days following symptom onset among unvaccinated patients who died of severe infection. Here, we review the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and its components as an intrinsic factor behind long COVID. We also highlight the immunological consequences of this viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nawal Abd El-Baky
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Amro A Amara
- Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute (GEBRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Liu W, Wei T, Wang X. Plant reoviruses hijack autophagy in insect vectors. Trends Microbiol 2023; 31:1251-1261. [PMID: 37453843 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant reoviruses, transmitted only by insect vectors, seriously threaten global cereal production. Understanding how insect vectors efficiently transmit the viruses is key to controlling the viral diseases. Autophagy commonly plays important roles in plant host defense against virus infection, but recent studies have shown that plant reoviruses can hijack the autophagy pathway in insect cells to enable their persistence in the insect and continued transmission to plants. Here, we summarize and discuss new insights on viral activation, evasion, regulation, and manipulation of autophagy within the insect vectors and the role of autophagy in virus survival in insect vectors. Deeper knowledge of the functions of autophagy in vectors may lead to novel strategies for blocking transmission of insect-borne plant viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
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3
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Rubio-Casillas A, Redwan EM, Uversky VN. Does SARS-CoV-2 Induce IgG4 Synthesis to Evade the Immune System? Biomolecules 2023; 13:1338. [PMID: 37759738 PMCID: PMC10526126 DOI: 10.3390/biom13091338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the COVID-19 disease, has been shown to cause immune suppression in certain individuals. This can manifest as a reduced ability of the host's immune system to effectively control the infection. Studies have reported that patients with COVID-19 can exhibit a decline in white blood cell counts, including natural killer cells and T cells, which are integral components of the immune system's response to viral pathogens. These cells play critical roles in the immune response to viral infections, and their depletion can make it harder for the body to mount an effective defense against the virus. Additionally, the virus can also directly infect immune cells, further compromising their ability to function. Some individuals with severe COVID-19 pneumonia may develop a "cytokine storm", an overactive immune response that may result in tissue damage and organ malfunction. The underlying mechanisms of immune suppression in SARS-CoV-2 are not entirely understood at this time, and research is being conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding. Research has shown that severe SARS-CoV-2 infection promotes the synthesis of IgG4 antibodies. In this study, we propose the hypothesis that IgG4 antibodies produced by B cells in response to infection by SARS-CoV-2 generate immunological tolerance, which prevents its elimination and leads to persistent and chronic infection. In summary, we believe that this constitutes another immune evasion mechanism that bears striking similarities to that developed by cancer cells to evade immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Autlan Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
- Biology Laboratory, Autlan Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Elrashdy M. Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
- USF Health Byrd Alzheimer’s Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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4
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Kotwal SB, Orekondey N, Saradadevi GP, Priyadarshini N, Puppala NV, Bhushan M, Motamarry S, Kumar R, Mohannath G, Dey RJ. Multidimensional futuristic approaches to address the pandemics beyond COVID-19. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17148. [PMID: 37325452 PMCID: PMC10257889 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been enormous and unrelenting with ∼6.9 million deaths and ∼765 million infections. This review mainly focuses on the recent advances and potentially novel molecular tools for viral diagnostics and therapeutics with far-reaching implications in managing the future pandemics. In addition to briefly highlighting the existing and recent methods of viral diagnostics, we propose a couple of potentially novel non-PCR-based methods for rapid, cost-effective, and single-step detection of nucleic acids of viruses using RNA mimics of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and nuclease-based approaches. We also highlight key innovations in miniaturized Lab-on-Chip (LoC) devices, which in combination with cyber-physical systems, could serve as ideal futuristic platforms for viral diagnosis and disease management. We also discuss underexplored and underutilized antiviral strategies, including ribozyme-mediated RNA-cleaving tools for targeting viral RNA, and recent advances in plant-based platforms for rapid, low-cost, and large-scale production and oral delivery of antiviral agents/vaccines. Lastly, we propose repurposing of the existing vaccines for newer applications with a major emphasis on Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-based vaccine engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifa Bushra Kotwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Nidhi Orekondey
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | | | - Neha Priyadarshini
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Navinchandra V Puppala
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Mahak Bhushan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, West Bengal 741246, India
| | - Snehasri Motamarry
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Gireesha Mohannath
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
| | - Ruchi Jain Dey
- Department of Biological Sciences, BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Telangana 500078, India
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Chen Q, Jia D, Ren J, Cheng Y, Wu H, Guo S, Wei T. VDAC1 balances mitophagy and apoptosis in leafhopper upon arbovirus infection. Autophagy 2023; 19:1678-1692. [PMID: 36409297 PMCID: PMC10262772 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2022.2150001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitophagy is a form of autophagy that selectively removes damaged mitochondria and attenuates mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis during viral infection, but how arboviruses balance mitophagy and apoptosis to facilitate persistent viral infection in insect vectors without causing evident fitness cost remains elusive. Here, we identified mitochondrial VDAC1 (voltage-dependent anion channel 1) that could be hijacked by nonstructural protein Pns11 of rice gall dwarf virus (RGDV), a plant nonenveloped double-stranded RNA virus, to synergistically activate pro-viral extensive mitophagy and limited apoptosis in leafhopper vectors. The direct target of fibrillar structures constructed by Pns11 with VDAC1 induced mitochondrial degeneration. Moreover, the degenerated mitochondria were recruited into Pns11-induced phagophores to initiate mitophagy via interaction of VDAC1 with Pns11 and an autophagy protein, ATG8. Such mitophagy mediated by Pns11 and VDAC1 required the classical PRKN/Parkin-PINK1 pathway. VDAC1 regulates apoptosis by controlling the release of apoptotic signaling molecules through its pore, while the anti-apoptotic protein GSN (gelsolin) could bind to VDAC1 pore. We demonstrated that the interaction of Pns11 with VDAC1 and gelsolin decreased VDAC1 expression but increased GSN expression, which prevented the extensive apoptotic response in virus-infected regions. Meanwhile, virus-induced mitophagy also effectively prevented extensive apoptotic response to decrease apoptosis-caused insect fitness cost. The subsequent fusion of virus-loaded mitophagosomes with lysosomes is prevented, and thus such mitophagosomes are exploited for persistent spread of virions within insect bodies. Our results reveal a new strategy for arboviruses to balance and exploit mitophagy and apoptosis, resulting in an optimal intracellular environment for persistent viral propagation in insect vectors.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; BNIP3: BCL2 interacting protein 3; CYCS/CytC: cytochrome c, somatic; dsGSN: double-stranded RNAs targeting GSN/gelsolin; dsGFP: double-stranded RNAs targeting green fluorescent protein; dsPRKN: double-stranded RNAs targeting PRKN; dsPns11: double-stranded RNAs targeting Pns11; dsRNA: double-stranded RNA; EC: epithelia cell; GST: glutathione S-transferase; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; Mito: mitochondrion; Mmg: middle midgut; MP, mitophagosome; PG, phagophore. padp: post-first access to diseased plants; PINK1: PTEN induced kinase 1; RGDV: rice gall dwarf virus; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; TUNEL: terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling; VDAC1: voltage dependent anion channel 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Jia
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Jiping Ren
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Haibo Wu
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shude Guo
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Vector-borne Virus Research Center, Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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6
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Uversky VN, Redwan EM, Makis W, Rubio-Casillas A. IgG4 Antibodies Induced by Repeated Vaccination May Generate Immune Tolerance to the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050991. [PMID: 37243095 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Less than a year after the global emergence of the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, a novel vaccine platform based on mRNA technology was introduced to the market. Globally, around 13.38 billion COVID-19 vaccine doses of diverse platforms have been administered. To date, 72.3% of the total population has been injected at least once with a COVID-19 vaccine. As the immunity provided by these vaccines rapidly wanes, their ability to prevent hospitalization and severe disease in individuals with comorbidities has recently been questioned, and increasing evidence has shown that, as with many other vaccines, they do not produce sterilizing immunity, allowing people to suffer frequent re-infections. Additionally, recent investigations have found abnormally high levels of IgG4 in people who were administered two or more injections of the mRNA vaccines. HIV, Malaria, and Pertussis vaccines have also been reported to induce higher-than-normal IgG4 synthesis. Overall, there are three critical factors determining the class switch to IgG4 antibodies: excessive antigen concentration, repeated vaccination, and the type of vaccine used. It has been suggested that an increase in IgG4 levels could have a protecting role by preventing immune over-activation, similar to that occurring during successful allergen-specific immunotherapy by inhibiting IgE-induced effects. However, emerging evidence suggests that the reported increase in IgG4 levels detected after repeated vaccination with the mRNA vaccines may not be a protective mechanism; rather, it constitutes an immune tolerance mechanism to the spike protein that could promote unopposed SARS-CoV2 infection and replication by suppressing natural antiviral responses. Increased IgG4 synthesis due to repeated mRNA vaccination with high antigen concentrations may also cause autoimmune diseases, and promote cancer growth and autoimmune myocarditis in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir N Uversky
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Elrashdy M Redwan
- Biological Science Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Therapeutic and Protective Proteins Laboratory, Protein Research Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Institute, City for Scientific Research and Technology Applications, New Borg EL-Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - William Makis
- Cross Cancer Institute, Alberta Health Services, 11560 University Avenue, Edmonton, AB T6G 1Z2, Canada
| | - Alberto Rubio-Casillas
- Autlan Regional Hospital, Health Secretariat, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
- Biology Laboratory, Autlan Regional Preparatory School, University of Guadalajara, Autlan 48900, Jalisco, Mexico
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7
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Chen YY, Ran XH, Ni RZ, Mu D. TRIM28 negatively regulates the RLR signaling pathway by targeting MAVS for degradation via K48-linked polyubiquitination. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104660. [PMID: 37119745 PMCID: PMC10165269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial antiviral signaling (MAVS) protein is a core signaling adapter in the retinoid acid-inducible gene-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling pathway that recruits downstream signaling factors, ultimately leading to the activation of type Ⅰ interferons. However, the mechanisms that modulate the RLR signaling pathway by manipulating MAVS are not fully understood. Previous studies suggested that tripartite motif 28 (TRIM28) participates in regulating innate immune signaling pathways by inhibiting the expression of immune-related genes at the transcriptional level. In this study, we characterized TRIM28 as a negative regulator of the RLR signaling pathway in a MAVS-dependent manner. Overexpression of TRIM28 inhibited the MAVS-induced production of type Ⅰ interferons and proinflammatory cytokines, while knocking down TRIM28 exerted the opposite effect. Mechanistically, TRIM28 targeted MAVS for proteasome-mediated degradation via K48-linked polyubiquitination. The RING domain of TRIM28, especially the cysteine residues at positions 65 and 68, was critical for the suppressive effect of TRIM28 on MAVS-mediated RLR signaling, while each of the C-terminal domains of TRIM28 contributed to its interaction with MAVS. Further investigation revealed that TRIM28 transferred ubiquitin chains to the K7, K10, K371, K420, and K500 residues of MAVS. Together, our results reveal a previously uncharacterized mechanism involving TRIM28 in fine-tuning innate immune responses and provide new insights into the mechanisms by which MAVS is regulated, which contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying immune homeostasis maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Ran
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Run-Ze Ni
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Dan Mu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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8
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Kulle A, Thanabalasuriar A, Cohen TS, Szydlowska M. Resident macrophages of the lung and liver: The guardians of our tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029085. [PMID: 36532044 PMCID: PMC9750759 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Resident macrophages play a unique role in the maintenance of tissue function. As phagocytes, they are an essential first line defenders against pathogens and much of the initial characterization of these cells was focused on their interaction with viral and bacterial pathogens. However, these cells are increasingly recognized as contributing to more than just host defense. Through cytokine production, receptor engagement and gap junction communication resident macrophages tune tissue inflammatory tone, influence adaptive immune cell phenotype and regulate tissue structure and function. This review highlights resident macrophages in the liver and lung as they hold unique roles in the maintenance of the interface between the circulatory system and the external environment. As such, we detail the developmental origin of these cells, their contribution to host defense and the array of tools these cells use to regulate tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Kulle
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Taylor S. Cohen
- Late Stage Development, Vaccines and Immune Therapies (V&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Marta Szydlowska
- Bacteriology and Vaccine Discovery, Research and Early Development, Vaccines and Immune Therapies (V&I), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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9
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Galán M, Vigón L, Fuertes D, Murciano-Antón MA, Casado-Fernández G, Domínguez-Mateos S, Mateos E, Ramos-Martín F, Planelles V, Torres M, Rodríguez-Mora S, López-Huertas MR, Coiras M. Persistent Overactive Cytotoxic Immune Response in a Spanish Cohort of Individuals With Long-COVID: Identification of Diagnostic Biomarkers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:848886. [PMID: 35401523 PMCID: PMC8990790 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.848886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-COVID is a new emerging syndrome worldwide that is characterized by the persistence of unresolved signs and symptoms of COVID-19 more than 4 weeks after the infection and even after more than 12 weeks. The underlying mechanisms for Long-COVID are still undefined, but a sustained inflammatory response caused by the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in organ and tissue sanctuaries or resemblance with an autoimmune disease are within the most considered hypotheses. In this study, we analyzed the usefulness of several demographic, clinical, and immunological parameters as diagnostic biomarkers of Long-COVID in one cohort of Spanish individuals who presented signs and symptoms of this syndrome after 49 weeks post-infection, in comparison with individuals who recovered completely in the first 12 weeks after the infection. We determined that individuals with Long-COVID showed significantly increased levels of functional memory cells with high antiviral cytotoxic activity such as CD8+ TEMRA cells, CD8±TCRγδ+ cells, and NK cells with CD56+CD57+NKG2C+ phenotype. The persistence of these long-lasting cytotoxic populations was supported by enhanced levels of CD4+ Tregs and the expression of the exhaustion marker PD-1 on the surface of CD3+ T lymphocytes. With the use of these immune parameters and significant clinical features such as lethargy, pleuritic chest pain, and dermatological injuries, as well as demographic factors such as female gender and O+ blood type, a Random Forest algorithm predicted the assignment of the participants in the Long-COVID group with 100% accuracy. The definition of the most accurate diagnostic biomarkers could be helpful to detect the development of Long-COVID and to improve the clinical management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Galán
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Vigón
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fuertes
- School of Telecommunications Engineering, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Guiomar Casado-Fernández
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Elena Mateos
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Ramos-Martín
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Montserrat Torres
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Rodríguez-Mora
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Rosa López-Huertas
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mayte Coiras
- Immunopathology Unit, National Center of Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Center Network in Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Desimmie BA, Raru YY, Awadh HM, He P, Teka S, Willenburg KS. Insights into SARS-CoV-2 Persistence and Its Relevance. Viruses 2021; 13:1025. [PMID: 34072390 PMCID: PMC8228265 DOI: 10.3390/v13061025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), continues to wreak havoc, threatening the public health services and imposing economic collapse worldwide. Tailoring public health responses to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic depends on understanding the mechanism of viral replication, disease pathogenesis, accurately identifying acute infections, and mapping the spreading risk of hotspots across the globe. However, effective identification and isolation of persons with asymptomatic and mild SARS-CoV-2 infections remain the major obstacles to efforts in controlling the SARS-CoV-2 spread and hence the pandemic. Understanding the mechanism of persistent viral shedding, reinfection, and the post-acute sequalae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) is crucial in our efforts to combat the pandemic and provide better care and rehabilitation to survivors. Here, we present a living literature review (January 2020 through 15 March 2021) on SARS-CoV-2 viral persistence, reinfection, and PASC. We also highlight potential areas of research to uncover putative links between viral persistence, intra-host evolution, host immune status, and protective immunity to guide and direct future basic science and clinical research priorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belete A. Desimmie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (Y.Y.R.); (H.M.A.); (P.H.); (S.T.)
| | | | | | | | | | - Kara S. Willenburg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Marshall University Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25701, USA; (Y.Y.R.); (H.M.A.); (P.H.); (S.T.)
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11
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Merrill JT, Erkan D, Winakur J, James JA. Emerging evidence of a COVID-19 thrombotic syndrome has treatment implications. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:581-589. [PMID: 32733003 PMCID: PMC7391481 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0474-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Reports of widespread thromboses and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) have been rapidly increasing in number. Key features of this disorder include a lack of bleeding risk, only mildly low platelet counts, elevated plasma fibrinogen levels, and detection of both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and complement components in regions of thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). This disorder is not typical DIC. Rather, it might be more similar to complement-mediated TMA syndromes, which are well known to rheumatologists who care for patients with severe systemic lupus erythematosus or catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. This perspective has critical implications for treatment. Anticoagulation and antiviral agents are standard treatments for DIC but are gravely insufficient for any of the TMA disorders that involve disorders of complement. Mediators of TMA syndromes overlap with those released in cytokine storm, suggesting close connections between ineffective immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, severe pneumonia and life-threatening microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan T Merrill
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
| | - Doruk Erkan
- Barbara Volcker Center for Women and Rheumatic Diseases, Hospital for Special Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jerald Winakur
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
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12
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Zhao J, Nguyen LNT, Nguyen LN, Dang X, Cao D, Khanal S, Schank M, Thakuri BKC, Ogbu SC, Morrison ZD, Wu XY, Li Z, Zou Y, El Gazzar M, Ning S, Wang L, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. ATM Deficiency Accelerates DNA Damage, Telomere Erosion, and Premature T Cell Aging in HIV-Infected Individuals on Antiretroviral Therapy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2531. [PMID: 31781094 PMCID: PMC6856652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection leads to a phenomenon of inflammaging, in which chronic inflammation induces an immune aged phenotype, even in individuals on combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) with undetectable viremia. In this study, we investigated T cell homeostasis and telomeric DNA damage and repair machineries in cART-controlled HIV patients at risk for inflammaging. We found a significant depletion of CD4 T cells, which was inversely correlated with the cell apoptosis in virus-suppressed HIV subjects compared to age-matched healthy subjects (HS). In addition, HIV CD4 T cells were prone to DNA damage that extended to chromosome ends-telomeres, leading to accelerated telomere erosion-a hallmark of cell senescence. Mechanistically, the DNA double-strand break (DSB) sensors MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1 (MRN complex) remained intact, but both expression and activity of the DNA damage checkpoint kinase ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and its downstream checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2) were significantly suppressed in HIV CD4 T cells. Consistently, ATM/CHK2 activation, DNA repair, and cellular functions were also impaired in healthy CD4 T cells following ATM knockdown or exposure to the ATM inhibitor KU60019 in vitro, recapitulating the biological effects observed in HIV-derived CD4 T cells in vivo. Importantly, ectopic expression of ATM was essential and sufficient to reduce the DNA damage, apoptosis, and cellular dysfunction in HIV-derived CD4 T cells. These results demonstrate that failure of DSB repair due to ATM deficiency leads to increased DNA damage and renders CD4 T cells prone to senescence and apoptotic death, contributing to CD4 T cell depletion or dysfunction in cART-controlled, latent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Lam Ngoc Thao Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Lam Nhat Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Sushant Khanal
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Madison Schank
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Bal Krishna Chand Thakuri
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Stella C. Ogbu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zheng D. Morrison
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Xiao Y. Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhengke Li
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Yue Zou
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan P. Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States
| | - Zhi Q. Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, United States
- Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Johnson City, TN, United States
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13
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Yang R, Gao N, Chang Q, Meng X, Wang W. The role of IDO, IL-10, and TGF-β in the HCV-associated chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. J Med Virol 2018; 91:265-271. [PMID: 29611873 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an enzyme that catalyzes tryptophan to kynurenine and studies have revealed that IDO play a vital role in regulation of liver immunity and inflammation activities. This study investigated the association between plasma IDO and disease severity and the possible marker role of IDO in the inflammatory process of hepatitis C. In this study, 80 individuals with HCV infection were retrospectively selected. Plasma levels of IDO, IL-10, and TGF-β were assayed by ELISA. Clinical characteristics of patients, including the levels of ALT, AST, and total bilirubin (TBil) were collected from clinical databases. HCV-related liver cirrhosis (HC-Cirr) and HCV-related Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCV-HCC) had significantly high plasma levels of IDO compared to other patient groups and healthy controls. Plasma IL-10 level were significantly greater in all chronic liver disease groups and with respect to TGF-β, the level was high in all the selected patients with HCV infection compare with controls. Moreover, HCV-HCC patients showed highest values for both IL-10 and TGF-β, with significant difference compared with other groups. In addition, plasma IDO was positively correlated with TGF-β among all patients with HCV infection (r = 0.4509, P < 0.0001), with IL-10 in CHC patients (r = 0.4787, P = 0.0047), with TBil in HCV-Cirr patients (r = 0.4671; P = 0.0093). High level of IDO and TGF-β is associated with hepatocyte necrosis and intrahepatic inflammation, and may be used as an index of disease progression for patients with chronic HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruonan Yang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Nan Gao
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Qian Chang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Xianchun Meng
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
| | - Wanhai Wang
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medicine of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, P.R. China
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14
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Kulik L, Maywald M, Kloubert V, Wessels I, Rink L. Zinc deficiency drives Th17 polarization and promotes loss of Treg cell function. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 63:11-18. [PMID: 30316032 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A high number of illnesses and disorders are connected to zinc deficiency. Equally, T cell polarization and a balance between different T helper (Th) cell subsets are essential. Therefore, in this study, the influence of zinc deficiency on T cell polarization and on respective signaling pathways was investigated. We uncovered a significantly increased number of regulatory T cells (Treg) and Th17 cells in expanded T cells during zinc deficiency after 3 days of combined treatment with IL-2 and TGF-β1 (Treg) or IL-6 and TGF-β1 (Th17). No difference in Th1 and Th2 cell polarization between zinc-deficient and zinc-adequate status was prominent. On the molecular level, Smad signaling was significantly enhanced by stimulation with TGF-β1/IL-6 during zinc deficiency compared to adequate zinc condition. This represents an explanation for the elevated Th17 cell numbers associated with autoimmune disease especially during zinc deficiency. Moreover, Treg cell numbers are increased during zinc deficiency as well. However, those cells might be nonfunctional since a lower expression of miR-146a was uncovered compared to normal zinc concentrations. In summary, an adequate zinc homeostasis is fundamental to slow down or probably stop the progression of autoimmune diseases and infections. Therefore, supplementing zinc might be a therapeutic approach to dampen autoimmune diseases connected to Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Kulik
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Maywald
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Veronika Kloubert
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Inga Wessels
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lothar Rink
- Institute of Immunology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Pauwelsstr. 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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15
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The classification, genetic diagnosis and modelling of monogenic autoinflammatory disorders. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1901-1924. [PMID: 30185613 PMCID: PMC6123071 DOI: 10.1042/cs20171498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic autoinflammatory disorders are an increasingly heterogeneous group of conditions characterised by innate immune dysregulation. Improved genetic sequencing in recent years has led not only to the discovery of a plethora of conditions considered to be 'autoinflammatory', but also the broadening of the clinical and immunological phenotypic spectra seen in these disorders. This review outlines the classification strategies that have been employed for monogenic autoinflammatory disorders to date, including the primary innate immune pathway or the dominant cytokine implicated in disease pathogenesis, and highlights some of the advantages of these models. Furthermore, the use of the term 'autoinflammatory' is discussed in relation to disorders that cross the innate and adaptive immune divide. The utilisation of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in this population is examined, as are potential in vivo and in vitro methods of modelling to determine pathogenicity of novel genetic findings. Finally, areas where our understanding can be improved are highlighted, such as phenotypic variability and genotype-phenotype correlations, with the aim of identifying areas of future research.
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16
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Nguyen LN, Zhao J, Cao D, Dang X, Wang L, Lian J, Zhang Y, Jia Z, Wu XY, Morrison Z, Xie Q, Ji Y, Zhang Z, El Gazzar M, Ning S, Moorman JP, Yao ZQ. Inhibition of TRF2 accelerates telomere attrition and DNA damage in naïve CD4 T cells during HCV infection. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:900. [PMID: 30185784 PMCID: PMC6125360 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
T cells play a crucial role in viral clearance and vaccine responses; however, the mechanisms that regulate their homeostasis during viral infections remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the machineries of T-cell homeostasis and telomeric DNA damage using a human model of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We found that naïve CD4 T cells in chronically HCV-infected patients (HCV T cells) were significantly reduced due to apoptosis compared with age-matched healthy subjects (HSs). These HCV T cells were not only senescent, as demonstrated by overexpression of aging markers and particularly shortened telomeres; but also DNA damaged, as evidenced by increased dysfunctional telomere-induced foci (TIF). Mechanistically, the telomere shelterin protein, in particular telomeric repeat binding factor 2 (TRF2) that functions to protect telomeres from DNA damage, was significantly inhibited posttranscriptionally via the p53-dependent Siah-1a ubiquitination. Importantly, knockdown of TRF2 in healthy T cells resulted in increases in telomeric DNA damage and T-cell apoptosis, whereas overexpression of TRF2 in HCV T cells alleviated telomeric DNA damage and T-cell apoptosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report revealing that inhibition of TRF2 promotes T-cell telomere attrition and telomeric DNA damage that accelerates T-cell senescent and apoptotic programs, which contribute to naïve T-cell loss during viral infection. Thus, restoring the impaired T-cell telomeric shelterin machinery may offer a new strategy to improve immunotherapy and vaccine response against human viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Nhat Nguyen
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Dechao Cao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Xindi Dang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Ling Wang
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Jianqi Lian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhansheng Jia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Y Wu
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zheng Morrison
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Qian Xie
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Yingjie Ji
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, Beijing 302 Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mohamed El Gazzar
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Shunbin Ning
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Jonathan P Moorman
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA
| | - Zhi Q Yao
- Center of Excellence in Inflammation, Infectious Disease and Immunity, James H. Quillen College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
- Division of Infectious, Inflammatory and Immunologic Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Quillen College of Medicine, ETSU, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Hepatitis (HCV/HBV/HIV) Program, James H. Quillen VA Medical Center, Johnson City, TN, 37614, USA.
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17
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Zhu L, Mou C, Yang X, Lin J, Yang Q. Mitophagy in TGEV infection counteracts oxidative stress and apoptosis. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27122-41. [PMID: 27027356 PMCID: PMC5053637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial cells contain a large number of mitochondria for persisting absorption and barrier function. Selective autophagy of mitochondria (mitophagy) plays an important role in the quality control of mitochondria and maintenance of cell homeostasis. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) is a porcine enteropathogenic coronavirus which induces malabsorption and lethal watery diarrhea in suckling piglets. The role of mitophagy in the pathological changes caused by TGEV infection is unclear. Here, we report that TGEV induces mitophagy to suppress oxidative stress and apoptosis induced by viral infection in porcine epithelial cells (IPEC-J2). We observe that TGEV infection induce mitochondrial injury, abnormal morphology, complete mitophagy, and without obvious apoptosis after TGEV infection. Meanwhile, TGEV also induces DJ-1 and some antioxidant genes upregulation to suppress oxidative stress induced by viral infection. Furthermore, silencing DJ-1 inhibit mitophagy and increase apoptosis after TGEV infection. In addition, we demonstrate for the first time that viral nucleocapsid protein (N) is located in mitochondria and mitophagosome during virus infection or be expressed alone. Those results provide a novel perspective for further improvement of prevention and treatment in TGEV infection. These results suggest that TGEV infection induce mitophagy to promote cell survival and possibly viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxiao Mou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Lin
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University Weigang No.1, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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18
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Yu S, Wang Y, Jing L, Claret FX, Li Q, Tian T, Liang X, Ruan Z, Jiang L, Yao Y, Nan K, Lv Y, Guo H. Autophagy in the "inflammation-carcinogenesis" pathway of liver and HCC immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2017; 411:82-89. [PMID: 28987386 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy plays a dual role in many types of cancer, such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy seems to be inhibited and functions as a tumor-suppression mechanism in the "inflammation-carcinogenesis" pathway of the liver, including hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus, alcoholic steatohepatitis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis related HCC. However, in established tumors, autophagy plays a tumor-promoting role. Because of the varied function of autophagy in HCC, we hypothesized p62 as a marker to evaluate the autophagic level. Moreover, autophagy is critical in antigen presentation and homeostasis of immune cells and tumor microenvironment. Understanding the intricate relationships of autophagy, inflammation, and immunity provides us with new insights into HCC immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizhe Yu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Li Jing
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - F X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Tao Tian
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Xuan Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Zhiping Ruan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Lili Jiang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yu Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Kejun Nan
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Yi Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China.
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19
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Picat MQ, Pellegrin I, Bitard J, Wittkop L, Proust-Lima C, Liquet B, Moreau JF, Bonnet F, Blanco P, Thiébaut R. Integrative Analysis of Immunological Data to Explore Chronic Immune T-Cell Activation in Successfully Treated HIV Patients. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169164. [PMID: 28046052 PMCID: PMC5207686 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To unravel the complex relationships between cytomegalovirus-induced-, autoimmune-induced responses, microbial translocation and chronic immune activation (CIA) in successfully treated HIV-infected patients and to explore the mediating role of alpha-interferon in these processes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study nested in the ANRS CO3 Aquitaine Cohort, a prospective hospital-based cohort of HIV-1-infected patients in South-Western France. METHODS Patients initiated antiretroviral therapy between 2005 and 2008 and were treated with sustained virological suppression for at least two years. CIA was defined by the percentage of HLA-DR+/CD38+ among CD8+T-cells. Integrative analyses were performed using structural equation modelling (SEM). RESULTS The main analysis was performed in 57 HLA-A*0201 positive patients, due to availability of percentages of actin-, vimentin-, lamin-specific CD8+T-cells (HLA-A2-restricted tests) to further characterize autoimmune response. Cytomegalovirus-induced response was assessed by Quantiferon and pp-65 ELISPOT. SEM revealed a direct effect of cytomegalovirus-induced response on CIA (standardized estimate βstd = 0.56, p-value = 0.0004). The effect of autoimmune-induced response on CIA was indirect through alpha-interferon pathway, assessed by expression levels of 5 alpha-interferon-stimulated genes ADAR, ISG15, IFIT1, Mx1 and OAS1 (effect of autoimmune response on alpha-interferon: βstd = 0.36, p-value = 0.0401; effect of alpha-interferon on CIA: βstd = 0.39, p-value = 0.0044). There was no direct effect of autoimmune-induced response on CIA (p-value = 0.3169). Microbial translocation as measured by 16SrDNA and sCD14 in plasma was not associated with CIA. Results were consistent in 142 patients in whom cytomegalovirus and auto-immunity responses were measured by Quantiferon and anti-nuclear antibodies, respectively. All analyses performed in HLA-A*0201 positive patients and in the overall population revealed a significant effect of IFN-α latent variable on CIA. CONCLUSION The role of cytomegalovirus-induced response on CIA was confirmed as well as the involvement of alpha-interferon on CIA. The indirect effect of auto-immunity response on CIA revealed through the alpha-interferon pathway requires further investigation to confirm the potential role of auto-immunity for CIA in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Quitterie Picat
- Centre INSERM U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
- Service d’Information Médicale, USMR, CHU de Bordeaux - Pôle de Santé Publique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, Team SISTM, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
| | - Isabelle Pellegrin
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie-Immunogénétique, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Juliette Bitard
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie-Immunogénétique, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Linda Wittkop
- Centre INSERM U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
- Service d’Information Médicale, USMR, CHU de Bordeaux - Pôle de Santé Publique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, Team SISTM, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cécile Proust-Lima
- Centre INSERM U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Benoît Liquet
- Laboratoire de Mathématiques et de leurs Applications, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, UMR CNRS 5142, Pau, France
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jean-François Moreau
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie-Immunogénétique, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Fabrice Bonnet
- Centre INSERM U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Service de Médecine Interne et maladies Infectieuses, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrick Blanco
- Laboratoire d’Immunologie-Immunogénétique, Pôle de Biologie, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- CNRS, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Rodolphe Thiébaut
- Centre INSERM U1219 Bordeaux Population Health, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
- Service d’Information Médicale, USMR, CHU de Bordeaux - Pôle de Santé Publique, Bordeaux, France
- INRIA, Team SISTM, Bordeaux, France
- Vaccine Research Institute-VRI, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Créteil, France
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