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Bautista-Trujillo GU, Hernández-Hernández MI, Gutiérrez-Jiménez J, Azpiri-Álvarez F, Pinto-Ruiz R, Guevara-Hernández F, Ruiz-Sesma B, Mendoza-Nazar P, González-Mendoza D. Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 in piglets and food from backyard systems. VETERINARY RESEARCH FORUM : AN INTERNATIONAL QUARTERLY JOURNAL 2022; 13:169-176. [PMID: 35919852 PMCID: PMC9340280 DOI: 10.30466/vrf.2020.128661.2977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Piglets suffer from diarrhea caused by the Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and can be carriers of the bacteria, with public health consequences in developing countries. The aim of the present study was to study the prevalence of STEC O157 in feces of 465 piglets and 54 food mixes from backyard systems, the antimicrobial susceptibility of STEC and the frequency of genes encoding extended-spectrum β-lactamases. The E. coli was isolated from 75.90 % of the evaluated feces. The STEC strains were identified in 33.11% of the sampled population and in 43.60% of the piglets carrying E. coli. Among STEC strains, the stx1 gene was the most frequent (22.30%). The rfbO157 gene was amplified in 47.40% of the STEC strains. High frequencies of STEC strains were not susceptible to ampicillin, carbenicillin and tetracycline. The blaTEM gene (52) was the most frequent among strains not susceptible to ampicillin. Class 1 integrons were the most frequent in those strains. Of the identified STEC strains, 48.70% were considered as multi-drug resistant and 1.90% were considered extensively drug resistant. In the supplied food, STEC O157 strains were identified in 25.00% of the STEC strains. We conclude that the piglets from backyard systems are carriers of STEC O157 strains not susceptible to common antibiotics, including penicillins and tetracyclines. In addition, supplied food is a source of this type of pathogenic bacteria. Through their direct contact with humans, the piglets and food represent a potential source of bacterial dissemination capable of producing gastrointestinal infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Uriel Bautista-Trujillo
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Chiapas, Mexico; ,Correspondence Gerardo Uriel Bautista Trujillo. PhD, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Chiapas, Mexico. E-mail:
| | | | | | - Fernando Azpiri-Álvarez
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Rene Pinto-Ruiz
- Faculty of Agronomic Sciences, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | | | - Benigno Ruiz-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Paula Mendoza-Nazar
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Autonomous University of Chiapas, Chiapas, Mexico;
| | - Daniel González-Mendoza
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Autonomous University of Baja California, Baja California, Mexico.
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Müller-Theissen ML, Azziz-Baumgartner E, Ortiz L, Szablewski CM, Alvarez D, Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Jara J, Davis CT, Cordon-Rosales C. Influenza A virus circulation in backyard animals in the Pacific coast of Guatemala, 2013-2014. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:826-834. [PMID: 35611690 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Due to their documented epidemiological relevance as hosts for influenza A viruses (IAV), humans, poultry and pigs in backyard production systems (BPS) within wetlands could be key to the emergence of novel IAV variants able to transmit between humans or animals. To better understand the circulation of IAV at the human-animal interface of BPS within wetlands, we studied IAV in backyard duck flocks and pig herds in the Pacific Coast of Guatemala. From April 2013 to October 2014, we estimated the monthly IAV per cent seropositive and viral positive flocks and herds in two resource-limited communities. We detected antibodies in sera against the IAV nucleoprotein through ELISA. We also detected IAV viral RNA in respiratory (ducks and pigs) and cloacal (ducks) swabs through rRT-PCR directed at the matrix gene. We attempted viral isolation in eggs or MDCK cells followed by sequencing from swabs positive for IAV. During our study period, IAV seropositivity in duck flocks was 38%, and viral positivity was 23% (n = 86 BPS sampled). IAV seropositivity in pig herds was 42%, and viral positivity was 20% (n = 90 BPS sampled). Both flocks and herds had detectable antibodies against IAV mostly year-round, and IAV was detected in several months. We isolated an H3N2 virus from one pig sampled at the end of 2013. Standard nucleotide BLAST searches indicate that the isolated virus was similar to seasonal viruses circulating in humans, suggesting human-to-pig transmission. Our data show concurrent circulation of IAV in multiple species of poultry and pigs that were commingled in rudimentary conditions in proximity to humans, but no significant risk factors could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eduardo Azziz-Baumgartner
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Lucia Ortiz
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Christine M Szablewski
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Danilo Alvarez
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - Jorge Jara
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
| | - C Todd Davis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Celia Cordon-Rosales
- Centro de Estudios en Salud, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala, Guatemala
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3
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A systematic review of influenza A virus prevalence and transmission dynamics in backyard swine populations globally. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:10. [PMID: 35287744 PMCID: PMC8919175 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Backyard swine farming is critical to generating subsistence and food security in rural and peri-urban households in several developing countries. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the molecular and serological prevalence of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard swine populations globally. Results We identified 34 full-text research articles in NCBI-PubMed and Google Scholar databases that have reported IAV sero- and/or virological prevalence in backyard swine up to 11 July 2021. The highest number of studies were reported from Asia (n = 11) followed by North America (n = 10), South America (n = 6), Africa (n = 6), and Europe (n = 1). While the maximum number of studies (44.12%) reported human-to-swine transmission of IAV, swine-to-human (5.88%), poultry-to-swine (5.88%), and wild birds-to-swine (2.94%) transmissions were also reported. An overall higher IAV seroprevalence (18.28%) in backyard swine was detected compared to the virological prevalence (1.32%). The human-origin pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus clade 1A.3.3.2 was the more frequently detected IAV subtype in virological studies (27.27%) than serological studies (18.92%). In addition, the avian-origin highly pathogenic H5N1 and H5N8 viruses were also detected, which further substantiated the evidence of avian–swine interactions in the backyards. Conclusion Human–swine and avian–swine interactions in backyards may transmit IAV between species. Monitoring the circulation and evolution of IAV in backyard swine would help stakeholders make informed decisions to ensure sustainable backyard swine farming and public safety.
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Chauhan RP, Gordon ML. A Systematic Review Analyzing the Prevalence and Circulation of Influenza Viruses in Swine Population Worldwide. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050355. [PMID: 32397138 PMCID: PMC7281378 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The global anxiety and a significant threat to public health due to the current COVID-19 pandemic reiterate the need for active surveillance for the zoonotic virus diseases of pandemic potential. Influenza virus due to its wide host range and zoonotic potential poses such a significant threat to public health. Swine serve as a “mixing vessel” for influenza virus reassortment and evolution which as a result may facilitate the emergence of new strains or subtypes of zoonotic potential. In this context, the currently available scientific data hold a high significance to unravel influenza virus epidemiology and evolution. With this objective, the current systematic review summarizes the original research articles and case reports of all the four types of influenza viruses reported in swine populations worldwide. A total of 281 articles were found eligible through screening of PubMed and Google Scholar databases and hence were included in this systematic review. The highest number of research articles (n = 107) were reported from Asia, followed by Americas (n = 97), Europe (n = 55), Africa (n = 18), and Australia (n = 4). The H1N1, H1N2, H3N2, and A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses were the most common influenza A virus subtypes reported in swine in most countries across the globe, however, few strains of influenza B, C, and D viruses were also reported in certain countries. Multiple reports of the avian influenza virus strains documented in the last two decades in swine in China, the United States, Canada, South Korea, Nigeria, and Egypt provided the evidence of interspecies transmission of influenza viruses from birds to swine. Inter-species transmission of equine influenza virus H3N8 from horse to swine in China expanded the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. Additionally, numerous reports of the double and triple-reassortant strains which emerged due to reassortments among avian, human, and swine strains within swine further increased the genetic diversity of swine influenza viruses. These findings are alarming hence active surveillance should be in place to prevent future influenza pandemics.
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Tunterak W, Prakairungnamthip D, Ninvilai P, Bunyapisitsopa S, Oraveerakul K, Sasipreeyajan J, Amonsin A, Thontiravong A. Response to "A comment on 'Serological evidence of duck Tembusu virus infection in free-grazing ducks, Thailand'". Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:1098-1099. [PMID: 30730113 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wikanda Tunterak
- Inter-Department Program of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duangduean Prakairungnamthip
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Patchareeporn Ninvilai
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supanat Bunyapisitsopa
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kanisak Oraveerakul
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Alongkorn Amonsin
- Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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[Serological detection of Brucella suis, influenza virus and Aujeszky's disease virus in backyard and small swine holders in Argentina]. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 49:158-165. [PMID: 28325625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Farmers raising less than 100 sows represent more than 99% of swine producers in Argentina, although little is known about their sanitary status and productive characteristics in the country. Sanitary and productive information was obtained. Furthermore, samples for serological studies were taken to detect antibodies against Brucella suis (Bs), Aujeszky's disease virus (AV) and influenza virus (IV) in 68 backyard and small producers with less than 100 sows located in the north, central and south regions of Argentina. Antibodies against H1 pandemic were detected in 80% of the farms while 11%, 11.7% and 6.0% of the producers were positive to influenza H3 cluster 2, AV and Bs, respectively. None of the producers was aware of the risk factors concerning the transmission of diseases from pigs to humans. A percentage of 47% of them buy pigs for breeding from other farmers and markets. With regard to biosecurity measures, only 16% of the farms had perimeter fences. The results of this study demonstrate that productive characterization and disease surveys are important to improve productivity and to reduce the risk of disease transmission among animals and humans. The study of sanitary status and risk factors is necessary for better control and eradication of diseases in backyard or small producers. More representative studies at country level should be carried out to detect the pathogensthat circulate and, with this knowledge, to implement prevention and control measures.
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Saavedra-Montañez M, Castillo-Juárez H, Sánchez-Betancourt I, Rivera-Benitez JF, Ramírez-Mendoza H. Serological study of influenza viruses in veterinarians working with swine in Mexico. Arch Virol 2017; 162:1633-1640. [PMID: 28233143 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-017-3282-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Humans and swine are both affected by influenza viruses, and swine are considered a potential source of new influenza viruses. Transmission of influenza viruses across species is well documented. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of different influenza virus subtypes in veterinarians working for the Mexican swine industry, using a hemagglutination inhibition test. All sera tested were collected in July 2011. The data were analysed using a generalized linear model and a linear model to study the possible association of seroprevalence with the age of the veterinarian, vaccination status, and biosecurity level of the farm where they work. The observed seroprevalence was 12.3%, 76.5%, 46.9%, and 11.1% for the human subtypes of pandemic influenza virus (pH1N1), seasonal human influenza virus (hH1N1), the swine subtypes of classical swine influenza virus (swH1N1), and triple-reassortant swine influenza virus (swH3N2), respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that age was associated with hH1N1 seroprevalence (P < 0.05). Similarly, age and vaccination were associated with pH1N1 seroprevalence (P < 0.05). On the other hand, none of the studied factors were associated with swH1N1 and swH3N2 seroprevalence. All of the pH1N1-positive sera were from vaccinated veterinarians, whereas all of those not vaccinated tested negative for this subtype. Our findings suggest that, between the onset of the 2009 pandemic and July 2011, the Mexican veterinarians working in the swine industry did not have immunity to the pH1N1 virus; hence, they would have been at risk for infection with this virus if this subtype had been circulating in swine in Mexico prior to 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Saavedra-Montañez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FMVZ-UNAM, Av. Universidad No. 3000. Copilco, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Héctor Castillo-Juárez
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Xochimilco, CP 04960, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Humberto Ramírez-Mendoza
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, FMVZ-UNAM, Av. Universidad No. 3000. Copilco, Del. Coyoacán, CP 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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8
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Sánchez-Betancourt JI, Cervantes-Torres JB, Saavedra-Montañez M, Segura-Velázquez RA. Complete genome sequence of a novel influenza A H1N2 virus circulating in swine from Central Bajio region, Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 64:2083-2092. [PMID: 28181421 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to perform the complete genome sequence of a swine influenza A H1N2 virus strain isolated from a pig in Guanajuato, México (A/swine/Mexico/GtoDMZC01/2014) and to report its seroprevalence in 86 counties at the Central Bajio zone. To understand the evolutionary dynamics of the isolate, we undertook a phylogenetic analysis of the eight gene segments. These data revealed that the isolated virus is a reassortant H1N2 subtype, as its genes are derived from human (HA, NP, PA) and swine (M, NA, PB1, PB2 and NS) influenza viruses. Pig serum samples were analysed by the hemagglutination inhibition test, using wild H1N2 and H3N2 strains (A/swine/México/Mex51/2010 [H3N2]) as antigen sources. Positive samples to the H1N2 subtype were processed using the field-isolated H1N1 subtype (A/swine/México/Ver37/2010 [H1N1]). Seroprevalence to the H1N2 subtype was 26.74% in the sampled counties, being Jalisco the state with highest seroprevalence to this subtype (35.30%). The results herein reported demonstrate that this new, previously unregistered influenza virus subtype in México that shows internal genes from other swine viral subtypes isolated in the past 5 years, along with human virus-originated genes, is widely distributed in this area of the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Sánchez-Betancourt
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
| | - J B Cervantes-Torres
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
| | - M Saavedra-Montañez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
| | - R A Segura-Velázquez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Ciudad de México, CP, 04510, México
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9
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Gonzalez-Reiche AS, Ramírez AL, Müller ML, Orellana D, Sosa SM, Ola P, Paniagua J, Ortíz L, Hernandez J, Cordón-Rosales C, Perez DR. Origin, distribution, and potential risk factors associated with influenza A virus in swine in two production systems in Guatemala. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2017; 11:182-192. [PMID: 27860313 PMCID: PMC5304577 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Guatemala is the country with the largest swine production in Central America; however, evidence of influenza A virus (IAV) in pigs has not been clearly delineated. Objectives In this study, we analyzed the presence and spatial distribution of IAV in commercial and backyard swine populations. Methods Samples from two nationwide surveys conducted in 2010 and 2011 were tested using virological (rRT‐PCR and virus isolation) and serological (ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition) assays to detect IAV. Results Influenza A virus was detected in 15.7% of the sampled pigs (30.6% of herds) in 2010 and in 11.7% (24.2% of herds) in 2011. The percentage of seropositive pigs was 10.6% (16.1% of herds) and 1.4% (3.1% of herds) for each year, respectively. Three pandemic H1N1 and one seasonal human‐like H3N2 viruses were isolated. Antibodies against viruses from different genetic clusters were detected. No reassortant strains with swine viruses were detected. The H3N2 virus was closely related to human viruses that circulated in Central America in 2010, distinct to the most recent human seasonal vaccine lineages. Spatial clusters of rRT‐PCR positive herds were detected each year by scan statistics. Conclusions Our results demonstrate circulation of IAV throughout Guatemala and identify commercial farms, animal health status, and age as potential risk factors associated with IAV infection and exposure. Detection of human‐origin viruses in pigs suggests a role for humans in the molecular epidemiology of IAV in swine in Guatemala and evidences gaps in local animal and human surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana S Gonzalez-Reiche
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ana L Ramírez
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.,Prince Leopold Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - María L Müller
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - David Orellana
- Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadería y Alimentación, Guatemala city, Guatemala
| | - Silvia M Sosa
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Pablo Ola
- Ministerio de Agricultura Ganadería y Alimentación, Guatemala city, Guatemala
| | - Jorge Paniagua
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Lucía Ortíz
- Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | | | | | - Daniel R Perez
- Department of Population Health, Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center Athens, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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López-Robles G, Montalvo-Corral M, Burgara-Estrella A, Hernández J. Serological and molecular prevalence of swine influenza virus on farms in northwestern Mexico. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:323-8. [PMID: 24925324 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the epidemiological status of swine influenza viruses in pigs from northwestern Mexico in 2008-2009. A serological and molecular survey was conducted in 150 pigs from 15 commercial farms in Sonora, Mexico (northwestern region of Mexico). The serological data showed that 55% of the sera were positive for the H1N1 subtype, 59% for the H3N2 subtype, and 38% for both subtypes. Overall, 16.6% (25/150) of the samples were positive for type A influenza by qRT-PCR. The phylogenetic analysis of the H1 viruses circulating in northwestern Mexico were grouped into cluster α, from five other clusters previously described. The influenza virus H1 circulating in northwestern Mexico showed 97-100% identity at the nucleotide level among them, 89% identity with other North American strains, 88% with strains from central Mexico, and 85% with the pandemic A/H1N1p2009 virus. Meanwhile, a closer relationship with some influenza viruses from North America (97% nucleotide identity) was found for H3 subtype. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a high circulation of strains similar to those observed in the North American linage among commercial farms in northwestern Mexico, involving of a different lineage virus different to the influenza pandemic of 2009.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe López-Robles
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Km 0.6, Carretera a la Victoria, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Maricela Montalvo-Corral
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Km 0.6, Carretera a la Victoria, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Alexel Burgara-Estrella
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Km 0.6, Carretera a la Victoria, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C., Km 0.6, Carretera a la Victoria, 83000 Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.
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11
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Saavedra-Montañez M, Carrera-Aguirre V, Castillo-Juárez H, Rivera-Benitez F, Rosas-Estrada K, Pulido-Camarillo E, Mercado-García C, Carreón-Nápoles R, Haro-Tirado M, Rosete DP, Cabello C, Manjarrez ME, Sánchez-Betancourt I, Ramírez-Mendoza H. Retrospective serological survey of influenza viruses in backyard pigs from Mexico City. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2012; 7:827-32. [PMID: 23210521 PMCID: PMC5781217 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we analyzed the presence of antibodies to four different influenza viruses (pH1N1, hH1N1, swH1N1, and swH3N2) in the sera of 2094 backyard pigs from Mexico City. The sera were obtained between 2000 and 2009. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of the 2000-2009 period to determine the seroprevalence of antibodies against pH1N1, hH1N1, swH1N1, and swH3N2 viruses in sera obtained from backyard pigs in Mexico City. METHODS Antibody detection was conducted with hemagglutination inhibition assay (HI) using four influenza viruses. We used linear regression to analyze the tendency of antibody serum titers throughout the aforementioned span. RESULTS We observed that the antibody titers for the pH1N1, swH1N1, and swH3N2 viruses tended to diminish over the study period, whereas the antibodies to hH1N1 remained at low prevalence for the duration of the years analyzed in this study. A non-significant correlation (P > 0.05) between antibody titers for pH1N1 and swH1N1 viruses was observed (0.04). It contrasts with the significance of the correlation (0.43) observed between the swH1N1 and swH3N2 viruses (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our findings showed no cross-antigenicity in the antibody response against the same subtype. Antibodies against pH1N1 virus were observed throughout the 10-year study span, implying that annual strains shared some common features with the pH1N1 virus since 2000, which would then be capable of supporting the ongoing presence of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Saavedra-Montañez
- Departamento de Microbiología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 04510, Distrito Federal, México
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