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Biodiversity of Non-Marine Ostracoda (Crustacea) of Botswana: An Annotated Checklist with Notes on Distribution. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14091441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Botswana constitutes a major gap in our knowledge of the distribution of Ostracoda in the region of Southern Africa, restraining thorough biogeographic interpretations. We combine records from previously published surveys along with our own field collections to provide a collation of living and fossil (Late Pleistocene to Holocene) Ostracoda recorded in Botswana. Our survey yielded 17 species, of which nine species have not been recorded before in the country. Including the present update, 54 species (45 living and nine fossil or subfossil) belonging to 22 genera of five families (with 76% species belonging to the family Cyprididae) are currently reported from Botswana. Yet, 23 taxa are left in open nomenclature, indicating the urgent need for sound systematic studies on harmonizing taxonomy of Southern African ostracods, especially of those inhabiting small temporary waterbodies, considered as threatened with extinction before being properly described or discovered. This updated checklist provides detailed information about the distribution and habitat of each recorded species. Species richness, distribution patterns, and diversity of ostracod species regionally and in different freshwater ecoregions are also discussed. We found low alpha (site) diversity (mean 3.3 species per site) and a significant difference in species composition and beta diversity of the Okavango ecoregion versus the Kalahari and Zambezian Lowveld ecoregions.
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Fernandes Martins MJ. Adult sex-ratio in ostracods and its implications for sexual selection. INVERTEBR REPROD DEV 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/07924259.2019.1592789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Karyotype Variability and Inter-Population Genomic Differences in Freshwater Ostracods (Crustacea) Showing Geographical Parthenogenesis. Genes (Basel) 2018. [PMID: 29518021 PMCID: PMC5867871 DOI: 10.3390/genes9030150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Transitions from sexual to asexual reproduction are often associated with polyploidy and increased chromosomal plasticity in asexuals. We investigated chromosomes in the freshwater ostracod species Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820), where sexual, asexual and mixed populations can be found. Our initial karyotyping of multiple populations from Europe and North Africa, both sexual and asexual, revealed a striking variability in chromosome numbers. This would suggest that chromosomal changes are likely to be accelerated in asexuals because the constraints of meiosis are removed. Hence, we employed comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) within and among sexual and asexual populations to get insights into E. virens genome arrangements. CGH disclosed substantial genomic imbalances among the populations analyzed, and three patterns of genome arrangement between these populations: 1. Only putative ribosomal DNA (rDNA)-bearing regions were conserved in the two populations compared indicating a high sequence divergence between these populations. This pattern is comparable with our findings at the interspecies level of comparison; 2. Chromosomal regions were shared by both populations to a varying extent with a distinct copy number variation in pericentromeric and presumable rDNA-bearing regions. This indicates a different rate of evolution in repetitive sequences; 3. A mosaic pattern of distribution of genomic material that can be explained as non-reciprocal genetic introgression and evidence of a hybrid origin of these individuals. We show an overall increased chromosomal dynamics in E. virens that is complementary with available phylogenetic and population genetic data reporting highly differentiated diploid sexual and asexual lineages with a wide variety of genetic backgrounds.
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Levitis DA, Zimmerman K, Pringle A. Is meiosis a fundamental cause of inviability among sexual and asexual plants and animals? Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20170939. [PMID: 28768890 PMCID: PMC5563809 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in viability between asexually and sexually generated offspring strongly influence the selective advantage and therefore the prevalence of sexual reproduction (sex). However, no general principle predicts when sexual offspring will be more viable than asexual offspring. We hypothesize that when any kind of reproduction is based on a more complex cellular process, it will encompass more potential failure points, and therefore lower offspring viability. Asexual reproduction (asex) can be simpler than sex, when offspring are generated using only mitosis. However, when asex includes meiosis and meiotic restitution, gamete production is more complex than in sex. We test our hypothesis by comparing the viability of asexual and closely related sexual offspring across a wide range of plants and animals, and demonstrate that meiotic asex does result in lower viability than sex; without meiosis, asex is mechanistically simple and provides higher viability than sex. This phylogenetically robust pattern is supported in 42 of 44 comparisons drawn from diverse plants and animals, and is not explained by the other variables included in our model. Other mechanisms may impact viability, such as effects of reproductive mode on heterozygosity and subsequent viability, but we propose the complexity of cellular processes of reproduction, particularly meiosis, as a fundamental cause of early developmental failure and mortality. Meiosis, the leading cause of inviability in humans, emerges as a likely explanation of offspring inviability among diverse eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Levitis
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Biology, Bates College, Lewiston, ME 04240, USA
| | - Kolea Zimmerman
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Ginkgo Bioworks, 25-27 Drydock Avenue 8th Floor, Boston, MA 02210, USA
| | - Anne Pringle
- Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Fernandes Martins MJ, Hunt G, Lockwood R, Swaddle JP, Horne DJ. Correlation between investment in sexual traits and valve sexual dimorphism in Cyprideis species (Ostracoda). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177791. [PMID: 28678866 PMCID: PMC5497955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing the long-term macroevolutionary consequences of sexual selection has been hampered by the difficulty of studying this process in the fossil record. Cytheroid ostracodes offer an excellent system to explore sexual selection in the fossil record because their readily fossilized carapaces are sexually dimorphic. Specifically, males are relatively more elongate than females in this superfamily. This sexual shape difference is thought to arise so that males carapaces can accommodate their very large copulatory apparatus, which can account for up to one-third of body volume. Here we test this widely held explanation for sexual dimorphism in cytheroid ostracodes by correlating investment in male genitalia, a trait in which sexual selection is seen as the main evolutionary driver, with sexual dimorphism of carapace in the genus Cyprideis. We analyzed specimens collected in the field (C. salebrosa, USA; C. torosa, UK) and from collections of the National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC (C. mexicana). We digitized valve outlines in lateral view to obtain measures of size (valve area) and shape (elongation, measured as length to height ratio), and obtained several dimensions from two components of the hemipenis: the muscular basal capsule, which functions as a sperm pump, and the section that includes the intromittent organ (terminal extension). In addition to the assessment of this primary sexual trait, we also quantified two dimensions of the male secondary sexual trait—where the transformed right walking leg functions as a clasping organ during mating. We also measured linear dimensions from four limbs as indicators of overall (soft-part) body size, and assessed allometry of the soft anatomy. We observed significant correlations in males between valve size, but not elongation, and distinct structural parts of the hemipenis, even after accounting for their shared correlation with overall body size. We also found weak but significant positive correlation between valve elongation and the degree of sexual dimorphism of the walking leg, but only in C. torosa. The correlation between the hemipenis parts, especially basal capsule size and male valve size dimorphism suggests that sexual selection on sperm size, quantity, and/or efficiency of transfer may drive sexual size dimorphism in these species, although we cannot exclude other aspects of sexual and natural selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Fernandes Martins
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gene Hunt
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC, United States of America
| | - Rowan Lockwood
- Department of Geology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - John P. Swaddle
- Department of Biology, College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - David J. Horne
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Rossi V, Martorella A, Scudieri D, Menozzi P. Seasonal niche partitioning and coexistence of amphimictic and parthenogenetic lineages of Heterocypris barbara (Crustacea: Ostracoda). CAN J ZOOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2016-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sympatry of amphimictic and parthenogenetic lineages in species with mixed reproductive systems is rarely observed in nature. On Lampedusa Island (Pelagie Islands, Italy), amphimictic and parthenogenetic lineages of Heterocypris barbara (Gauthier and Brehm, 1928) co-occur in a temporary pond. Their sympatric persistence calls for an ecological differentiation. We investigated the role of seasonal variation of temperature and photoperiod conditions by two different approaches: microcosms set up by inundation of dry sediments from the temporary pond and life-table experiments. Microcosms recreate conditions similar to the field and in their sediments random samples of resting eggs of both amphimictic and parthenogenetic females are stored. Life-table experiments supplied individual-based estimates of survivorship, adult life span, fecundity, and sex ratio in the progeny. We carried out the experiments at 24 °C and a photoperiod of 12 h light (L) : 12 h dark (D) (simulating fall conditions) and at 16 °C and a photoperiod of 10 h L : 14 h D (simulating winter conditions). Males and amphimictic females were the most numerous forms at 24 °C and 12 h L : 12 h D; parthenogenetic females were dominant at 16 °C and 10 h L : 14 h D. Life-table experiments showed that amphimictic forms do not complete development at 16 °C and 10 h L : 14 h D. Our results suggest that sympatry of amphimictic and parthenogenetic females in the field depends on seasonal niche partitioning and the storage effect of resting eggs that allows survival through adverse-season conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Rossi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - A. Martorella
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - D. Scudieri
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
| | - P. Menozzi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Parma, Viale G.P. Usberti 11/A, I-43124 Parma, Italy
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Park AW, Vandekerkhove J, Michalakis Y. Sex in an uncertain world: environmental stochasticity helps restore competitive balance between sexually and asexually reproducing populations. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:1650-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. W. Park
- Odum School of Ecology; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
- Department Infectious Diseases; College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | - J. Vandekerkhove
- Department of Microbiology and Ecology; University of València; Burjassot Spain
- Department Environmental Sciences; University of Parma; Parco Area delle Scienze 11A Edificio di Biologia; Parma Italy
- Department of Genetics; Laboratory of Limnozoology; University of Gdansk; Gdansk Poland
| | - Y. Michalakis
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie; Génétique; Evolution et Vecteurs (MIVEGEC); UMR CNRS-IRD 5290; IRD; Montpellier Cedex 5 France
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Schmit O, Adolfsson S, Vandekerkhove J, Rueda J, Bode S, Rossetti G, Michalakis Y, Jokela J, Martens K, Mesquita-Joanes F. The distribution of sexual reproduction of the geographic parthenogen Eucypris virens (Crustacea: Ostracoda) matches environmental gradients in a temporary lake. CAN J ZOOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2012-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Niche segregation may prevent competitive exclusion and promote local coexistence. This typically results in the occupation of different habitats. In the freshwater ostracod Eucypris virens (Jurine, 1820), the distribution of sexual and parthenogenetic populations in the temporary Lake Caracuel, central Spain, was not homogeneous. Parthenogens were found everywhere including the littoral, whereas sexuals were restricted to the centre. We investigated the hypothesis that spatial distribution responded to ecological differences. We studied the ecological significance of this segregation by linking environmental data to male presence, sexual fraction, ploidy, and genetic structure of our model organism in 12 ponds in the lake basin. Hydro-chemical and biological data indicated that the observed segregation is not only spatial but also ecological, with sexual E. virens occurring in ponds with shorter and probably more unpredictable hydroperiod. The correlations between environmental gradients and E. virens population structure suggest that sexual and parthenogenetic lineages are ecologically segregated. Sexual populations appeared restricted to sufficiently unpredictable environments, while parthenogens dominated environments with longer hydroperiods. Local coexistence seems mediated by spatial heterogeneity in habitat stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Schmit
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - S. Adolfsson
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH-Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Vandekerkhove
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
- University of Gdańsk, Department of Genetics, Laboratory of Limnozoology, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - J. Rueda
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
| | - S.N.S. Bode
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Freshwater Biology, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
- University of Sheffield, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Sheffield, S10 2TN, UK
| | - G. Rossetti
- University of Parma, Department of Environmental Sciences, Viale G.P. Usberti 11A, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Y. Michalakis
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS IRD UMI UMII 5290, 911 Avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier CEDEX 5, France
| | - J. Jokela
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Department of Aquatic Ecology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH-Zürich, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - K. Martens
- Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Department of Freshwater Biology, rue Vautier 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - F. Mesquita-Joanes
- University of Valencia, Department of Microbiology and Ecology, Carrer del Doctor Moliner N° 50, 46100 Burjassot, Spain
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Neiman M, Kay AD, Krist AC. Can resource costs of polyploidy provide an advantage to sex? Heredity (Edinb) 2013; 110:152-9. [PMID: 23188174 PMCID: PMC3554456 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2012.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2012] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The predominance of sexual reproduction despite its costs indicates that sex provides substantial benefits, which are usually thought to derive from the direct genetic consequences of recombination and syngamy. While genetic benefits of sex are certainly important, sexual and asexual individuals, lineages, or populations may also differ in physiological and life history traits that could influence outcomes of competition between sexuals and asexuals across environmental gradients. Here, we address possible phenotypic costs of a very common correlate of asexuality, polyploidy. We suggest that polyploidy could confer resource costs related to the dietary phosphorus demands of nucleic acid production; such costs could facilitate the persistence of sex in situations where asexual taxa are of higher ploidy level and phosphorus availability limits important traits like growth and reproduction. We outline predictions regarding the distribution of diploid sexual and polyploid asexual taxa across biogeochemical gradients and provide suggestions for study systems and empirical approaches for testing elements of our hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Verhoeven KJF, Biere A. Geographic parthenogenesis and plant-enemy interactions in the common dandelion. BMC Evol Biol 2013; 13:23. [PMID: 23356700 PMCID: PMC3562243 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-13-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many species with sexual and asexual variants show a pattern of geographic parthenogenesis where asexuals have broader and higher-latitude distribution than sexuals. Because sexual reproduction is often considered a costly evolutionary strategy that is advantageous in the face of selection by coevolving pests and pathogens, one possible explanation for geographic parthenogenesis is that populations at higher latitudes are exposed to fewer pests and pathogens. We tested this hypothesis in the common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale), a species with well-established geographic parthenogenesis, by screening prevalence and effects of several specialized pests and pathogens in natural dandelion populations. RESULTS We did a population survey of 18 dandelion populations along a geographic transect that ranged from the area where sexual and asexual dandelions co-occur northward into the area where only asexuals occur. In addition we used four southern and four northern populations in a 8x8 cross-inoculation greenhouse experiment in which plants were exposed experimentally to each other's natural field soil microbial communities. The cross-inoculation experiment indicated a higher pathogenicity of soil microbial communities from the southern, mostly sexual, populations compared to soil microbial communities from the northern asexual populations. Northern dandelion populations also showed reduced infestation by a specialized seed-eating weevil. A similar trend of reduced rust fungus infection in northern populations was observed but this trend was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of pests and pathogens decreased along the south-to-north axis of geographic parthenogenesis. This highlights the potential of biotic interactions in shaping patterns of geographic parthenogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen JF Verhoeven
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen Biere
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Droevendaalsesteeg 10, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
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Iglikowska A, Namiotko T. The Impact of Environmental Factors on Diversity of Ostracoda in Freshwater Habitats of Subarctic and Temperate Europe. ANN ZOOL FENN 2012. [DOI: 10.5735/086.049.0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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BRUVO RUŽA, ADOLFSSON SOFIA, SYMONOVA RADKA, LAMATSCH DUNJAK, SCHÖN ISA, JOKELA JUKKA, BUTLIN ROGERK, MÜLLER STEFAN. Few parasites, and no evidence for Wolbachia infections, in a freshwater ostracod inhabiting temporary ponds. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2010.01556.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Rossi V, Piotti A, Geiger W, Benassi G, Menozzi P. Genetic Structure of Austrian and Italian Populations ofLimnocythere inopinata(Crustacea, Ostracoda): A Potential Case of Post-Glacial Parthenogenetic Invader? ANN ZOOL FENN 2010. [DOI: 10.5735/086.047.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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