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Kake T, Imai M, Takahashi N. Effects of β‐carotene on oxazolone‐induced atopic dermatitis in hairless mice. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:1044-1050. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.14003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takamichi Kake
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Hoshi University Shinagawa, Tokyo Japan
| | - Masahiko Imai
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Hoshi University Shinagawa, Tokyo Japan
| | - Noriko Takahashi
- Laboratory of Physiological Chemistry Institute of Medicinal Chemistry Hoshi University Shinagawa, Tokyo Japan
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Matsubara R, Kumagai K, Shigematsu H, Kitaura K, Nakasone Y, Suzuki S, Hamada Y, Suzuki R. Fexofenadine Suppresses Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity in the Murine Model of Palladium Allergy. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071357. [PMID: 28672829 PMCID: PMC5535850 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Palladium is frequently used in dental materials, and sometimes causes metal allergy. It has been suggested that the immune response by palladium-specific T cells may be responsible for the pathogenesis of delayed-type hypersensitivity in study of palladium allergic model mice. In the clinical setting, glucocorticoids and antihistamine drugs are commonly used for treatment of contact dermatitis. However, the precise mechanism of immune suppression in palladium allergy remains unknown. We investigated inhibition of the immune response in palladium allergic mice by administration of prednisolone as a glucocorticoid and fexofenadine hydrochloride as an antihistamine. Compared with glucocorticoids, fexofenadine hydrochloride significantly suppressed the number of T cells by interfering with the development of antigen-presenting cells from the sensitization phase. Our results suggest that antihistamine has a beneficial effect on the treatment of palladium allergy compared to glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Matsubara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-3-1 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan.
| | - Kenichi Kumagai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-3-1 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Shigematsu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-3-1 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan.
| | - Kazutaka Kitaura
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan.
| | - Yasunari Nakasone
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-3-1 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan.
| | - Satsuki Suzuki
- Section of Biological Science, Research Center for Odontology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Tokyo, 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 102-8159, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Hamada
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, 2-3-1 Tsurumi, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryuji Suzuki
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Clinical Research Center for Rheumatology and Allergy, Sagamihara National Hospital, National Hospital Organization, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara 252-0392, Japan.
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QUAN LIN, HE HUA. Treatment with olopatadine and naphazoline hydrochloride reduces allergic conjunctivitis in mice through alterations in inflammation, NGF and VEGF. Mol Med Rep 2016; 13:3319-25. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.4937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Higashi M, Ohsawa I, Oda F, Yamada Y, Kawana S, Iida K, Mitsuishi T. Histamine H1-receptor antagonistic drug olopatadine suppresses TSLP in atopic dermatitis model mice. Allergol Int 2013; 62:137-8. [PMID: 23172358 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.12-le-0466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Hatano Y, Elias PM, Crumrine D, Feingold KR, Katagiri K, Fujiwara S. Efficacy of combined peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α ligand and glucocorticoid therapy in a murine model of atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2011; 131:1845-52. [PMID: 21633371 PMCID: PMC3156961 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although topical glucocorticoids (GCs) display potent anti-inflammatory activity in inflamed skin, they also can exert numerous harmful effects on epidermal structure and function. In contrast, topical applications of ligands of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) not only reduce inflammation, and also improve cutaneous barrier homeostasis. Therefore, we examined whether sequential topical GCs followed by topical Wy14643 (a ligand of PPARα) might be more effective than either alone for atopic dermatitis (AD) in a hapten (oxazolone)-induced, murine model with multiple features of AD (Ox-AD). Despite expected anti-inflammatory benefits, topical GC alone induced: i) epidermal thinning; ii) reduced expression of involucrin, loricrin and filaggrin; and iii) allowed outside-to-inside penetration of an epicutaneous tracer. While Wy14643 alone yielded significant therapeutic benefits in mice with mild or moderate Ox-AD, it was less effective in severe Ox-AD. Yet, topical applications of Wy14643 after GC was not only significantly effective comparable to GC alone, but it also prevented GC-induced structural and functional abnormalities in permeability barrier homeostasis. Moreover, rebound flares were largely absent after sequential treatment with GC and Wy14643. Together, these results show that GC and PPARα ligand therapy together is not only effective but also prevents development of GC-induced side effects, including rebound flares, in murine AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Hatano
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Yufu-shi, Oita, Japan.
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Yamaura K, Doi R, Suwa E, Ueno K. A novel animal model of pruritus induced by successive application of glucocorticoid to mouse skin. J Toxicol Sci 2011; 36:395-401. [DOI: 10.2131/jts.36.395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katsunori Yamaura
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Ryosuke Doi
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Eriko Suwa
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Koichi Ueno
- Department of Geriatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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Ikezawa Z, Komori J, Ikezawa Y, Inoue Y, Kirino M, Katsuyama M, Aihara M. A Role of Staphyococcus aureus, Interleukin-18, Nerve Growth Factor and Semaphorin 3A, an Axon Guidance Molecule, in Pathogenesis and Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2010; 2:235-46. [PMID: 20885908 PMCID: PMC2946701 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2010.2.4.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is usually present not only in the skin lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) but also in the atopic dry skin. SA discharges various toxins and enzymes that injure the skin, results in activation of epidermal keratinocytes, which produce and release IL-18. IL-18 that induces the super Th1 cells secreting IFN-γ and IL-13 is supposed to be involved in development of AD and its pathogenesis. Indeed, the number of SA colonies on the skin surface and the serum IL-18 levels in patients with AD significantly correlated with the skin scores of AD lesions. Also, there is strong positive correlation between the skin scores and serum IL-18 levels in DS-Nh mice (P<0.0001, r=0.64), which develop considerable AD-like legions when they are housed under conventional conditions, but develop skin legions with less severity and less frequency under specific pathogens free (SPF) conditions. Therefore, they are well-known as model mice of AD, in which SA is presumed to be critical factor for the development of AD lesions. Also, theses DS-Nh mice pretreated with Cy developed more remarkable AD-like lesions in comparison with non-treated ones. The levels of INF-r and IL-13 in the supernatants of the lymph node cell cultures stimulated with staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or ConA were increased in the Cy-treated mice, although the serum levels of total IgE were not. In this experiment, we revealed that Cy-treated mice, to which CD25 +CD4 + reguratory T cells taken from non-treated ones had been transferred, developed the AD-like legions with less severity and less number of SA colonies on the skin surface. Therefore, it is presumed that CD25 +CD4 + reguratory T cells might be involved in the suppression of super Th1 cells which are induced by IL-18 and are involved in the development of AD-like lesions rather than IgE production. The efficient induction of CD25 +CD4 + reguratory T cells is expected for the new type of treatment of AD. We also found that farnesol (F) and xylitol (X) synergistically inhibited biofilm formation by SA, and indeed the ratio of SA in total bacteria at sites to which the FX cream containing F and X had been applied was significantly decreased 1 week later, accompanied with improvement of AD, when compared with that before application and at placebo sites. Therefore, the FX cream is a useful skin-care agent for atopic dry skin colonized by SA. The nerve growth factor (NGF) in the horny layer (the horn NGF) of skin lesions on the cubital fossa was collected by tape stripping and measured using ELISA in AD patients before and after 2 and 4 weeks treatments. Simultaneously, the itch and eruptions on the whole body and on the lesions, in which the horn NGF was measured, were recorded, and also the peripheral blood eosinophil count, serum LDH level and serum total IgE level were examined. The level of NGF was significantly higher in AD patients than in healthy controls, correlated with the severity of itch, erythema, scale/xerosis, the eosinophil count and LDH level, and also significantly decreased after treatments with olopatadine and/or steroid ointment for 2 and 4 weeks. Therefore, the measurement of the NGF by this harmless method seems to be useful to assess the severity of AD and the therapeutic effects on AD. In AD patients, C-fiber in the epidermis increase and sprout, inducing hypersensitivity, which is considered to aggravate the disease. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), an axon guidance molecule, is a potent inhibitor of neurite outgrowth of sensory neurons. We administered recombinant Sema3A intracutaneously into the skin lesions of NC/Nga mice, an animal model of AD, and investigated the effect of Sema3A on the skin lesions and their itch. Sema3A dose-dependently improved skin lesions and attenuated the scratching behavior in NC/Nga mice. Histological examinations revealed a decrease in the epidermal thickness, the density of invasive nerve fibers in the epidermis, inflammatory infiltrate including mast cells and CD4 +T cells, and the production of IL-4 in the Sema3A-treated lesions. Because the interruption of the itch-scratch cycle likely contributes to the improvement of the AD-like lesions, Sema3A is expected to become a promising treatment of patients with refractory AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenro Ikezawa
- Department of Environmental Immuno-Dermatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
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Leonardi A, Quintieri L. Olopatadine: a drug for allergic conjunctivitis targeting the mast cell. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2010; 11:969-81. [DOI: 10.1517/14656561003694643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Yamaguchi J, Aihara M, Kobayashi Y, Kambara T, Ikezawa Z. Quantitative analysis of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the atopic dermatitis and psoriasis horny layer and effect of treatment on NGF in atopic dermatitis. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 53:48-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2008.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2008] [Revised: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 08/13/2008] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kammeyer A, Bos JD, Teunissen MBM. Postelicitation model of allergic contact dermatitis for predicting the efficacy of topical drugs. Exp Dermatol 2009; 18:44-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2008.00757.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Li L, Fei Z, Ren J, Sun R, Liu Z, Sheng Z, Wang L, Sun X, Yu J, Wang Z, Fei J. Functional imaging of interleukin 1 beta expression in inflammatory process using bioluminescence imaging in transgenic mice. BMC Immunol 2008; 9:49. [PMID: 18710581 PMCID: PMC2529264 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-9-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) plays an important role in a number of chronic and acute inflammatory diseases. To understand the role of IL-1β in disease processes and develop an in vivo screening system for anti-inflammatory drugs, a transgenic mouse line was generated which incorporated the transgene firefly luciferase gene driven by a 4.5-kb fragment of the human IL-1β gene promoter. Luciferase gene expression was monitored in live mice under anesthesia using bioluminescence imaging in a number of inflammatory disease models. Results In a LPS-induced sepsis model, dramatic increase in luciferase activity was observed in the mice. This transgene induction was time dependent and correlated with an increase of endogenous IL-1β mRNA and pro-IL-1β protein levels in the mice. In a zymosan-induced arthritis model and an oxazolone-induced skin hypersensitivity reaction model, luciferase expression was locally induced in the zymosan injected knee joint and in the ear with oxazolone application, respectively. Dexamethasone suppressed the expression of luciferase gene both in the acute sepsis model and in the acute arthritis model. Conclusion Our data suggest that the transgenic mice model could be used to study transcriptional regulation of the IL-1β gene expression in the inflammatory process and evaluation the effect of anti-inflammatory drug in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, ChineseAcademy of Sciences, Shanghai, PR China.
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Administration of Ag85B showed therapeutic effects to Th2-type cytokine-mediated acute phase atopic dermatitis by inducing regulatory T cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 301:151-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-008-0873-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Tamura T, Matsubara M, Amano T, Chida M. Olopatadine Ameliorates Rat Experimental Cutaneous Inflammation by Improving Skin Barrier Function. Pharmacology 2007; 81:118-26. [DOI: 10.1159/000110112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Jacob SE, Castanedo-Tardan MP. Pharmacotherapy for allergic contact dermatitis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2007; 8:2757-74. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.8.16.2757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Jacob
- University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Florida 33124, USA
| | - Mari Paz Castanedo-Tardan
- University of Miami, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, Florida 33124, USA
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Shimonagano Y, Doi N, Noda Y, Uemura A, Sakamoto T. Recurrence of diabetic macular edema after intravitreous injection of triamcinolone following vitrectomy. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2007; 51:278-84. [PMID: 17660988 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-007-0443-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the effects of intravitreous triamcinolone acetonide (TA) after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for diabetic macular edema (DME). METHODS We studied a prospective interventional case series. TA was injected intravitreously after PPV in 28 eyes (PPV+TA group). Eyes with DME that met the same criteria and had been treated with PPV alone (29 eyes) were used as controls. The best-corrected visual acuity (VA) and foveal thickness determined by optical coherence tomography were followed up for over 12 months in both groups. Chronological changes of VA and foveal thickness between the groups were evaluated. RESULTS In the PPV+TA group, VA had improved at 1 month, but worsened after 3 months. Improvement of foveal thickness was found until 3 months, but not after 6 months. In controls, both VA and foveal thickness continued to improve. The VA of the PPV+TA group was significantly better than that of the controls at 1 and 3 months (P = 0.007 and 0.015, respectively). The foveal thickness of the PPV+TA group was significantly less than that of controls at 1 month (P = 0.0004). These differences became insignificant thereafter, and foveal thickness became significantly worse in the PPV+TA group than in the controls at 12 months (P = 0.0002). CONCLUSION Although adjunctive use of TA after PPV for DME improved VA and foveal thickness, the effect was transient and foveal thickness increased significantly compared with the PPV alone group at 12 months postoperatively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shimonagano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Science, Kagoshima, Japan
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Amano T, Takeda T, Yano H, Tamura T. Olopatadine hydrochloride accelerates the recovery of skin barrier function in mice. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:906-12. [PMID: 17355233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07796.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The skin barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis is disrupted and prolonged topical steroid therapy produces epidermal barrier disturbance. Olopatadine hydrochloride (olopatadine; Allelock; Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co., Ltd, Shizuoka, Japan) is an antiallergic drug with histamine H(1) receptor antagonistic action. This drug alleviates skin inflammation and decreases the number of scratching episodes in a murine model of chronic contact dermatitis. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of olopatadine and a steroid on the recovery of skin barrier function after barrier disruption in mice. METHODS The skin barrier of the ears of mice was disrupted by tape stripping. The recovery of skin barrier function was monitored by measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) after barrier disruption. Epidermal hyperplasia was induced by repeated tape stripping for 7 days. Olopatadine was administered orally once daily from 3 days before the first barrier disruption. Betamethasone 17-valerate (betamethasone) was applied topically once daily from 3 days before barrier disruption. RESULTS Tape stripping led to a significant increase in TEWL. TEWL decreased with time after tape stripping and the skin barrier function recovered by over 60% within 9 h after tape stripping. The recovery of skin barrier in olopatadine-treated mice was significantly accelerated, compared with that in vehicle-treated mice. In contrast, the skin barrier recovery in mice treated with topical betamethasone was significantly delayed, compared with that in vehicle-treated mice. Combined treatment with olopatadine and betamethasone ameliorated the delay in barrier recovery induced by topical treatment with betamethasone. In addition, olopatadine significantly prevented the increase in epidermal thickness induced by prolonged barrier disruption. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that systemic administration of olopatadine accelerates the recovery of skin barrier function and ameliorates the adverse effects of topical steroids on skin barrier recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Amano
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo Co Ltd, 1188 Shimotogari, Sunto-Gun, Shizuoka, Japan.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To increase the awareness of nonimmunoglobulin E-mediated conjunctival disorders similar to those recognized to affect other organs that are targets in immunoglobulin E-mediated disorders. Such conditions may include 'vasomotor' instability, that is vasomotor conjunctivitis, which leads to a more common perennial chronic conjunctivitis. These conditions are not commonly included in the differential diagnosis of allergic conjunctivitis. RECENT FINDINGS Although there have not been specific recent findings regarding the eye, it appears that evidence for such disorders in the rhinitis literature suggests that they can be involved in more than 25% of chronic conjunctivitis cases. The extrapolation of such conditions to the conjunctival surface clearly reflects these syndromes which have clearly been underappreciated and underdiagnosed. SUMMARY A significant amount of work remains to be performed to understand perennial chronic conjunctivitis (vasomotor conjunctivitis or nonallergic noninfectious conjunctivitis) as well as other forms of chronic conjunctivitis that can mimic or exist in a comorbid state with ocular allergy. These disorders need to be better defined, categorized and classified to determine the best treatment modalities. Management guidelines and parameters of chronic noninfectious conjunctivitis need to be set on a national and international basis that will advance clinically applicable research results, pharmaceutical development and relief for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Bielory
- Clinical Research and Development, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA.
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