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Bavinck AP, Heerde WV, Schols SEM. Point-of-Care Testing in Patients with Hereditary Disorders of Primary Hemostasis: A Narrative Review. Semin Thromb Hemost 2024. [PMID: 38950596 DOI: 10.1055/s-0044-1787976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Inherited disorders of primary hemostasis, such as von Willebrand disease and congenital platelet disorders, can cause extensive, typically mucocutaneous bleeding. Assays to diagnose and monitor these disorders, such as von Willebrand factor activity assays and light transmission aggregometry, are performed in specialized hemostasis laboratories but are commonly not available in local hospitals. Due to the complexity and relative scarcity of these conventional assays, point-of-care tests (POCT) might be an attractive alternative in patients with hereditary bleeding disorders. POCTs, such as thromboelastography, are increasingly used to assess hemostasis in patients with acquired hemostatic defects, aiding clinical decision-making in critical situations, such as during surgery or childbirth. In comparison, the use of these assays in patients with hereditary hemostasis defects remains relatively unexplored. This review aims to give an overview of point-of-care hemostasis tests in patients with hereditary disorders of primary hemostasis. A summary of the literature reporting on the performance of currently available and experimental POCTs in these disorders is given, and the potential utility of the assays in various use scenarios is discussed. Altogether, the studies included in this review reveal that several POCTs are capable of identifying and monitoring severe defects in the primary hemostasis, while a POCT that can reliably detect milder defects of primary hemostasis is currently lacking. A better understanding of the strengths and limitations of POCTs in assessing hereditary defects of primary hemostasis is needed, after which these tests may become available for clinical practice, potentially targeting a large group of patients with milder defects of primary hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aernoud P Bavinck
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Waander van Heerde
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Hemophilia Treatment Centre Nijmegen-Eindhoven-Maastricht, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia E M Schols
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Hemophilia Treatment Centre Nijmegen-Eindhoven-Maastricht, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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2
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Kaiser T, Liebscher K, Scholz U, Pfrepper C, Netto J, Drogies T, Tiebel O, Knöfler R, Krause M. Influencing factors and differences in Born aggregometry in specialized hemostaseological centers – results of a multi-center laboratory comparison. TH OPEN 2022; 6:e213-e220. [PMID: 36046201 PMCID: PMC9395241 DOI: 10.1055/a-1827-7025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction
Light transmission aggregometry (LTA) is regarded as the gold standard in platelet function diagnostics. However, there is a relevant degree of interlaboratory variability in practical applications.
Objective
The aim of the present study was to develop a practicable laboratory comparison on LTA and to analyze differences and influencing factors in regard to standardization in five specialized hemostaseological centers.
Methods
The study was performed on 30 patients in total. Each center performed LTA on blood samples from six healthy volunteers (three men and three women) using the inductors collagen (Col), adenosine diphosphate (ADP), arachidonic acid (ARA), and ristocetin. The LTA was performed three times using different methods as follows: (1) International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis recommendations with identical reagents, (2) in-house protocols and the identical reagents; and (3) in-house protocols and in-house reagents.
Results
A total of 396 measurements of 30 probands were performed. Even after standardization of the protocol and using identical reagents, there were significant differences between the centers regarding the final and maximum aggregation (
p
= 0.002 and <0.001) and further significant differences in the maximum and final aggregation according to the wavelength of the device used to measure the LTA (PAP-8: 430 nm, APACT 4004: 740 nm [
p
< 0.001 each]). Using identical reagents but individual inductor concentrations and laboratory protocols also resulted in different maximum and final aggregation. The largest differences were seen with Col and ristocetin; there were significant influences from the reagents' manufacturers in the results of aggregometry for the inductor Col (
p
< 0.01) but not for ADP, ARA, and ristocetin.
Conclusion
In this study, we proved that there are significant influences from the used aggregometers, inductors concentrations, and manufacturers. These results illustrate the challenges and importance of standardization of LTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kaiser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karin Liebscher
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Clinical Hemostaseology, Klinikum St. Georg gGmbH, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jeffrey Netto
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tim Drogies
- Medical Central Laboratory Altenburg, Altenburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Tiebel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralf Knöfler
- 10. Department of Pediatric Hemostaseology, Univ. Children Hospital, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Krause
- MVZ Laboratory Reising-Ackermann MD and Colleagues, Leipzig, Germany
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3
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Bartl M, Krahn A, Riggert J, Paulus W. Needle EMG induced muscle bleeding complication after guideline approved discontinuation of anticoagulation. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2021; 6:109-114. [PMID: 33981918 PMCID: PMC8081989 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
After needle EMG an intramuscular hematoma, requiring surgical evacuation, occurred. Anticoagulation was paused according to guidelines; one patient had an undetected genetic disorder of platelet function. Substituting apixaban for enoxaparin may have contributed to the complications.
Introduction Needle electromyography (EMG) is an essential part of electrodiagnosis (EDX) in neuromuscular disorders. As in all invasive procedures there is a risk of bleeding complications, but which is rare according to the current literature. Controlled, prospective studies that include patients under anticoagulation or antiplatelet therapy are lacking and would be difficult to conduct. Case reports We describe two patients with no history of coagulopathy who developed an intramuscular hematoma after needle EMG. They had been under therapeutic anticoagulation but this had been discontinued, and their standard coagulation parameters had returned to normal prior to the EMG. One patient was found to have a rare genetic defect in thromboxane synthesis with associated markedly impaired platelet aggregation, while no obvious cause of the bleeding was found in the second patient. However, it could have been due to an unexpectedly strong anticoagulatory response to the oral anticoagulant apixaban. Conclusion One must be aware of the increased risk of bleeding events in patients with therapeutic anticoagulation. These can occur even when the recommendations regarding discontinuation of anticoagulant drugs for the procedure have been followed. The patient must be actively questioned for ongoing use of NSAIDs, and if pain therapy is required alternatives with no antiplatelet activity should be given. A larger data pool of adverse EMG events would aid in risk assessment and decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bartl
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, D37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Arne Krahn
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, D37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Riggert
- Department of Transfusion Medicine, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, D37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Medical Center, Goettingen, Robert Koch Str. 40, D37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Nurden P, Stritt S, Favier R, Nurden AT. Inherited platelet diseases with normal platelet count: phenotypes, genotypes and diagnostic strategy. Haematologica 2021; 106:337-350. [PMID: 33147934 PMCID: PMC7849565 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2020.248153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited platelet disorders resulting from platelet function defects and a normal platelet count cause a moderate or severe bleeding diathesis. Since the description of Glanzmann thrombasthenia resulting from defects of ITGA2B and ITGB3, new inherited platelet disorders have been discovered, facilitated by the use of high throughput sequencing and genomic analyses. Defects of RASGRP2 and FERMT3 responsible for severe bleeding syndromes and integrin activation have illustrated the critical role of signaling molecules. Important are mutations of P2RY12 encoding the major ADP receptor causal for an inherited platelet disorder with inheritance characteristics that depend on the variant identified. Interestingly, variants of GP6 encoding the major subunit of the collagen receptor GPVI/FcRγ associate only with mild bleeding. The numbers of genes involved in dense granule defects including Hermansky-Pudlak and Chediak Higashi syndromes continue to progress and are updated. The ANO6 gene encoding a Ca2+-activated ion channel required for phospholipid scrambling is responsible for the rare Scott syndrome and decreased procoagulant activity. A novel EPHB2 defect in a familial bleeding syndrome demonstrates a role for this tyrosine kinase receptor independent of the classical model of its interaction with ephrins. Such advances highlight the large diversity of variants affecting platelet function but not their production, despite the difficulties in establishing a clear phenotype when few families are affected. They have provided insights into essential pathways of platelet function and have been at the origin of new and improved therapies for ischemic disease. Nevertheless, many patients remain without a diagnosis and requiring new strategies that are now discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simon Stritt
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala
| | - Remi Favier
- French National Reference Center for Inherited Platelet Disorders, Armand Trousseau Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris
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Baglo T, Pouplard C, Valentin JB, Guéry EA, Gruel Y, Vayne C. Acquired platelet defect associated with gabapentin treatment: a case-report. Platelets 2020; 32:846-849. [PMID: 32835556 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1809645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gabapentin, a structural analog of gamma-aminobutyric acid, is used to treat peripheral neuropathic pain. Here we report the first case of platelet function disorder associated with gabapentin treatment in a 44-year-old woman without a history of bleeding. She presented with mucocutaneous bleeding approximately 1 month after initiation of gabapentin and platelet function tests showed no aggregation to arachidonic acid and epinephrine, a defective response to ADP and a slightly decreased response to collagen. Gabapentin's imputability was supported by the fact that all platelet functions were normalized 6 days after drug discontinuation, with the simultaneous disappearance of bleedings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Baglo
- Department of Haemostasis, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Claire Pouplard
- Department of Haemostasis, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France.,EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | - Eve-Anne Guéry
- Department of Haemostasis, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Yves Gruel
- Department of Haemostasis, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France.,EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Caroline Vayne
- Department of Haemostasis, University Hospital of Tours, Tours, France.,EA 7501 GICC, University of Tours, Tours, France
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Palma-Barqueros V, Bohdan N, Revilla N, Vicente V, Bastida JM, Rivera J. PTGS1 gene variations associated with bleeding and platelet dysfunction. Platelets 2020; 32:710-716. [PMID: 32584621 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2020.1782370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Natalia Bohdan
- Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER-U765, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria Revilla
- Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER-U765, Murcia, Spain
| | - Vicente Vicente
- Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER-U765, Murcia, Spain
| | - José M Bastida
- Department of Hematology, IBSAL-Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.,On Behalf of the "Inherited Platelet Disorders Project", Hemorrhagic Diathesis Working Group, SETH
| | - José Rivera
- Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, CIBERER-U765, Murcia, Spain.,On Behalf of the "Inherited Platelet Disorders Project", Hemorrhagic Diathesis Working Group, SETH
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Bugert P, Fischer L, Althaus K, Knöfler R, Bakchoul T. Platelet dysfunction caused by a novel thromboxane A2 receptor mutation and congenital thrombocytopenia in a case of mild bleeding. Platelets 2019; 31:276-279. [DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1652264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty Mannheim, German Red Cross Blood Service of Baden-Württemberg – Hessen gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Lars Fischer
- Department of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Hemostaseology, Children’s Hospital, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Karina Althaus
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Knöfler
- Department of Pediatric Haemostaseology, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus of Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tamam Bakchoul
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Yagmur E, Weiskirchen R, Schede A, Bugert P. PTGS1 compound heterozygosity impairs gene expression and platelet aggregation and is associated with severe bleeding complications. Thromb Haemost 2017; 110:1083-5. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-02-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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9
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Mumford AD, Frelinger III AL, Gachet C, Gresele P, Noris P, Harrison P, Mezzano D. A review of platelet secretion assays for the diagnosis of inherited platelet secretion disorders. Thromb Haemost 2017; 114:14-25. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-11-0999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SummaryMeasurement of platelet granule release to detect inherited platelet secretion disorders (IPSDs) is essential for the evaluation of patients with abnormal bleeding and is necessary to distinguish which granule sub-types are affected and whether there is abnormal granule bio-synthesis or secretion. The radioactive serotonin incorporation and release assay, described before 1970, is still considered the “gold standard” test to assess platelet δ-granule release, although is unsuitable for clinical diagnostic laboratories. Luciferin-based assays, such as lumiaggregometry, are the most widely performed alternatives, although these methods do not distinguish defects in δ-granule biosyn-thesis from defects in secretion. Platelet α-granule release is commonly evaluated using flow cytometry by measuring surface exposure of P-selectin after platelet activation. However, this assay has poor sensitivity for some α-granule disorders. Only few studies have been published with more recently developed assays and no critical reviews on these methods are available. In this review, we describe the rationale for developing robust and accurate laboratory tests of platelet granule release and describe the characteristics of the currently available tests. We identify an unmet need for further systematic evaluation of new assays and for standardisation of methodologies for clinical diagnostic laboratories.
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10
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Doscher JC, Volpe FN. Late postoperative hemorrhage in a patient with undiagnosed COX-1 deficiency after third molar extractions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 72:660-5. [PMID: 24480756 DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oral maxillofacial surgeons direct invasive procedures that often cause significant bleeding. Uncontrolled hemorrhage is a rare, yet serious, complication that can be seen in patients with thrombocytopathy. Platelets have 3 distinct roles in coagulation: initial adhesion, phospholipid externalization, and platelet aggregation.(1) Several types of platelet deficiencies, including defects of adhesion (Bernard-Soulier syndrome), defects of aggregation (Glanzmann thrombasthenia), and disorders of platelet secretion due to a deficiency of adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1).(2-4) COX has 2 isoforms: COX-1 and COX-2.(5,6) COX-1 is expressed constitutively in most tissues, and COX-2 is induced primarily by inflammatory mediators.(7,8) Although both isoforms are present in platelets, COX-1 is the major isoform that contributes to coagulation, because it is critically important in the formation of thromboxane A2 (TXA2) by way of the arachidonic acid (AA) pathway.(9) AA is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation.(1,3,4) When AA is exposed to an activating agent, such as ADP, it undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions that culminates in the production of TXA2.(10) TXA2 is the predominant product of the COX-1 pathway and is a major metabolite of AA in platelets. TXA2 is necessary for normal platelet function. Therefore, the inhibition of, or a deficiency in, COX-1 will compromise the AA pathway, thereby reducing platelet secretion and altering normal platelet aggregatory function.(1,3) COX-1 deficiencies are usually caused by drug interactions with the enzyme itself. In addition, studies have identified genetic mutations that can result in COX-1 deficiency.(2) We present the hospital course, management, and diagnosis of a patient with an undiagnosed COX-1 deficiency who had had third molars removed in a private office. To our knowledge, this is the first case of COX-1 deficiency diagnosed after exodontia documented in English studies. In addition, we reviewed the published data of this rare disorder that has significant clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse C Doscher
- Chief Resident, Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT.
| | - Fedele N Volpe
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Yale-New Haven Hospital, New Haven, CT; and Private Practice, Milford, CT
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11
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Elevated platelet count, C-reactive protein and thromboxane analog-induced platelet aggregation in patients with Gulf War veterans’ illnesses. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 2013; 24:736-41. [DOI: 10.1097/mbc.0b013e328362627f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Nurden A, Nurden P. Advances in our understanding of the molecular basis of disorders of platelet function. J Thromb Haemost 2011; 9 Suppl 1:76-91. [PMID: 21781244 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetic defects of platelet function give rise to mucocutaneous bleeding of varying severity because platelets fail to fulfil their haemostatic role after vessel injury. Abnormalities of pathways involving glycoprotein (GP) mediators of adhesion (Bernard-Soulier syndrome, platelet-type von Willebrand disease) and aggregation (Glanzmann thrombasthenia) are the most studied and affect the GPIb-IX-V complex and integrin αIIbβ3, respectively. Leukocyte adhesion deficiency-III combines Glanzmann thrombasthenia with infections and defects of kindlin-3, a mediator of integrin activation. Agonist-specific deficiencies in platelet aggregation relate to mutations of primary receptors for ADP (P2Y(12)), thromboxane A(2) (TXA2R) and collagen (GPVI); however, selective abnormalities of intracellular signalling pathways remain better understood in mouse models. Defects of secretion from δ-granules are accompanied by pigment defects in the Hermansky-Pudlak and Chediak-Higashi syndromes; they concern multiple genes and protein complexes involved in secretory organelle biogenesis and function. Quebec syndrome is linked to a tandem duplication of the urokinase plasminogen activator (PLAU) gene while locus assignment to chromosome 3p has advanced the search for the gene(s) responsible for α-granule deficiency in the gray platelet syndrome. Defects of α-granule biosynthesis also involve germline VPS33B mutations in the ARC (arthrogryposis, renal dysfunction and cholestasis) syndrome. A mutation in transmembrane protein 16F (TMEM16F) has been linked to a defective procoagulant activity and phosphatidylserine expression in the Scott syndrome. Cytoskeletal dysfunction (with platelet anisotrophy) occurs not only in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome but also in filamin A deficiency or MYH9-related disease while GATA1 mutations or RUNX1 haploinsufficiency can affect expression of multiple platelet proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nurden
- Centre de Référence des Pathologies Plaquettaires, Plateforme Technologique d'Innovation Biomédicale, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France.
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Knoefler R, Bugert P, Rolf N, Suttorp M. Clinical and laboratory phenotype associated with the aspirin-like defect - response to Draganiet al. Br J Haematol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07951.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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14
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Dragani A, Brancati F, Pascale S, Mattoscio D, Rocca B. Clinical and laboratory phenotype associated with the aspirin-like defect. Br J Haematol 2010; 148:661-3; author reply 663-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2009.07950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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