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The MS4A family: counting past 1, 2 and 3. Immunol Cell Biol 2015; 94:11-23. [PMID: 25835430 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The MS4A (membrane-spanning 4-domain family, subfamily A) family of proteins contains some well-known members including MS4A1 (CD20), MS4A2 (FcɛRIβ) and MS4A3 (HTm4). These three MS4A family members are expressed on the cell surface of specific leukocyte subsets and have been well characterized as having key roles in regulating cell activation, growth and development. However, beyond MS4A1-3 there are a large number of related molecules (18 to date in humans) where our understanding of their biological roles is at a relatively nascent stage. This review examines the larger MS4A family focusing on their structure, expression, regulation and characterized and/or emerging biological roles. Our own work on one family member MS4A8B, and its possible role in epithelial cell regulation, is also highlighted.
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Zhou J, Wolf CR, Henderson CJ, Cai Y, Board PG, Foster PS, Webb DC. Glutathione Transferase P1. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178:1202-10. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200801-178oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
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Negoro T, Orihara K, Irahara T, Nishiyama H, Hagiwara K, Nishida R, Takagi H, Satoh K, Yamamoto Y, Shimizu S, Hagiwara T, Ishii M, Tanioka T, Nakano Y, Takeda K, Yoshimura I, Iikura Y, Tobe T. Influence of SNPs in cytokine-related genes on the severity of food allergy and atopic eczema in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2006; 17:583-90. [PMID: 17121586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2006.00463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although many single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) studies have reported an association of atopy, allergic diseases and total serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels, almost all of these studies sought risk factors for the onset of these allergic diseases. Furthermore, many studies have analyzed a single gene and hardly any have analyzed environmental factors. In these analyses, the results could be masked and the effects of other genes and environmental factors may be decreased. Here, we described the correlation between four genes [interleukin (IL)-4 (C-590T), IL-4 receptor (A1652G), FCER1B (G6842A) and STAT6 (G2964A)] in connection with IgE production; the role of IL-10 (C-627A) as a regulatory cytokine of allergy; and the severity of food allergy (FA) and atopic eczema (AE) in 220 Japanese allergic children. In addition to these SNPs, environmental factors, i.e., patient's attitude, indoor environment, and so on, were also investigated in this study. Our study was retrospective, and the correlation was analyzed by our defined clinical scores divided into three terms: worst symptoms, recent symptoms and general amelioration at the most recent examination during the disease course. Our results indicated that IL-10 AA, the genotype with lower IL-10 production, is associated with higher IgE levels in the serum (p < 0.0001, estimate; 0.912). Marginal liver abnormalities were observed in the subject group with both FA and AE (p < 0.1191, estimate; 0.1490). Our defined clinical scores enabled evaluation of various aspects of disease severity. Based on the scores, while no single SNP selected in this study determined severity, the combination of the SNP with laboratory data and environmental factors appeared to determine severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaharu Negoro
- Department of Medicinal Information, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Showa University, Htanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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HOLLOWAY JW, DOULL I, BEGISHVILI B, BEASLEY R, HOLGATE ST, HOWELL WM. Lack of evidence of a significant association between HLA-DR, DQ and DP genotypes and atopy in families with HDM allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Currently, more than 20.3 million Americans report having asthma and an even greater number suffer from allergies. The cost for treatment of these dis-eases in the United States is greater than $8 billion with more than 40% of this total representing drug expenditure [59]. An intense effort has been made to understand the genetic components of asthma and allergies and how the identified genetic differences influence disease progression and response to drugs. In the future, it will be possible in the clinical setting to analyze a patient's genetic repertoire. From this information, the physician will gain in-sight into the genes involved in producing that subject's allergic and asthmatic phenotype; understand the natural history of that patient's disease;and predict responses (positive and negative) to pharmacologic agents. The end result will be the ability to tailor a specific treatment regime for each patient and reduce the overall cost of health care related to allergies and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Steinke
- Asthma and Allergic Disease Center, Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
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Suzuki M, Cheng L, Yamasaki A, Ono N, Mao XQ, Shirakawa T. Recent Developments in Genetic Study of Allergic Disease in the Japanese Population. Allergol Int 2005. [DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.54.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Wadonda-Kabondo N, Sterne JAC, Golding J, Kennedy CTC, Archer CB, Dunnill MGS. Association of parental eczema, hayfever, and asthma with atopic dermatitis in infancy: birth cohort study. Arch Dis Child 2004; 89:917-21. [PMID: 15383434 PMCID: PMC1719677 DOI: 10.1136/adc.2003.034033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of parental history of atopic disease with childhood atopic dermatitis, and to examine the relative strength of associations with maternal and paternal disease. DESIGN Mothers were recruited to the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children (ALSPAC) from the eighth week of pregnancy. Before parturition, both parents were asked, separately, to report their lifetime history of eczema, asthma, and hayfever. Parents reported symptoms of atopic dermatitis in their children at ages 6, 18, 30, and 42 months. RESULTS Of 8530 children with complete information on rash at ages 6, 18, 30, and 42 months, 7969 had complete information on maternal atopic disease and 5658 on maternal and paternal atopic disease. There was a strong association between parental eczema and childhood atopic dermatitis: odds ratio 1.69 (95% confidence interval, 1.47 to 1.95) for maternal eczema only, 1.74 (1.44 to 2.09) for paternal eczema only, and 2.72 (2.09 to 3.53) for eczema in both parents. Associations with parental asthma or hayfever were attenuated after controlling for parental eczema. There was no evidence that associations with maternal atopy were stronger than with paternal. CONCLUSIONS Associations between parents' atopic disease and the risk of atopic dermatitis in offspring vary according to the type of atopic disease in the parents, but not according to parental sex. These results are at variance with previous studies reporting stronger associations with maternal than paternal atopy, and suggest that there is no "parent-of-origin" effect in atopic dermatitis. Parental eczema may be a better marker than parental asthma/hayfever in predisposing to childhood eczema.
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Maier LM, Twells RCJ, Howson JMM, Lam AC, Clayton DG, Smyth DJ, Savage D, Carson D, Patterson CC, Smink LJ, Walker NM, Burren OS, Nutland S, Rance H, Tuomilehto-Wolf E, Tuomilehto J, Guja C, Ionescu-Tirgoviste C, Undlien DE, Rønningen KS, Cucca F, Todd JA. Testing the possible negative association of type 1 diabetes and atopic disease by analysis of the interleukin 4 receptor gene. Genes Immun 2004; 4:469-75. [PMID: 14551599 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Variations in the interleukin 4 receptor A (IL4RA) gene have been reported to be associated with atopy, asthma, and allergy, which may occur less frequently in subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D). Since atopy shows a humoral immune reactivity pattern, and T1D results from a cellular (T lymphocyte) response, we hypothesised that alleles predisposing to atopy could be protective for T1D and transmitted less often than the expected 50% from heterozygous parents to offspring with T1D. We genotyped seven exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the -3223 C>T SNP in the putative promoter region of IL4RA in up to 3475 T1D families, including 1244 Finnish T1D families. Only the -3223 C>T SNP showed evidence of negative association (P=0.014). There was some evidence for an interaction between -3233 C>T and the T1D locus IDDM2 in the insulin gene region (P=0.001 in the combined and P=0.02 in the Finnish data set). We, therefore, cannot rule out a genetic effect of IL4RA in T1D, but it is not a major one.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Maier
- JDRF/WT Diabetes and Inflammation Laboratory, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Huang SK, Mathias RA, Ehrlich E, Plunkett B, Liu X, Cutting GR, Wang XJ, Li XD, Togias A, Barnes KC, Malveaux F, Rich S, Mellen B, Lange E, Beaty TH. Evidence for asthma susceptibility genes on chromosome 11 in an African-American population. Hum Genet 2003; 113:71-5. [PMID: 12664305 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-003-0934-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2002] [Accepted: 01/31/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Initial genome-wide scan data provided suggestive evidence for linkage of the asthma phenotype in African-American (AA), but not Caucasian, families to chromosome 11q markers (peak at D11S1985; LOD=2). To refine this region, mapping analysis of 91 AA families (51 multiplex families and 40 asthmatic case-parent trios) was performed with an additional 17 markers flanking the initial peak linkage marker. Multipoint analyses of the 51 multiplex families yielded significant evidence of linkage with a peak non-parametric linkage score of 4.38 at marker D11S1337 (map position 68.6 cM). Furthermore, family-based association and transmission disequilibrium tests conducted on all 91 families showed significant evidence of linkage in the presence of disequilibrium for several individual markers in this region. A putative susceptibility locus was estimated to be at map position 70.8 cM with a confidence interval spanning the linkage peak. Evidence from both linkage and association analyses suggest that this region of chromosome 11 contains one or more susceptibility genes for asthma in these AA families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shau-Ku Huang
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5501 Hopkins Bayview Circle, MD 21224-6801, Baltimore, USA,
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Abstract
Genetics provides the basis for the host response to a variety of environmental factors that can play a role in the generation of complex genetic diseases, such as asthma and atopy. An understanding of the genetic bases for these conditions is therefore essential to understand their pathophysiology. Studies of the genetics of asthma and atopy have suffered from several daunting challenges. These include the recognition that these are conditions caused by numerous genes, with each gene assuming variable roles in different individuals. In addition, each gene presumably contributes only a small percentage to a given individual's genetic risk of asthma. This has led to the current situation, in which studies often demonstrate a lack of replication that can be explained by their being insufficiently powered. Furthermore, the pathophysiologies of asthma and atopy are incompletely understood, and the lack of clearly defined phenotypes also contributes to the inadequacies of the current literature. Nonetheless, regions of the human genome have been reproducibly associated with asthma and atopy. These regions have undergone intense study, and many genetic variants within them have been implicated as asthma and allergy genes. In addition, through candidate gene approaches, several genetic polymorphisms have been convincingly linked to increased risks for the development of asthma and atopy. Many of these genes are associated with alterations in responsiveness to therapeutic agents used in the treatment of these conditions. These genetic studies have an exciting potential for individually tailoring the therapeutic regimen to a given subject's genotype. It is to be hoped that they will also define new targets for the next generation of asthma and allergy therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Steinke
- University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA 22908-1355, USA
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Postma DS, Koppelman GH, Meyers DA. The genetics of atopy and airway hyperresponsiveness. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162:S118-23. [PMID: 10988165 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.162.supplement_2.ras-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- D S Postma
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The diseases of asthma, eczema and hay fever are typified by reactions to common allergens, which are mediated by immunoglobulin E. These allergic diseases are increasing in prevalence, and are now a major source of disability throughout the developed world. They are the result of complex interactions between largely unknown genetic and environmental mechanisms. The identification of the environmental factors offers the real possibility of prevention of disease, and unravelling the genetics of allergic illnesses is likely to change their classification and treatment. Early life seems particularly important, when the initiation of allergic disease may result from genetic and environmental modification of the immune interaction between mother and child.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cookson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, Headington, Oxford, UK.
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Kato C, Sato K, Eishi Y, Nakamura K. The influence of initial exposure timing to beta-lactoglobulin on oral tolerance induction. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999; 104:870-8. [PMID: 10518835 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although a number of studies have investigated the induction of oral tolerance to several proteins, relatively little is known about the induction of oral tolerance to beta-lactoglobulin, one of the major antigenic proteins in milk. OBJECTIVE We investigated the influence of the timing of the initial beta-lactoglobulin exposure on oral tolerance induction and examined some characteristics of the tolerogenic immune response. METHODS BALB/c mice were given beta-lactoglobulin prenatally or from the third or fifth postnatal week, bred for 17 weeks, and compared with unexposed control mice. Specific plasma anti-beta-lactoglobulin antibodies (total IgG, IgG subclasses, IgM, and IgE), antigen-specific splenocyte responses, frequencies of antibody-producing cells, and cytokine production by splenocytes, intestinal mucosal lymphocytes, and Peyer's patches were analyzed. RESULTS Differences were observed among the 4 groups of mice in changes of plasma anti-beta-lactoglobulin antibody titers, antigen-specific T-cell proliferation, and frequencies of antibody-producing splenocytes, intestinal mucosal lymphocytes, and Peyer's patch cells after the first exposure to beta-lactoglobulin. The onset and duration of the immunologic responses were found to be dependent on the timing of antigen exposure. Prenatal exposure to antigen facilitated the induction of oral tolerance to beta-lactoglobulin, whereas delayed antigen exposure retarded tolerance. The induction of oral tolerance was associated with increased IL-4 and/or IL-10 production and decreased IL-12 production. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the timing of initial antigen exposure greatly influences the induction of oral tolerance to beta-lactoglobulin and that altered secretion of regulatory cytokines may be responsible for the differences in antibody production and oral tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kato
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutrition, Japan Women's University, Tokyo
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Adra CN, Mao XQ, Kawada H, Gao PS, Korzycka B, Donate JL, Shaldon SR, Coull P, Dubowitz M, Enomoto T, Ozawa A, Syed SA, Horiuchi T, Khaeraja R, Khan R, Lin SR, Flinter F, Beales P, Hagihara A, Inoko H, Shirakawa T, Hopkin JM. Chromosome 11q13 and atopic asthma. Clin Genet 1999; 55:431-7. [PMID: 10450859 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.550606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex syndrome in which bronchial inflammation and smooth muscle hyperactivity lead to labile airflow obstruction. The commonest form of asthma is that due to atopy, which is an immune disorder where production of IgE to inhaled antigens leads to bronchial mucosal inflammation. The ultimate origins of asthma are interactive environmental and genetic factors. The genetics is acknowledged to be heterogeneous, and one chromosomal region of interest and controversy has been 11q13. To clarify the nature of the chromosome 11q13 effect in atopy and asthma, we conducted a genetic association study in subjects with marked atopic asthma and matched controls, which incorporated the study of 13 genetic variants over a distance of 10-12 cM and which took account of detailed immune and clinical phenotyping. Association with high IgE levels was limited to the interval flanked by D11S1335 and CD20 in a 0.8-Mb interval and was greatest for variants of Fc epsilonRIbeta and HTm4; these variants also associated with asthma (recurrent wheeze with labile airflow obstruction and need for regular inhaler treatment). At the more telomeric marker, D11S480, variants associated with asthma, but not with high IgE levels. The data might support the possibility of multiple loci relevant to atopic asthma on chromosome 11q13.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Adra
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
LEARNING OBJECTIVES This article summarizes the latest information regarding the role of genetic influences in the development of allergic disorders and asthma and reviews our current information on some of the most likely genes responsible for these conditions. After reading this article, the reader will have a better understanding of the current molecular biologic techniques that are being used to understand complex genetic disorders such as allergies and asthma. The reader should understand the value of how this genetic insight will lead to the recognition of the presence of specific subtypes of these disorders that require unique therapeutic interventions. This information can also be used to identify genetically at risk children and thereby offer earlier intervention. Finally, understanding the genetic causes of allergies and asthma will lead to the development of the next--hopefully curative--generation of asthma and allergy therapeutics. DATA SOURCES A detailed literature search was conducted. Studies considered relevant, well performed, and appropriately controlled were used. Only human studies are included and only the English language literature was reviewed. Some of the information presented is based on the author's own research experience. STUDY SELECTION Material was only taken from peer-reviewed journals and appropriate reviews. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Asthma and allergic diseases are examples of disorders having an unmistakable genetic predisposition, but in the absence of a classic Mendelian inheritance pattern. These "complex" genetic disorders are caused by the interactions of multiple interacting genes some having protective value and some contributing to disease development and with each gene having its own variable tendency to be expressed. In addition, these disorders require the presence of appropriate environmental triggers for their expression. One approach to identifying the genetic basis for these conditions is to perform a genome-wide search in which the location of the disease-causing gene on a human chromosome is identified and nearby genes that may be responsible are subsequently identified. An alternative approach to identifying heritable components to asthma and allergy is to evaluate disordered structure or regulation within genes known to be involved in these disorders. Using these approaches, studies have suggested that genes within the cytokine gene cluster on chromosome 5 (including interleukins-3, -4, -5, -9, and -13), chromosome 11 (the beta chain of the high affinity IgE receptor), chromosome 16 (the IL-4 receptor), and chromosome 12 (stem cell factor, interferon-gamma, insulin growth factor, and Stat 6 [IL-4 Stat]) may contribute to asthma and allergy development. In addition, data support involvement of genes involved in antigen-presentation (MHC class II genes) and T cell responses (the T cell receptor alpha chain). Finally, disease-contributing alleles may be present on genes for the beta-adrenergic receptor, 5-lipoxygenase, and leukotriene C4 synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Borish
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80206, USA
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Dickson PW, Wong ZY, Harrap SB, Abramson MJ, Walters EH. Mutational analysis of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor beta subunit gene in asthma. Thorax 1999; 54:409-12. [PMID: 10212104 PMCID: PMC1763789 DOI: 10.1136/thx.54.5.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gene for the beta subunit of the high affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E (FcepsilonRI-beta) on chromosome 11q13 is linked with clinical asthma and certain mutations have been identified. A study was undertaken to identify DNA variation in the FcepsilonRI-beta gene in a population sample in which linkage between 11q13 and asthma was explained by bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) but not atopy. METHODS DNA samples from 71 subjects with asthma, atopy, or BHR were analysed. The complete coding region, some of the introns, and some of the 5' untranscribed region of the FcepsilonRI-beta gene were sequenced. RESULTS In the subjects studied there were no deviations from the published sequence in any of the seven coding exons of the FcepsilonRI-beta gene. In particular, the three previously reported mutations (Ile181, Leu183, Glu237) were not detected. Two new polymorphisms were discovered, one at position 243 in the 5' untranscribed region and one at position 4390 in intron III. Neither of these variants showed significant association with asthma, atopy, or BHR. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that, in the population studied, linkage of asthma and BHR to 11q13 is not explained by mutations in the FcepsilonRI-beta gene. Other mutations in the non-coding region of this gene or in adjacent genes must explain the linkage findings in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Dickson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Australia
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Triangle Constraints for Sib-Pair Identity by Descent Probabilities under a General Multilocus Model for Disease Susceptibility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-3103-3_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Cookson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Anderson
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, UK
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Moffatt MF, Cookson WO. The genetics of asthma. Maternal effects in atopic disease. Clin Exp Allergy 1998; 28 Suppl 1:56-61; discussion 65-6. [PMID: 9641594 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.1998.0280s1056.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M F Moffatt
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- P Manian
- Pulmonary Section, VA Medical Center, and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Soriano JB, Ercilla G, Sunyer J, Real FX, Lázaro C, Rodrigo MJ, Estivill X, Roca J, Rodríguez-Roisín R, Morell F, Antó JM. HLA class II genes in soybean epidemic asthma patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:1394-8. [PMID: 9372651 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.5.9701064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
From 1981 to 1987, 26 outbreaks of asthma caused by the inhalation of soybean dust, affecting a total of 688 individuals, were detected in Barcelona, Spain. Because only a small proportion of asthmatic individuals living in Barcelona expressed the epidemic phenotype, it is hypothesized that a genetically determined human leukocyte antigen (HLA) Class II factor could have played a role in the susceptible individuals. Accordingly, we studied the distribution of both HLA-DR and HLA-DQ in soybean epidemic asthmatic patients. An analysis of the HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes for genetic polymorphisms of the beta 1 chain was done with the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in 78 soybean epidemic asthma patients, and the findings were compared with those for 67 nonepidemic asthmatic individuals and 168 individuals from the general population. An allelic disequilibrium could be established; the risk of epidemic asthma was particularly associated with the DRB1*13 gene (p value corrected for multiple comparisons < 0.02). The association observed for the DRB1*13 gene was stronger in individuals in the lowest tertile for total IgE, with an estimated risk with a 95% confidence interval (CI), of 14.5 (1.6 to 130.8). The combination of two genes from among the DRB1*05-05, DRB1*05-06, and DRB1*06-06 genes was present in epidemic asthmatic subjects only. No association with an HLA-DQB1 allele could be observed. Genetic predisposition could contribute to the response of some asthmatic patients to exposure to soybean dust, having led to their being affected during the epidemics of asthma in Barcelona.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Soriano
- Environmental and Respiratory Health Research Unit, Institut Municipal d'Investigació Mèdica, Barcelona, Spain
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Moffatt
- Asthma Genetics Group, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, United Kingdom
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Thomas NS, Wilkinson J, Holgate ST. The candidate region approach to the genetics of asthma and allergy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156:S144-51. [PMID: 9351596 DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.156.4.12-tac-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, the strongest linkage claims for genes underlying asthma and atopy have been for chromosomes 5 and 11. Chromosome 5q contains the cytokine cluster and the beta2 adrenoceptor, and the beta chain of the high-affinity IgE receptor (FCepsilonRI-beta) is encoded on chromosome 11q13. We have attempted to replicate these findings in two distinct sample populations from the United Kingdom. Allelic associations were identified in both regions, but there was no significant evidence for linkage. Although we could not substantiate the existence of the nucleotide changes reported within exon 6 of the FCepsilonRI-beta gene, an amino acid substitution in exon 7 was strongly linked to asthma and atopy. We have also identified positive linkage and allelic associations to several markers on chromosome 12q in both our UK populations. Independent evidence from another study also supports linkage to 12q, so although our data could not confirm linkage to chromosomes 5 or 11, we have identified an additional region of the genome that could be important for the genetic predisposition to asthma and atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Thomas
- Southampton General Hospital, United Kingdom
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Wong ZY, Tsonis D, van Herwerden L, Raven J, Forbes A, Abramson MJ, Walters EH, Harrap SB. Linkage analysis of bronchial hyperreactivity and atopy with chromosome 11q13. Electrophoresis 1997; 18:1641-5. [PMID: 9378137 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150180928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
There are two key clinical features of asthma: allergy and bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR). Some pedigree studies of atopy have indicated linkage with the high affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI-beta) gene on chromosome 11q13, but others failed to confirm this linkage. We examined the genetic linkage of three polymorphic microsatellite markers to atopy and BHR in 120 affected sibling pairs recruited from the general community. We found no linkage to atopy at any of the three 11q13 loci studied. Our findings also do not favour linkage between BHR and loci approximately 8-9 cM either side of the Fc epsilon RI-beta gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Wong
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Kawakami Y, Yamaguchi E, Munakata M, Dosaka-Akita H, Furuya K. Genetic factors in lung disease: atopy and bronchial asthma. Respirology 1997; 2:7-15. [PMID: 9424407 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1843.1997.tb00050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Atopy defined as high IgE responsiveness has now been subject to genetic studies at the molecular level owing to the development of a great number of DNA markers over the human genome. Either by linkage analysis or by association study strong candidate genes of atopy have been proposed to be located on chromosome 11q13 and 5q31 where high-affinity IgE Fc receptor beta subunit and allergy-associated cytokines, respectively, have been mapped. Meanwhile, we found a novel association between one of alleles of D11S97, an anonymous DNA marker on 11q13, and high total serum IgE in a large number of Japanese general population and atopic family members. However, failure to replicate linkage or association studies by different investigators suggest polygenic nature of atopy. In addition to the genes regulating IgE synthesis, the requirement of local (pulmonary) genetic factors in the development of bronchial asthma have been speculated. Linkage analysis suggested possible existence of gene(s) regulating susceptibility and/or clinical characteristics of bronchial asthma also on chromosome 5q. One of the candidate is beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene polymorphism. Mutated gene transfection studies suggested functional significance of some polymorphisms and clinical evaluations have revealed their contribution to airway responsiveness and severity of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kawakami
- First Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ruffilli
- International Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, CNR, Naples, Italy
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Daniels SE, Bhattacharrya S, James A, Leaves NI, Young A, Hill MR, Faux JA, Ryan GF, le Söuef PN, Lathrop GM, Musk AW, Cookson WO. A genome-wide search for quantitative trait loci underlying asthma. Nature 1996; 383:247-50. [PMID: 8805698 DOI: 10.1038/383247a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Asthma now affects one child in seven in the United Kingdom. Most cases (95%) of childhood asthma are associated with atopy, the immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated familial syndrome of allergic asthma, eczema and rhinitis. Segregation analysis has consistently suggested the presence of major genes influencing atopy and IgE levels, with the expectation that these genes may be identified by positional cloning or the examination of candidate genes. Here we report the results of a genome-wide search for linkage to one qualitative and four quantitative traits associated with allergic (atopic) asthma. We have identified six potential linkages (P<0.001), five of which are to quantitative traits. Monte Carlo simulations show that 1.6 false-positive linkages at this level of significance would be expected from the data. One linkage, to chromosome 11q13, has been established previously. Three of the new loci show evidence of linkage to a second panel of families, in which maternal effects and pleiotropy of linked phenotypes are seen. The results demonstrate the extent and the complexity of the genetic predisposition to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Daniels
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetic Disease, University of Oxford, UK
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33
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Abstract
A hypothesis if formulated for the mode of action of the 'atopy gene': the gene(s) causing an increased tendency to mount an IgE immune response to trivial environmental antigens. It is postulated that some antigens are not efficiently transported to the lymphoid organs, the location of the 'eutopic' immune system; migratory lymphoid cells may occasionally react and start an inefficient immune response in sites not so destined. This is called an ectopic immune response. This response lacks the regulatory influences prevailing in the lymphoid organs, which results in approximately equal quantities of the various immunoglobulin isotypes, including IgE. The atopy gene(s) work by increasing the risk of such an ectopic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Aalberse
- Central Laboratory of the Bloodtransfusion Service, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Gill M, Vallada H, Collier D, Sham P, Holmans P, Murray R, McGuffin P, Nanko S, Owen M, Antonarakis S, Housman D, Kazazian H, Nestadt G, Pulver AE, Straub RE, MacLean CJ, Walsh D, Kendler KS, DeLisi L, Polymeropoulos M, Coon H, Byerley W, Lofthouse R, Gershon E, Read CM. A combined analysis of D22S278 marker alleles in affected sib-pairs: support for a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at chromosome 22q12. Schizophrenia Collaborative Linkage Group (Chromosome 22). AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 1996; 67:40-5. [PMID: 8678112 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19960216)67:1<40::aid-ajmg6>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Several groups have reported weak evidence for linkage between schizophrenia and genetic markers located on chromosome 22q using the lod score method of analysis. However these findings involved different genetic markers and methods of analysis, and so were not directly comparable. To resolve this issue we have performed a combined analysis of genotypic data from the marker D22S278 in multiply affected schizophrenic families derived from 11 independent research groups worldwide. This marker was chosen because it showed maximum evidence for linkage in three independent datasets (Vallada et al., Am J Med Genet 60:139-146, 1995; Polymeropoulos et al., Neuropsychiatr Genet 54:93-99, 1994; Lasseter et al., Am J Med Genet, 60:172-173, 1995. Using the affected sib-pair method as implemented by the program ESPA, the combined dataset showed 252 alleles shared compared with 188 alleles not share (chi-square 9.31, 1df, P = 0.001) where parental genotype data was completely known. When sib-pairs for whom parental data was assigned according to probability were included the number of alleles shared was 514.1 compared with 437.8 not shared (chi-square 6.12, 1df, P = 0.006). Similar results were obtained when a likelihood ratio method for sib-pair analysis was used. These results indicate that may be a susceptibility locus for schizophrenia at 22q12.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gill
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
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Marsh DG. Mapping the genes for IgE production and allergy. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 409:43-53. [PMID: 9229976 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5855-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D G Marsh
- Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
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Abstract
New techniques for scanning the human genome promise great advances in tracking the origins of disorders caused by multiple genes. However, it is clear from the studies presented in this overview that we are far from understanding the genetic basis of asthma and atopy and their interaction with the environment. It is also clear that agreement must be reached on definition of the phenotype and methods of ascertainment in order to carry out large multicentre collaborative studies. Positive findings need to be validated in different populations selected for the presence of the disease and then confirmed in a random population where the prevalence of asthma and atopy will also be expected to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cookson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
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van Herwerden L, Harrap SB, Wong ZY, Abramson MJ, Kutin JJ, Forbes AB, Raven J, Lanigan A, Walters EH. Linkage of high-affinity IgE receptor gene with bronchial hyperreactivity, even in absence of atopy. Lancet 1995; 346:1262-5. [PMID: 7475718 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(95)91863-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a manifestation of bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) and forms part of the spectrum of atopic disease. Some pedigree studies of atopy have suggested linkage with the high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI beta) gene on chromosome 11q13, but others find no linkage. The molecular genetics of asthma and BHR have not been studied in the general population. We examined the genetic linkage of the Fc epsilon RI beta gene with clinical asthma and the underlying phenotypes of BHR (to methacholine) and atopy (defined by skinprick testing) in 123 affected sibling-pairs recruited from the general population. We found evidence of significant linkage of a highly polymorphic microsatellite marker in the fifth intron of the Fc epsilon RI beta gene to a diagnosis of asthma (18.0% excess of shared alleles, p = 0.002) and to BHR (21.7% excess of shared alleles, p = 0.001). Significant linkage was also observed in siblings sharing BHR when those with atopy were excluded (32.8% excess of shared alleles, p = 0.004). Atopy in the absence of BHR did not show significant linkage to the Fc epsilon RI beta gene (7.2% excess of shared alleles, p = 0.124). These findings suggest that mutations in the Fc epsilon RI beta gene or a closely linked gene influence the BHR underlying asthma, even in the absence of atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- L van Herwerden
- Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Monash Medical School, Prahan, Victoria, Australia
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MESH Headings
- Asthma/genetics
- Asthma/immunology
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 11/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 14/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 5/genetics
- Female
- Genetic Markers
- Genomic Imprinting
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/genetics
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Lod Score
- Male
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/genetics
- Receptors, IgE/physiology
- Reproducibility of Results
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Affiliation(s)
- W O Cookson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Morton
- University of Southampton, Princess Anne Hospital, UK
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Postma DS, Bleecker ER, Amelung PJ, Holroyd KJ, Xu J, Panhuysen CI, Meyers DA, Levitt RC. Genetic susceptibility to asthma--bronchial hyperresponsiveness coinherited with a major gene for atopy. N Engl J Med 1995; 333:894-900. [PMID: 7666875 DOI: 10.1056/nejm199510053331402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial hyperresponsiveness, a risk factor for asthma, consists of a heightened bronchoconstrictor response to a variety of stimuli. The condition has a heritable component and is closely related to serum IgE levels and airway inflammation. The basis for these relations is unknown, as is the mechanism of genetic susceptibility to bronchial hyperresponsiveness. We attempted to define the interrelation between atopy and bronchial hyperresponsiveness and to investigate the chromosomal location of this component of asthma. METHODS We studied 303 children and grandchildren of 84 probands with asthma selected from a homogeneous population in the Netherlands. Ventilatory function, bronchial responsiveness to histamine, and serum total IgE were measured. The association between the last two variables was evaluated. Using analyses involving pairs of siblings, we tested for linkage between bronchial hyperresponsiveness and genetic markers on chromosome 5q31-q33, previously shown to be linked to a genetic locus regulating serum total IgE levels. RESULTS Serum total IgE levels were strongly correlated (r = 0.65, P < 0.01) in pairs of siblings concordant for bronchial hyperresponsiveness (defined as a > or = 20 percent decrease in the forced expiratory volume in one second produced by histamine [threshold dose, < or = 16 mg per milliliter]), suggesting that these traits are coinherited. However, bronchial hyperresponsiveness was not correlated with serum IgE levels (r = 0.04, P > 0.10). Analyses of pairs of siblings showed linkage of bronchial hyperresponsiveness with several genetic markers on chromosome 5q, including D5S436 (P < 0.001 for a histamine threshold value of < or = 16 mg per milliliter). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that a trait for an elevated level of serum total IgE is coinherited with a trait for bronchial hyperresponsiveness and that a gene governing bronchial hyperresponsiveness is located near a major locus that regulates serum IgE levels on chromosome 5q. These findings are consistent with the existence of one or more genes on chromosome 5q31-q33 causing susceptibility to asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Postma
- University Hospital, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Watson M, Lawrence S, Collins A, Beasley R, Doull I, Begishvili B, Lampe F, Holgate ST, Morton NE. Exclusion from proximal 11q of a common gene with megaphenic effect on atopy. Ann Hum Genet 1995; 59:403-11. [PMID: 8579333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.1995.tb00759.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We have typed three markers on proximal 11q in 131 random families with three or more children studied for atopy. A summary map that includes the FCER1B candidate was constructed. Using a 2-locus disease model, we performed combined segregation and linkage analysis of three models, none of which suggested linkage. Nine marker loci on other chromosomes were also negative. In the regions swept by these 12 markers we cannot rule out a rare gene, perhaps of large effect, nor a common gene of small effect. However, a common gene of large effect is excluded. These results and alternative strategies are discussed in the perspective of inconsistent evidence for a major atopy gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Watson
- Human Genetics Centre University of Southampton, Princess Ann Hospital
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cookson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- W Cookson
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, England
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50
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Brereton HM, Ruffin RE, Thompson PJ, Turner DR. Familial atopy in Australian pedigrees: adventitious linkage to chromosome 8 is not confirmed nor is there evidence of linkage to the high affinity IgE receptor. Clin Exp Allergy 1994; 24:868-77. [PMID: 7812888 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1994.tb01809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Atopy frequently displays autosomal dominant inheritance and recent studies have favoured genetic linkage between atopy and the human chromosome 11q13. We have studied 12 extended families with aggregation of atopy consistent with autosomal dominant inheritance. The families have been studied for linkage of asthma and atopy to loci on chromosome 8p following the observation that one family suggested preliminary evidence of linkage to an anonymous hypervariable locus cloned from a DNA fingerprint and mapped to 8pter-p22. Subsequent analysis shows this putative linkage to be adventitious as the remaining 11 families do not support linkage between atopy and 8p. We have analysed the same families for evidence of linkage of atopy to loci on 11q13. In these families there is no evidence of association between atopy and the 11q loci stronger than that expected by chance alone; furthermore there is no suggestion that a subpopulation of these families display linkage between atopy and the loci. In addition neither the 8p loci nor the 11q loci exhibit evidence of linkage to atopy by affected sib-pair analysis. This also conflicts with previously published data for 11q.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Brereton
- Haematology Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Australia
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