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Shehani Areef F, Samuel Andiyappan V, Ramar K. Association of Fear and Anxiety Scales in Pediatric Dental Patients Using Brainwave Entrainment: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Cureus 2024; 16:e66526. [PMID: 39246978 PMCID: PMC11380928 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.66526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Dental fear and anxiety are significant issues among pediatric patients, often complicating dental treatments. Various tools measure these emotional responses, including subjective scales such as the Visual Facial Anxiety Scale (VFAS) and Children Fear Scale (CFS), and objective scales such as Venham's Anxiety Scale (VAS) and Frankl Behavior Rating Scale (FBRS). This study explores the association between these measures in children subjected to brainwave entrainment (BWE) therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the association between subjective and objective fear and anxiety measures in pediatric dental patients within both the brainwave entrainment (BWE) intervention group and control group. Methods This randomized controlled trial included pediatric participants aged seven to 12 years reporting to the department for dental treatment. Participants were randomized into two following groups: an experimental group receiving BWE therapy and a control group receiving traditional behavioral management. Fear and anxiety levels were measured using subjective and objective scales before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using Spearman's correlation to examine the associations between these scales, with statistical significance set at p<0.05. Results Post-intervention analysis revealed significant correlations between subjective and objective measures of fear and anxiety in both groups. In the BWE group (N=126), there was a moderate positive correlation between the VFAS and VAS (rho=0.540, p<0.001) and a strong negative correlation between the CFS and FBRS (rho=-0.666, p<0.001). The control group (N=126) showed stronger correlations, rho=0.778 for anxiety scales and rho=-0.817 for fear and behavior scales (p<0.001). Combined data analysis from both groups (N=252) confirmed strong correlations. Conclusion This study found a significant association between subjective and objective measures of fear and anxiety in pediatric dental patients within both the brainwave entrainment (BWE) intervention group and control group. Thereby proving that self-reporting behavioral scales are useful for quickly assessing anxiety in pediatric dental settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Shehani Areef
- Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND
| | - Victor Samuel Andiyappan
- Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND
| | - Kavitha Ramar
- Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Sri Ramaswamy Memorial (SRM) Kattankulathur Dental College and Hospital, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, IND
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Ying J, Tao H, He Q, Zhang Z, Hu W, Chen S, Guan Y. Children's Dental Fear: Occurrence Mechanism and Prevention Guidance. J Multidiscip Healthc 2023; 16:2013-2021. [PMID: 37484820 PMCID: PMC10362871 DOI: 10.2147/jmdh.s412412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Children's dental fear (CDF) has become one of the main reasons affecting the quality of dental treatment. In order to reduce the incidence of CDF in China before and after children's dental visits, this review applies literature analysis and empirical summary methods to analyze and summarize academic discussions on this topic, including occurrence mechanism, prevention guidance, and the conclusion that the occurrence and prevention of CDF is closely related with children's internal characteristics and external influences. In the end, we propose a breakthrough of combining the CFSS-DS scale and three-grade prevention theory together in the future to provide new ideas and hypotheses for the prevention of CDF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxun Ying
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hanbo Tao
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingyuan He
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiruo Zhang
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenfei Hu
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuting Chen
- School of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye Guan
- Savaid Stomatology School, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Mourão PS, Coelho VS, Souto-Souza D, Machado GF, Moreira LV, Duarte-Rodrigues L, Ramos-Jorge J, Ramos-Jorge ML. Association between child's behaviour during first dental appointment and effectiveness of dental plaque removal by caregivers. Int J Dent Hyg 2022. [PMID: 36544268 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between the behaviour of children aged 1 to 4 years during their dental appointment and the effectiveness of dental plaque removal by caregivers. METHODS This longitudinal study with intervention had the participation of 146 children (mean age = 34.89 months), 75 of whom (51.4%) showed positive behaviour (+ and ++) and 71 (48.6%), negative behaviour (- and - -). The children were evaluated at the first dental appointment, according to the Frankl scale. They were subjected to an assessment of oral conditions, and their plaque level was recorded (Quigley-Hein Index modified by Turesky) using the Evince® device. Caregivers received oral hygiene guidance. The dental plaque assessment was performed before giving the oral hygiene guidance and 14 days later. The statistical analysis included a descriptive assessment and the Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). RESULTS Mean dental plaque levels dropped significantly from the first to the second assessment (p < 0.001). The sample was divided according to the child's behaviour, observing that only the group of children with positive behaviour showed significantly less dental plaque in the second assessment (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The positive behaviour of children aged 1 to 4 years during the first dental appointments is associated with more effective dental plaque removal by caregivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Seixas Mourão
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Valéria Silveira Coelho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Débora Souto-Souza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Centro Universitário do Triângulo (UNITRI), Uberlândia, Brazil.,Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU), Uberlândia, Brazil
| | - Gabrielly Fernandes Machado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Luana Viviam Moreira
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Lucas Duarte-Rodrigues
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
| | - Joana Ramos-Jorge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Ramos-Jorge
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri (UFVJM), Diamantina, Brazil
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Amorim CSD, Menezes BSD, Chaves JNT, Pereira Junior EP, Coqueiro RDS, Fonseca-Gonçalves A, Maia LC, Pithon MM. The effect of socioeconomic aspects and dental history on pediatric patients' dental anxiety. Braz Oral Res 2022; 36:e106. [PMID: 35946734 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2022.vol36.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize the profile of dental anxiety in pediatric patients, identifying the effect exerted by socioeconomic factors using dental data. A cross-sectional study design with a sample of 120 children aged 7-12 years old was used. Data relating to anxiety levels prior to dental care, socioeconomic aspects (family income, education level, child's school type), and child's dental history (previous dental appointments, previous treatment, caries experience) were collected. Additionally, participants completed the Brazilian version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule- Dental Subscale (B-CFSS-DS) to assess dental anxiety. Descriptive analyses, chi-squared (X 2 ) tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests were performed, with a significance level of 5%. A total of 51 boys (42.5%) and 69 girls (57.5%) were included. There was no significant difference in dental anxiety between them. However, younger children had higher mean B-CFSS-DS scores (p = 0.036, Mann-Whitney). A higher prevalence of dental anxiety was found in participants from low-income families (p = 0.012, X 2 ) and in patients who did not receive endodontic treatment (p=0.034, X 2 ). Higher mean B-CFSS-DS scores were also observed in participants who did not receive endodontic treatment (p=0.001, Mann-Whitney) compared with those that did receive endodontic treatment. No relationship was found between education level, patient school type, first dental appointment, caries experience, and dental anxiety data. Younger children presented a profile of greater dental anxiety. Socioeconomic factors and dental data exerted some effect on dental anxiety, where children from low-income families and those not subjected to endodontic treatment displayed higher rates of dental anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Silva de Amorim
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, School of Dentistry , Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Bruna Silva de Menezes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, School of Dentistry , Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | | | | | - Raildo da Silva Coqueiro
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia - UESB, Department of Health I , Jequié , BA , Brazil
| | - Andréa Fonseca-Gonçalves
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia - UESB, Department of Health I , Jequié , BA , Brazil
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, School of Dentistry , Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
| | - Matheus Melo Pithon
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, School of Dentistry , Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics , Rio de Janeiro , RJ , Brazil
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Dai L, Wu T, Hu Y, Li S, Liu W. Does the Efficacy of Behavior Management Techniques Differ Between Children From Single-Child and Multi-Child Families?: A Quasi-Experimental Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:840483. [PMID: 35321197 PMCID: PMC8936677 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.840483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Behavior management techniques (BMTs) efficiently deliver dental treatment to children with dental anxiety. The objective of this quasi-experimental study was to examine whether the efficacy of BMTs applied for the improvement of compliance in pediatric patients differs between children 3–10-year-olds from single-child and multi-child families. Materials and Methods In this quasi-experimental, 197 caregiver-child couples were divided into two groups: single-child group (116 couples) and multi-child group (81 couples). Children's pre- and post-treatment anxiety levels were measured by facial mood scale (FMS) and Frankl Behavior Rating Scale (FBRS), respectively. Caregivers' dental anxiety was measured by the Chinese version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), which was included in the self-designed questionnaire. Data were analyzed by using the Mann-Whitney U-test, chi-square tests, and binary multivariate regression analysis. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the demographic characteristics of the children between the two groups. BMTs were found to be capable of reducing children's dental anxiety (CDA): the compliance rate was 45.69–88.79% in the single-child group and 44.44–85.79% in the multi-child group pre- and post-BMTs, but there was no significant difference in the change of compliance between the two groups (p > 0.05). In the subgroup analysis, parenting style (odds ratio [OR] = 0.054, p < 0.05) and father's education (OR = 8.19, p < 0.05) affected the varies of children's compliance in the single-child group. In contrast, in the multi-child group, gender (OR = 8.004, p < 0.05) and mother's occupation (OR = 0.017, p < 0.05) were associated with these changes in compliance. Conclusions In this study, BMTs were proved to be beneficial in improving compliance in 3- to 10-year-olds children in dental treatment. Though there was no significant difference in the change of compliance between children from single-child and multi-child families, different associated factors may affect the two groups. Therefore, the related family factors should be taken into account when professionals manage each child's behavior in dental practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Dai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Chongqing Collaborative Innovation Center for Functional Food, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing, China
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Yun Hu
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Shunyi Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Municipal Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Reasearch Center for Public Health Security, College of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Weiwei Liu ;
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Alsaadoon AM, Sulimany AM, Hamdan HM, Murshid EZ. The Use of a Dental Storybook as a Dental Anxiety Reduction Medium among Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:children9030328. [PMID: 35327700 PMCID: PMC8947438 DOI: 10.3390/children9030328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This randomized clinical trial aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a specially designed dental storybook in reducing dental anxiety among children. Eighty-eight children (6−8 years old) were randomly divided into two groups: the intervention group (received the storybook) and the control group (did not receive the storybook). Three dental visits (screening, examination and cleaning, and treatment) were provided for each child. Anxiety was assessed following each visit using the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and the Venham clinical anxiety scale (VCAS). The behavior was assessed using the Frankl’s Behavior Rating Scale (FBRS). The intervention group showed significantly lower anxiety and more cooperative behavior during treatment than the control group (p < 0.0001). The intervention group showed a significant decrease in anxiety scores and more cooperative behavior across time according to the CFSS-DS (p = 0.001) and Frankl behavior scale OR = 3.22, 95% CI 1.18−8.76. Multivariate models found that using the storybook was a significant independent factor in reducing anxiety and improving behavior after controlling for sex, previous visits, family income, and mother’s education. In conclusion, the dental storybook can decrease children’s dental anxiety and improve their behavior during dental treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alrouh M. Alsaadoon
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.S.); (E.Z.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Ayman M. Sulimany
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.S.); (E.Z.M.)
| | - Hebah M. Hamdan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ebtissam Z. Murshid
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.S.); (E.Z.M.)
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Sanglard LF, Oliveira LB, Massignan C, Polmann H, De Luca Canto G. Evaluating pain, fear, anxiety or stress/distress using children's drawings in paediatric dentistry: a scoping review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2021; 23:199-222. [PMID: 34699048 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-021-00674-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to systematically review the literature to answer the question: Can children's drawings represent a helping tool so the dentist can better understand the children's pain, fear, anxiety or stress/distress and their perception concerning the dentist and/or dental treatment? METHODS A scoping review was done. Cochrane Library, EMBASE, LILACS, LIVIVO, PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Grey literature was searched. Cross-sectional, quasi-experimental and qualitative studies in which patients were children and adolescents were included. Two authors independently selected studies to extract data and evaluate methodological quality by using Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Data collected included: characteristics of the studies, drawing evaluation/scales, main results and conclusion. RESULTS Out of 1037 papers were identified in search, 25 studies verified the emotional state and the children's perceptions regarding dental environment and the dentist and were included in the narrative synthesis. The spontaneous drawings were useful to identify the children's emotions. Drawings might be considered a helping tool to identify children and adolescents' perception in relation to dental treatment. Few studies used validated instruments. There were methodological disparities among studies. CONCLUSIONS The drawings can be considered a useful tool in identifying children's pain, fear, anxiety or stress/distress and perceptions about the dentist and/or dental treatment. Future studies with standardized analysis of the drawings are recommended. Code https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/U5BJH . "Retrospectively registered".
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Sanglard
- Department of Dentistry, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil.
| | - L B Oliveira
- Department of Dentistry, Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C Massignan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - H Polmann
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - G De Luca Canto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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Turkish version of the faces version of the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS f): translation, reliability, and validity. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:2031-2042. [PMID: 34581886 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04184-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To cross-culturally adapt of MCDASf into Turkish and to evaluate reliability and validity of the Turkish version of MCDASf using explorative factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to form a less time consuming and easy to understand tool for measuring dental anxiety. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 300 children (174 females, 126 males) aged 6-12 years who were recruited at the Department of Paediatric Dentistry in RTEU at the first visit participated in the present study. For the internal consistency reliability, Cronbach's alpha was calculated. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for test-retest reliability (n=67). Construct validity was determined by comparing with the Venham Picture Test (VPT). The factor structure was examined using EFA. CFA was used for dimensionality. The cut-off points of the Turkish version of MCDASf were plotted using a ROC curve. RESULTS The Turkish version of MCDASf showed high internal consistency (0.703) and an excellent ICC value (0.827). Good correlations were found between the global scores of MCDASf and VPT (r=0.632). Three factors were identified from EFA and verified with CFA. Discriminant validity was supported by high scores of females and younger children (p<0.05). The cut-off point was assigned as >24.50. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) was 0.921 (95% CI: 0.873-0.969). CONCLUSIONS The Turkish version of the MCDASf is a reliable and valid scale that satisfied psychometric properties. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The Turkish version of MCDASf is a usable tool for the measurement of dental anxiety among Turkish speaking children.
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Laureano ICC, Farias L, Fernandes LHF, Alencar CRBD, Forte FDS, Honório DR, Cavalcanti AL. Dental Fear in Children: Association with Dental Caries and Molar Incisor Hypomineralization. Braz Dent J 2020; 31:673-679. [PMID: 33237240 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440202003880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of dental fear and to evaluate its association with dental caries and molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) in schoolchildren aged 8-10 years from a municipality in Northeastern Brazil. Data from 466 students enrolled in urban public schools in a cross-sectional study were collected. Parents/guardians answered a questionnaire addressing sociodemographic characteristics, dental fear was measured by means of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and clinical examinations were performed by three calibrated examiners for diagnosis of dental caries, using the International Caries Detection & Assessment System - ICDAS II and a previously validated index for MIH. Descriptive data analysis was performed, and associations between dental fear, dental caries and MIH were analyzed using robust Poisson regression for complex samples (p<0,05). The prevalence of dental fear was 21.6%, and the mean total CFSS-DS score was 29.97 (CI 95%=29.05-30.89). In the multivariate adjusted model, the prevalence of dental fear was associated to family income (PR=1.78; CI 95%=1.02-3.08; p= 0.041). Monthly family income was associated with dental fear in children, whereas dental caries and MIH were not associated with dental fear.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lunna Farias
- Departament of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UEPB - Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
| | | | | | - Franklin Delano Soares Forte
- Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UFPB - Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brazil
| | - Daniela Rios Honório
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Orthodontics and Public Health, Bauru School of Dentistry, USP - Universidade de São Paulo, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Leite Cavalcanti
- Departament of Dentistry, School of Dentistry, UEPB - Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, Campina Grande, PB, Brazil
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Yon MJY, Chen KJ, Gao SS, Duangthip D, Lo ECM, Chu CH. Dental Fear and Anxiety of Kindergarten Children in Hong Kong: A Cross-Sectional Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17082827. [PMID: 32325972 PMCID: PMC7215591 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to investigate the fear level of kindergarten children in the general population during dental outreach in a familiar kindergarten setting, and to explore the factors associated with the dental fear of kindergarten children. Method: Consecutive sampling method was used to select kindergarten children aged 3 to 5 to participate in a questionnaire survey and an outreach service. A behavioural observation type of instrument for dental fear and anxiety assessment-Frankl Behaviour Rating Scale (FBRS)-was chosen to investigate the fear level of the children. Bivariate analyses between various factors and children's dental fear and anxiety were carried out using Chi-square test. Results: A total of 498 children participated in this study. Almost half (46%) of the children have had caries experience, and the mean dmft score was 2.1 ± 3.4. The prevalence of dental caries was 32%, 43%, and 64% in the 3-, 4- and 5-year-olds, respectively. Only 4% of the children scored negatively for dental fear and anxiety (95% CI 2.3%-5.7%). Children at three years of age displayed more dental fear and anxiety than children of older ages, but the difference in dental fear and anxiety among the genders and caries status was not statistically significant. Most of the children (92%) brushed daily, but only 20% of them used toothpaste. Most (85%) of them had never visited the dentist, and over 70% of them were mainly taken care by their parents. High levels of positive and cooperative behaviour and low levels of fear were found in this population. No statistical significance was found between the child's dental fear and any factors except age. Conclusion: Children generally displayed low fear or anxiety levels in a dental outreach consisting of a non-invasive oral examination and preventive treatment in a familiar kindergarten setting. Conducting regular outreach dental services to kindergartens by providing oral examination and simple remineralisation therapies could be a promising strategy to not only control childhood caries, but also manage and reduce dental fear and encourage long term dental attendance in line with the medical model.
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11
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Yon MJY, Chen KJ, Gao SS, Duangthip D, Lo ECM, Chu CH. An Introduction to Assessing Dental Fear and Anxiety in Children. Healthcare (Basel) 2020; 8:healthcare8020086. [PMID: 32260395 PMCID: PMC7348974 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare8020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Fear and anxiety constitute an important theme in dentistry, especially with children. Anxiety and the fear of pain during dental treatment can lead to avoidance behaviour, which contributes to perpetuating fear and anxiety of dental care. Understanding and assessing dental fear and anxiety in children is important for delivering successful dental care with high satisfaction in this age group. Among the vast assessment method options available today, self-report assessment, parental proxy assessment, observation-based assessment, and physiological assessment are the four major types for dental fear and anxiety in children. Each method has its own merits and limitations. The selection of a method should be based on the objectives, validity, and setting of the assessment. The aim of this paper is to review and discuss the assessment methods for dental fear and anxiety in children.
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Leko J, Škrinjarić T, Goršeta K. Reliability and Validity of Scales for Assessing Child Dental Fear and Anxiety. Acta Stomatol Croat 2020; 54:22-31. [PMID: 32523154 PMCID: PMC7233127 DOI: 10.15644/asc54/1/3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Children with high dental anxiety display uncooperative behavior during dental procedures. Different self-assessment questionnaires are in use to estimate the prevalence of dental fear and anxiety (DFA) in children but they need to be tested for reliability and validity in different populations. Objectives The aim of this study was to test the reliability and validity of two scales for the assessment of child dental fear and anxiety in a sample of Croatian children. Material and Methods The sample comprised 202 pairs consisting of children and their mothers (97 boys and 105 girls) aged 5 - 12 years. Two scales were used to assess children's DFA: the Children's Fear Survey Schedule - Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and the Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale - face version (MCDAS-f). The Corah's Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS) was used in the sample of children's mothers. The average scores of cooperative children and children with behavior management problem (BMP) were compared. Results Cooperative children displayed significantly lower CFSS-DS scores than children with BMP (M = 28. 46 vs. M = 39. 36; P < 0.001). The average MCDAS-f score was significantly higher in children with BMP than in cooperative children (M = 28. 07 vs. 20. 01; P < 0.001). The CFSS-DS showed high internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0. 90), while internal consistency of MCDAS-f was good (α = 0. 73). The maternal CDAS showed good internal consistency (α = 0, 89). The correlations with other self-report measurements of DFS show good validity of all scales. The correlations between CFSS-DS and MCDAS-f were highly significant (r = 0.482; P < 0. 01) as well as the correlations of CFSS-DS and MCDAS-f with CDAS scores (r = 0.223; P < 0. 01 and r = 0.198; P < 0. 01, respectively. Conclusion The obtained results suggest that both the CFSS-DS scale and the MCDAS-f scale are reliable and valid scales for measuring dental fear and anxiety in children in a sample of Croatian children. The MCDAS-f scale has shown slightly lower internal consistency but it is suitable for use in young children. In addition, the MCDAS-f scale is simple to administer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tomislav Škrinjarić
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kristina Goršeta
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, Croatia
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Tollili C, Katsouda M, Coolidge T, Kotsanos N, Karagiannis V, Arapostathis KN. Child dental fear and past dental experience: comparison of parents' and children's ratings. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2019; 21:597-608. [PMID: 31813118 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-019-00497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the parental and child versions of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) and the parental and child evaluations of the Child's Past Dental Experience (CPDE) in 4- to 12-year-old children in a sample from Greece. METHODS 537 families (652 children) with 4- to 12-year-old children seeking dental care either at a University paediatric dental clinic (UC) (50.8%) or a paediatric private practice (PP) participated. Parents completed a sociodemographic questionnaire and the parental Greek version of the CFSS-DS, and children independently completed the child's Greek version. All family members answered questions about CPDE. Statistical analyses were based on multilevel models (p < 0.05). RESULTS Mothers' and fathers' mean CFSS-DS total scores were not significantly different from each other (p = 0.655), but were significantly higher than the scores of their sons and daughters (p < 0.001), regardless of the child's age. There was a negative association between mother's age and CFSS-DS agreement, but not for fathers. There was poor agreement for CPDE ratings between children and both parents, regardless of gender. Parents' ratings of CPDE were not related to their assessment of their children's dental fear, whilst the children's ratings of their CPDE were significantly related to their current dental fear. Location (UC or PP) had no significant influence on CFSS-DS or CPDE parental-child differences. CONCLUSIONS Both parents overestimated their sons' and daughters' dental fear. There was poor agreement on CPDE evaluation between parents and children. Parental CFSS-DS and CPDE evaluations are poor indicators of children's dental fear and prior dental experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Tollili
- Department of Paediatric Dentistry, Dental School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - M Katsouda
- School of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Central Secretariat, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - T Coolidge
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - N Kotsanos
- School of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Central Secretariat, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - V Karagiannis
- Department of Statistics and Operational Research, School of Mathematics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - K N Arapostathis
- School of Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, Central Secretariat, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Cademartori MG, Cara G, Pinto GDS, da Costa VPP. Validity of the Brazilian version of the Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule. Int J Paediatr Dent 2019; 29:736-747. [PMID: 31144393 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental Subscale of Children's Fear Survey Schedule (CFSS-DS) is a tool widely used to assess dental fear in children. AIM To translate and to verify the psychometric properties, including factor analyses of the Brazilian version of the CFSS-DS (B-CFSS-DS) in two settings. DESIGN The CFFS-DS was translated into the Portuguese language. In the first cross-sectional study (dental setting), 128 children (age: 4-12 years) participated. Mothers were interviewed; children's dental fear was assessed through the CFSS-DS and the Venham picture test; and child behaviour was assessed using the Frankl Scale. The second was a longitudinal study, with 103 schoolchildren (age: 4-12 years). Two receiver operating characteristic curves were drawn to establish the cut-off points. RESULTS The B-CFSS-DS version showed good internal consistency in dental and school settings (Cronbach's α = 0.88 and 0.77 respectively) and a good test-retest reliability (Weighted Kappa = 0.767), as well as good criterion and discriminant validities. Factor analyses showed four factors. CONCLUSION The Brazilian version of the CFSS-DS is a valid tool for dental fear assessment in children aged 4-12 years. Further studies with representative samples should be performed to strengthen the findings of this study, especially in the school setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gleidi Cara
- School of Dentistry, Specialized Faculty in the Health area of Rio Grande do Sul (Fasurgs), Passo Fundo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Dos Santos Pinto
- School of Dentistry, Specialized Faculty in the Health area of Rio Grande do Sul (Fasurgs), Passo Fundo, Brazil
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Khanduri N, Singhal N, Mitra M. The prevalence of dental anxiety and fear among 4-13-year-old Nepalese children. J Indian Soc Pedod Prev Dent 2019; 37:345-349. [PMID: 31710008 DOI: 10.4103/jisppd.jisppd_108_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of dental fear and anxiety among children aged 4-13 years using three fear scales, i.e., facial image scale (FIS), Nepalese version of Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS), and Modified Child Dental Anxiety Scale (MCDAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 300 children (4-13 years) who visited the Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry. The fear and anxiety levels were measured using three fear measurement scales, i.e., FIS, Nepalese version of CFSS-DS, and MCDAS. The dental behavior observed was rated according to the Frankl's Behavior Rating Scale (FBRS). RESULTS The prevalence of dental fear according to FIS was 11.9% as evident from children having FIS 4 and 5 scores. Dental fear with CFSS-DS ≥38 was identified in 49 children (21 [12.5%] male and 28 [21.21%] female). In assessment of the behavior of children in the clinics through FBRS, it was observed that the maximum number of respondents (70.6%) showed Frankl's rating 3, i.e., positive. CONCLUSION The Nepalese versions of the CFSS-DS and the MCDAS are both reliable and valid scales for evaluating dental anxiety and fear in young children. Assessing dental anxiety and fear is useful, as behavior management can be designed accordingly for child patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Khanduri
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Seema Dental College and Hospital, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Namrata Singhal
- Department of Oral Pathology, Institute of Dental Education and Advance Studies, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Malay Mitra
- Department of Pediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Guru Nanak Institute of Dental Science and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Dental fear and its determinants in 7-11-year-old children in Tehran, Iran. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2018; 20:393-401. [PMID: 30565154 DOI: 10.1007/s40368-018-0407-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess dental fear and its determinants in 7-11-year-old children. METHODS In this cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, the standard Persian version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) questionnaire was completed by 240 parent-child (children aged 7-11 years) pairs referred to dental clinics in Tehran city, Iran. Background characteristics were also inquired. RESULTS An equal number of boys and girls participated in the study. The mean score of fear among the children was 21.66 ± 8.33. The causes of fear among the children were, first, injection, and then, seeing the dentist's drill, choking feeling, and finally, filling the tooth. There was a significant correlation between the scores of children's dental fear and their experience of meeting with the dentist (p = 0.001). The result of the regression test showed that the age of the children (p = 0.022) and high levels of dental fear among their fathers (p < 0.001) was related to high levels of dental fear among the children. CONCLUSIONS The present children revealed a moderate level of dental fear. Taking children's age into account in behavioural management and challenging father's fear seemed to play a key role to reduce the child's fear and prevent its long-term consequences.
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Wu L, Gao X. Children's dental fear and anxiety: exploring family related factors. BMC Oral Health 2018; 18:100. [PMID: 29866080 PMCID: PMC5987456 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-018-0553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) is a major issue affecting children's oral health and clinical management. This study investigates the association between children's DFA and family related factors, including parents' DFA, parenting styles, family structure (nuclear or single-parent family), and presence of siblings. METHODS A total of 405 children (9-13 years old) and their parents were recruited from 3 elementary schools in Hong Kong. Child's demographic and family-related information was collected through a questionnaire. Parents' and child's DFA were measured by using the Corah Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS) and Children Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS), respectively. Parenting styles were gauged by using the Parent Authority Questionnaire (PAQ). RESULTS DFA was reported by 33.1% of children. The mean (SD) CFSS-DS score was 29.1 (11.0). Children with siblings tended to report DFA (37.0% vs. 24.1%; p = 0.034) and had a higher CFSS-DS score (29.9 vs. 27.4; p = 0.025) as compared with their counterpart. Children from single-parent families had lower CFSS-DS score as compared with children from nuclear families (β = - 9.177; p = 0.029). Subgroup analysis showed a higher CFSS-DS score among boys with siblings (β = 7.130; p = 0.010) as compared with their counterpart; girls' from single-parent families had a lower CFSS-DS score (β = - 13.933; p = 0.015) as compared with girls from nuclear families. Children's DFA was not associated with parents' DFA or parenting styles (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Family structure (nuclear or single-parent family) and presence of siblings are significant determinants for children's DFA. Parental DFA and parenting style do not affect children's DFA significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Wu
- Department of Dentistry, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases of Gansu Province, Northwest University for Nationalities, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 3rd Floor, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong.
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Bajric E, Kobaslija S, Huseinbegovic A, Selimovic-Dragas M, Muratbegovic AA, Markovic N. Reliability and Validity of the Modified Version of Children's Fear Survey Schedule-dental Subscale in 9-12 Years Old Schoolchildren in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Med Arch 2018; 72:192-196. [PMID: 30061765 PMCID: PMC6021163 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2018.72.192-196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental fear and anxiety (DFA) are present worldwide globally, as well as in children. These psychological clinical entities in its progressive phase lead to avoiding of dentists and dental appointments, and consequtive impairments of oral health. If we ignore these facts, we would have the strenghtening of this relationship in a way of further oral health impairments and lost of dental hard and soft tissues, as well as appearance of dental phobia as the most negative form of psychological reaction to dental stimuli. Original CFSS-DS scale and its modifications, as the most used instruments for evaluation of DFA presence so far, showed various disadvantages. These were the reasons why we wanted to design new psychometric instrument for better evaluation of DFA presence in children compared to evaluation which the existed scales could offer nowadays, in a form of the Modified Version of CFSS-DS scale (CFSS-DS-mod scale). MATERIALS AND METHODS There were 809 schoolchildren from 8 cities of Bosnia and Herzegovina aged 9-12 years that participated in the study. There was one school per city where the schoolchildren answered to the questions from the CFSS-DS-mod scale. RESULTS 636 schoolchildren correctly answered to the scale questions. The CFSS-DS-mod scale showed excellent internal consistency reliability values (with Cronbach α>0.9), and also validity results (mostly over 60% of explained variance of obtained results) with two-dimensional concept of DFA presence. CONCLUSION The CFSS-DS-mod scale represents good psychometric instrument for evaluation of the DFA presence in 9-12 year old schoolchildren in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Some of normative values of this psychometric instrument should be determined, in order to expand its usage in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmedin Bajric
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry of Sarajevo University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Sedin Kobaslija
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry of Sarajevo University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amina Huseinbegovic
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry of Sarajevo University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Mediha Selimovic-Dragas
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry of Sarajevo University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Amra Arslanagic Muratbegovic
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry of Sarajevo University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Nina Markovic
- Department of Preventive Dentistry and Pedodontics, Faculty of Dentistry of Sarajevo University, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Cademartori MG, Da Rosa DP, Oliveira LJC, Corrêa MB, Goettems ML. Validity of the Brazilian version of the Venham's behavior rating scale. Int J Paediatr Dent 2017; 27:120-127. [PMID: 27043231 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Venham's Behavior Rating Scale (VBRS) is a measure of uncooperative behavior developed to assess children's responses to dental stress. AIM To evaluate the validity of the Brazilian version of the VBRS. DESIGN Children aged 7-13 years were invited to participate in this study. Child behavior was concurrently assessed with both the VBRS and the Frankl Scale. A receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was plotted to determine the cut-off points of the Brazilian version of the VBRS. Criterion validity was determined using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Discriminant validity was tested before and after scale dichotomization. RESULTS A total of 265 children participated in this study. According to the ROC curve, the ≥1 cut-off point was best for this population (SENS 97.4%; SPEC 94.7%). The Brazilian version of the VBRS was significantly correlated with the Frankl Scale (r -0.69; <0.001, r -0.72; <0.001). Child behavior assessed was related to complexity of treatment, type of procedure, use of local anesthesia, and dental fear. CONCLUSIONS The results provide strong evidence for the validity of Brazilian version of the VBRS in behavior assessment of children aged 7-13 years during dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Paiva Da Rosa
- Pediatric Dentistry, Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Britto Corrêa
- Dentistry, Department of Dentistry and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Marília Leão Goettems
- Department of Social and Preventive Dentistry and Graduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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Abstract
Background: Pediatric dental fear, if left unchecked, can persist for a lifetime and adversely impact the physical and psychological health of a patient. In this study, a feasible nonmedical method for relieving pediatric dental fear was investigated. Methods: A randomized, single-blind, controlled trial model was applied. The juvenile patients experiencing dental fear, whose parents or guardian had signed an informed consent form, were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 50) was the control group, while Group B (n = 50) was the reward group. Participants in Group A accepted routine treatment. Participants in Group B were told that they would obtain a gift as a reward for their good behavior if they were compliant during their dental treatments. The Chinese version of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS) was used to evaluate the level of dental fear of each patient both before and after each treatment. A contrast analysis and a correlation analysis of the results were used to assess the efficacy of the reward mechanism. Results: All participants in Group B, were obedient during the dental treatment, and they also successfully chose the present they wanted at the end of their dental treatment. Children at different ages showed different reward preferences. Significant difference in the fear scores of the participants in Group B before the treatment and after receiving the reward was found (independent samples t-test, t = 14.72, P < 0.001). In Group A, 86% children's fear score did not undergo a noticeable change. Conclusions: A reward system is proved feasible to relieve pediatric dental fear, and the form of reward should meet the demand of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hua Xia
- Department of Children's Dental, The First Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Yi-Ran Song
- Department of Science and Technology Communication and Policy, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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El-Housseiny AA, Alsadat FA, Alamoudi NM, El Derwi DA, Farsi NM, Attar MH, Andijani BM. Reliability and validity of the Children's Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale for Arabic-speaking children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:49. [PMID: 27079656 PMCID: PMC4832529 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0205-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Early recognition of dental fear is essential for the effective delivery of dental care. This study aimed to test the reliability and validity of the Arabic version of the Children’s Fear Survey Schedule-Dental Subscale (CFSS-DS). Methods A school-based sample of 1546 children was randomly recruited. The Arabic version of the CFSS-DS was completed by children during class time. The scale was tested for internal consistency and test-retest reliability. To test criterion validity, children’s behavior was assessed using the Frankl scale during dental examination, and results were compared with children’s CFSS-DS scores. To test the scale’s construct validity, scores on “fear of going to the dentist soon” were correlated with CFSS-DS scores. Factor analysis was also used. Results The Arabic version of the CFSS-DS showed high reliability regarding both test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation = 0.83, p < 0.001) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s α = 0.88). It showed good criterion validity: children with negative behavior had significantly higher fear scores (t = 13.67, p < 0.001). It also showed moderate construct validity (Spearman’s rho correlation, r = 0.53, p < 0.001). Factor analysis identified the following factors: “fear of invasive dental procedures,” “fear of less invasive dental procedures” and “fear of strangers.” Conclusion The Arabic version of the CFSS-DS is a reliable and valid measure of dental fear in Arabic-speaking children. Pediatric dentists and researchers may use this validated version of the CFSS-DS to measure dental fear in Arabic-speaking children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azza A El-Housseiny
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia. .,Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Farah A Alsadat
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Najlaa M Alamoudi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Douaa A El Derwi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.,Public Health and Community Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Najat M Farsi
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moaz H Attar
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basil M Andijani
- Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80209, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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