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Urbani F, Cometa M, Martelli C, Santoli F, Rana R, Ursitti A, Bonato M, Baraldo S, Contoli M, Papi A. Update on virus-induced asthma exacerbations. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:1259-1272. [PMID: 37470413 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2239504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Viral infections are common triggers for asthma exacerbation. Subjects with asthma are more susceptible to viral infections and develop more severe or long-lasting lower respiratory tract symptoms than healthy individuals owing to impaired immune responses. Of the many viruses associated with asthma exacerbation, rhinovirus (RV) is the most frequently identified virus in both adults and children. AREAS COVERED We reviewed epidemiological and clinical links and mechanistic studies on virus-associated asthma exacerbations. We included sections on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2), the latest evidence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in asthma patients, and past and future searches for therapeutic and prevention targets. EXPERT OPINION Early treatment or prevention of viral infections might significantly reduce the rate of asthma exacerbation, which is one of the key points of disease management. Although it is hypothetically possible nowadays to interfere with every step of the infectious cycle of respiratory tract viruses, vaccination development has provided some of the most encouraging results. Future research should proceed toward the development of a wider spectrum of vaccines to achieve a better quality of life for patients with asthma and to reduce the economic burden on the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Urbani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marianna Cometa
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Martelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Federica Santoli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Rana
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Antonio Ursitti
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Matteo Bonato
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Simonetta Baraldo
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alberto Papi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara Medical School, University of Ferrara, Sant'anna University Hospital, Ferrara, Italy
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Micera A, Balzamino BO, Zazzo AD, Biamonte F, Sica G, Bonini S. Toll-Like Receptors and Tissue Remodeling: The Pro/Cons Recent Findings. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:531-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Di Zazzo
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
| | - Filippo Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Gigliola Sica
- Institute of Histology and Embryology; Faculty of Medicine; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart; Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology; University Campus Bio-Medico; Rome Italy
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Hui CCK, Murphy DM, Neighbour H, Al-Sayegh M, O'Byrne S, Thong B, Denburg JA, Larché M. T cell-mediated induction of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in differentiated human primary bronchial epithelial cells. Clin Exp Allergy 2015; 44:953-64. [PMID: 24773145 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled peptide challenge has been shown to induce T cell-mediated, isolated late asthmatic reaction (LAR), characterized by recruitment of CD4(+) T cells and increased levels of thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC; CCL17). Epithelial-derived thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) has been shown to modulate dendritic cell function to promote TH 2 responses via CCL17 production. OBJECTIVES To elucidate the mechanisms involved in allergen-specific T cell-induced LAR and recruitment of CD4(+) T cells by examining the effects of T cell-derived factors on the induction of TSLP in primary bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC). METHODS PBEC grown at air-liquid interface from healthy individuals and patients with asthma were stimulated with double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) or supernatants from activated allergen-specific T cells. TSLP was measured in PBEC culture supernatants. Neutralizing antibodies and signalling inhibitors were used to examine the mechanisms responsible for the induction of epithelial-derived TSLP. The functional activity of PBEC-derived TSLP was measured using a bioassay involving the induction of CCL17 production from monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDC). RESULTS Both dsRNA and allergen-specific T cells induced enhanced TSLP secretion from asthmatic PBEC compared to healthy PBEC. Activated PBEC culture supernatant induced TSLP-dependent CCL17 production from moDC in a manner related to clinical asthmatic status. IL-1β, IL-6, and CXCL8, rather than TH 2 cytokines (IL-4/5/13), appeared to be the principle mediators of allergen-specific T cell-dependent induction of epithelial-derived TSLP, which was regulated by the MEK, MAPK, and NFκB pathways. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our data reveal a novel effect of allergen-specific T cells as a positive regulator of TSLP production by epithelial cells, suggesting T cell-airway epithelium interactions that may lead to maintenance and amplification of allergic inflammation. TSLP is currently a candidate for therapeutic intervention in asthma, but the factors that drive TSLP expression (T cell-derived factors) may be equally relevant in the treatment of allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C K Hui
- Division of Allergy & Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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Thomas AO, Lemanske RF, Jackson DJ. Infections and their role in childhood asthma inception. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2014; 25:122-8. [PMID: 24236893 PMCID: PMC3977202 DOI: 10.1111/pai.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The association of early-onset wheezing with common viral and bacterial infections has raised significant interest in the role of infections in childhood asthma inception. This article serves to review these relationships among infections, host factors, and asthma inception in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy O Thomas
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI, USA
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Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 decreases and TLR9 increases the airway responses in mice with established allergic inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 718:544-51. [PMID: 24041926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 and TLR9 recognise microbial products of viral descent. Since viruses are a common trigger of asthma exacerbations these TLRs have emerged as interesting therapeutic targets. Even though their effects on allergic inflammation have been evaluated in several models their effects on established allergic airway inflammation remains to be described. Therefore, mice with an on-going ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation were given R848 or CpG (TLR7 and TLR9 agonists, respectively) intranasally during four consecutive days. At day five, the R848 treatment had reduced OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness (measured as the increased resistance to methacholine), counteracted the accompanying influx of eosinophils and macrophages, and decreased the OVA-enhanced release of interleukin (IL)-5 and leukotriene (LT) B4 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. CpG, which by itself caused airway hyperresponsiveness, did not influence the OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, and release of IL-5 and LTB4, but decreased the OVA-induced influx of cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and increased the amount of pro-inflammatory mediators like IL-12, CXCL1 and CXCL9. To conclude, TLR7 dampens the allergic airway reactivity and local inflammation, whereas TLR9 that causes airway hyperresponsiveness and increased cellular response per se, do generally not interfere with the effects induced by allergic inflammation.
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Zhuang LL, Jin R, Zhu LH, Xu HG, Li Y, Gao S, Liu JY, Zhou GP. Promoter characterization and role of cAMP/PKA/CREB in the basal transcription of the mouse ORMDL3 gene. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60630. [PMID: 23577138 PMCID: PMC3618037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Orosomucoid 1-like 3 (ORMDL3) gene was strongly linked with the development of asthma in genetic association studies, and its expression could be significantly induced by allergen in airway epithelial cells of mice. However, the expression mechanism of ORMDL3 was still unclear. Here we have identified and characterized the mouse ORMDL3 gene promoter. Deletion constructs of the 5' flanking region were fused to a luciferase reporter gene. After transient transfection in mouse fibroblast cell line NIH3T3, a CRE (-27/-20) binding CREB was identified in the core promoter region. Deletion or mutation of the CRE consensus sequence resulted in a significant loss of the promoter activity. EMSA and ChIP assays demonstrated the binding of CREB to the core promoter. Knocking down endogenous CREB led to a reduction in ORMDL3 expression. Conversely, overexpression of CREB up-regulated ORMDL3 expression. Moreover, forskolin, a PKA activator, could facilitate the phosphorylation of CREB, which in turn heightens ORMDL3 expression. H-89, a PKA-specific inhibitor, could significantly inhibit ORMDL3 expression. This study delineates the characterization of mouse ORMDL3 gene promoter and shows signaling pathway cAMP/PKA/CREB plays an important role in regulating ORMDL3 expression, which will be helpful for future animal model studies regarding the regulation or function of ORMDL3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Zhuang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Jin
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Liang-Hua Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hua-Guo Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shan Gao
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jia-Yin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Clinical Center of Reproductive Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guo-Ping Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
- * E-mail:
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Matsuse H, Fukushima C, Fukahori S, Tsuchida T, Kawano T, Nishino T, Kohno S. Differential effects of dexamethasone and itraconazole on Aspergillus fumigatus-exacerbated allergic airway inflammation in a murine model of mite-sensitized asthma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 85:429-35. [PMID: 23327882 DOI: 10.1159/000345861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal exposure is associated with particularly severe asthma. Nevertheless, the effects of anti-fungal treatments on fungus-exacerbated asthma need to be determined. OBJECTIVES The present study aimed to compare the effects of itraconazole (ITCZ) and dexamethasone (Dex) on Aspergillus fumigatus (Af)-exacerbated preexisting Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) allergen-sensitized allergic airway inflammation. METHODS Four groups of BALB/c mice were prepared: control, Df-sensitized plus Af-infected mice (Df-Af), and Df-Af mice treated with Dex (Df-Af-Dex) or with ITCZ (Df-Af-ITCZ). Pulmonary pathology and cytokine profiles in the airway were evaluated. In a different set of experiments, the effects of Dex on alveolar macrophage (AM) phagocytosis of Af conidia were determined in Df-sensitized mice. RESULTS Af infection significantly increased the level of eosinophils and neutrophils in the airway of Df-sensitized mice. While Dex significantly decreased eosinophils, ITCZ significantly decreased both eosinophils and neutrophils in Df-Af mice. Dex significantly decreased IL-5, whereas ITCZ significantly reduced MIP-2 in the airway. Compared to controls, AM isolated from Df-sensitized mice had significantly reduced phagocytotic activity of Af conidia. However, Dex significantly improved phagocytotic activity of AM in Df-sensitized mice. CONCLUSIONS The present study showed that Dex and ITCZ differently regulated Af-exacerbated allergic airway inflammation; the former inhibits eosinophilic inflammation and the latter inhibits neutrophilic as well as eosinophilic inflammation by regulating different cytokines. Additionally, Dex enhanced the phagocytotic activity of AM in allergic asthma. Thus, a combination of Dex and ITCZ might be effective for the management of fungus-exacerbated asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroto Matsuse
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Nagasaki, Japan.
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Bauer RN, Brighton LE, Mueller L, Xiang Z, Rager JE, Fry RC, Peden DB, Jaspers I. Influenza enhances caspase-1 in bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic volunteers and is associated with pathogenesis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:958-67.e14. [PMID: 23021143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The leading cause of asthma exacerbation is respiratory viral infection. Innate antiviral defense pathways are altered in the asthmatic epithelium, yet involvement of inflammasome signaling in virus-induced asthma exacerbation is not known. OBJECTIVE This study compared influenza-induced activation of inflammasome and innate immune signaling in human bronchial epithelial cells from volunteers with and without asthma and investigated the role of caspase-1 in epithelial cell antiviral defense. METHODS Differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cells from volunteers with and without asthma were infected with influenza A virus. An inflammasome-specific quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction array was used to compare baseline and influenza-induced gene expression profiles. Cytokine secretion, innate immune gene expression, and viral replication were compared between human bronchial epithelial cells from volunteers with and without asthma. Immunofluorescence microscopy was used to evaluate caspase-1 and PYCARD colocalization. Tracheal epithelial cells from caspase-1-deficient or wild-type mice were infected with influenza and assessed for antiviral gene expression and viral replication. RESULTS Human bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic volunteers had altered influenza-induced expression of inflammasome-related and innate immune signaling components, which correlated with enhanced production of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Specifically, influenza-induced caspase-1 expression was enhanced and localization differed in human bronchial epithelial cells from asthmatic volunteers compared to volunteers without asthma. Influenza-infected tracheal epithelial cells from caspase-1-deficient mice had reduced expression of antiviral genes and viral replication. CONCLUSION Caspase-1 plays an important role in the airway epithelial cell response to influenza infection, which is enhanced in asthmatic volunteers, and may contribute to the enhanced influenza-related pathogenesis observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca N Bauer
- Curriculum in Toxicology, Gillings School of Public Health, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Jang S, Park JS, Won YH, Yun SJ, Kim SJ. The Expression of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) in Cultured Human Skin Fibroblast is Modulated by Histamine. Chonnam Med J 2012; 48:7-14. [PMID: 22570809 PMCID: PMC3341443 DOI: 10.4068/cmj.2012.48.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblasts are responsible for the synthesis and degradation of various connective tissue components and soluble mediators of extracellular matrix metabolism. Few studies have been conducted concerning the expression of toll-like receptors (TLRs) in fibroblasts until now. This study aimed first to determine the quantitative expression of TLRs 1 to 10 in human skin fibroblasts and secondarily to explore any influence of expression by histamine, which is a well-known factor engaged in dermal inflammation. It was found that all 10 TLRs were expressed in fibroblasts. Interestingly, the expression of TLRs 4, 5, and 10 was increased after 2 and 6 hours of histamine treatment during culture. However, the expression of TLRs 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, and 9 was decreased after 6 hours of histamine treatment. Among the TLRs with a decreasing expression pattern, TLRs 7 and 8 showed a persistent tendency to decrease. All of these changes in TLR expression with histamine treatment were antagonized by treatment with diphenhydramine, a well-known antihistamine. Thus, these results suggest a role of histamine in the early phase of the dermal inflammatory reaction mediated by TLRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujeong Jang
- Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, Korea
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Rosenthal LA, Szakaly RJ, Amineva SP, Xing Y, Hill MR, Palmenberg AC, Gern JE, Sorkness RL. Lower respiratory tract infection induced by a genetically modified picornavirus in its natural murine host. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32061. [PMID: 22355409 PMCID: PMC3280220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the picornavirus, human rhinovirus (HRV), are a major cause of wheezing illnesses and asthma exacerbations. In developing a murine model of picornaviral airway infection, we noted the absence of murine rhinoviruses and that mice are not natural hosts for HRV. The picornavirus, mengovirus, induces lethal systemic infections in its natural murine hosts, but small genetic differences can profoundly affect picornaviral tropism and virulence. We demonstrate that inhalation of a genetically attenuated mengovirus, vMC0, induces lower respiratory tract infections in mice. After intranasal vMC0 inoculation, lung viral titers increased, peaking at 24 h postinoculation with viral shedding persisting for 5 days, whereas HRV-A01a lung viral titers decreased and were undetectable 24 h after intranasal inoculation. Inhalation of vMC0, but not vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, induced an acute respiratory illness, with body weight loss and lower airway inflammation, characterized by increased numbers of airway neutrophils and lymphocytes and elevated pulmonary expression of neutrophil chemoattractant CXCR2 ligands (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL5) and interleukin-17A. Mice inoculated with vMC0, compared with those inoculated with vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, exhibited increased pulmonary expression of interferon (IFN-α, IFN-β, IFN-λ), viral RNA sensors [toll-like receptor (TLR)3, TLR7, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2)], and chemokines associated with HRV infection in humans (CXCL10, CCL2). Inhalation of vMC0, but not vehicle or UV-inactivated vMC0, was accompanied by increased airway fluid myeloperoxidase levels, an indicator of neutrophil activation, increased MUC5B gene expression, and lung edema, a sign of infection-related lung injury. Consistent with experimental HRV inoculations of nonallergic, nonasthmatic human subjects, there were no effects on airway hyperresponsiveness after inhalation of vMC0 by healthy mice. This novel murine model of picornaviral airway infection and inflammation should be useful for defining mechanisms of HRV pathogenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis A Rosenthal
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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Wang X, Mychajlowycz M, Lau C, Gutierrez C, Scott JA, Chow CW. Spleen tyrosine kinase mediates BEAS-2B cell migration and proliferation and human rhinovirus-induced expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:277-85. [PMID: 22031919 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.186429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk) is an immunoregulatory tyrosine kinase that was identified originally in leukocytes. It is a key regulator of innate immunity as well as hematopoietic cell differentiation and proliferation. A role for Syk in regulating normal cellular functions in nonhematopoietic cells is increasingly recognized. We have shown previously robust Syk expression in airway epithelium, where it regulates the early inflammatory response to human rhinovirus (HRV) infections, and HRV cell entry by clathrin-mediated endocytosis. To test the hypothesis that Syk plays a role in modulating airway epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and production of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-8, we studied the BEAS-2B human bronchial epithelial cell line and primary human airway epithelia from normal and asthmatic donors using Syk-specific pharmacologic inhibitors and small interfering RNA. Using an in vitro "wounding" model, we demonstrated significant impairment of "wound" closure after treatment with the Syk inhibitors N4-(2,2-dimethyl-3-oxo-4H-pyrid[1,4]oxazin-6-yl)-5-fluoro-N2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,4-pyrimidinediamine (R406) and 2-[7-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-imidazo[1,2-c]pyrimidin-5-ylamino]-nicotinamide dihydrochloride (BAY61-3606), overexpression of the kinase-inactive Syk(K396R) mutant, and Syk knockdown by small interfering RNA. HRV infection also impaired wound healing, an effect that was partly Syk-dependent because wound healing was impaired further when HRV infection occurred in the presence of Syk inhibition. Further investigation of potential regulatory mechanisms revealed that inhibition of Syk suppressed HRV-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression while promoting the activation of caspase-3, a mediator of epithelial cell apoptosis. Together, these results indicate that Syk plays a role in promoting epithelial cell proliferation and migration, while mitigating the effects of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Wang
- Division of Respirology and Multi-Organ Transplantation Programme, University Health Network, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Palikhe NS, Kim SH, Kim JH, Losol P, Ye YM, Park HS. Role of Toll-like Receptor 3 Variants in Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2010; 3:123-7. [PMID: 21461252 PMCID: PMC3062791 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2011.3.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Although the mechanism of virus-induced, aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is not known fully, direct activation of viral components through Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) has been suggested. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), and activates nuclear factor-κB and increases interferon-γ, which signals other cells to induce airway inflammation in asthma. Considering the association of TLR3 in viral infections and AERD, we investigated whether promoter and non-synonymous variants of TLR3 were associated with AERD. Methods The three study groups, 203 with AERD, 254 with aspirin-tolerant asthma (ATA), and 274 normal healthy controls (NC) were recruited from Ajou University Hospital, Korea. Two polymorphisms, -299698G>T and 293391G>A [Leu412Phe], were genotyped using primer extension methods. Results Genetic associations were examined between two genetic polymorphisms of TLR3 (-299698G>T and 293391G>A [Leu412Phe]) in the three study groups. AERD patients that carried the GG genotype of 293391G>A showed a significantly lower frequency compared with ATA in both co-dominant (P=0.025) and dominant models (P=0.036). Similarly, in the minor allele frequency, the A allele was significantly higher (P=0.023) in AERD compared with ATA for this polymorphism. AERD patients who carried HT2 [GA] showed a significantly higher frequency than other haplotypes in co-dominant (P=0.02) and recessive (P=0.026) models. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the -299698G>T and 293391G>A [Leu412Phe] polymorphisms of the TLR3 gene are associated with the AERD phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Shrestha Palikhe
- Department of Allergy & Rheumatology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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Harada M, Hirota T, Jodo AI, Hitomi Y, Sakashita M, Tsunoda T, Miyagawa T, Doi S, Kameda M, Fujita K, Miyatake A, Enomoto T, Noguchi E, Masuko H, Sakamoto T, Hizawa N, Suzuki Y, Yoshihara S, Adachi M, Ebisawa M, Saito H, Matsumoto K, Nakajima T, Mathias RA, Rafaels N, Barnes KC, Himes BE, Duan QL, Tantisira KG, Weiss ST, Nakamura Y, Ziegler SF, Tamari M. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin gene promoter polymorphisms are associated with susceptibility to bronchial asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2010; 44:787-93. [PMID: 20656951 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2009-0418oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) triggers dendritic cell--mediated T helper (Th) 2 inflammatory responses. A single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs3806933, in the promoter region of the TSLP gene creates a binding site for the transcription factor activating protein (AP)-1. The variant enhances AP-1 binding to the regulatory element, and increases the promoter--reporter activity of TSLP in response to polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) stimulation in normal human bronchial epithelium (NHBE). We investigated whether polymorphisms including the SNP rs3806933 could affect the susceptibility to and clinical phenotypes of bronchial asthma. We selected three representative (i.e., Tag) SNPs and conducted association studies of the TSLP gene, using two independent populations (639 patients with childhood atopic asthma and 838 control subjects, and 641 patients with adult asthma and 376 control subjects, respectively). We further examined the effects of corticosteroids and a long-acting β(2)-agonist (salmeterol) on the expression levels of the TSLP gene in response to poly(I:C) in NHBE. We found that the promoter polymorphisms rs3806933 and rs2289276 were significantly associated with disease susceptibility in both childhood atopic and adult asthma. The functional SNP rs3806933 was associated with asthma (meta-analysis, P = 0.000056; odds ratio, 1.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.14-1.47). A genotype of rs2289278 was correlated with pulmonary function. Moreover, the induction of TSLP mRNA and protein expression induced by poly(I:C) in NHBE was synergistically impaired by a corticosteroid and salmeterol. TSLP variants are significantly associated with bronchial asthma and pulmonary function. Thus, TSLP may serve as a therapeutic target molecule for combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michishige Harada
- Laboratory for Respiratory Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research, Kanagawa, Japan
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Aronica MA, Vogel N. Pathogens and immunologic memory in asthma: what have we learned? Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2010; 1:589-601. [PMID: 20477600 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.1.4.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Animal models and clinical studies of asthma have generated important insights into the first effector phase leading to the development of allergic airway disease and bronchial hyper-reactivity. In contrast, mechanisms related to asthma chronicity or persistence are less well understood. The CD4(+) T-helper 2 lymphocytes are known initiators of the inflammatory response associated with asthma. There is now increasing evidence that memory T-cells, sensitized against allergenic, occupational or viral antigens, are also involved in the persistence of asthma. Additionally, the role of pathogens in asthma has been linked to both the initial susceptibility to and flares of this disease. This review will discuss the potential links between infection and asthma, the role of the memory T-cells in asthma, and the potential mechanisms by which these factors interact to lead to the development and/or persistence of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Aronica
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Department of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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15
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Sears MR. Epidemiology of asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008; 122:662-668. [PMID: 19014756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 07/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Exacerbations of asthma sufficient to require urgent medical intervention are often, but not always, associated with viral infection, especially rhinovirus, with significant interaction with allergen sensitization and exposure. Seasonal patterns of exacerbations are seen especially in children, and may be aggravated by lack of adequate maintenance anti-inflammatory drug treatment during the high-risk viral season most well described in the Northern Hemisphere after school return in September. Age and sex differences in the epidemiology of exacerbations remain less than fully explained, but hormonal influences are demonstrable. Frequent exacerbations may be an indication of greater severity of disease, significant comorbidities, or poor compliance with therapy. Recognizing risk factors for exacerbations and implementing appropriate long-term management strategies coupled with improved compliance should reduce morbidity and mortality associated with asthma exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm R Sears
- McMaster University and Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Hansbro NG, Horvat JC, Wark PA, Hansbro PM. Understanding the mechanisms of viral induced asthma: new therapeutic directions. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 117:313-53. [PMID: 18234348 PMCID: PMC7112677 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a common and debilitating disease that has substantially increased in prevalence in Western Societies in the last 2 decades. Respiratory tract infections by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus (RV) are widely implicated as common causes of the induction and exacerbation of asthma. These infections in early life are associated with the induction of wheeze that may progress to the development of asthma. Infections may also promote airway inflammation and enhance T helper type 2 lymphocyte (Th2 cell) responses that result in exacerbations of established asthma. The mechanisms of how RSV and RV induce and exacerbate asthma are currently being elucidated by clinical studies, in vitro work with human cells and animal models of disease. This research has led to many potential therapeutic strategies and, although none are yet part of clinical practise, they show much promise for the prevention and treatment of viral disease and subsequent asthma.
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Key Words
- aad, allergic airways disease
- ahr, airway hyperresponsiveness
- apc, antigen-presenting cell
- asm, airway smooth muscle
- balf, broncho-alveolar lavage fluid
- bec, bronchoepithelial cell
- bfgf, basic fibroblast growth factor
- cam, cellular adhesion molecules
- ccr, cc chemokine receptor
- cgrp, calcitonin gene-related peptide
- crp, c reactive protein
- dsrna, double stranded rna
- ecp, eosinophil cationic protein
- ena-78, epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78
- fev1, forced expiratory volume
- fi, formalin-inactivated
- g-csf and gm-csf, granulocyte and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor
- ics, inhaled corticosteroid
- ifn, interferon, ifn
- il, interleukin
- ip-10, ifn-γ inducible protein-10
- laba, long acting beta agonist
- ldh, lactate dehydrogenase
- ldlpr, low density lipoprotein receptor
- lrt, lower respiratory tract
- lt, leukotriene
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- mcp, monocyte chemoattractant proteins
- mdc, myeloid dendritic cell
- mhc, major histocompatibility
- mip, macrophage inhibitory proteins
- mpv, metapneumovirus
- nf-kb, nuclear factor (nf)-kb
- nk cells, natural killer cells
- nk1, neurogenic receptor 1
- or, odds ratio
- paf, platelet-activating factor
- pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cell
- pdc, plasmacytoid dendritic cell
- pef, peak expiratory flow
- penh, enhanced pause
- pfu, plaque forming units
- pg, prostaglandin
- pkr, protein kinase r
- pvm, pneumonia virus of mice
- rad, reactive airway disease
- rantes, regulated on activation normal t cell expressed and secreted
- rr, relative risk
- rsv, respiratory syncytial virus
- rv, rhinovirus (rv)
- ssrna, single stranded rna
- tgf, transforming growth factor
- th, t helper lymphocytes
- tlr, toll-like receptors
- tnf, tumor necrosis factor
- urt, upper respiratory tract
- vegf, vascular endothelial growth factor
- vs, versus
- wbc, white blood cell
- respiratory syncytial virus
- rhinovirus
- induction
- exacerbation
- asthma
- allergy
- treatment
- prevention
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole G. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Jay C. Horvat
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
| | - Peter A. Wark
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
- Department of Respiratory & Sleep Medicine, John Hunter Hospital & Sleep Medicine, School of Medical Practice, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Priority Research Centre for Asthma and Respiratory Disease, Faculty of Health, The University of Newcastle, New South Wales 2308, Australia
- Vaccines, Immunology/Infection, Viruses and Asthma Group, Hunter Medical Research Institute, Locked Bag 1 New Lambton, New South Wales 2305, Australia
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17
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Occupational and environmental allergic disorders. Clin Immunol 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-04404-2.10049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Genetic polymorphism regulating ORM1-like 3 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expression is associated with childhood atopic asthma in a Japanese population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007; 121:769-70. [PMID: 18155279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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19
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Kato A, Favoreto S, Avila PC, Schleimer RP. TLR3- and Th2 cytokine-dependent production of thymic stromal lymphopoietin in human airway epithelial cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:1080-7. [PMID: 17617600 PMCID: PMC2220044 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is elevated in asthma and triggers dendritic cell-mediated activation of Th2 inflammatory responses. Although TSLP has been shown to be produced mainly by airway epithelial cells, the regulation of epithelial TSLP expression has not been extensively studied. We investigated the expression of TSLP in cytokine- or TLR ligand-treated normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). The mRNA for TSLP was significantly up-regulated by stimulation with IL-4 (5.5-fold) and IL-13 (5.3-fold), weakly up-regulated by TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, and IFN-beta, and not affected by IFN-gamma in NHBE. TSLP mRNA was only significantly up-regulated by the TLR3 ligand (dsRNA) among the TLR ligands tested (66.8-fold). TSLP was also induced by in vitro infection with rhinovirus. TSLP protein was detected after stimulation with dsRNA (120 +/- 23 pg/ml). The combination of TNF-alpha and IL-4 produced detectable levels of TSLP protein (40 +/- 13 pg/ml). In addition, TSLP was synergistically enhanced by a combination of IL-4 and dsRNA (mRNA; 207-fold, protein; 325 +/- 75 pg/ml). The induction of TSLP by dsRNA was dependent upon NF-kappaB and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF-3) signaling via TLR3 as indicated by a study with small interfering RNA. The potent topical glucocorticoid fluticasone propionate significantly suppressed dsRNA-dependent TSLP production in NHBE. These results suggest that the expression of TSLP is induced in airway epithelial cells by stimulation with the TLR3 ligand and Th2 cytokines and that this response is suppressed by glucocorticoid treatment. This implies that respiratory viral infection and the recruitment of Th2 cytokine producing cells may amplify Th2 inflammation via the induction of TSLP in the asthmatic airway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Robert P. Schleimer
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Robert P. Schleimer, Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron, Chicago, IL 60611. E-mail address:
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Horiguchi T, Ohira D, Kobayashi K, Hirose M, Miyazaki J, Kondo R, Tachikawa S. Clinical evaluation of leukotriene receptor antagonists in preventing common cold-like symptoms in bronchial asthma patients. Allergol Int 2007; 56:263-7. [PMID: 17582209 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.o-06-473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated the possibility of preventing common cold-like symptoms as a previously unknown benefit of leukotriene receptor antagonists (LTRAs). METHODS A total of 279 adult patients with bronchial asthma referred to our hospital between June and December 2004 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were divided into LTRA treated and untreated groups. Frequency of acute exacerbations and number of visits to emergency rooms and of hospital admissions were analyzed as indicators of frequency of infections and asthma exacerbation over the previous 12 months. RESULTS Irrespective of inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) use, frequency of infections was significantly lower in the LTRA treated group (0.3 +/- 0.7 times/year) than in the LTRA untreated group (1.6 +/- 4.2 times/year) (P < 0.05), suggesting that LTRA therapy prevents common cold-like symptoms. Frequency of acute exacerbations and number of hospital admissions were significantly lower in the LTRA treated versus LTRA untreated group (0.4 +/- 0.8 versus 2.7 +/- 4.3 times/year and 0.0 +/- 0.2 versus 0.4 +/- 0.7 times/year, respectively; both P < 0.01). When the patients were divided into ICS treated and untreated groups, none of the parameters analyzed differed significantly between the two groups, although all parameters tended to be lower in the ICS treated group. CONCLUSIONS Adult asthma patients undergoing treatment with LTRAs exhibit lower incidence rates of common cold-like symptoms than those not receiving LTRAs. LTRAs play an important role in reducing the incidence of common cold-like symptoms among asthma patients and in suppressing exacerbation of asthma symptoms possibly associated with these symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Horiguchi
- Department of Respiratory Internal Medicine, Second Educational Hospital of Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan.
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21
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Papi A, Contoli M, Gaetano C, Mallia P, Johnston SL. Models of infection and exacerbations in COPD. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2007; 7:259-65. [PMID: 17475555 PMCID: PMC7185561 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2006.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite optimal use of currently available therapy for stable COPD, acute exacerbations are common events that constitute a major health burden. The development of highly sensitive diagnostic tools highlighted the role of viral infections in inducing COPD exacerbations, with rhinoviruses being the most frequently identified virus type. So far, little is known about the mechanisms of virus-induced exacerbations. The recent development of the first human rhinovirus-induced COPD exacerbation model represents an invaluable tool towards increasing our knowledge of immunological and inflammatory mechanisms of COPD exacerbation. The model will give us the opportunity to highlight key inflammatory mediators representing possible therapeutic targets for the development of novel drugs able to treat and prevent acute episodes in COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Papi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Contoli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Caramori Gaetano
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Research Centre on Asthma and COPD, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Patrick Mallia
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute & Wright Fleming Institute of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Heart and Lung Institute & Wright Fleming Institute of Infection and Immunity, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, UK
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22
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Kato A, Truong-Tran AQ, Scott AL, Matsumoto K, Schleimer RP. Airway epithelial cells produce B cell-activating factor of TNF family by an IFN-beta-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:7164-72. [PMID: 17082634 PMCID: PMC2804942 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.7164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Activation of B cells in the airways is now believed to be of great importance in immunity to pathogens, and it participates in the pathogenesis of airway diseases. However, little is known about the mechanisms of local activation of B cells in airway mucosa. We investigated the expression of members of the B cell-activating TNF superfamily (B cell-activating factor of TNF family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL)) in resting and TLR ligand-treated BEAS-2B cells and primary human bronchial epithelial cells (PBEC). In unstimulated cells, expression of BAFF and APRIL was minimal. However, BAFF mRNA was significantly up-regulated by TLR3 ligand (dsRNA), but not by other TLR ligands, in both BEAS-2B cells (376-fold) and PBEC (224-fold). APRIL mRNA was up-regulated by dsRNA in PBEC (7-fold), but not in BEAS-2B cells. Membrane-bound BAFF protein was detectable after stimulation with dsRNA. Soluble BAFF protein was also induced by dsRNA (> 200 pg/ml). The biological activity of the epithelial cell-produced BAFF was verified using a B cell survival assay. BAFF was also strongly induced by IFN-beta, a cytokine induced by dsRNA. Induction of BAFF by dsRNA was dependent upon protein synthesis and IFN-alphabeta receptor-JAK-STAT signaling, as indicated by studies with cycloheximide, the JAK inhibitor I, and small interfering RNA against STAT1 and IFN-alphabeta receptor 2. These results suggest that BAFF is induced by dsRNA in airway epithelial cells and that the response results via an autocrine pathway involving IFN-beta. The production of BAFF and APRIL by epithelial cells may contribute to local accumulation, activation, class switch recombination, and Ig synthesis by B cells in the airways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Kato
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Ai Q. Truong-Tran
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Alan L. Scott
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Kenji Matsumoto
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Robert P. Schleimer
- Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Robert P. Schleimer, Allergy-Immunology Division, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 240 East Huron, Chicago, IL 60611.
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23
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Outcome measures. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 6:241-4. [PMID: 16670521 DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000225167.72842.fd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To assess new information from peer-reviewed publications in 2005 regarding emerging respiratory viral threats. RECENT FINDINGS The expanding epizootic of avian A/H5N1 influenza and increasing number of human cases heighten concern regarding the threat of pandemic influenza. Studies of the 1918 pandemic virus have shown the potential for direct interspecies transmission from an avian host. In the absence of an effective vaccine, antiviral agents could provide an important response measure. Inadequate supplies and potential antiviral resistance are limiting factors. Seasonal influenza heavily affects infants and young children, who also serve to foster transmission at the community level, findings that indicate the need for broader immunization strategies in pediatric populations. Like avian influenza, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus was a zoonotic infection, perhaps derived from related coronaviruses in bats. Molecular diagnostic techniques have led to the recent identification of several new coronaviruses and a respiratory parvovirus. It has also helped to define the impact of previously described ones such as human metapneumovirus and rhinoviruses, which account for the majority of asthma exacerbations and frequent lower respiratory tract illnesses. SUMMARY Progress has been made in development of possible specific interventions for influenza and possibly severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, but effective antivirals and vaccines for most other respiratory viruses are currently lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G Hayden
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Box 800473, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
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25
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Nakashima K, Hirota T, Suzuki Y, Akahoshi M, Shimizu M, Jodo A, Doi S, Fujita K, Ebisawa M, Yoshihara S, Enomoto T, Shirakawa T, Kishi F, Nakamura Y, Tamari M. Association of the RIP2 gene with childhood atopic asthma. Allergol Int 2006; 55:77-83. [PMID: 17075290 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.55.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Receptor-interacting protein (RIP)-2 is a serine/threonine kinase containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) that is involved in the Toll-like receptor-signaling pathway. Although associations between endotoxin exposure or respiratory infection and asthma have been recognized, the genetic influences in these conditions are unclear. The aim of our study was to examine whether polymorphisms or haplotypes in RIP2 were associated with childhood atopic asthma in a Japanese population. METHODS We screened the RIP2 gene for polymorphisms by direct sequencing and characterized the linkage disequilibrium (LD) mapping of the gene. Seven variants were genotyped in childhood atopic asthma (n = 300) and normal controls (n = 637) . We conducted case-control and case-only association studies between the variants and asthma-related phenotypes. Haplotype association analyses were also performed. RESULTS A total of 31 variants were identified and none of the alleles or haplotypes of RIP2 were associated with asthma susceptibility. In the case-only study, an association between an RIP2 promoter polymorphism and childhood severe asthma (P=0.0032; odds ratio (OR) 3.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.45-7.87) was observed. CONCLUSIONS Although polymorphisms in RIP2 are not likely to be associated with the development of asthma, the genetic variants might contribute to asthma severity in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Nakashima
- Laboratory for Genetics of Allergic Diseases, SNP Research Center, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan
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Abstract
There is an increasing number of viral and bacterial pathogens suspected of contributing to asthma pathogenesis in childhood, making it more difficult for the practitioner to make specific therapy decisions. This review discusses the role of viruses, e.g. respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, influenza viruses and rhinoviruses, as well as the role of the atypical bacteria Chlamydophila pneumoniae and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, as contributors to childhood asthma. Diagnosis, prevention, and therapy are discussed, including a summary of drugs, i.e. macrolide antibacterials, antivirals, and vaccine regimens already available, or at least in clinical trials. For the practitioner dealing with patients every day, drug regimens are assigned to the individual pathogens and an algorithm for the management of atypical infections in patients with asthma or recurrent wheezing is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Simon
- Children’s Hospital, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Schildgen
- Department of Virology, Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Medical Centre, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25, Bonn, 53105 Germany
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Pelaia G, Vatrella A, Gallelli L, Renda T, Cazzola M, Maselli R, Marsico SA. Respiratory infections and asthma. Respir Med 2005; 100:775-84. [PMID: 16289785 PMCID: PMC7135443 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2005.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2005] [Accepted: 08/24/2005] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory tract infections caused by both viruses and/or atypical bacteria are involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. In particular, several viruses such as respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus and influenza/parainfluenza viruses may favour the expression of the asthmatic phenotype, being also implicated in the induction of disease exacerbations. Within this pathological context, a significant role can also be played by airway bacterial colonizations and infections due to Chlamydiae and Mycoplasms. All these microbial agents probably interfere with complex immunological pathways, thus contributing to induce and exacerbate asthma in genetically predisposed individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girolamo Pelaia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vatrella
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Renda
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Pneumology and Allergology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, A. Cardarelli Hospital, Via del Parco Margherita 24, 80121 Napoli, Italy
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +81 404188 813486.
| | - Rosario Maselli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University “Magna Græcia” of Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Serafino A. Marsico
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory Sciences, Second University of Naples, Italy
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van Rijt LS, van Kessel CHG, Boogaard I, Lambrecht BN. Respiratory viral infections and asthma pathogenesis: a critical role for dendritic cells? J Clin Virol 2005; 34:161-9. [PMID: 16126001 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2005.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections can influence the course of asthma at different time points. Severe respiratory viral infections during early age are associated with a higher prevalence of asthma in later childhood. In established asthma, viral infections are a frequent cause of asthma exacerbation. OBJECTIVES The present review focuses on epidemiological and experimental animal data that can illuminate the mechanisms by which viral infections can lead to sensitization to antigen, and exacerbate ongoing allergic airway inflammation and focuses on the role played by dendritic cells (DCs). RESULTS In experimental rodent models of asthma, respiratory viral infection at the time of a first inhaled antigen exposure is described to induce Th2 sensitization and to enhance the allergic response to a second encounter with the same antigen. Virus infections can modulate airway dendritic cell function by upregulation of costimulatory molecule expression, enhanced recruitment, and by inducing an inflammatory environment, all leading to an enhanced antigen presentation and possibly changing the normal tolerogenic response to inhaled antigen into an immunogenic response. In established asthma, respiratory viral infections attract several inflammatory cells, alter receptor expression on airway smooth muscle and modulate neuroimmune mechanisms, possibly leading to exacerbation of disease. CONCLUSIONS Animal data suggest that the link between respiratory viral infections and increased asthma is causally related, the viral infection acting on the immune and structural cells to enhance antigen presentation and inflammatory cell recruitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie S van Rijt
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Room Ee2257a, Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Dr Molewaterplein 50, Erasmus MC, 3015 GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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