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Celis SL, Dietschler NJ, Bittner TD, Havill NP, Gates MW, Buffington ML, Whitmore MC. Hymenopteran Parasitoids of Leucotaraxis argenticollis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) and Leucotaraxis piniperda: Implications for Biological Control of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:901-909. [PMID: 35951040 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae (Annand)) is a serious invasive pest of hemlock trees in eastern North America. Multiple biological control agents have been the focus of research aimed at pest management and conserving hemlock communities. Three promising A. tsugae specialist predators are the beetle Laricobius nigrinus (Fender) (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) and flies in the genus Leucotaraxis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), Leucotaraxis argenticollis (Zetterstedt), and Leucotaraxis piniperda (Malloch). However, these flies are vulnerable to parasitism by wasps in the genera Pachyneuron (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) and Melanips (Walker) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae). This study explores parasitoid wasp interactions with these Leucotaraxis species in their native western North American range and potential impacts on the biological control program in the East. Leucotaraxis, La. nigrinus, and parasitoid emergences were observed from adelgid-infested foliage collected from Washington State and British Columbia in 2018, 2019, and 2020. Undescribed species of Pachyneuron and Melanips emerged from puparia as solitary parasitoids. Parasitoid emergence was positively correlated with Leucotaraxis emergence. Percent parasitism increased between February and July, with the months of June and July experiencing higher parasitoid emergence than Leucotaraxis. Differences in emergence patterns suggest that Pachyneuron may be more closely associated with Le. argenticollis as a host, and that Melanips may be associated with Le. piniperda. High parasitism in Leucotaraxis had no effect on La. nigrinus larval abundance, whereas the combined emergence of parasitoids and Leucotaraxis was positively correlated with La. nigrinus. This suggests that there is limited competition among these predators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina L Celis
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas J Dietschler
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tonya D Bittner
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Nathan P Havill
- USDA-Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Hamden, CT, USA
| | - Michael W Gates
- USDA-ARS Systematic Entomology Laboratory, N.W., Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Mark C Whitmore
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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Cuny MAC, Traine J, Bustos-Segura C, Benrey B. Host density and parasitoid presence interact and shape the outcome of a tritrophic interaction on seeds of wild lima bean. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18591. [PMID: 31819127 PMCID: PMC6901471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The interaction between the seed beetle Zabrotes subfasciatus and its parasitoid Stenocorse bruchivora, was investigated on seeds of two populations of wild lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus. By manipulating the number of beetle larvae per seed and the presence of parasitoids, we determined how factors related to beetle larvae density, the seed in which they feed and the parasitoid, may interact and affect host and parasitoid survival. Results showed that an increase in larval beetle density had a negative impact on beetle performance. This effect cascaded up to parasitoids, high larval density strongly reduced parasitoid emergence. Also, parasitoid presence resulted in faster beetle development and lower female weight. An interactive effect between larval host density and parasitoid presence affected the number of insects that emerged from the seeds. Beetle performance was better in the bean population with the largest seeds, while parasitoid emergence was the lowest in these seeds. This study shows that the impact of parasitoids on seed beetles is contingent on the interaction between density-mediated (direct mortality) and trait-mediated (e.g. non-consumptive) effects. Indirect trait-mediated effects of natural enemies are likely prevalent across insect communities, understanding their role in driving host-parasitoid interactions can have important implications for biological control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A C Cuny
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Juan Traine
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Carlos Bustos-Segura
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Mugabo M, Gilljam D, Petteway L, Yuan C, Fowler MS, Sait SM. Environmental degradation amplifies species' responses to temperature variation in a trophic interaction. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1657-1669. [PMID: 31330040 PMCID: PMC6899768 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Land‐use and climate change are two of the primary drivers of the current biodiversity crisis. However, we lack understanding of how single‐species and multispecies associations are affected by interactions between multiple environmental stressors. We address this gap by examining how environmental degradation interacts with daily stochastic temperature variation to affect individual life history and population dynamics in a host–parasitoid trophic interaction, using the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, and its parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens. We carried out a single‐generation individual life‐history experiment and a multigeneration microcosm experiment during which individuals and microcosms were maintained at a mean temperature of 26°C that was either kept constant or varied stochastically, at four levels of host resource degradation, in the presence or absence of parasitoids. At the individual level, resource degradation increased juvenile development time and decreased adult body size in both species. Parasitoids were more sensitive to temperature variation than their hosts, with a shorter juvenile stage duration than in constant temperatures and a longer adult life span in moderately degraded environments. Resource degradation also altered the host's response to temperature variation, leading to a longer juvenile development time at high resource degradation. At the population level, moderate resource degradation amplified the effects of temperature variation on host and parasitoid populations compared with no or high resource degradation and parasitoid overall abundance was lower in fluctuating temperatures. Top‐down regulation by the parasitoid and bottom‐up regulation driven by resource degradation contributed to more than 50% of host and parasitoid population responses to temperature variation. Our results demonstrate that environmental degradation can strongly affect how species in a trophic interaction respond to short‐term temperature fluctuations through direct and indirect trait‐mediated effects. These effects are driven by species differences in sensitivity to environmental conditions and modulate top‐down (parasitism) and bottom‐up (resource) regulation. This study highlights the need to account for differences in the sensitivity of species’ traits to environmental stressors to understand how interacting species will respond to simultaneous anthropogenic changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Mugabo
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - David Gilljam
- Dynamic Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Laura Petteway
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Chenggui Yuan
- Maths Department, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Mike S Fowler
- Dynamic Ecology Group, Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Steven M Sait
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Egg dispersion is more important than competition type for herbivores attacked by a parasitoid. POPUL ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-010-0248-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Cobbold CA, Roland J, Lewis MA. The impact of parasitoid emergence time on host–parasitoid population dynamics. Theor Popul Biol 2009; 75:201-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2009.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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M. White S, M. Sait S, Rohani P. Population dynamic consequences of parasitised-larval competition in stage-structured host?parasitoid systems. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2007.0030-1299.15750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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White SM, Sait SM, Rohani P. Population dynamic consequences of parasitised-larval competition in stage-structured host-parasitoid systems. OIKOS 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0030-1299.2007.15750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Cameron TC, Metcalfe D, Beckerman AP, Sait SM. Intraspecific competition: the role of lags between attack and death in host-parasitoid interactions. Ecology 2007; 88:1225-31. [PMID: 17536408 DOI: 10.1890/06-0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Many natural enemies do not immediately kill their host, and the lag this creates between attack and host death results in mixed populations of uninfected and infected hosts. Both competition and parasitism are known to be major structuring forces in ecological communities; however, surprisingly little is known about how the competitive nature of infected hosts could affect the survival and dynamics of remaining uninfected host populations. Using a laboratory system comprising the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, and a solitary koinobiont parasitoid, Venturia canescens, we address this question by conducting replicated competition experiments between the unparasitized and parasitized classes of host larvae. For varying proportions of parasitized host larvae and competitor densities, we consider the effects of competition within (intraclass) and between (interclass) unparasitized and parasitized larvae on the survival, development time, and size of adult moths and parasitoid wasps. The greatest effects were on survival: increased competitor densities reduced survival of both parasitized and unparasitized larvae. However, unparasitized larvae survival, but not parasitized larvae survival, was reduced by increasing interclass competition. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental demonstration of the competitive superiority of parasitized over unparasitized hosts for limiting resources. We discuss possible mechanisms for this phenomenon, why it may have evolved, and its possible influence on the stability of host-parasite dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- T C Cameron
- Genetics, Ecology and Evolution Research Group, Institute of Integrative and Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
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Cameron TC, Wearing HJ, Rohani P, Sait SM. Two-species asymmetric competition: effects of age structure on intra- and interspecific interactions. J Anim Ecol 2007; 76:83-93. [PMID: 17184356 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2006.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The patterns of density-dependent resource competition and the mechanisms leading to competitive exclusion in an experimental two-species insect age-structured interaction were investigated. 2. The modes of competition (scramble or contest) and strength of competition (under- to overcompensatory) operating within and between the stages of the two species was found to be influenced by total competitor density, the age structure of the competitor community and whether competition is between stages of single or two species. 3. The effect of imposed resource limitation on survival was found to be asymmetric between stages and species. Environments supporting both dominant and subordinate competitors were found to increase survival of subordinate competitors at lower total competitor densities. Competitive environments during development within individual stage cohorts (i.e. small or large larvae), differed from the competitive environment in lumped age classes (i.e. development from egg-->pupae). 4. Competition within mixed-age, stage or species cohorts, when compared with uniform-aged or species cohorts, altered the position of a competitive environment on the scramble-contest spectrum. In some cases the competitive environment switched from undercompensatory contest to overcompensatory scramble competition. 5. Such switching modes of competition suggest that the relative importance of the mechanisms regulating single-species population dynamics (i.e. resource competition) may change when organisms are embedded within a wider community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom C Cameron
- Genetics, Ecology & Evolution Research Group, Institute of Integrative & Comparative Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
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