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Cai Y, Yin G, Huang X, Hu J, Gao Z, Guo X, Qiu Y, Sun H, Feng X. Identification of B-cell epitopes located on the surface in the PB2 protein of the H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus. Avian Pathol 2024; 53:390-399. [PMID: 38563198 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2024.2338816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI), caused by H9N2 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV), poses a serious threat to poultry farming and public health due to its transmissibility and pathogenicity. The PB2 protein is a major component of the viral RNA polymerase complex. It is of great importance to identify the antigenic determinants of the PB2 protein to explore the function of the PB2 protein. In this study, the PB2 sequence of H9N2 subtype AIV, from 1090 to 1689 bp, was cloned and expressed. The recombinant PB2 protein with cutting gel was used to immunize BALB/c mice. After cell fusion, the hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the PB2 protein were screened by indirect ELISA and western blotting, and the antigenic epitopes of mAbs were identified by constructing truncated overlapping fragments in the PB2 protein of H9N2 subtype AIV. The results showed that three hybridoma cell lines (4B7, 4D10, and 5H1) that stably secreted mAbs specific to the PB2 protein were screened; the heavy chain of 4B7 was IgG2α, those of 4D10 and 5H1 were IgG1, and all three mAbs had kappa light chain. Also, the minimum B-cell epitope recognized was 475LRGVRVSK482 and 528TITYSSPMMW537. Homology analysis showed that these two epitopes were conserved among the different subtypes of AIV strains and located on the surface of the PB2 protein. The above findings provide an experimental foundation for further investigation of the function of the PB2 protein and developing monoclonal antibody-based diagnostic kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqin Cai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guihu Yin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianing Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zichen Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yawei Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Haifeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Feng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Microbiology of China's Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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Tingstedt JL, Stephen C, Risinger C, Blixt O, Gunalan V, Johansen IS, Fomsgaard A, Polacek C, Lassaunière R. Differential recognition of influenza A virus H1N1 neuraminidase by DNA vaccine-induced antibodies in pigs and ferrets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200718. [PMID: 37313410 PMCID: PMC10258320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) accounts for approximately 10-20% of the total glycoproteins on the surface of influenza viruses. It cleaves sialic acids on glycoproteins, which facilitates virus entry into the airways by cleaving heavily glycosylated mucins in mucus and the release of progeny virus from the surface of infected cells. These functions make NA an attractive vaccine target. To inform rational vaccine design, we define the functionality of influenza DNA vaccine-induced NA-specific antibodies relative to antigenic sites in pigs and ferrets challenged with a vaccine-homologous A/California/7/2009(H1N1)pdm09 strain. Sera collected pre-vaccination, post-vaccination and post-challenge were analyzed for antibody-mediated inhibition of NA activity using a recombinant H7N1CA09 virus. Antigenic sites were further identified with linear and conformational peptide microarrays spanning the full NA of A/California/04/2009(H1N1)pdm09. Vaccine-induced NA-specific antibodies inhibited the enzymatic function of NA in both animal models. The antibodies target critical sites of NA such as the enzymatic site, second sialic binding site and framework residues, shown here by high-resolution epitope mapping. New possible antigenic sites were identified that potentially block the catalytic activity of NA, including an epitope recognized solely in pigs and ferrets with neuraminidase inhibition, which could be a key antigenic site affecting NA function. These findings show that our influenza DNA vaccine candidate induces NA-specific antibodies that target known critical sites, and new potential antigenic sites of NA, inhibiting the catalytic activity of NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette Linnea Tingstedt
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Christine Stephen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christian Risinger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ola Blixt
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vithiagaran Gunalan
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Isik Somuncu Johansen
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Unit of Infectious Diseases, Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Charlotta Polacek
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ria Lassaunière
- Virus Research & Development Laboratory, Department of Virus & Microbiological Special Diagnostics Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Li X, Wang HX, Yin X, Li X, Li H, Zhang X, Wang Z, Qiu YR. Screening epitope peptides based on a phage-displayed random peptide and peptide microarrays to contribute to improving the diagnostic efficiency of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunol Lett 2023:S0165-2478(23)00085-8. [PMID: 37247788 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of the most common autoimmune diseases in China. At present, there are hundreds of autoantibodies in SLE patients; however, only a dozen of the autoantibodies can be routinely detected, and the available diagnostic antibodies are not sufficient for diagnosis or differential diagnosis of SLE patients with atypical clinical manifestations or other autoimmune diseases. Therefore, it is necessary to find new diagnostic markers to improve the diagnostic effect of SLE. METHODS The displayed random peptide library and peptide microarray were combined to identify SLE-related epitope peptides. A case-control design was used. The IgG antibodies in the sera from SLE patients, healthy controls, and other autoimmune disease controls underwent a reaction with the phage-display random peptide library, respectively. Selected epitope peptides were used to construct a peptide chip. A total of 644 serum samples (including 296 SLE patients, 168 disease controls, and 180 healthy controls) were used for further screening and verification. Peptides with an area under the curve (AUC) > 0.650 were further verified by ELISA. Finally, 500 serum samples (including 200 SLE patients, 150 disease controls, and 150 healthy controls) were used to verify and evaluate the diagnostic and differential diagnostic efficacy of the selected peptides. RESULTS After the previous screening, five epitope peptides (SLE_P19, SLE_P20, SLE_P27, SLE_P28, and SLE_P29) may have potential as SLE diagnostic markers. Additionally, SLE_P27 was superior to the other four peptides in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of SLE and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The AUC of SLE_P27 was 0.938, the sensitivity was 76.00%, the specificity was 92.70%, the positive likelihood ratio was 10.411, the negative likelihood ratio was 0.259, and the accuracy was 84.40%. The diagnostic efficacy of SLE can be increased by combining the five selected peptides with the anti-double stranded DNA antibody (anti-dsDNA)and anti-Smith antibodies (anti-Sm). CONCLUSIONS In this study, we identified five peptides that may serve as potential biomarkers for SLE diagnosis using the strategy of combining the displayed random peptide library with the peptide microarray. The combination of selected peptides and existing autoantibodies can significantly improve the diagnostic efficiency. These specific peptides are expected to be new diagnostic markers for SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Xia Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueheng Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohe Zhang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Guangzhou Huayin Medical laboratory center. LTD, Guangzhou, China.
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Eberhardt CS, Balletto E, Cornberg M, Mikulska M. Coronavirus disease 2019 vaccination in transplant recipients. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:275-287. [PMID: 34074880 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is considered one of the most promising and socioeconomically sustainable strategy to help control the pandemic and several vaccines are currently being distributed in nationwide mass immunization campaigns. Very limited data are available on benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised patients and in particular in solid organ or hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients as they were excluded from phase III trials. This review summarizes current knowledge, international guidelines and controversies regarding COVID-19 vaccination in these vulnerable populations. RECENT FINDINGS Various COVID-19 vaccine platforms showed good efficacy in phase III trials in the immunocompetent and there are data arising on the safety and immunogenicity of these vaccines in the immunocompromised population. SUMMARY Transplant recipients could benefit significantly from COVID-19 vaccination, both through active immunization provided they elicit protective vaccine responses, and probably through cocooning by immunization of caregivers and healthcare personnel and thus reducing the risk of SARS-coronavirus-2 exposure. Although awaiting more data on the safety and efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines to inform potential adaptations of vaccine regimens, we strongly recommend prioritizing COVID-19 vaccination of solid and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients to decrease COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane S Eberhardt
- Center for Vaccinology, University Hospitals of Geneva
- Division of General Pediatrics, Department of Woman, Child and Adolescent Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elisa Balletto
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine (CiiM), A Joint Venture of Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and Hannover Medical School
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Mikulska
- Department of Health Sciences (DISSAL), University of Genoa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino - IRCCS, Genoa, Italy
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Heiss K, Heidepriem J, Fischer N, Weber LK, Dahlke C, Jaenisch T, Loeffler FF. Rapid Response to Pandemic Threats: Immunogenic Epitope Detection of Pandemic Pathogens for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development Using Peptide Microarrays. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4339-4354. [PMID: 32892628 PMCID: PMC7640972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Emergence and re-emergence of pathogens bearing the risk of becoming a pandemic threat are on the rise. Increased travel and trade, growing population density, changes in urbanization, and climate have a critical impact on infectious disease spread. Currently, the world is confronted with the emergence of a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for yet more than 800 000 deaths globally. Outbreaks caused by viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, HIV, Ebola, influenza, and Zika, have increased over the past decade, underlining the need for a rapid development of diagnostics and vaccines. Hence, the rational identification of biomarkers for diagnostic measures on the one hand, and antigenic targets for vaccine development on the other, are of utmost importance. Peptide microarrays can display large numbers of putative target proteins translated into overlapping linear (and cyclic) peptides for a multiplexed, high-throughput antibody analysis. This enabled for example the identification of discriminant/diagnostic epitopes in Zika or influenza and mapping epitope evolution in natural infections versus vaccinations. In this review, we highlight synthesis platforms that facilitate fast and flexible generation of high-density peptide microarrays. We further outline the multifaceted applications of these peptide array platforms for the development of serological tests and vaccines to quickly encounter pandemic threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Heiss
- PEPperPRINT
GmbH, Rischerstrasse
12, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jasmin Heidepriem
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Nico Fischer
- Section
Clinical Tropical Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, INF 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laura K. Weber
- PEPperPRINT
GmbH, Rischerstrasse
12, 69123 Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute
of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christine Dahlke
- Division
of Infectious Diseases, First Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
- Department
of Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German
Center for Infection Research, Partner Site
Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Jaenisch
- Heidelberg
Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg
University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 130, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center
for Global Health, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
- Department
of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045, United States
| | - Felix F. Loeffler
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomolecular Systems, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Inter- Versus Intra-Host Sequence Diversity of pH1N1 and Associated Clinical Outcomes. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8010133. [PMID: 31963512 PMCID: PMC7022955 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The diversity of RNA viruses dictates their evolution in a particular host, community or environment. Here, we reported within- and between-host pH1N1virus diversity at consensus and sub-consensus levels over a three-year period (2015-2017) and its implications on disease severity. A total of 90 nasal samples positive for the pH1N1 virus were deep-sequenced and analyzed to detect low-frequency variants (LFVs) and haplotypes. Parallel evolution of LFVs was seen in the hemagglutinin (HA) gene across three scales: among patients (33%), across years (22%), and at global scale. Remarkably, investigating the emergence of LFVs at the consensus level demonstrated that within-host virus evolution recapitulates evolutionary dynamics seen at the global scale. Analysis of virus diversity at the HA haplotype level revealed the clustering of low-frequency haplotypes from early 2015 with dominant strains of 2016, indicating rapid haplotype evolution. Haplotype sharing was also noticed in all years, strongly suggesting haplotype transmission among patients infected during a specific influenza season. Finally, more than half of patients with severe symptoms harbored a larger number of haplotypes, mostly in patients under the age of five. Therefore, patient age, haplotype diversity, and the presence of certain LFVs should be considered when interpreting illness severity. In addition to its importance in understanding virus evolution, sub-consensus virus diversity together with whole genome sequencing is essential to explain variabilities in clinical outcomes that cannot be explained by either analysis alone.
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Meng Q, Valentini D, Rao M, Maeurer M. KRAS RENAISSANCE(S) in Tumor Infiltrating B Cells in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2018; 8:384. [PMID: 30283732 PMCID: PMC6156365 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KRAS is a driver mutation for malignant transformation. It is found in 30% of all cancers and in 90% of pancreatic cancers. The identification of small molecules selectively inhibiting KRAS mutants has been challenging, yet mutant KRAS has recently been shown to be targeted by tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL)-derived T cells that confer tumor regression upon adoptive transfer. Furthermore, a human IgG1 monoclonal antibody interfering with mutant KRAS function inside the cell has been described to inhibit growth of KRAS-mutant xenografts in tumor-bearing mice. B cells have been described to infiltrate pancreatic cancer and may be associated with tertiary lymphoid structures associated with good prognosis, or, in contrast, promote tumor growth. However, their function, nor their antigen-specificity has been clearly defined. We discuss here the presence of tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIB) in patients with pancreatic cancer that produce KRAS-mutant specific IgG, underlining that intratumoral T and B cells may exclusively target mutant KRAS. KRAS-specific IgG may, therefore, serve as a readout of the activation of both arms of the anti-tumor adaptive immune armament although some B-cell populations may promote tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingda Meng
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Anti-Drug Antibodies: Emerging Approaches to Predict, Reduce or Reverse Biotherapeutic Immunogenicity. Antibodies (Basel) 2018; 7:antib7020019. [PMID: 31544871 PMCID: PMC6698869 DOI: 10.3390/antib7020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) following administration of biotherapeutics to patients is a vexing problem that is attracting increasing attention from pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. This serious clinical problem is also spawning creative research into novel approaches to predict, avoid, and in some cases even reverse such deleterious immune responses. CD4+ T cells are essential players in the development of most ADAs, while memory B-cell and long-lived plasma cells amplify and maintain these responses. This review summarizes methods to predict and experimentally identify T-cell and B-cell epitopes in therapeutic proteins, with a particular focus on blood coagulation factor VIII (FVIII), whose immunogenicity is clinically significant and is the subject of intensive current research. Methods to phenotype ADA responses in humans are described, including T-cell stimulation assays, and both established and novel approaches to determine the titers, epitopes and isotypes of the ADAs themselves. Although rational protein engineering can reduce the immunogenicity of many biotherapeutics, complementary, novel approaches to induce specific tolerance, especially during initial exposures, are expected to play significant roles in future efforts to reduce or reverse these unwanted immune responses.
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Rao M, Zhenjiang L, Meng Q, Sinclair G, Dodoo E, Maeurer M. Mutant Epitopes in Cancer. Oncoimmunology 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-62431-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Summarize the recent findings in narcolepsy focusing on the environmental and genetic risk factors in disease development. RECENT FINDINGS Both genetic and epidemiological evidence point towards an autoimmune mechanism in the destruction of orexin/hypocretin neurons. Recent studies suggest both humoral and cellular immune responses in the disease development. SUMMARY Narcolepsy is a severe sleep disorder, in which neurons producing orexin/hypocretin in the hypothalamus are destroyed. The core symptoms of narcolepsy are debilitating, extreme sleepiness, cataplexy, and abnormalities in the structure of sleep. Both genetic and epidemiological evidence point towards an autoimmune mechanism in the destruction of orexin/hypocretin neurons. Importantly, the highest environmental risk is seen with influenza-A infection and immunization. However, how the cells are destroyed is currently unknown. In this review we summarize the disease symptoms, and focus on the immunological findings in narcolepsy. We also discuss the environmental and genetic risk factors as well as propose a model for disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melodie Bonvalet
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hanna M. Ollila
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Public Genomics Unit, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Aditya Ambati
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Emmanuel Mignot
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Sleep Sciences, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
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Wang L, Hao C, Deng Y, Liu Y, Hu S, Peng Y, He M, Fu J, Liu M, Chen J, Chen X. Screening epitopes on systemic lupus erythematosus autoantigens with a peptide array. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85559-85567. [PMID: 29156741 PMCID: PMC5689631 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a common autoimmune disease. Many autoantibodies are closely associated with SLE. However, the specific epitopes recognized and bound by these autoantibodies are still unclear. This study screened the binding epitopes of SLE-related autoantibodies using a high-throughput screening method. Epitope prediction on 12 SLE-related autoantigens was performed using the Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resource (IEDB) software. The predicted epitopes were synthesized into peptides and developed into a peptide array. Serum IgG from 50 SLE patients and 25 healthy controls was detected using the peptide array. The results were then validated using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The diagnostic efficiency of each epitope was analyzed using a ROC curve. Seventy-three potential epitopes were screened for using the IEDB software after the epitopes on the 12 SLE-related autoantigens were analyzed. Peptide array screening revealed that the levels of the autoantibodies recognized and bound by 4 peptide antigens were significantly upregulated in the serum of SLE patients (P < 0.05). The ELISA results showed that the 4 antigens with significantly increased serum autoantibodies levels in SLE patients were acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein (P0)-4, acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein (P0)-11, DNA topoisomerase 1 (full length)-1, and U1-SnRNP 68/70 KDa-1 (P < 0.05), and the areas under the ROC curve for diagnosing SLE on the basis of these peptides were 0.91, 0.90, 0.93, and 0.91, respectively. Many autoantibodies specifically expressed in the serum of patients with SLE can be detected by specific peptide fragments and may be used as markers in clinical auxiliary diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
| | - Chenjun Hao
- Obstetrics and gynecology, Guangzhou Panyu Hexian Memorial Hospital, 511400 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiu Deng
- Obstetrics and gynecology, Guangzhou Panyu Hexian Memorial Hospital, 511400 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanbo Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
| | - Shiliang Hu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
| | - Yangang Peng
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
| | - Manna He
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
| | - Jinhu Fu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
| | - Xiaoming Chen
- Department of Rheumatology, Shaoyang Central Hospital, 422000 Shaoyang, China
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12
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Zandian A, Forsström B, Häggmark-Månberg A, Schwenk JM, Uhlén M, Nilsson P, Ayoglu B. Whole-Proteome Peptide Microarrays for Profiling Autoantibody Repertoires within Multiple Sclerosis and Narcolepsy. J Proteome Res 2017; 16:1300-1314. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arash Zandian
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab,
School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Björn Forsström
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab,
School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Anna Häggmark-Månberg
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab,
School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Jochen M. Schwenk
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab,
School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Mathias Uhlén
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab,
School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab,
School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
| | - Burcu Ayoglu
- Affinity Proteomics, SciLifeLab,
School of Biotechnology, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21 Solna, Sweden
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13
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Valentini D, Rao M, Rane L, Rahman S, Axelsson-Robertson R, Heuchel R, Löhr M, Hoft D, Brighenti S, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Peptide microarray-based characterization of antibody responses to host proteins after bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:140-154. [PMID: 28161459 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is the world's most widely distributed vaccine, used against tuberculosis (TB), in cancer immunotherapy, and in autoimmune diseases due to its immunomodulatory properties. To date, the effect of BCG vaccination on antibody responses to host proteins has not been reported. High-content peptide microarrays (HCPM) offer a unique opportunity to gauge specific humoral immune responses. METHODS The sera of BCG-vaccinated healthy adults were tested on a human HCPM platform (4953 randomly selected epitopes of human proteins) to detect specific immunoglobulin gamma (IgG) responses. Samples were obtained at 56, 112, and 252 days after vaccination. Immunohistology was performed on lymph node tissue from patients with TB lymphadenitis. Results were analysed with a combination of existing and novel statistical methods. RESULTS IgG recognition of host peptides exhibited a peak at day 56 post BCG vaccination in all study subjects tested, which diminished over time. Primarily, IgG responses exhibited increased reactivity to ion transporters (sodium, calcium channels), cytokine receptors (interleukin 2 receptor β (IL2Rβ), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1)), other cell surface receptors (inositol, somatostatin, angiopoeitin), ribonucleoprotein, and enzymes (tyrosine kinases, phospholipase) on day 56. There was decreased IgG reactivity to transforming growth factor-beta type 1 receptor (TGFβR1) and, in agreement with the peptide microarray findings, immunohistochemical analysis of TB-infected lymph node samples revealed an overexpression of TGFβR in granulomatous lesions. Moreover, the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT2) showed increased reactivity on days 112 and 252, but not on day 56 post-vaccination. IgG to interleukin 4 receptor (IL4R) showed increased reactivity at 112 days post-vaccination, while IgG to IL2Rβ and FGFR1 showed decreased reactivity on days 112 and 252 as compared to day 56 post BCG vaccination. CONCLUSIONS BCG vaccination modifies the host's immune landscape after 56 days, but this imprint changes over time. This may influence the establishment of immunological memory in BCG-vaccinated individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Valentini
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lalit Rane
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sayma Rahman
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Axelsson-Robertson
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rainer Heuchel
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Löhr
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hoft
- Division of Immunobiology, Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular Microbiology, Saint Louis University Medical Centre, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Ferrara G, Valentini D, Rao M, Wahlström J, Grunewald J, Larsson LO, Brighenti S, Dodoo E, Zumla A, Maeurer M. Humoral immune profiling of mycobacterial antigen recognition in sarcoidosis and Löfgren's syndrome using high-content peptide microarrays. Int J Infect Dis 2017; 56:167-175. [PMID: 28159576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sarcoidosis is considered an idiopathic granulomatous disease, although similar immunological and clinical features with tuberculosis (TB) suggest mycobacterial involvement in its pathogenesis. High-content peptide microarrays (HCPM) may help to decipher mycobacteria-specific antibody reactivity in sarcoidosis. METHODS Serum samples from patients with sarcoidosis, Löfgren's syndrome, and TB, as well as from healthy individuals (12/group), were tested on HCPM containing 5964 individual peptides spanning 154 Mycobacterium tuberculosis proteins displayed as 15-amino acid stretches. Inclusion/exclusion and significance analyses were performed according to published methods. RESULTS Each study group recognized 68-78% M. tuberculosis peptides at least once. M. tuberculosis epitope recognition by sarcoidosis patient sera was 42.7%, and by TB patient sera was 39.1%. Seven and 16 peptides were recognized in 9/12 (75%) and 8/12 (67%) sarcoidosis patient sera but not in TB patient sera, respectively. Nine (75%) and eight (67%) out of twelve TB patient sera, respectively recognized M. tuberculosis peptides that were not recognized in sarcoidosis patient sera. CONCLUSIONS Specific IgG recognition patterns for M. tuberculosis antigens in sarcoidosis patients re-affirm mycobacterial involvement in sarcoidosis, providing biologically relevant targets for future studies pertaining to diagnostics and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Ferrara
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | - Davide Valentini
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Rao
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Wahlström
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Solna, Sweden
| | | | - Susanna Brighenti
- Centre for Infectious Medicine (CIM), Department of Medicine (MedH), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14186, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Centre for Clinical Microbiology, Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation (CAST), Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden; Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), Department of Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge 14186, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Rao M, Valentini D, Poiret T, Dodoo E, Parida S, Zumla A, Brighenti S, Maeurer M. B in TB: B Cells as Mediators of Clinically Relevant Immune Responses in Tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 61Suppl 3:S225-34. [PMID: 26409285 PMCID: PMC4583574 DOI: 10.1093/cid/civ614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The protective role of B cells and humoral immune responses in tuberculosis infection has been regarded as inferior to cellular immunity directed to the intracellular pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, B-cell–mediated immune responses in tuberculosis have recently been revisited in the context of B-cell physiology and antigen presentation. We discuss in this review the diverse functions of B cells in tuberculosis, with a focus on their biological and clinical relevance to progression of active disease. We also present the peptide microarray platform as a promising strategy to discover unknown antigenic targets of M. tuberculosis that could contribute to the better understanding of epitope focus of the humoral immune system against M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rao
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Davide Valentini
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas Poiret
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Ernest Dodoo
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Shreemanta Parida
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at University College Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet Centre for Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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16
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Host-directed therapies for antimicrobial resistant respiratory tract infections. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2016; 22:203-11. [DOI: 10.1097/mcp.0000000000000271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Lamb F, Ploner A, Fink K, Maeurer M, Bergman P, Piehl F, Weibel D, Sparén P, Dahlström LA. No Evidence for Disease History as a Risk Factor for Narcolepsy after A(H1N1)pdm09 Vaccination. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154296. [PMID: 27120092 PMCID: PMC4847913 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate disease history before A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination as a risk factor for narcolepsy. METHODS Case-control study in Sweden. Cases included persons referred for a Multiple Sleep Latency Test between 2009 and 2010, identified through diagnostic sleep centres and confirmed through independent review of medical charts. Controls, selected from the total population register, were matched to cases on age, gender, MSLT-referral date and county of residence. Disease history (prescriptions and diagnoses) and vaccination history was collected through telephone interviews and population-based healthcare registers. Conditional logistic regression was used to investigate disease history before A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination as a risk-factor for narcolepsy. RESULTS In total, 72 narcolepsy cases and 251 controls were included (range 3-69 years mean19-years). Risk of narcolepsy was increased in individuals with a disease history of nervous system disorders (OR range = 3.6-8.8) and mental and behavioural disorders (OR = 3.8, 95% CI 1.6-8.8) before referral. In a second analysis of vaccinated individuals only, nearly all initial associations were no longer statistically significant and effect sizes were smaller (OR range = 1.3-2.6). A significant effect for antibiotics (OR = 0.4, 95% CI 0.2-0.8) and a marginally significant effect for nervous system disorders was observed. In a third case-only analysis, comparing cases referred before vaccination to those referred after; prescriptions for nervous system disorders (OR = 26.0 95% CI 4.0-170.2) and ADHD (OR = 35.3 95% CI 3.4-369.9) were statistically significant during the vaccination period, suggesting initial associations were due to confounding by indication. CONCLUSION The findings of this study do not support disease history before A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccination as a risk factor for narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Favelle Lamb
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Ploner
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katharina Fink
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Markus Maeurer
- CAST (Centre for allogenic stem cell transplantation), Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Division of Therapeutic Immunology (TIM), LabMed Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Weibel
- Department of Medical Informatics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pär Sparén
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisen Arnheim Dahlström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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18
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Feltelius N, Persson I, Ahlqvist-Rastad J, Andersson M, Arnheim-Dahlström L, Bergman P, Granath F, Adori C, Hökfelt T, Kühlmann-Berenzon S, Liljeström P, Maeurer M, Olsson T, Örtqvist Å, Partinen M, Salmonson T, Zethelius B. A coordinated cross-disciplinary research initiative to address an increased incidence of narcolepsy following the 2009-2010 Pandemrix vaccination programme in Sweden. J Intern Med 2015; 278:335-53. [PMID: 26123389 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In response to the 2009-2010 influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 pandemic, a mass vaccination programme with the AS03-adjuvanted influenza A(H1N1) vaccine Pandemrix was initiated in Sweden. Unexpectedly, there were a number of narcolepsy cases amongst vaccinated children and adolescents reported. In this review, we summarize the results of a joint cross-disciplinary national research effort to investigate the adverse reaction signal from the spontaneous reporting system and to better understand possible causative mechanisms. A three- to fourfold increased risk of narcolepsy in vaccinated children and adolescents was verified by epidemiological studies. Of importance, no risk increase was observed for the other neurological and autoimmune diseases studied. Genetic studies confirmed the association with the allele HLA-DQB1*06:02, which is known to be related to sporadic narcolepsy. Furthermore, a number of studies using cellular and molecular experimental models investigated possible links between influenza vaccination and narcolepsy. Serum analysis, using a peptide microarray platform, showed that individuals who received Pandemrix exhibited a different epitope reactivity pattern to neuraminidase and haemagglutinin, as compared to individuals who were infected with H1N1. Patients with narcolepsy were also found to have increased levels of interferon-gamma production in response to streptococcus-associated antigens. The chain of patient-related events and the study results emerging over time were subjected to intense nationwide media attention. The importance of transparent communication and collaboration with patient representatives to maintain public trust in vaccination programmes is also discussed in the review. Organizational challenges due to this unexpected event delayed the initiation of some of the research projects, still the main objectives of this joint, cross-disciplinary research effort were reached, and important insights were acquired for future, similar situations in which a fast and effective task force may be required to evaluate vaccination-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Persson
- Medical Products Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | | | - L Arnheim-Dahlström
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P Bergman
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Granath
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - C Adori
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Hökfelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - P Liljeström
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Maeurer
- Therapeutic Immunology Division, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Olsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Å Örtqvist
- Department of Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Medicine, Unit of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Partinen
- Helsinki Sleep Clinic, Vitalmed Research Centre, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Serum reactome induced by Bordetella pertussis infection and Pertussis vaccines: qualitative differences in serum antibody recognition patterns revealed by peptide microarray analysis. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:40. [PMID: 26129684 PMCID: PMC4487959 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pertussis (whooping cough) remains a public health problem despite extensive vaccination strategies. Better understanding of the host-pathogen interaction and the detailed B. pertussis (Bp) target recognition pattern will help in guided vaccine design. We characterized the specific epitope antigen recognition profiles of serum antibodies (‘the reactome’) induced by whooping cough and B. pertussis (Bp) vaccines from a case–control study conducted in 1996 in infants enrolled in a Bp vaccine trial in Sweden (Gustafsson, NEJM, 1996, 334, 349–355). Methods Sera from children with whooping cough, vaccinated with Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis (DTP) whole-cell (wc), acellular 5 (DPTa5), or with the 2 component (a2) vaccines and from infants receiving only DT (n = 10 for each group) were tested with high-content peptide microarrays containing 17 Bp proteins displayed as linear (n = 3175) peptide stretches. Slides were incubated with serum and peptide-IgG complexes detected with Cy5-labeled goat anti-human IgG and analyzed using a GenePix 4000B microarray scanner, followed by statistical analysis, using PAM (Prediction Analysis for Microarrays) and the identification of uniquely recognized peptide epitopes. Results 367/3,085 (11.9%) peptides were recognized in 10/10 sera from children with whooping cough, 239 (7.7%) in DTPwc, 259 (8.4%) in DTPa5, 105 (3.4%) DTPa2, 179 (5.8%) in the DT groups. Recognition of strongly recognized peptides was similar between whooping cough and DPTwc, but statistically different between whooping cough vs. DTPa5 (p < 0.05), DTPa2 and DT (p < 0.001 vs. both) vaccines. 6/3,085 and 2/3,085 peptides were exclusively recognized in (10/10) sera from children with whooping cough and DTPa2 vaccination, respectively. DTPwc resembles more closely the whooping cough reactome as compared to acellular vaccines. Conclusion We could identify a unique recognition signature common for each vaccination group (10/10 children). Peptide microarray technology allows detection of subtle differences in epitope signature responses and may help to guide rational vaccine development by the objective description of a clinically relevant immune response that confers protection against infectious pathogens. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-015-0090-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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