1
|
Pusterla N, Lawton K, Barnum S. Investigation of the Use of Environmental Samples for the Detection of EHV-1 in the Stalls of Subclinical Shedders. Viruses 2024; 16:1070. [PMID: 39066232 PMCID: PMC11281487 DOI: 10.3390/v16071070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In populations of healthy show horses, the subclinical transmission and circulation of respiratory pathogens can lead to disease outbreaks. Due to recent outbreaks of equine herpesvirus-1 myeloencephalopathy (EHM) in the USA and Europe, many show organizers have instituted various biosecurity protocols such as individual horse testing, monitoring for early clinical disease and increasing hygiene and cleanliness protocols. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of detecting EHV-1 in the various environmental samples collected from the stalls of subclinical shedders. Four healthy adult horses were vaccinated intranasally with a modified-live EHV-1 vaccine in order to mimic subclinical shedding. Three additional horses served as non-vaccinated controls. All the horses were stabled in the same barn in individual stalls. Each vaccinated horse had nose-to-nose contact with at least one other horse. Prior to the vaccine administration, and daily thereafter for 10 days, various samples were collected, including a 6" rayon-tipped nasal swab, an environmental sponge, a cloth strip placed above the automatic waterer and an air sample. The various samples were processed for nucleic acid purification and analyzed for the presence of EHV-1 via quantitative PCR (qPCR). EHV-1 in nasal secretions was only detected in the vaccinated horses for 1-2 days post-vaccine administration. The environmental sponges tested EHV-1 qPCR-positive for 2-5 days (median 3.5 days) in the vaccinated horses and 1 day for a single control horse. EHV-1 was detected by qPCR in stall strips from three out of four vaccinated horses and from two out of three controls for only one day. EHV-1 qPCR-positive air samples were only detected in three out of four vaccinated horses for one single day. For the vaccinated horses, a total of 25% of the nasal swabs, 35% of the environmental stall sponges, 7.5% of the strips and 7.5% of the air samples tested qPCR positive for EHV-1 during the 10 study days. When monitoring the subclinical EHV-1 shedders, the collection and testing of the environmental sponges were able to detect EHV-1 in the environment with greater frequency as compared to nasal swabs, stationary strips and air samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Pusterla
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA; (K.L.); (S.B.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jaumdally S, Tomasicchio M, Pooran A, Esmail A, Kotze A, Meier S, Wilson L, Oelofse S, van der Merwe C, Roomaney A, Davids M, Suliman T, Joseph R, Perumal T, Scott A, Shaw M, Preiser W, Williamson C, Goga A, Mayne E, Gray G, Moore P, Sigal A, Limberis J, Metcalfe J, Dheda K. Frequency, kinetics and determinants of viable SARS-CoV-2 in bioaerosols from ambulatory COVID-19 patients infected with the Beta, Delta or Omicron variants. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2003. [PMID: 38443359 PMCID: PMC10914788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45400-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 aerosol remains contentious. Importantly, whether cough or breath-generated bioaerosols can harbor viable and replicating virus remains largely unclarified. We performed size-fractionated aerosol sampling (Andersen cascade impactor) and evaluated viral culturability in human cell lines (infectiousness), viral genetics, and host immunity in ambulatory participants with COVID-19. Sixty-one percent (27/44) and 50% (22/44) of participants emitted variant-specific culture-positive aerosols <10μm and <5μm, respectively, for up to 9 days after symptom onset. Aerosol culturability is significantly associated with lower neutralizing antibody titers, and suppression of transcriptomic pathways related to innate immunity and the humoral response. A nasopharyngeal Ct <17 rules-in ~40% of aerosol culture-positives and identifies those who are probably highly infectious. A parsimonious three transcript blood-based biosignature is highly predictive of infectious aerosol generation (PPV > 95%). There is considerable heterogeneity in potential infectiousness i.e., only 29% of participants were probably highly infectious (produced culture-positive aerosols <5μm at ~6 days after symptom onset). These data, which comprehensively confirm variant-specific culturable SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol, inform the targeting of transmission-related interventions and public health containment strategies emphasizing improved ventilation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Jaumdally
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Tomasicchio
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Pooran
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Esmail
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Kotze
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Meier
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - L Wilson
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - S Oelofse
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C van der Merwe
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Roomaney
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Davids
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Suliman
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - R Joseph
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - T Perumal
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Scott
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - M Shaw
- Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - W Preiser
- Division of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Stellenbosch Tygerberg Campus; Medical Virology, National Health Laboratory Service Tygerberg, Parow, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - C Williamson
- Division of Medical Virology, Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service (NHLS), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - A Goga
- HIV and Other Infectious Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - E Mayne
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Services, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - G Gray
- South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - P Moore
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- SA MRC Antibody Immunity Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - A Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - J Limberis
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Centre, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - J Metcalfe
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital and Trauma Centre, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - K Dheda
- Division of Pulmonology, Department of Medicine, Centre for Lung Infection and Immunity, University of Cape Town Lung Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Centre for the Study of Antimicrobial Resistance, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa.
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Godin R, Hejazi S, Reuel NF. Advancements in Airborne Viral Nucleic Acid Detection with Wearable Devices. ADVANCED SENSOR RESEARCH 2024; 3:2300061. [PMID: 38764891 PMCID: PMC11101210 DOI: 10.1002/adsr.202300061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
Wearable health sensors for an expanding range of physiological parameters have experienced rapid development in recent years and are poised to disrupt the way healthcare is tracked and administered. The monitoring of environmental contaminants with wearable technologies is an additional layer of personal and public healthcare and is also receiving increased focus. Wearable sensors that detect exposure to airborne viruses could alert wearers of viral exposure and prompt proactive testing and minimization of viral spread, benefitting their own health and decreasing community risk. With the high levels of asymptomatic spread of COVID-19 observed during the pandemic, such devices could dramatically enhance our pandemic response capabilities in the future. To facilitate advancements in this area, this review summarizes recent research on airborne viral detection using wearable sensing devices as well as technologies suitable for wearables. Since the low concentration of viral particles in the air poses significant challenges to detection, methods for airborne viral particle collection and viral sensing are discussed in detail. A special focus is placed on nucleic acid-based viral sensing mechanisms due to their enhanced ability to discriminate between viral subtypes. Important considerations for integrating airborne viral collection and sensing on a single wearable device are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Godin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Sepehr Hejazi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| | - Nigel F. Reuel
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sousan S, Boatman M, Johansen L, Fan M, Roper RL. Comparing and validating air sampling methods for SARS-CoV-2 detection in HVAC ducts of student dorms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123164. [PMID: 38103710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic demonstrated the threat of airborne pathogenic respiratory viruses such as the airborne Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The ability to detect circulating viruses in a workplace or dormitory setting allows an early warning system that can alert occupants to implement precautions (e.g. masking) and/or trigger individual testing to allow isolation and quarantine measures to halt contagion. This work extends and validates the first successful detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus in dormitory Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems and compares different air sampling methods and media types combined with optimized quantitative Reverse-Transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The study was performed in two environments; large dormitories of students who underwent periodic testing for COVID-19 (unknown environment) and the HVAC air from a suite with a student who had tested positive for COVID-19 (known dorm). The air sampling methods were performed using Filter Cassettes, BioSampler, AerosolSense Sampler and Button Sampler (with four media types with different pore sizes of 5 μm, 3 μm, 3 μm (gelatin), and 1.2 μm). The SARS-CoV-2 positive air samples were compared with the positive samples collected by individual student campus track tracing methods using PCR testing on saliva and nasopharyngeal samples. The results show a detection rate of 73% in the unknown environment and a 78% detection rate in the known dorm. Our data show that the virus was detectable with all the sampling methods we employed. However, the AerosolSense sampler and BioSampler performed the best at 63% and 61% detection rates, compared to 25% for the Filter Cassettes and 23% for the Button Sampler. Despite the success rate, it is not possible to definitively conclude which method is most sensitive due to the limited number of samples. These results show that with careful sampling and optimized PCR methods, pathogenic respiratory viruses can be detected in large buildings using HVAC return air.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Sousan
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; North Carolina Agromedicine Institute, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA.
| | - Marina Boatman
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Department of Health Services and Information Management, College of Allied Health, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, 5E-106A, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Lauren Johansen
- Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA; Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, 5E-106A, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Ming Fan
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, 5E-106A, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| | - Rachel L Roper
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, 5E-106A, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, 27834, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Reissner J, Siller P, Bartel A, Roesler U, Friese A. Stability of Feline Coronavirus in aerosols and dried in organic matrices on surfaces at various environmental conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22012. [PMID: 38086913 PMCID: PMC10716419 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49361-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Enveloped respiratory viruses, including the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), can be transmitted through aerosols and contact with contaminated surfaces. The stability of these viruses outside the host significantly impacts their transmission dynamics and the spread of diseases. In this study, we investigated the tenacity of Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) in aerosols and on surfaces under varying environmental conditions. We found that airborne FCoV showed different stability depending on relative humidity (RH), with higher stability observed at low and high RH. Medium RH conditions (50-60%) were associated with increased loss of infectivity. Furthermore, FCoV remained infectious in the airborne state over 7 h. On stainless-steel surfaces, FCoV remained infectious for several months, with stability influenced by organic material and temperature. The presence of yeast extract and a temperature of 4 °C resulted in the longest maintenance of infectivity, with a 5 log10 reduction of the initial concentration after 167 days. At 20 °C, this reduction was achieved after 19 days. These findings highlight the potential risk of aerosol and contact transmission of respiratory viruses, especially in enclosed environments, over extended periods. Studying surrogate viruses like FCoV provides important insights into the behavior of zoonotic viruses like SARS-CoV-2 in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Reissner
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research-TZR, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Paul Siller
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research-TZR, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
- Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Department Veterinary Drugs, Mittelstraße 51-54, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Roesler
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research-TZR, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Friese
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Environmental Health, Veterinary Centre for Resistance Research-TZR, School of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, 14163, Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ijaz MK, Sattar SA, Nims RW, Boone SA, McKinney J, Gerba CP. Environmental dissemination of respiratory viruses: dynamic interdependencies of respiratory droplets, aerosols, aerial particulates, environmental surfaces, and contribution of viral re-aerosolization. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16420. [PMID: 38025703 PMCID: PMC10680453 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
During the recent pandemic of COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), influential public health agencies such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have favored the view that SARS CoV-2 spreads predominantly via droplets. Many experts in aerobiology have openly opposed that stance, forcing a vigorous debate on the topic. In this review, we discuss the various proposed modes of viral transmission, stressing the interdependencies between droplet, aerosol, and fomite spread. Relative humidity and temperature prevailing determine the rates at which respiratory aerosols and droplets emitted from an expiratory event (sneezing, coughing, etc.) evaporate to form smaller droplets or aerosols, or experience hygroscopic growth. Gravitational settling of droplets may result in contamination of environmental surfaces (fomites). Depending upon human, animal and mechanical activities in the occupied space indoors, viruses deposited on environmental surfaces may be re-aerosolized (re-suspended) to contribute to aerosols, and can be conveyed on aerial particulate matter such as dust and allergens. The transmission of respiratory viruses may then best be viewed as resulting from dynamic virus spread from infected individuals to susceptible individuals by various physical states of active respiratory emissions, instead of the current paradigm that emphasizes separate dissemination by respiratory droplets, aerosols or by contaminated fomites. To achieve the optimum outcome in terms of risk mitigation and infection prevention and control (IPAC) during seasonal infection peaks, outbreaks, and pandemics, this holistic view emphasizes the importance of dealing with all interdependent transmission modalities, rather than focusing on one modality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Khalid Ijaz
- Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ, United States of America
| | - Syed A. Sattar
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Stephanie A. Boone
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| | - Julie McKinney
- Global Research & Development for Lysol and Dettol, Reckitt Benckiser LLC, Montvale, NJ, United States of America
| | - Charles P. Gerba
- Water & Energy Sustainable Technology Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
da Silva PG, Hemnani M, Gonçalves J, Rodriguéz E, García-Encina PA, Nascimento MSJ, Sousa SIV, Myrmel M, Mesquita JR. Airborne SARS-CoV-2 is more frequently detected in environments related to children and elderly but likely non-infectious, Norway, 2022. Virol J 2023; 20:275. [PMID: 38001529 PMCID: PMC10675927 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in indoor and outdoor environments in two cities in Norway between April and May 2022. With the lifting of COVID-19 restrictions in the country and a focus on vaccination, this research aims to shed light on the potential for virus transmission in various settings. Air sampling was conducted in healthcare and non-healthcare facilities, covering locations frequented by individuals across different age groups. The study found that out of 31 air samples, only four showed the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA by RT-qPCR, with no viable virus detected after RNAse pre-treatment. These positive samples were primarily associated with environments involving children and the elderly. Notably, sequencing revealed mutations associated with increased infectivity in one of the samples. The results highlight the importance of considering children as potential sources of virus transmission, especially in settings with prolonged indoor exposure. As vaccination coverage increases globally, and with children still representing a substantial unvaccinated population, the study emphasizes the need to re-implement mask-wearing mandates indoors and in public transport to reduce virus transmission. The findings have implications for public health strategies to control COVID-19, particularly in the face of new variants and the potential for increased transmission during the autumn and winter seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Gomes da Silva
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mahima Hemnani
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - José Gonçalves
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina s/n, Valladolid, 47011, Spain
| | - Elisa Rodriguéz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina s/n, Valladolid, 47011, Spain
| | - Pedro A García-Encina
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina s/n, Valladolid, 47011, Spain
| | | | - Sofia I V Sousa
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mette Myrmel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- ICBAS-School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, Porto, Portugal.
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratório para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
- Virology Unit, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Yang J, Sun D, Xia T, Shi S, Suo J, Kuang H, Sun N, Hu H, Zheng Z, Zhou Y, Li X, Chen S, Huang H, Yan Z. Monitoring Prevalence and Persistence of Environmental Contamination by SARS-CoV-2 RNA in a Makeshift Hospital for Asymptomatic and Very Mild COVID-19 Patients. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1605994. [PMID: 37767017 PMCID: PMC10520216 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the details of environmental contamination status by SARS-CoV-2 in a makeshift COVID-19 hospital. Methods: Environmental samples were collected from a makeshift hospital. The extent of contamination was assessed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) for SARS-CoV-2 RNA from various samples. Results: There was a wide range of total collected samples contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 RNA, ranging from 8.47% to 100%. Results revealed that 70.00% of sewage from the bathroom and 48.19% of air samples were positive. The highest rate of contamination was found from the no-touch surfaces (73.07%) and the lowest from frequently touched surfaces (33.40%). The most contaminated objects were the top surfaces of patient cubic partitions (100%). The median Ct values among strongly positive samples were 33.38 (IQR, 31.69-35.07) and 33.24 (IQR, 31.33-34.34) for ORF1ab and N genes, respectively. SARS-CoV-2 relic RNA can be detected on indoor surfaces for up to 20 days. Conclusion: The findings show a higher prevalence and persistence in detecting the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the makeshift COVID-19 hospital setting. The contamination mode of droplet deposition may be more common than contaminated touches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinyan Yang
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Tingting Xia
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Shi Shi
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Jijiang Suo
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Huihui Kuang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Nana Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Hongyan Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Zhecheng Zheng
- Department of Health Economics Management, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- Department of Health Economics Management, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Xiaocui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Shaojuan Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Haiqiang Huang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Hainan Hospital of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Sanya, China
| | - Zhongqiang Yan
- Department of Disease Prevention and Control, The Second Medical Center of People’s Liberation Army of China General Hospital, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hemnani M, Silva PGD, Thompson G, Poeta P, Rebelo H, Mesquita JR. First Report of Alphacoronavirus Circulating in Cavernicolous Bats from Portugal. Viruses 2023; 15:1521. [PMID: 37515207 PMCID: PMC10384150 DOI: 10.3390/v15071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of novel coronaviruses (CoVs) has emphasized the need to understand their diversity and distribution in animal populations. Bats have been identified as crucial reservoirs for CoVs, and they are found in various bat species worldwide. In this study, we investigated the presence of CoVs of four cavernicolous bats in six locations in the centre and south of Portugal. We collected faeces, anal, and buccal swab samples, as well as air samples from the locations using a Coriolis air sampler. Our results indicate that CoVs were more readily detected in faecal samples compared to anal and buccal swab samples. No CoVs were detected in the air samples. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the detected viruses belong to the Alphacoronavirus genus. This study represents the first report of Alphacoronaviruses circulating in bats in Portugal and highlights the importance of continuous surveillance for novel CoVs in bat populations globally. Ongoing surveillance for CoVs in bat populations is essential as they are a vital source of these viruses. It is crucial to understand the ecological relationships between animals, humans, and the environment to prevent and control the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. Further ecological studies are needed to investigate the factors contributing to the emergence and transmission of zoonotic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Hemnani
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Priscilla Gomes da Silva
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- Laboratório Para a Investigação Integrativa e Translacional em Saúde Populacional (ITR), 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- LEPABE-Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnotlogy and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
- ALiCE-Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| | - Gertrude Thompson
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Patricia Poeta
- Microbiology and Antibiotic Resistance Team (MicroART), Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Associated Laboratory for Green Chemistry (LAQV-REQUIMTE), University NOVA of Lisbon, 1099-085 Caparica, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Veterinary and Animal Research Centre, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science (AL4AnimalS), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rebelo
- Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- ESS, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
| | - João R Mesquita
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Porto University, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Epidemiology Research Unit (EPIunit), Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang X, Chen Y, Pan Y, Ma X, Hu G, Li S, Deng Y, Chen Z, Chen H, Wu Y, Jiang Z, Li Z. Research progress of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 on aerosol collection and detection. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2023:108378. [PMID: 37362323 PMCID: PMC10039702 DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2023.108378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in late 2019 has negatively affected people's lives and productivity. Because the mode of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is of great concern, this review discusses the sources of virus aerosols and possible transmission routes. First, we discuss virus aerosol collection methods, including natural sedimentation, solid impact, liquid impact, centrifugal, cyclone and electrostatic adsorption methods. Then, we review common virus aerosol detection methods, including virus culture, metabolic detection, nucleic acid-based detection and immunology-based detection methods. Finally, possible solutions for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 aerosols are introduced. Point-of-care testing has long been a focus of attention. In the near future, the development of an instrument that integrates sampling and output results will enable the real-time, automatic monitoring of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yuting Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yueying Pan
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Xinye Ma
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Gui Hu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Song Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yan Deng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Zhu Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Biomedical Nanomaterials and Devices, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, 412007, China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
- Shenzhen Lemniscare Med Technol Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Zhihong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, 210008, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fortin A, Veillette M, Larrotta A, Longtin Y, Duchaine C, Grandvaux N. Detection of viable SARS-CoV-2 in retrospective analysis of aerosol samples collected from hospital rooms of patients with COVID-19. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023:S1198-743X(23)00135-0. [PMID: 36963565 PMCID: PMC10033144 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Audray Fortin
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Veillette
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, QC, Canada
| | | | - Yves Longtin
- Jewish General Hospital & McGill University faculty of medicine, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Duchaine
- Département de biochimie, microbiologie et bioinformatique, Université Laval et Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec city, QC, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada & Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|