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Montoya B, Melo-Silva CR, Tang L, Kafle S, Lidskiy P, Bajusz C, Vadovics M, Muramatsu H, Abraham E, Lipinszki Z, Chatterjee D, Scher G, Benitez J, Sung MMH, Tam YK, Catanzaro NJ, Schäfer A, Andino R, Baric RS, Martinez DR, Pardi N, Sigal LJ. mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced CD8 + T cells protect mice from lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection in the absence of specific antibodies. Mol Ther 2024; 32:1790-1804. [PMID: 38605519 PMCID: PMC11184341 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2024.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of CD8+ T cells in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis or mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced protection from lethal COVID-19 is unclear. Using mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus (MA30) in C57BL/6 mice, we show that CD8+ T cells are unnecessary for the intrinsic resistance of female or the susceptibility of male mice to lethal SARS-CoV-2 infection. Also, mice immunized with a di-proline prefusion-stabilized full-length SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S-2P) mRNA-LNP vaccine, which induces Spike-specific antibodies and CD8+ T cells specific for the Spike-derived VNFNFNGL peptide, are protected from SARS-CoV-2 infection-induced lethality and weight loss, while mice vaccinated with mRNA-LNPs encoding only VNFNFNGL are protected from lethality but not weight loss. CD8+ T cell depletion ablates protection in VNFNFNGL but not in S-2P mRNA-LNP-vaccinated mice. Therefore, mRNA-LNP vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells are dispensable when protective antibodies are present but essential for survival in their absence. Hence, vaccine-induced CD8+ T cells may be critical to protect against SARS-CoV-2 variants that mutate epitopes targeted by protective antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Montoya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Carolina R Melo-Silva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lingjuan Tang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Samita Kafle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Peter Lidskiy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Csaba Bajusz
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Máté Vadovics
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Edit Abraham
- National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Lipinszki
- National Laboratory for Biotechnology, Institute of Genetics, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary; MTA SZBK Lendület Laboratory of Cell Cycle Regulation, Synthetic and Systems Biology Unit, Institute of Biochemistry, HUN-REN Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Debotri Chatterjee
- Department of Neurosciences, Thomas Jefferson University Vickie and Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabrielle Scher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Juliana Benitez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Raul Andino
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - David R Martinez
- Department of Immunobiology, Center for Infection and Immunity, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Luis J Sigal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Bluemle Life Science Building, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Mirali M, Jahangiri A, Jalali Nadoushan M, Rasooli I. A two-protein cocktail elicits a protective immune response against Acinetobacter baumannii in a murine infection model. Microb Pathog 2023; 182:106262. [PMID: 37474079 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Due to its high drug resistance, Acinetobacter baumannii is a priority for new therapeutic measures like vaccines. In this study, the protectivity of a combination cocktail of Omp34 and BauA as a vaccine against A. baumannii was studied in a murine sepsis model. METHODS The antibody titers were raised to Omp34 and BauA in BALB/c mice and assessed by indirect ELISA. The immunized mice were challenged with A. baumannii ATCC 19606. The bacterial loads in the liver, spleen, and lungs were also determined. RESULTS A significant increase in survival of the immunized mice was noted. In active immunity, the survival rates in mice receiving Omp34 and BauA alone or in combination were 100%. A significant decrease in the bacterial load was observed in the spleens, livers, and lungs of vaccinated mice. Anti-BauA and anti-Omp34 sera crossly detected Omp34 and BauA respectively. The decrease in bacterial load in body organs of mice vaccinated with a combination of the two proteins was significantly higher than those of the single proteins in both actively and passively immunized mice. In passive immunity, the survival rate of mice receiving specific sera raised to the combination of these proteins was 85.7%. CONCLUSION Higher protection by a combination of Omp34 and BauA than Omp34 or BauA could be attributed to targeting simultaneously both surface antigens indicating the synergistic effect of Omp34 and BauA as suitable vaccine candidates in the prevention or treatment of A. baumannii infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abolfazl Jahangiri
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Jalali Nadoushan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Microbiology Research Center and Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Iraj Rasooli
- Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran; Molecular Microbiology Research Center and Department of Biology, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran.
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Rafi MO, Al-Khafaji K, Sarker MT, Taskin-Tok T, Rana AS, Rahman MS. Design of a multi-epitope vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: immunoinformatic and computational methods. RSC Adv 2022; 12:4288-4310. [PMID: 35425433 PMCID: PMC8981096 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06532g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel infectious agent, SARS-CoV-2, is responsible for causing the severe respiratory disease COVID-19 and death in humans. Spike glycoprotein plays a key role in viral particles entering host cells, mediating receptor recognition and membrane fusion, and are considered useful targets for antiviral vaccine candidates. Therefore, computational techniques can be used to design a safe, antigenic, immunogenic, and stable vaccine against this pathogen. Drawing upon the structure of the S glycoprotein, we are trying to develop a potent multi-epitope subunit vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. The vaccine was designed based on cytotoxic T-lymphocyte and helper T-lymphocyte epitopes with an N-terminal adjuvant via conducting immune filters and an extensive immunoinformatic investigation. The safety and immunogenicity of the designed vaccine were further evaluated via using various physicochemical, allergenic, and antigenic characteristics. Vaccine-target (toll-like receptors: TLR2 and TLR4) interactions, binding affinities, and dynamical stabilities were inspected through molecular docking and molecular dynamic (MD) simulation methods. Moreover, MD simulations for dimeric TLRs/vaccine in the membrane-aqueous environment were performed to understand the differential domain organization of TLRs/vaccine. Further, dynamical behaviors of vaccine/TLR systems were inspected via identifying the key residues (named HUB nodes) that control interaction stability and provide a clear molecular mechanism. The obtained results from molecular docking and MD simulation revealed a strong and stable interaction between vaccine and TLRs. The vaccine's ability to stimulate the immune response was assessed by using computational immune simulation. This predicted a significant level of cytotoxic T cell and helper T cell activation, as well as IgG, interleukin 2, and interferon-gamma production. This study shows that the designed vaccine is structurally and dynamically stable and can trigger an effective immune response against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Oliullah Rafi
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Khattab Al-Khafaji
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, AL-Nisour University College Baghdad Iraq
| | - Md Takim Sarker
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Tugba Taskin-Tok
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Institute of Health Sciences, Gaziantep University Gaziantep 27310 Turkey
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Gaziantep University Gaziantep Turkey
| | - Abdus Samad Rana
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University Wuxi 214122 PR China
| | - Md Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology Jashore 7408 Bangladesh
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Studstill CJ, Pritzl CJ, Seo YJ, Kim DY, Xia C, Wolf JJ, Nistala R, Vijayan M, Cho YB, Kang KW, Lee SM, Hahm B. Sphingosine kinase 2 restricts T cell immunopathology but permits viral persistence. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:6523-6538. [PMID: 32897877 DOI: 10.1172/jci125297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral infections are often established by the exploitation of immune-regulatory mechanisms that result in nonfunctional T cell responses. Viruses that establish persistent infections remain a serious threat to human health. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) generates sphingosine 1-phosphate, which is a molecule known to regulate multiple cellular processes. However, little is known about SphK2's role during the host immune responses to viral infection. Here, we demonstrate that SphK2 functions during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus Cl 13 (LCMV Cl 13) infection to limit T cell immune pathology, which subsequently aids in the establishment of virus-induced immunosuppression and the resultant viral persistence. The infection of Sphk2-deficient (Sphk2-/-) mice with LCMV Cl 13 led to the development of nephropathy and mortality via T cell-mediated immunopathology. Following LCMV infection, Sphk2-/- CD4+ T cells displayed increased activity and proliferation, and these cells promoted overactive LCMV Cl 13-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Notably, oral instillation of an SphK2-selective inhibitor promoted protective T cell responses and accelerated the termination of LCMV Cl 13 persistence in mice. Thus, SphK2 is indicated as an immunotherapeutic target for the control of persistent viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J Studstill
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Curtis J Pritzl
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Young-Jin Seo
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine
| | - Chuan Xia
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jennifer J Wolf
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Ravi Nistala
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Madhuvanthi Vijayan
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yong-Bin Cho
- Department of Life Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Won Kang
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Sang-Myeong Lee
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, Korea.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Korea
| | - Bumsuk Hahm
- Departments of Surgery and Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Uhl LFK, Gérard A. Modes of Communication between T Cells and Relevance for Immune Responses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2674. [PMID: 32290500 PMCID: PMC7215318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells are essential mediators of the adaptive immune system, which constantly patrol the body in search for invading pathogens. During an infection, T cells that recognise the pathogen are recruited, expand and differentiate into subtypes tailored to the infection. In addition, they differentiate into subsets required for short and long-term control of the pathogen, i.e., effector or memory. T cells have a remarkable degree of plasticity and heterogeneity in their response, however, their overall response to a given infection is consistent and robust. Much research has focused on how individual T cells are activated and programmed. However, in order to achieve a critical level of population-wide reproducibility and robustness, neighbouring cells and surrounding tissues have to provide or amplify relevant signals to tune the overall response accordingly. The characteristics of the immune response-stochastic on the individual cell level, robust on the global level-necessitate coordinated responses on a system-wide level, which facilitates the control of pathogens, while maintaining self-tolerance. This global coordination can only be achieved by constant cellular communication between responding cells, and faults in this intercellular crosstalk can potentially lead to immunopathology or autoimmunity. In this review, we will discuss how T cells mount a global, collective response, by describing the modes of T cell-T cell (T-T) communication they use and highlighting their physiological relevance in programming and controlling the T cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey Gérard
- The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK;
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Satyam R, Bhardwaj T, Jha NK, Jha SK, Nand P. Toward a chimeric vaccine against multiple isolates of Mycobacteroides - An integrative approach. Life Sci 2020; 250:117541. [PMID: 32169520 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
AIM Nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection such as endophthalmitis, dacryocystitis, and canaliculitis are pervasive across the globe and are currently managed by antibiotics. However, the recent cases of Mycobacteroides developing drug resistance reported along with the improper practice of medicine intrigued us to explore its genomic and proteomic canvas at a global scale and develop a chimeric vaccine against Mycobacteroides. MAIN METHODS We carried out a vivid genomic study on five recently sequenced strains of Mycobacteroides and explored their Pan-core genome/proteome in three different phases. The promiscuous antigenic proteins were identified via a subtractive proteomics approach that qualified for virulence causation, resistance and essentiality factors for this notorious bacterium. An integrated pipeline was developed for the identification of B-Cell, MHC (Major histocompatibility complex) class I and II epitopes. KEY FINDINGS Phase I identified the shreds of evidence of reductive evolution and propensity of the Pan-genome of Mycobacteroides getting closed soon. Phase II and Phase III produced 8 vaccine constructs. Our final vaccine construct, V6 qualified for all tests such as absence for allergenicity, presence of antigenicity, etc. V6 contains β-defensin as an adjuvant, linkers, Lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) signal peptide, and PADRE (Pan HLA-DR epitopes) amino acid sequence. Besides, V6 also interacts with a maximum number of MHC molecules and the TLR4/MD2 (Toll-like receptor 4/Myeloid differentiation factor 2) complex confirmed by docking and molecular dynamics simulation studies. SIGNIFICANCE The knowledge harnessed from the current study can help improve the current treatment regimens or in an event of an outbreak and propel further related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Satyam
- Department of Biotechnology, Noida Institute of Engineering and Technology (NIET), Greater Noida, India
| | - Tulika Bhardwaj
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Finland
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India.
| | - Saurabh Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
| | - Parma Nand
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida, India
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Dhal AK, Pani A, Mahapatra RK, Yun SI. An immunoinformatics approach for design and validation of multi-subunit vaccine against Cryptosporidium parvum. Immunobiology 2019; 224:747-757. [PMID: 31522782 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2019.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An immunoinformatics-based approach is explored for potential multi-subunit vaccine candidates against Cryptosporidium parvum. We performed protein structure based systematic methodology for the development of a proficient multi-subunit vaccine candidate against C. parvum based on their probability of antigenicity, allergenicity and transmembrane helices as the screening criteria. The best-screened epitopes like B-cell epitopes (BCL), Helper T-lymphocytes (HTL) and cytotoxic T- lymphocytes (CTL) were joined by using the appropriate linkers to intensify and develop the presentation and processing of the antigenic molecules. Modeller software was used to generate the best 3D model of the subunit protein. RAMPAGE and other web servers were employed for the validation of the modeled protein. Furthermore, the predicted modeled structure was docked with the two known receptors like TLR2 and TLR4 through ClusPro web server. Based on the docking score, the multi-subunit vaccine docked with TLR2 was subjected to energy minimization by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation to examine their stability within a solvent system. From the simulation study, we found that the residue Glu-107 of subunit vaccine formed a hydrogen bond interaction with Arg-299 of the TLR2 receptor throughout the time frame of the MD simulation. The overall results showed that the multi-subunit vaccine could be an efficient vaccine candidate against C. parvum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajit Kumar Dhal
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Alok Pani
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561756, South Korea
| | - Rajani Kanta Mahapatra
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India.
| | - Soon-Il Yun
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561756, South Korea.
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Mitoma H, Manto M. Disruption of the Blood-Brain Barrier During Neuroinflammatory and Neuroinfectious Diseases. NEUROIMMUNE DISEASES 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121618 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-19515-1_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As the organ of highest metabolic demand, utilizing over 25% of total body glucose utilization via an enormous vasculature with one capillary every 73 μm, the brain evolves a barrier at the capillary and postcapillary venules to prevent toxicity during serum fluctuations in metabolites and hormones, to limit brain swelling during inflammation, and to prevent pathogen invasion. Understanding of neuroprotective barriers has since evolved to incorporate the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, and the presence of CNS lymphatics that allow leukocyte egress. Identification of the cellular and molecular participants in BBB function at the NVU has allowed detailed analyses of mechanisms that contribute to BBB dysfunction in various disease states, which include both autoimmune and infectious etiologies. This chapter will introduce some of the cellular and molecular components that promote barrier function but may be manipulated by inflammatory mediators or pathogens during neuroinflammation or neuroinfectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium, Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, Mons, Belgium
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Novel Immunoinformatics Approaches to Design Multi-epitope Subunit Vaccine for Malaria by Investigating Anopheles Salivary Protein. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1125. [PMID: 29348555 PMCID: PMC5773588 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria fever has been pervasive for quite a while in tropical developing regions causing high morbidity and mortality. The causal organism is a protozoan parasite of genus Plasmodium which spreads to the human host by the bite of hitherto infected female Anopheles mosquito. In the course of biting, a salivary protein of Anopheles helps in blood feeding behavior and having the ability to elicit the host immune response. This study represents a series of immunoinformatics approaches to design multi-epitope subunit vaccine using Anopheles mosquito salivary proteins. Designed subunit vaccine was evaluated for its immunogenicity, allergenicity and physiochemical parameters. To enhance the stability of vaccine protein, disulfide engineering was performed in a region of high mobility. Codon adaptation and in silico cloning was also performed to ensure the higher expression of designed subunit vaccine in E. coli K12 expression system. Finally, molecular docking and simulation study was performed for the vaccine protein and TLR-4 receptor, to determine the binding free energy and complex stability. Moreover, the designed subunit vaccine was found to induce anti-salivary immunity which may have the ability to prevent the entry of Plasmodium sporozoites into the human host.
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Sankar S, Ramamurthy M, Nandagopal B, Sridharan G. In Silico Validation of D7 Salivary Protein-derived B- and T-cell Epitopes of Aedes aegypti as Potential Vaccine to Prevent Transmission of Flaviviruses and Togaviruses to Humans. Bioinformation 2017; 13:366-375. [PMID: 29225429 PMCID: PMC5712781 DOI: 10.6026/97320630013366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito (Aedes aegyptii) salivary proteins play a crucial role in facilitating viral transmission from vector-to-host due to their role in facilitating the "blood meal" of the vector. Three main proteins, D7, aegyptin and Sialokinin play a role in this process. Using in-silico programs, we identified B- and T-cell epitopes in the mosquito salivary proteins D7 long and short form. T-cell epitopes with high affinity to the most prevalent HLA MHC class-I supertypes among different population groups was chosen. It is our postulate that these epitopes could be successful in eliciting B and T cell responses, which would decrease the vector blood meal efficiency and hence protect against host infection by certain viruses. These include causative agents like Dengue viruses, Chikungunya virus, Zika and Yellow fever viruses. These viruses are of major public health importance in several countries in the Americas, Asia and Africa. Experimental evidence exists in previously published literature showing the protective effect of antibodies to certain salivary proteins in susceptible hosts. A novel approach of immunizing humans against the vector proteins to reduce transmission of viruses is now under investigation in several laboratories. We have identified the following two B cell epitopes LAALHVTAAPLWDAKDPEQF one from D7L and the other TSEYPDRQNQIEELNKLCKN from D7S. Likewise, two T cell epitopes MTSKNELDV one from D7L and the other YILCKASAF from D7S with affinity to the predominant MHC class-I supertypes were identified towards evaluation as potential vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish Sankar
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mageshbabu Ramamurthy
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balaji Nandagopal
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gopalan Sridharan
- Sri Sakthi Amma Institute of Biomedical Research, Sri Narayani Hospital and Research Centre, Sripuram, Vellore - 632055, Tamil Nadu, India
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CD8 + T Cell Immune Response in Immunocompetent Mice during Zika Virus Infection. J Virol 2017; 91:JVI.00900-17. [PMID: 28835502 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00900-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causees neurologic complications, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in fetuses. We investigated the immune response, especially the CD8+ T cell response in C57BL/6 (B6) wild-type (WT) mice, during ZIKV infection. We found that a robust CD8+ T cell response was elicited, major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted CD8+ T cell epitopes were identified, a tetramer that recognizes ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells was developed, and virus-specific memory CD8+ T cells were generated in these mice. The CD8+ T cells from these infected mice were functional, as evidenced by the fact that the adoptive transfer of ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells could prevent ZIKV infection in the CNS and was cross protective against dengue virus infection. Our findings provide comprehensive insight into immune responses against ZIKV and further demonstrate that WT mice could be a natural and easy-access model for evaluating immune responses to ZIKV infection.IMPORTANCE ZIKV infection has severe clinical consequences, including Guillain-Barré syndrome in adults, microcephaly, and congenital malformations in fetuses and newborn infants. Therefore, study of the immune response, especially the adaptive immune response to ZIKV infection, is important for understanding diseases caused by ZIKV infection. Here, we characterized the CD8+ T cell immune response to ZIKV in a comprehensive manner and identified ZIKV epitopes. Using the identified immunodominant epitopes, we developed a tetramer that recognizes ZIKV-specific CD8+ T cells in vivo, which simplified the detection and evaluation of ZIKV-specific immune responses. In addition, the finding that tetramer-positive memory CD8+ T cell responses were generated and that CD8+ T cells can traffic to a ZIKV-infected brain greatly enhances our understanding of ZIKV infection and provides important insights for ZIKV vaccine design.
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Koyanagi N, Imai T, Shindo K, Sato A, Fujii W, Ichinohe T, Takemura N, Kakuta S, Uematsu S, Kiyono H, Maruzuru Y, Arii J, Kato A, Kawaguchi Y. Herpes simplex virus-1 evasion of CD8+ T cell accumulation contributes to viral encephalitis. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:3784-3795. [PMID: 28891812 DOI: 10.1172/jci92931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) is the most common cause of sporadic viral encephalitis, which can be lethal or result in severe neurological defects even with antiviral therapy. While HSV-1 causes encephalitis in spite of HSV-1-specific humoral and cellular immunity, the mechanism by which HSV-1 evades the immune system in the central nervous system (CNS) remains unknown. Here we describe a strategy by which HSV-1 avoids immune targeting in the CNS. The HSV-1 UL13 kinase promotes evasion of HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cell accumulation in infection sites by downregulating expression of the CD8+ T cell attractant chemokine CXCL9 in the CNS of infected mice, leading to increased HSV-1 mortality due to encephalitis. Direct injection of CXCL9 into the CNS infection site enhanced HSV-1-specific CD8+ T cell accumulation, leading to marked improvements in the survival of infected mice. This previously uncharacterized strategy for HSV-1 evasion of CD8+ T cell accumulation in the CNS has important implications for understanding the pathogenesis and clinical treatment of HSV-1 encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Koyanagi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Takahiko Imai
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Keiko Shindo
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Ayuko Sato
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Fujii
- Department of Animal Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Ichinohe
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Naoki Takemura
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Uematsu
- International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Mucosal Immunology, School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuhei Maruzuru
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Jun Arii
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Akihisa Kato
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, and
| | - Yasushi Kawaguchi
- Division of Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology.,Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, and
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13
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CD4 and CD8 T cells mediate distinct lethal meningoencephalitis in mice challenged with Tacaribe arenavirus. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:90-107. [PMID: 27569560 PMCID: PMC5214944 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonates are at increased risk of viral encephalopathies that can result in neurological dysfunction, seizures, permanent disability and even death. The neurological damage results from the combined effect of the virus and the immune response it elicits, thus finding tools to facilitate viral clearance from central nervous system (CNS) while minimizing neuron damage remains a critical challenge. Neonatal mice inoculated intraperitoneally with Tacaribe virus (TCRV) develop seizures, hindlimb paralysis and death within 15 days of inoculation. TCRV localizes to the CNS within days of challenge, primarily infecting astrocytes in the cerebellum and brain stem. We show that infection leads to inflammation, T cell and monocyte infiltration into the cerebellar parenchyma, apoptosis of astrocytes, neuronal degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells. Infiltrating antigen-specific T cells fail to clear the virus but drive the disease, as T-cell-deficient CD3ɛ KO mice survive TCRV infection with minimal inflammation or clinical manifestations despite no difference in CNS viral loads in comparison with T-cell sufficient mice. CD8+ T cells drive the pathology, which even in the absence of CD4+ T-cell help, infiltrate the parenchyma and mediate the apoptotic loss of cerebellar astrocytes, neurodegeneration and loss of Purkinje cells resulting in loss of balance, paralysis and death. CD4+ T cells are also pathogenic inducing gliosis and inflammation in the cerebellum and cerebrum that are associated with wasting and death several weeks after CD4+ T-cell transfer. These data demonstrate distinct pathogenic effects of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and identify them as possible therapeutic targets.
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14
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Abstract
Traditional vaccination with whole pathogens or pathogen-derived subunits has completely eliminated diseases like smallpox, and has greatly limited the incidence, morbidity and mortality associated with many other infectious diseases. Unfortunately, a large burden of infectious disease remains that may be preventable through vaccination. For many of these, more focused and innovative approaches may be essential for the development of effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Oscherwitz
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine , University of Michigan Medical School , Ann Arbor , MI , USA.,b Veterans Administration Ann Arbor Healthcare System , Ann Arbor , MI , USA
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15
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Central Nervous System Stromal Cells Control Local CD8(+) T Cell Responses during Virus-Induced Neuroinflammation. Immunity 2016; 44:622-633. [PMID: 26921107 PMCID: PMC7111064 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells generate a complex cellular scaffold that provides specialized microenvironments for lymphocyte activation in secondary lymphoid organs. Here, we assessed whether local activation of stromal cells in the central nervous system (CNS) is mandatory to transfer immune recognition from secondary lymphoid organs into the infected tissue. We report that neurotropic virus infection in mice triggered the establishment of such stromal cell niches in the CNS. CNS stromal cell activation was dominated by a rapid and vigorous production of CC-motif chemokine receptor (CCR) 7 ligands CCL19 and CCL21 by vascular endothelial cells and adjacent fibroblastic reticular cell (FRC)-like cells in the perivascular space. Moreover, CCR7 ligands produced by CNS stromal cells were crucial to support recruitment and local re-activation of antiviral CD8+ T cells and to protect the host from lethal neuroinflammatory disease, indicating that CNS stromal cells generate confined microenvironments that control protective T cell immunity. CNS stromal cells swiftly generate CCR7 ligands during neurotropic virus infection CCR7-expressing antiviral CD8+ T cells prevent lethal CNS disease Stromal cell-derived CCR7 ligands guide CD8+ T cells to infected target cells
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16
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Herz J, Johnson KR, McGavern DB. Therapeutic antiviral T cells noncytopathically clear persistently infected microglia after conversion into antigen-presenting cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 212:1153-69. [PMID: 26122661 PMCID: PMC4516789 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20142047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Clearance of neurotropic infections is challenging because the CNS is relatively intolerant of immunopathological reactions. Herz et al. use a model of persistent viral infection in mice to demonstrate therapeutic antiviral T cells can purge the CNS infection without causing tissue damage resulting from limited recruitment of inflammatory innate immune cells and conversion of microglia into APCs. Several viruses can infect the mammalian nervous system and induce neurological dysfunction. Adoptive immunotherapy is an approach that involves administration of antiviral T cells and has shown promise in clinical studies for the treatment of peripheral virus infections in humans such as cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and adenovirus, among others. In contrast, clearance of neurotropic infections is particularly challenging because the central nervous system (CNS) is relatively intolerant of immunopathological reactions. Therefore, it is essential to develop and mechanistically understand therapies that noncytopathically eradicate pathogens from the CNS. Here, we used mice persistently infected from birth with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) to demonstrate that therapeutic antiviral T cells can completely purge the persistently infected brain without causing blood–brain barrier breakdown or tissue damage. Mechanistically, this is accomplished through a tailored release of chemoattractants that recruit antiviral T cells, but few pathogenic innate immune cells such as neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes. Upon arrival, T cells enlisted the support of nearly all brain-resident myeloid cells (microglia) by inducing proliferation and converting them into CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Two-photon imaging experiments revealed that antiviral CD8+ and CD4+ T cells interacted directly with CD11c+ microglia and induced STAT1 signaling but did not initiate programmed cell death. We propose that noncytopathic CNS viral clearance can be achieved by therapeutic antiviral T cells reliant on restricted chemoattractant production and interactions with apoptosis-resistant microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Herz
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kory R Johnson
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Dorian B McGavern
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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17
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Reynolds CJ, Sim MJW, Quigley KJ, Altmann DM, Boyton RJ. Autoantigen cross-reactive environmental antigen can trigger multiple sclerosis-like disease. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:91. [PMID: 25962509 PMCID: PMC4432996 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis is generally considered an autoimmune disease resulting from interaction between predisposing genes and environmental factors, together allowing immunological self-tolerance to be compromised. The precise nature of the environmental inputs has been elusive, infectious agents having received considerable attention. A recent study generated an algorithm predicting naturally occurring T cell receptor (TCR) ligands from the proteome database. Taking the example of a multiple sclerosis patient-derived anti-myelin TCR, the study identified a number of stimulatory, cross-reactive peptide sequences from environmental and human antigens. Having previously generated a spontaneous multiple sclerosis (MS) model through expression of this TCR, we asked whether any of these could indeed function in vivo to trigger CNS disease by cross-reactive activation. FINDINGS A number of myelin epitope cross-reactive epitopes could stimulate T cell immunity in this MS anti-myelin TCR transgenic model. Two of the most stimulatory of these 'environmental' epitopes, from Dictyostyelium slime mold and from Emiliania huxleyi, were tested for the ability to induce MS-like disease in the transgenics. We found that immunization with cross-reactive peptide from Dictyostyelium slime mold (but not from E. huxleyi) induces severe disease. CONCLUSIONS These specific environmental epitopes are unlikely to be common triggers of MS, but this study suggests that our search for the cross-reactivity triggers of autoimmune activation leading to MS should encompass epitopes not just from the 'infectome' but also from the full environmental 'exposome.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J Reynolds
- Lung Immunology Group, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Room 8N22, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK.
| | - Malcolm J W Sim
- Lung Immunology Group, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Room 8N22, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK.
| | - Kathryn J Quigley
- Lung Immunology Group, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Room 8N22, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK.
| | - Daniel M Altmann
- Section of Molecular Immunology, Division of Immunology and Inflammation, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK.
| | - Rosemary J Boyton
- Lung Immunology Group, Section of Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, Room 8N22, Commonwealth Building, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK.
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18
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Chandrabos C, M'Homa Soudja S, Weinrick B, Gros M, Frangaj A, Rahmoun M, Jacobs WR, Lauvau G. The p60 and NamA autolysins from Listeria monocytogenes contribute to host colonization and induction of protective memory. Cell Microbiol 2014; 17:147-63. [PMID: 25225110 PMCID: PMC4457399 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inducing long-term protective memory CD8(+) T-cells is a desirable goal for vaccines against intracellular pathogens. However, the mechanisms of differentiation of CD8(+) T-cells into long-lived memory cells capable of mediating protection of immunized hosts remain incompletely understood. We have developed an experimental system using mice immunized with wild type (WT) or mutants of the intracellular bacterium Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) that either do or do not develop protective memory CD8(+) T-cells. We previously reported that mice immunized with Lm lacking functional SecA2, an auxiliary secretion system of gram-positive bacteria, did not differentiate functional memory CD8(+) T-cells that protected against a challenge infection with WT Lm. Herein we hypothesized that the p60 and NamA autolysins of Lm, which are major substrates of the SecA2 pathway, account for this phenotype. We generated Lm genetically deficient for genes encoding for the p60 and NamA proteins, ΔiapΔmurA Lm, and further characterized this mutant. Δp60ΔNamA Lm exhibited a strong filamentous phenotype, inefficiently colonized host tissues, and grew mostly outside cells. When Δp60ΔNamA Lm was made single unit, cell invasion was restored to WT levels during vaccination, yet induced memory T-cells still did not protect immunized hosts against recall infection. Recruitment of blood phagocytes and antigen-presenting cell activation was close to that of mice immunized with ΔActA Lm, which develop protective memory. However, key inflammatory factors involved in optimal T-cell programming such as IL-12 and type I IFN (IFN-I) were lacking, suggesting that cytokine signals may largely account for the observed phenotype. Thus, altogether, these results establish that p60 and NamA secreted by Lm promote primary host cell invasion, the inflammatory response and the differentiation of functional memory CD8(+) T-cells, by preventing Lm filamentation during growth and subsequent triggering of innate sensing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceena Chandrabos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Braciale
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
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