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Nishida S, Uchimura A, Tajima Y, Yamada TK. Comparative analysis of the genetic structures of Kogia spp. populations in the western North Pacific. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2023; 96:25-37. [PMID: 37980127 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
The two Kogia species, the pygmy sperm whale (K. breviceps) and the dwarf sperm whale (K. sima), have similar morphological and biological features as well as diets. Both species are deep divers, and both have wide distributions from tropical to warm-temperate zones. Although K. breviceps is larger than K. sima, there are few reports of habitat differentiation between the two species. The distribution of K. breviceps is concentrated in higher-latitudes, and this species dives deeper than K. sima. We investigated whether these two species differ in their population structures in the western North Pacific. Using stranded specimens from Japan, we compared the population genetic patterns of the two Kogia species using mtDNA control region variation (941 bp). In total, 34 K. breviceps samples and 54 K. sima samples from stranded individuals around Japan were successfully sequenced. Thirty haplotypes were detected in K. breviceps and 34 in K. sima, indicating high genetic diversity for both. Almost all these haplotypes are unique to the western North Pacific, but did not constitute distinct phylogeographic clades within either species. We detected differences between the species in the shape of haplotype networks and in the potential time of population expansion, indicating that the western North Pacific population of the two biologically similar species could have different population demographies. This may reflect differences in evolutionary histories and in the details of their ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin Nishida
- Biology, Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Miyazaki. Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan.
| | - Atsushi Uchimura
- Biology, Science Education, Faculty of Education, University of Miyazaki. Gakuen-Kibanadai-Nishi, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yuko Tajima
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tadasu K Yamada
- Department of Zoology, National Museum of Nature and Science, Tokyo, Amakubo, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kraft S, Rodríguez F, Olavarría C, Poulin E, Pérez-Álvarez MJ. Genetic Analysis as a Tool to Improve the Monitoring of Stranded Cetaceans in Chile. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12050748. [PMID: 37237561 DOI: 10.3390/biology12050748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cetacean strandings are a valuable source of information for several studies from species richness to conservation and management. During the examination of strandings, taxonomic and sex identification might be hindered for several reasons. Molecular techniques are valuable tools to obtain that missing information. This study evaluates how gene fragment amplification protocols can support the records of strandings done in the field in Chile by identifying, corroborating, or correcting the identification of the species and sex of the recorded individuals. Through a collaboration between a scientific laboratory and government institution in Chile, 63 samples were analyzed. Thirty-nine samples were successfully identified to the species level. In total, 17 species of six families were detected, including six species of conservation interest. Of the 39 samples, 29 corresponded to corroborations of field identifications. Seven corresponded to unidentified samples and three to corrected misidentifications, adding up to 28% of the identified samples. Sex was successfully identified for 58 of the 63 individuals. Twenty were corroborations, 34 were previously unidentified, and four were corrections. Applying this method improves the stranding database of Chile and provides new data for future management and conservation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Kraft
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Francisca Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Carlos Olavarría
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena 1720256, Chile
- Eutropia, Centro de Investigación, Santiago 8320238, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - María José Pérez-Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems (BASE), Santiago 7800003, Chile
- Eutropia, Centro de Investigación, Santiago 8320238, Chile
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Mayor, Santiago 8580745, Chile
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3
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Garcia-Cegarra AM, Jung JL, Orrego R, Padilha JDA, Malm O, Ferreira-Braz B, Santelli RE, Pozo K, Pribylova P, Alvarado-Rybak M, Azat C, Kidd KA, Espejo W, Chiang G, Bahamonde P. Persistence, bioaccumulation and vertical transfer of pollutants in long-finned pilot whales stranded in Chilean Patagonia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145259. [PMID: 33517007 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Long-finned pilot whales (LFPW) are cetaceans with strong social groups often involved in mass strandings worldwide. However, these beachings occur for reasons that are not fully understood. In 2016, 124 LFPW were stranded on the Chilean Patagonian islands, offering a unique opportunity to obtain crucial information on the ecology, biology, and genetics of this population. In addition, we examined whether persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and trace elements (TEs) were responsible for this mass mortality. Stable isotopes (δ13C & δ15N) and genetic analyses were used to reconstruct the trophic ecology, social structure, and kinship of LFPW and compared to POPs and TEs levels found in LFPW. Mitochondrial DNA analyses on 71 individuals identified four maternal lineages within the stranded LFPW. Of these animals, 32 individuals were analyzed for a suite of POPs, TEs, and lipid content in blubber. The highest levels were found for ΣDDXs (6 isomers) (542.46 ± 433.46 ng/g, lw) and for total Hg (2.79 ± 1.91 mg/kg, dw). However, concentrations found in these LFPW were lower than toxicity thresholds and those reported for LFPW stranded in other regions. Evidence was found of ΣDDX, Σ7PCBs, and Cd bioaccumulation and maternal transfer of POPs in mother/offspring groups. Nevertheless, no clear relationship between contaminant concentrations and LFPW mortality was established. Further research is still needed to assess LFPW populations including conservations status and exposure to chemicals in remote areas such as Patagonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Garcia-Cegarra
- Centro de Investigación de Fauna Marina y Avistamiento de Cetáceos (CIFAMAC), Mejillones, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Antofagasta, Chile.
| | - Jean-Luc Jung
- Université de Brest, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle,CNRS, Sorbonne Université, ISYEB, F-29200 Brest, France
| | - Rodrigo Orrego
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory (AQUATOX), University of Antofagasta, Chile
| | - Janeide de A Padilha
- Radiositopes Lab, Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Olaf Malm
- Radiositopes Lab, Biophysics Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Ferreira-Braz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo E Santelli
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Karla Pozo
- Recetox (Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Czech Republic; Faculty of Engineering and Technology, San Sebastián University, Concepción, Chile
| | - Petra Pribylova
- Recetox (Research Center for Toxic Compounds in the Environment), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Mario Alvarado-Rybak
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Azat
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen A Kidd
- Department of Biology & School of Earth, Environment and Society, McMaster University, Canada
| | - Winfred Espejo
- Department of Animal Science, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Concepción, Casilla 537, Chillán, Chile
| | - Gustavo Chiang
- Sustainability Research Center & PhD Program in Conservation Medicine, Life Science Faculty, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile; MaREA, Laboratorio de Ecologia y Salud Acuática, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paulina Bahamonde
- Laboratory of Aquatic Environmental Research, Centro de Estudios Avanzados - HUB Ambiental UPLA, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile..
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4
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Lischka A, Betty EL, Braid HE, Pook CJ, Gaw S, Bolstad KSR. Trace element concentrations, including Cd and Hg, in long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii) mass stranded on the New Zealand coast. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 165:112084. [PMID: 33582419 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii) is a top predator in the New Zealand pelagic food web, feeding predominantly on arrow squids. This study quantified trace element concentrations (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Ni, Mn, Pb, Se, V, Zn) in four tissues (blubber, kidney, liver, muscle) from 21 individuals from stranding sites in New Zealand. Maximum Cd and Hg concentrations were measured in liver and kidney, respectively. Selenium had a positive correlation with Cd and Hg, suggesting the involvement of Se in Cd and Hg detoxification. Arrow squids from the whales' stomach contents were DNA barcoded and identified as Nototodarus sloanii. Trace element concentrations were measured in squid samples from the whale stomach contents. The significant correlation for Hg between the squid tissue and the whale tissue suggests that arrow squids play a major role in trace element uptake by G. m. edwardii.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lischka
- AUT Lab for Cephalopod Ecology & Systematics, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - E L Betty
- Cetacean Ecology Research Group, School of Natural and Computational Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Private Bag 102904, Auckland 0745, New Zealand
| | - H E Braid
- AUT Lab for Cephalopod Ecology & Systematics, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - C J Pook
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, 85 Park Rd, Grafton, Auckland 1023, New Zealand
| | - S Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - K S R Bolstad
- AUT Lab for Cephalopod Ecology & Systematics, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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5
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Courts R, Erbe C, Wellard R, Boisseau O, Jenner KC, Jenner MN. Australian long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) emit stereotypical, variable, biphonic, multi-component, and sequenced vocalisations, similar to those recorded in the northern hemisphere. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20609. [PMID: 33244014 PMCID: PMC7693278 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74111-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
While in the northern hemisphere, many studies have been conducted on the vocal repertoire of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas), no such study has been conducted in the southern hemisphere. Presented here, is the first study on the vocalisations of long-finned pilot whales along the southern coast of mainland Australia. Multiple measures were taken of 2028 vocalisations recorded over five years in several locations. These vocalisations included tonal sounds with and without overtones, sounds of burst-pulse character, graded sounds, biphonations, and calls of multiple components. Vocalisations were further categorised based on spectrographic features into 18 contour classes. Altogether, vocalisations ranged from approximately 200 Hz to 25 kHz in fundamental frequency and from 0.03 s to 2.07 s in duration. These measures compared well with those from northern hemisphere pilot whales. Some call types were almost identical to northern hemisphere vocalisations, even though the geographic ranges of the two populations are far apart. Other call types were unique to Australia. Striking similarities with calls of short-finned pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus) and sometimes sympatric killer whales (Orcinus orca) were also found. Theories for call convergence and divergence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Courts
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia.
| | - Christine Erbe
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Rebecca Wellard
- Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Perth, WA, 6102, Australia
- Project ORCA, Perth, WA, 6026, Australia
| | - Oliver Boisseau
- Song of the Whale Research Team, Marine Conservation Research, 94 High Street, Kelvedon Essex, CO5 9AA, UK
| | - K Curt Jenner
- Centre for Whale Research (WA) Inc., PO Box 1622, Fremantle, WA, 6959, Australia
| | - Micheline-N Jenner
- Centre for Whale Research (WA) Inc., PO Box 1622, Fremantle, WA, 6959, Australia
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6
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Kraft S, Pérez-Álvarez MJ, Olavarría C, Poulin E. Global phylogeography and genetic diversity of the long-finned pilot whale Globicephala melas, with new data from the southeastern Pacific. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1769. [PMID: 32019997 PMCID: PMC7000830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58532-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The matrilineal long-finned pilot whale presents an antitropical distribution and is divided into two subspecies, one in the temperate seas of the Southern Hemisphere and the other restricted to the North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Until now, population genetic and phylogeographic studies have included localities of most of its Northern Hemisphere distribution, while only the southwestern Pacific has been sampled in the Southern Hemisphere. We add new genetic data from the southeastern Pacific to the published sequences. Low mitochondrial and nuclear diversity was encountered in this new area, as previously reported for other localities. Four haplotypes were found with only one new for the species. Fifteen haplotypes were detected in the global dataset, underlining the species’ low diversity. As previously reported, the subspecies shared two haplotypes and presented a strong phylogeographic structure. The extant distribution of this species has been related to dispersal events during the Last Glacial Maximum. Using the genetic data and Approximate Bayesian Calculations, this study supports this historical biogeographic scenario. From a taxonomic perspective, even if genetic analyses do not support the subspecies category, this study endorses the incipient divergence process between hemispheres, thus maintaining their status and addressing them as Demographically Independent Populations is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Kraft
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - MJosé Pérez-Álvarez
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación Eutropia, Santiago, Chile. .,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Carlos Olavarría
- Centro de Investigación Eutropia, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile
| | - Elie Poulin
- Instituto de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Laboratorio de Ecología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Stephenson F, Goetz K, Sharp BR, Mouton TL, Beets FL, Roberts J, MacDiarmid AB, Constantine R, Lundquist CJ. Modelling the spatial distribution of cetaceans in New Zealand waters. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Stephenson
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Kimberly Goetz
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Wellington New Zealand
| | - Ben R. Sharp
- Fisheries New Zealand Ministry for Primary Industries Wellington New Zealand
| | - Théophile L. Mouton
- Marine Biodiversity, Exploitation, and Conservation (MARBEC) UMR 9190 Université de Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Fenna L. Beets
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Hamilton New Zealand
| | - Jim Roberts
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Wellington New Zealand
| | - Alison B. MacDiarmid
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Wellington New Zealand
| | - Rochelle Constantine
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | - Carolyn J. Lundquist
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Hamilton New Zealand
- Institute of Marine Science University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
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8
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Betty EL, Stockin KA, Smith ANH, Bollard B, Orams MB, Murphy S. Sexual maturation in male long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas edwardii): defining indicators of sexual maturity. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Male reproductive biology is described for the Southern Hemisphere long-finned pilot whale (Globicephala melas edwardii), a subspecies that regularly mass strands along the New Zealand coastline. Ten mass stranding events sampled over a 7-year period enabled assessments of key life history parameters. Sexual maturation in immature, maturing, and mature males was assessed using morphological data and histological examination of testicular tissue. Variation was observed in the age (11–15 years) and length (450–490 cm) at which individuals attained sexual maturity. Using Bayesian cumulative logit regression models, we estimated the average age and length at the attainment of sexual maturity to be 13.5 years and 472 cm, respectively. Combined testes weight, combined testes length, an index of testicular development (combined testes weight/combined testes length), and mean seminiferous tubule diameter were all good indicators of sexual maturity status. Combined testes length was the best nonhistological indicator, and all testicular measures were found to be better indicators of sexual maturation for G. m. edwardii than age or total body length. Sexual maturity was attained before physical maturity (> 40 years and 570 cm), and at a younger age and smaller body length than previously reported for Globicephala melas melas in the North Atlantic. Given the ease of collection, minimal processing, and applicability to suboptimal material collected from stranding events, future studies should assess the value of testicular size as an indicator of sexual maturity in pilot whales and other cetacean species. Estimates of the average age and length at sexual maturity for G. m. edwardii provided in this study may be used to inform population models required for conservation management of the subspecies, which is subject to high levels of stranding-related mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Betty
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen A Stockin
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adam N H Smith
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Bollard
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Mark B Orams
- School of Sport and Recreation, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Sustainability Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sinéad Murphy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Centre, Department of Natural Sciences, School of Science and Computing, Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Galway, Ireland
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, London, United Kingdom
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9
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Van Cise AM, Baird RW, Baker CS, Cerchio S, Claridge D, Fielding R, Hancock-Hanser B, Marrero J, Martien KK, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Oleson EM, Oremus M, Poole MM, Rosel PE, Taylor BL, Morin PA. Oceanographic barriers, divergence, and admixture: Phylogeography and taxonomy of two putative subspecies of short-finned pilot whale. Mol Ecol 2019; 28:2886-2902. [PMID: 31002212 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genomic phylogeography plays an important role in describing evolutionary processes and their geographic, ecological, or cultural drivers. These drivers are often poorly understood in marine environments, which have fewer obvious barriers to mixing than terrestrial environments. Taxonomic uncertainty of some taxa (e.g., cetaceans), due to the difficulty in obtaining morphological data, can hamper our understanding of these processes. One such taxon, the short-finned pilot whale, is recognized as a single global species but includes at least two distinct morphological forms described from stranding and drive hunting in Japan, the "Naisa" and "Shiho" forms. Using samples (n = 735) collected throughout their global range, we examine phylogeographic patterns of divergence by comparing mitogenomes and nuclear SNP loci. Our results suggest three types within the species: an Atlantic Ocean type, a western/central Pacific and Indian Ocean (Naisa) type, and an eastern Pacific Ocean and northern Japan (Shiho) type. mtDNA control region differentiation indicates these three types form two subspecies, separated by the East Pacific Barrier: Shiho short-finned pilot whale, in the eastern Pacific Ocean and northern Japan, and Naisa short-finned pilot whale, throughout the remainder of the species' distribution. Our data further indicate two diverging populations within the Naisa subspecies, in the Atlantic Ocean and western/central Pacific and Indian Oceans, separated by the Benguela Barrier off South Africa. This study reveals a process of divergence and speciation within a globally-distributed, mobile marine predator, and indicates the importance of the East Pacific Barrier to this evolutionary process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Van Cise
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California.,Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, California.,Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
| | | | - Charles Scott Baker
- Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon
| | | | - Diane Claridge
- Bahamas Marine Mammal Research Organisation, Abaco, Bahamas
| | - Russell Fielding
- Department of Earth & Environmental Systems, University of the South, Sewanee, Tennessee
| | - Brittany Hancock-Hanser
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, California
| | - Jacobo Marrero
- Asociación Tonina, Investigación y Divulgación del medio natural Marino, San Cristóbal de La Laguna, Spain.,BIOECOMAC, Department of Animal Biology, La Laguna University, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Karen K Martien
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Erin M Oleson
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Honolulu, Hawaii
| | - Marc Oremus
- Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, Newport, Oregon
| | | | - Patricia E Rosel
- Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Lafayette, Louisiana
| | - Barbara L Taylor
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, California
| | - Phillip A Morin
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, La Jolla, California
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10
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Beasley I, Cherel Y, Robinson S, Betty E, Hagihara R, Gales R. Stomach contents of long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas mass-stranded in Tasmania. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0206747. [PMID: 30640963 PMCID: PMC6331100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0206747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
New data are reported from analyses of stomach contents from 114 long-finned pilot whales mass-stranded at four locations around Tasmania, Australia from 1992–2006. Identifiable prey remains were recovered from 84 (74%) individuals, with 30 (26%) individuals (17 females and 13 males) having empty stomachs. Prey remains comprised 966 identifiable lower beaks and 1244 upper beaks, belonging to 17 families (26 species) of cephalopods. Ommastrephidae spp. were the most important cephalopod prey accounting for 16.9% by number and 45.6% by reconstructed mass. Lycoteuthis lorigera was the next most important, followed by Ancistrocheirus lesueurii. Multivariate statistics identified significant differences in diet among the four stranding locations. Long-finned pilot whales foraging off Southern Australia appear to be targeting a diverse assemblage of prey (≥10 species dominated by cephalopods). This is compared to other similar studies from New Zealand and some locations in the Northern Hemisphere, where the diet has been reported to be primarily restricted to ≤3 species dominated by cephalopods. This study emphasises the importance of cephalopods as primary prey for Southern long-finned pilot whales and other marine vertebrates, and has increased our understanding of long-finned pilot whale diet in Southern Ocean waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Beasley
- Snubfin Dolphin Project, Colebrook, Tasmania, Australia
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC), UMR 7372 du CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, Villiers-en-Bois, France
| | - Sue Robinson
- Invasive Species Branch, Biosecurity Tasmania, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Emma Betty
- Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
- Institute of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, College of Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Rie Hagihara
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia
| | - Rosemary Gales
- Natural Values Conservation Branch, Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment, Tasmania, Australia
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11
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Van Cise AM, Mahaffy SD, Baird RW, Mooney TA, Barlow J. Song of my people: dialect differences among sympatric social groups of short-finned pilot whales in Hawai’i. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-018-2596-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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12
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Alves F, Alessandrini A, Servidio A, Mendonça AS, Hartman KL, Prieto R, Berrow S, Magalhães S, Steiner L, Santos R, Ferreira R, Pérez JM, Ritter F, Dinis A, Martín V, Silva M, Aguilar de Soto N. Complex biogeographical patterns support an ecological connectivity network of a large marine predator in the north‐east Atlantic. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Alves
- CIIMAR‐MadeiraInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira Madeira Funchal Portugal
- Oceanic Observatory of Madeira (OOM) Funchal Portugal
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARDITI Madeira Portugal
| | - Anita Alessandrini
- CIIMAR‐MadeiraInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira Madeira Funchal Portugal
- University of Algarve Faro Portugal
| | - Antonella Servidio
- SECAC, Society for the Study of Cetaceans in the Canary Archipelago Lanzarote Spain
- Cetacean and Marine Research Institute of the Canary Islands (CEAMAR) Lanzarote Spain
| | - Ana Sofia Mendonça
- University of Algarve Faro Portugal
- MARE/Institute of Marine Research (IMAR)University of the Azores Azores Portugal
| | - Karin L. Hartman
- Risso's Dolphin Research CenterNova Atlantis Foundation Azores Portugal
| | - Rui Prieto
- MARE/Institute of Marine Research (IMAR)University of the Azores Azores Portugal
| | - Simon Berrow
- Irish Whale and Dolphin Group/Galway‐Mayo Institute of Technology Galway Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Rita Ferreira
- Oceanic Observatory of Madeira (OOM) Funchal Portugal
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARDITI Madeira Portugal
| | - Jacobo Marrero Pérez
- Asociación Tonina Canary Islands Spain
- BIOECOMACDepartment of Animal Biology, Edaphology and GeologyUniversity of La Laguna San Cristóbal de La Laguna Spain
| | | | - Ana Dinis
- CIIMAR‐MadeiraInterdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira Madeira Funchal Portugal
- Oceanic Observatory of Madeira (OOM) Funchal Portugal
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARDITI Madeira Portugal
| | - Vidal Martín
- SECAC, Society for the Study of Cetaceans in the Canary Archipelago Lanzarote Spain
| | - Mónica Silva
- MARE/Institute of Marine Research (IMAR)University of the Azores Azores Portugal
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole Massachusetts
| | - Natacha Aguilar de Soto
- BIOECOMACDepartment of Animal Biology, Edaphology and GeologyUniversity of La Laguna San Cristóbal de La Laguna Spain
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13
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Van Cise AM, Martien KK, Mahaffy SD, Baird RW, Webster DL, Fowler JH, Oleson EM, Morin PA. Familial social structure and socially driven genetic differentiation in Hawaiian short‐finned pilot whales. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:6730-6741. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Karen. K. Martien
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA La Jolla CA USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Erin M. Oleson
- Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA Honolulu HI USA
| | - Phillip A. Morin
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography La Jolla CA USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service NOAA La Jolla CA USA
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14
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Whitehead H, Vachon F, Frasier TR. Cultural Hitchhiking in the Matrilineal Whales. Behav Genet 2017; 47:324-334. [PMID: 28275880 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-017-9840-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Five species of whale with matrilineal social systems (daughters remain with mothers) have remarkably low levels of mitochondrial DNA diversity. Non-heritable matriline-level demography could reduce genetic diversity but the required conditions are not consistent with the natural histories of the matrilineal whales. The diversity of nuclear microsatellites is little reduced in the matrilineal whales arguing against bottlenecks. Selective sweeps of the mitochondrial genome are feasible causes but it is not clear why these only occurred in the matrilineal species. Cultural hitchhiking (cultural selection reducing diversity at neutral genetic loci transmitted in parallel to the culture) is supported in sperm whales which possess suitable matrilineal socio-cultural groups (coda clans). Killer whales are delineated into ecotypes which likely originated culturally. Culture, bottlenecks and selection, as well as their interactions, operating between- or within-ecotypes, may have reduced their mitochondrial diversity. The societies, cultures and genetics of false killer and two pilot whale species are insufficiently known to assess drivers of low mitochondrial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hal Whitehead
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada.
| | - Felicia Vachon
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, B3H 4J1, Canada
| | - Timothy R Frasier
- Department of Biology & Forensic Sciences Programme, Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Canada
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15
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Van Cise AM, Roch MA, Baird RW, Aran Mooney T, Barlow J. Acoustic differentiation of Shiho- and Naisa-type short-finned pilot whales in the Pacific Ocean. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2017; 141:737. [PMID: 28253689 DOI: 10.1121/1.4974858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Divergence in acoustic signals used by different populations of marine mammals can be caused by a variety of environmental, hereditary, or social factors, and can indicate isolation between those populations. Two types of genetically and morphologically distinct short-finned pilot whales, called the Naisa- and Shiho-types when first described off Japan, have been identified in the Pacific Ocean. Acoustic differentiation between these types would support their designation as sub-species or species, and improve the understanding of their distribution in areas where genetic samples are difficult to obtain. Calls from two regions representing the two types were analyzed using 24 recordings from Hawai'i (Naisa-type) and 12 recordings from the eastern Pacific Ocean (Shiho-type). Calls from the two types were significantly differentiated in median start frequency, frequency range, and duration, and were significantly differentiated in the cumulative distribution of start frequency, frequency range, and duration. Gaussian mixture models were used to classify calls from the two different regions with 74% accuracy, which was significantly greater than chance. The results of these analyses indicate that the two types are acoustically distinct, which supports the hypothesis that the two types may be separate sub-species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Van Cise
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92038, USA
| | - Marie A Roch
- San Diego State University, San Diego, California 92182, USA
| | - Robin W Baird
- Cascadia Research Collective, Olympia, Washington 98501, USA
| | - T Aran Mooney
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543, USA
| | - Jay Barlow
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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16
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Eyer PA, Leniaud L, Tinaut A, Aron S. Combined hybridization and mitochondrial capture shape complex phylogeographic patterns in hybridogenetic Cataglyphis desert ants. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2016; 105:251-262. [PMID: 27591172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Some species of Cataglyphis desert ants have evolved a hybridogenetic mode of reproduction at the social scale. In hybridogenetic populations, two distinct genetic lineages coexist. Non-reproductive offspring (workers) are hybrids of the two lineages, whereas sexual offspring (males and new queens) are produced by parthenogenesis and belong to the mother queen lineage. How this unusual reproductive system affects phylogeographic patterns and speciation processes remains completely unknown to date. Using one mitochondrial and four nuclear genes, we examined the phylogenetic relationships between three species of Cataglyphis (C. hispanica, C. humeya and C. velox) where complex DNA inheritance through social hybridogenesis may challenge phylogenetic inference. Our results bring two important insights. First, our data confirm a hybridogenetic mode of reproduction across the whole distribution range of the species C. hispanica. In contrast, they do not provide support for hybridogenesis in the populations sampled of C. humeya and C. velox. This suggests that these populations are not hybridogenetic, or that hybridogenesis is too recent to result in reciprocally monophyletic lineages on nuclear genes. Second, due to mitochondrial introgression between lineages (Darras and Aron, 2015), the faster-evolving COI marker is not lineage specific, hence, unsuitable to further investigate the segregation of lineages in the species studied. Different mitochondrial haplotypes occur in each locality sampled, resulting in strongly structured populations. This micro-allopatric structure leads to over-splitting species delimitation on mitochondrial gene, as every locality could potentially be considered a putative species; haploweb analyses of nuclear markers, however, yield species delimitations that are consistent with morphology. Overall, this study highlights how social hybridogenesis varies across species and shapes complex phylogeographic patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Eyer
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, CP 160/12, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50, av. F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - L Leniaud
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, CP 160/12, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50, av. F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - A Tinaut
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain
| | - S Aron
- Evolutionary Biology & Ecology, CP 160/12, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 50, av. F.D. Roosevelt, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Verborgh P, Gauffier P, Esteban R, Giménez J, Cañadas A, Salazar-Sierra JM, de Stephanis R. Conservation Status of Long-Finned Pilot Whales, Globicephala melas, in the Mediterranean Sea. ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY 2016; 75:173-203. [PMID: 27770984 DOI: 10.1016/bs.amb.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean Sea long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) are currently classified as Data Deficient on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Multiple lines of evidence, including molecular genetic and photo-identification mark-recapture analyses, indicate that the Strait of Gibraltar population (distributed from 5.8°W longitude to west of Djibouti Bank and Alborán Dorsal in the Alborán Sea) is differentiated from the Mediterranean Sea population (east of Djibouti Bank and the Alborán Dorsal up to the Ligurian Sea). There is low genetic diversity within the Mediterranean population, and recent gene flow with the Strait of Gibraltar population is restricted. Current total abundance estimates are lacking for the species in the Mediterranean. Pilot whales in the Alborán Sea region were negatively affected by a morbillivirus epizootic from 2006 to 2007, and recovery may be difficult. The Strait of Gibraltar population, currently estimated to be fewer than 250 individuals, decreased by 26.2% over 5 years after the morbillivirus epizootic. Population viability analyses predicted an 85% probability of extinction for this population over the next 100 years. Increasing maritime traffic, increased contaminant burdens, and occasional fisheries interactions may severely impair the capacity of the Strait of Gibraltar population to recover after the decline due to the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Verborgh
- CIRCE (Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans), Pelayo-Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - P Gauffier
- CIRCE (Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans), Pelayo-Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
| | - R Esteban
- CIRCE (Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans), Pelayo-Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
| | - J Giménez
- CIRCE (Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans), Pelayo-Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
| | - A Cañadas
- ALNILAM Research and Conservation, Navacerrada, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Salazar-Sierra
- CIRCE (Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans), Pelayo-Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
| | - R de Stephanis
- CIRCE (Conservation, Information and Research on Cetaceans), Pelayo-Algeciras, Cádiz, Spain
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18
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Miralles L, Oremus M, Silva MA, Planes S, Garcia-Vazquez E. Interspecific Hybridization in Pilot Whales and Asymmetric Genetic Introgression in Northern Globicephala melas under the Scenario of Global Warming. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160080. [PMID: 27508496 PMCID: PMC4980017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pilot whales are two cetacean species (Globicephala melas and G. macrorhynchus) whose distributions are correlated with water temperature and partially overlap in some areas like the North Atlantic Ocean. In the context of global warming, distribution range shifts are expected to occur in species affected by temperature. Consequently, a northward displacement of the tropical pilot whale G. macrorynchus is expected, eventually leading to increased secondary contact areas and opportunities for interspecific hybridization. Here, we describe genetic evidences of recurrent hybridization between pilot whales in northeast Atlantic Ocean. Based on mitochondrial DNA sequences and microsatellite loci, asymmetric introgression of G. macrorhynchus genes into G. melas was observed. For the latter species, a significant correlation was found between historical population growth rate estimates and paleotemperature oscillations. Introgressive hybridization, current temperature increases and lower genetic variation in G. melas suggest that this species could be at risk in its northern range. Under increasing environmental and human-mediated stressors in the North Atlantic Ocean, it seems recommendable to develop a conservation program for G. melas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miralles
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Marc Oremus
- 16 rue Henri Niautou, 98800, Noumea, New Caledonia
| | - Mónica A. Silva
- MARE–Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre and Centre of IMAR- Institute of Marine Research, University of the Azores, 9901–862, Horta, Portugal
- Biology Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, United States of America
| | - Serge Planes
- Laboratoire d’Excellence “CORAIL”, Centre de Recherche Insulaire et Observatoire de l'Environnement (CRIOBE), USR 3278 CNRS-EPHE-UPVD, BP 1013 Papetoai, 98729, Moorea, Polynésie Française
| | - Eva Garcia-Vazquez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
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19
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Alexander A, Steel D, Hoekzema K, Mesnick SL, Engelhaupt D, Kerr I, Payne R, Baker CS. What influences the worldwide genetic structure of sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus)? Mol Ecol 2016; 25:2754-72. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alana Alexander
- Marine Mammal Institute; Hatfield Marine Science Center; Oregon State University; 2030 SE Marine Science Drive Newport OR 97365 USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; 104 Nash Hall Corvallis OR 97330 USA
- Biodiversity Institute; University of Kansas; 1345 Jayhawk Blvd Lawrence KS 66045 USA
| | - Debbie Steel
- Marine Mammal Institute; Hatfield Marine Science Center; Oregon State University; 2030 SE Marine Science Drive Newport OR 97365 USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; 104 Nash Hall Corvallis OR 97330 USA
| | - Kendra Hoekzema
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; 104 Nash Hall Corvallis OR 97330 USA
| | - Sarah L. Mesnick
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center; National Marine Fisheries Service; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive La Jolla CA 92037 USA
| | | | - Iain Kerr
- Ocean Alliance; 32 Horton Street Gloucester MA 01930 USA
| | - Roger Payne
- Ocean Alliance; 32 Horton Street Gloucester MA 01930 USA
| | - C. Scott Baker
- Marine Mammal Institute; Hatfield Marine Science Center; Oregon State University; 2030 SE Marine Science Drive Newport OR 97365 USA
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife; Oregon State University; 104 Nash Hall Corvallis OR 97330 USA
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Auckland; Private Bag 92019 Auckland 1142 New Zealand
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20
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Thompson KF, Patel S, Baker CS, Constantine R, Millar CD. Bucking the trend: genetic analysis reveals high diversity, large population size and low differentiation in a deep ocean cetacean. Heredity (Edinb) 2015; 116:277-85. [PMID: 26626574 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genetic structure of a population is essential to its conservation and management. We report the level of genetic diversity and determine the population structure of a cryptic deep ocean cetacean, the Gray's beaked whale (Mesoplodon grayi). We analysed 530 bp of mitochondrial control region and 12 microsatellite loci from 94 individuals stranded around New Zealand and Australia. The samples cover a large area of the species distribution (~6000 km) and were collected over a 22-year period. We show high genetic diversity (h=0.933-0.987, π=0.763-0.996% and Rs=4.22-4.37, He=0.624-0.675), and, in contrast to other cetaceans, we found a complete lack of genetic structure in both maternally and biparentally inherited markers. The oceanic habitats around New Zealand are diverse with extremely deep waters, seamounts and submarine canyons that are suitable for Gray's beaked whales and their prey. We propose that the abundance of this rich habitat has promoted genetic homogeneity in this species. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the lack of beaked whale sightings is the result of their low abundance, but this is in contrast to our estimates of female effective population size based on mitochondrial data. In conclusion, the high diversity and lack of genetic structure can be explained by a historically large population size, in combination with no known exploitation, few apparent behavioural barriers and abundant habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Thompson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Allan Wilson Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Allan Wilson Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C S Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Fisheries and Wildlife and Marine Mammal Institute, Oregon State University, Newport, OR, USA
| | - R Constantine
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - C D Millar
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Allan Wilson Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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21
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Climate-driven environmental changes around 8,200 years ago favoured increases in cetacean strandings and Mediterranean hunter-gatherers exploited them. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16288. [PMID: 26573384 PMCID: PMC4648091 DOI: 10.1038/srep16288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetacean mass strandings occur regularly worldwide, yet the compounded effects of natural and anthropogenic factors often complicate our understanding of these phenomena. Evidence of past stranding episodes may, thus, be essential to establish the potential influence of climate change. Investigations on bones from the site of Grotta dell’Uzzo in North West Sicily (Italy) show that the rapid climate change around 8,200 years ago coincided with increased strandings in the Mediterranean Sea. Stable isotope analyses on collagen from a large sample of remains recovered at this cave indicate that Mesolithic hunter-gatherers relied little on marine resources. A human and a red fox dating to the 8.2-kyr-BP climatic event, however, acquired at least one third of their protein from cetaceans. Numerous carcasses should have been available annually, for at least a decade, to obtain these proportions of meat. Our findings imply that climate-driven environmental changes, caused by global warming, may represent a serious threat to cetaceans in the near future.
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22
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Chabot CL. Microsatellite loci confirm a lack of population connectivity among globally distributed populations of the tope shark Galeorhinus galeus (Triakidae). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:371-385. [PMID: 26179946 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study used 11 polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci to determine the population connectivity of five geographically isolated populations of tope shark Galeorhinus galeus (Africa, Australia, North America, South America and western Europe). Genetic analyses revealed significant structure among all populations indicating a lack of population connectivity. These findings indicate that globally distributed populations of G. galeus are isolated and should be managed as distinct, independent stocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Chabot
- Department of Biology, California State University, Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff Street, Northridge, CA, 91330, U.S.A
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23
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da Silva DMP, Azevedo AF, Secchi ER, Barbosa LA, Flores PAC, Carvalho RR, Bisi TL, Lailson-Brito J, Cunha HA. Molecular taxonomy and population structure of the rough-toothed dolphinSteno bredanensis(Cetartiodactyla: Delphinidae). Zool J Linn Soc 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/zoj.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayse M. P. da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/4018-E, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-013 Brazil
- MAQUA - Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores; Faculdade de Oceanografia; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/4002-E, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-013 Brazil
| | - Alexandre F. Azevedo
- MAQUA - Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores; Faculdade de Oceanografia; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/4002-E, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-013 Brazil
| | - Eduardo R. Secchi
- Laboratório de Ecologia e Conservação da Megafauna Marinha - EcoMega; Instituto de Oceanografia; Fundação Universitária do Rio Grande; Av. Italia, Km 8, Centro Rio Grande RS 96201-900 Brazil
| | - Lupércio A. Barbosa
- Instituto Organização Consciência Ambiental (ORCA); Av. São Paulo, 23, Vila Velha ES 29101-315 Brazil
| | - Paulo A. C. Flores
- CMA - Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Aquáticos / ICMBio - Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; Ministério do Meio Ambiente; CMA/SC; Rodovia Mauricio Sirotsky Sobrinho, s/n, Km02 Florianópolis SC 88053-700 Brazil
| | - Rafael R. Carvalho
- MAQUA - Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores; Faculdade de Oceanografia; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/4002-E, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-013 Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia e Evolução; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524, PHLC - sala 224, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-013 Brazil
| | - Tatiana L. Bisi
- MAQUA - Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores; Faculdade de Oceanografia; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/4002-E, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-013 Brazil
| | - José Lailson-Brito
- MAQUA - Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores; Faculdade de Oceanografia; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/4002-E, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-013 Brazil
| | - Haydée A. Cunha
- MAQUA - Laboratório de Mamíferos Aquáticos e Bioindicadores; Faculdade de Oceanografia; Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro; Rua São Francisco Xavier, 524/4002-E, Maracanã Rio de Janeiro RJ 20550-013 Brazil
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24
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Téllez R, Mignucci-Giannoni AA, Caballero S. Initial description of short-finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus) genetic diversity from the Caribbean. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Martien KK, Chivers SJ, Baird RW, Archer FI, Gorgone AM, Hancock-Hanser BL, Mattila D, McSweeney DJ, Oleson EM, Palmer C, Pease VL, Robertson KM, Schorr GS, Schultz MB, Webster DL, Taylor BL. Nuclear and mitochondrial patterns of population structure in North Pacific false killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens). J Hered 2014; 105:611-26. [PMID: 24831238 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
False killer whales (Pseudorca crassidens) are large delphinids typically found in deep water far offshore. However, in the Hawaiian Archipelago, there are 2 resident island-associated populations of false killer whales, one in the waters around the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI) and one in the waters around the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). We use mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences and genotypes from 16 nuclear DNA (nucDNA) microsatellite loci from 206 individuals to examine levels of differentiation among the 2 island-associated populations and offshore animals from the central and eastern North Pacific. Both mtDNA and nucDNA exhibit highly significant differentiation between populations, confirming limited gene flow in both sexes. The mtDNA haplotypes exhibit a strong pattern of phylogeographic concordance, with island-associated populations sharing 3 closely related haplotypes not found elsewhere in the Pacific. However, nucDNA data suggest that NWHI animals are at least as differentiated from MHI animals as they are from offshore animals. The patterns of differentiation revealed by the 2 marker types suggest that the island-associated false killer whale populations likely share a common colonization history, but have limited contemporary gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Martien
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Susan J Chivers
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Robin W Baird
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Frederick I Archer
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Antoinette M Gorgone
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Brittany L Hancock-Hanser
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - David Mattila
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Daniel J McSweeney
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Erin M Oleson
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Carol Palmer
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Victoria L Pease
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Kelly M Robertson
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Gregory S Schorr
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Mark B Schultz
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Daniel L Webster
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
| | - Barbara L Taylor
- From the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8901 La Jolla Shores Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037 (Martien, Chivers, Archer, Hancock-Hanser, Pease, Robertson, and Taylor); Cascadia Research Collective 218 1/2 W, 4th Avenue, Olympia, WA 98501 (Baird, Schorr, and Webster); NOAA Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 101 Pivers Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 (Gorgone); Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary, 726 S. Kihei Road, Kihei, HI 96753 (Mattila); Wild Whale Research Foundation, Box 139, Holualoa, HI 96725 (McSweeney); NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, 2470 Dole St., Honolulu, HI 96822 (Oleson); Department of Land Resource Management, PO Box 496, Palmerston, NT 0831, Australia (Palmer); Research Institute for Environment and Livelihoods, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina NT 0811, Australia (Palmer); and the University of Melbourne, Faculty of Medical and Dental Health Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia (Schultz)
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Miralles L, Lens S, Rodríguez-Folgar A, Carrillo M, Martín V, Mikkelsen B, Garcia-Vazquez E. Interspecific introgression in cetaceans: DNA markers reveal post-F1 status of a pilot whale. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69511. [PMID: 23990883 PMCID: PMC3747178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual species identification of cetacean strandings is difficult, especially when dead specimens are degraded and/or species are morphologically similar. The two recognised pilot whale species (Globicephala melas and Globicephala macrorhynchus) are sympatric in the North Atlantic Ocean. These species are very similar in external appearance and their morphometric characteristics partially overlap; thus visual identification is not always reliable. Genetic species identification ensures correct identification of specimens. Here we have employed one mitochondrial (D-Loop region) and eight nuclear loci (microsatellites) as genetic markers to identify six stranded pilot whales found in Galicia (Northwest Spain), one of them of ambiguous phenotype. DNA analyses yielded positive amplification of all loci and enabled species identification. Nuclear microsatellite DNA genotypes revealed mixed ancestry for one individual, identified as a post-F1 interspecific hybrid employing two different Bayesian methods. From the mitochondrial sequence the maternal species was Globicephala melas. This is the first hybrid documented between Globicephala melas and G. macrorhynchus, and the first post-F1 hybrid genetically identified between cetaceans, revealing interspecific genetic introgression in marine mammals. We propose to add nuclear loci to genetic databases for cetacean species identification in order to detect hybrid individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Miralles
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Santiago Lens
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Folgar
- G.R.E.M.MAR Dolphin Rescue and Research Group of Marine Mammals, Cámpelo Parroquia de San Juan de Poio, Galicia, Spain
| | - Manuel Carrillo
- Canarias Conservación Cetacean Research Society, La Laguna, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Vidal Martín
- Sociedad para el Estudio de los Cetáceos en el Archipiélago Canario (SECAC), Yaiza, Canary Islands, Spain
| | | | - Eva Garcia-Vazquez
- Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Alexander A, Steel D, Slikas B, Hoekzema K, Carraher C, Parks M, Cronn R, Baker CS. Low diversity in the mitogenome of sperm whales revealed by next-generation sequencing. Genome Biol Evol 2013; 5:113-29. [PMID: 23254394 PMCID: PMC3595033 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evs126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Large population sizes and global distributions generally associate with high mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) diversity. The sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) is an exception, showing low CR diversity relative to other cetaceans; however, diversity levels throughout the remainder of the sperm whale mitogenome are unknown. We sequenced 20 mitogenomes from 17 sperm whales representative of worldwide diversity using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technologies (Illumina GAIIx, Roche 454 GS Junior). Resequencing of three individuals with both NGS platforms and partial Sanger sequencing showed low discrepancy rates (454-Illumina: 0.0071%; Sanger-Illumina: 0.0034%; and Sanger-454: 0.0023%) confirming suitability of both NGS platforms for investigating low mitogenomic diversity. Using the 17 sperm whale mitogenomes in a phylogenetic reconstruction with 41 other species, including 11 new dolphin mitogenomes, we tested two hypotheses for the low CR diversity. First, the hypothesis that CR-specific constraints have reduced diversity solely in the CR was rejected as diversity was low throughout the mitogenome, not just in the CR (overall diversity π = 0.096%; protein-coding 3rd codon = 0.22%; CR = 0.35%), and CR phylogenetic signal was congruent with protein-coding regions. Second, the hypothesis that slow substitution rates reduced diversity throughout the sperm whale mitogenome was rejected as sperm whales had significantly higher rates of CR evolution and no evidence of slow coding region evolution relative to other cetaceans. The estimated time to most recent common ancestor for sperm whale mitogenomes was 72,800 to 137,400 years ago (95% highest probability density interval), consistent with previous hypotheses of a bottleneck or selective sweep as likely causes of low mitogenome diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Alexander
- Marine Mammal Institute, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Oregon State University, OR, USA.
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Oremus M, Gales R, Kettles H, Baker CS. Genetic evidence of multiple matrilines and spatial disruption of kinship bonds in mass strandings of long-finned pilot whales, Globicephala melas. J Hered 2013; 104:301-11. [PMID: 23493607 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/est007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mass strandings of whales and dolphins have puzzled biologists since Aristotle. Although environmental factors are often assumed to initiate strandings, social forces must also influence the dynamics of many of these events, particularly for the primary species involved in mass strandings, the long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas). Here, we test two hypotheses derived from common assumptions about the social dynamics of long-finned pilot whales by identifying maternal lineages from mtDNA haplotypes and inferring kinship from microsatellite genotypes of 490 individuals from 12 stranding events. Contrary to the "extended matriline" hypothesis, we found that multiple maternal lineages were present in at least 9 of the 12 mass strandings. Contrary to the "kinship cohesion" hypothesis, we found no correlation between spatial distribution and kinship along the stranding beach. Most notably, we documented the spatial disruption of the expected proximity between mothers and their dependent calves. These results challenge the common assumption that kinship-based behavior, such as care-giving, are a primary factor in these mass strandings. We suggest instead that disruption of kinship bonds could result from interactions among unrelated social groups during feeding or mating aggregations, perhaps playing a causal role in these events. Our finding that dependent calves were often spatially separated or absent from their mothers has important implications for humane management of rescue efforts. To improve our understanding of the social causes and consequences of mass strandings, future documentation of strandings should include exhaustive DNA sampling, with accompanying spatial and temporal records.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Oremus
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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Rapson SA, Goldizen AW, Seddon JM. Species boundaries and possible hybridization between the black mongoose (Galerella nigrata) and the slender mongoose (Galerella sanguinea). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2012; 65:831-9. [PMID: 22940151 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Major climatic oscillations since the mid-Miocene climatic optimum are known to have played a key role in promoting speciation events. In this study we use molecular data to elucidate the evolutionary history of Galerella nigrata and link its divergence to known major climatic events. A total of 51 samples from G. nigrata and 17 from Galerella sanguinea were used to provide the first molecular evidence that G. nigrata may be a species in its own right. Both mitochondrial cytochrome b and the nuclear ß-fibrinogen intron seven sequences of G. nigrata form distinct monophyletic clades, separate from its sister species G. sanguinea. We estimate the divergence of these two species to have occurred 3.85-4.27 million years ago, coinciding with a period of the Plio-Pleistocene that was characterised by cooling global temperatures and strong aridity in southern Africa. However, evidence for potential hybridization between the two species was documented for ten individuals using phenotypic (pelage colouration) and/or molecular (nuclear and mtDNA sequences and microsatellite loci) data. There appeared to be a bias towards unidirectional hybridization with all potential hybrids showing mtDNA haplotypes from G. nigrata. We suggest that as the desert expanded across Namibia, G. sanguinea likely retreated with the savanna, leaving some mongooses stranded on the granite inselbergs of north-western Namibia. Subsequent adaptation of these mongooses to local conditions on granite inselbergs could have led to ecological speciation. Secondary contact zones would have been re-established with subsequent global warming events. It appears that the two species have not yet undergone complete reproductive isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Rapson
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences, St. Lucia Campus, Australia.
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Daly-Engel TS, Randall JE, Bowen BW. Is the Great Barracuda ( Sphyraena barracuda) a reef fish or a pelagic fish? The phylogeographic perspective. MARINE BIOLOGY 2012; 159:975-985. [PMID: 25594680 PMCID: PMC3784357 DOI: 10.1007/s00227-012-1878-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Current taxonomy indicates a single global species of the Great Barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda) despite differences in color and behavior between Atlantic and Pacific forms. To investigate these differences and qualify the dispersal characteristics of this unique coastal- pelagic teleost (bony fish), we conducted a global phylogeographic survey of 246 specimens from thirteen sampling locations using a 629-base pair fragment of mtDNA cytochrome b. Data indicate high overall gene flow in the Indo-Pacific over large distances (>16,500 km) bridging several biogeographic barriers. The West Atlantic population contains an mtDNA lineage that is divergent from the Indo-Pacific (d = 1.9%), while the East Atlantic (N = 23) has two mutations (d = 0.6%) apart from the Indo-Pacific. While we cannot rule out distinct evolutionary partitions among ocean basins based on behavior, coloration, and near-monophyly between Atlantic and Indo-Pacific subpopulations, more investigation is required before taxonomic status is revised. Overall, the pattern of high global dispersal and connectivity in S. barracuda more closely resembles those reported for large oceanic predators than reef-associated teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby S Daly-Engel
- Department of Zoology, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - John E Randall
- Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, HI 96817-2704, USA
| | - Brian W Bowen
- Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawaii, Kaneohe, HI 96744, USA
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Vilstrup JT, Ho SYW, Foote AD, Morin PA, Kreb D, Krützen M, Parra GJ, Robertson KM, de Stephanis R, Verborgh P, Willerslev E, Orlando L, Gilbert MTP. Mitogenomic phylogenetic analyses of the Delphinidae with an emphasis on the Globicephalinae. BMC Evol Biol 2011; 11:65. [PMID: 21392378 PMCID: PMC3065423 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-11-65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous DNA-based phylogenetic studies of the Delphinidae family suggest it has undergone rapid diversification, as characterised by unresolved and poorly supported taxonomic relationships (polytomies) for some of the species within this group. Using an increased amount of sequence data we test between alternative hypotheses of soft polytomies caused by rapid speciation, slow evolutionary rate and/or insufficient sequence data, and hard polytomies caused by simultaneous speciation within this family. Combining the mitogenome sequences of five new and 12 previously published species within the Delphinidae, we used Bayesian and maximum-likelihood methods to estimate the phylogeny from partitioned and unpartitioned mitogenome sequences. Further ad hoc tests were then conducted to estimate the support for alternative topologies. RESULTS We found high support for all the relationships within our reconstructed phylogenies, and topologies were consistent between the Bayesian and maximum-likelihood trees inferred from partitioned and unpartitioned data. Resolved relationships included the placement of the killer whale (Orcinus orca) as sister taxon to the rest of the Globicephalinae subfamily, placement of the Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) within the Globicephalinae subfamily, removal of the white-beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) from the Delphininae subfamily and the placement of the rough-toothed dolphin (Steno bredanensis) as sister taxon to the rest of the Delphininae subfamily rather than within the Globicephalinae subfamily. The additional testing of alternative topologies allowed us to reject all other putative relationships, with the exception that we were unable to reject the hypothesis that the relationship between L. albirostris and the Globicephalinae and Delphininae subfamilies was polytomic. CONCLUSION Despite their rapid diversification, the increased sequence data yielded by mitogenomes enables the resolution of a strongly supported, bifurcating phylogeny, and a chronology of the divergences within the Delphinidae family. This highlights the benefits and potential application of large mitogenome datasets to resolve long-standing phylogenetic uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T Vilstrup
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Simon YW Ho
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew D Foote
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Phillip A Morin
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, 3333 N. Torrey Pines Ct., La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
| | - Danielle Kreb
- Yayasan Konservasi RASI, Samarinda, Kalimantan Timur, Indonesia
| | - Michael Krützen
- Evolutionary Genetics Group, Anthropological Institute and Museum, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Guido J Parra
- School of Biological Sciences, Flinders University, Lincoln Marine Science Centre, GPO BOX 2100 Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- South Australian Research and Development Institute (Aquatic Sciences), PO Box 120, Henley Beach, SA 5022, Australia
| | - Kelly M Robertson
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, 3333 N. Torrey Pines Ct., La Jolla, CA, 92037 USA
| | - Renaud de Stephanis
- CIRCE, Conservation Information and Research on Cetaceans, C/Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, Algeciras-Pelayo, 11390 Cadiz, Spain
- Departamento de Biologia de la Conservación, Estación Biologica de Donana, CSIC, C/Americo Vespucio S/N, Isla de la Cartuja, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Philippe Verborgh
- CIRCE, Conservation Information and Research on Cetaceans, C/Cabeza de Manzaneda 3, Algeciras-Pelayo, 11390 Cadiz, Spain
| | - Eske Willerslev
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ludovic Orlando
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Thomas P Gilbert
- Centre for GeoGenetics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 5-7, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Endo T, Hisamichi Y, Kimura O, Haraguchi K, Lavery S, Dalebout ML, Funahashi N, Baker CS. Stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen and mercury concentrations in 13 toothed whale species taken from the western Pacific Ocean off Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2675-2681. [PMID: 20218671 DOI: 10.1021/es903534r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Stable isotope ratios of carbon (partial differential(13)C) and nitrogen (partial differential(15)N) and total mercury (T-Hg) concentrations were measured in red meat samples from 11 odontocete species (toothed whales, dolphins, and porpoises) sold in Japan (n = 96) and in muscle samples from stranded killer whales (n = 6) and melon-headed whales (n = 15), and the analytical data for these species were classified into three regions (northern, central, and southern Japan) depending on the locations in which they were caught or stranded. The partial differential(15)N in the samples from southern Japan tended to be lower than that in samples from the north, whereas both partial differential(13)C and T-Hg concentrations in samples from the south tended to higher than those in samples from northern Japan. Negative correlations were found between the partial differential(13)C and partial differential(15)N values and between the partial differential(15)N value and T-Hg concentrations in the combined samples all three regions (gamma= -0.238, n = 117, P < 0.01). The partial differential(13)C, partial differential(15)N, and T-Hg concentrations in the samples varied more by habitat than by species. Spatial variations in partial differential(13)C, partial differential(15)N, and T-Hg concentrations in the ocean may be the cause of these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Endo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.
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