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Walsh RK, Endicott AA, Shinkai K. Diagnosis and Treatment of Rosacea Fulminans: A Comprehensive Review. Am J Clin Dermatol 2018; 19:79-86. [PMID: 28656562 DOI: 10.1007/s40257-017-0310-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea fulminans is a rare inflammatory condition of the central face marked by the abrupt onset of erythematous coalescing papules, pustules, nodules, and draining sinuses. Due to infrequent reporting in the literature, the pathophysiology, classification, and nomenclature of this condition remain controversial. This comprehensive review evaluated a total of 135 cases of rosacea fulminans for clinical and histopathologic features and reported treatment strategies. Patients were 91% female with an average age of onset of 31.3 years. Only 19% of cases reported duration of symptoms longer than 3 months, and reports of recurrence were uncommon. A majority of patients had history of rosacea or flushing, and common triggers included hormonal shifts, emotional stress, and medications. Extrafacial or systemic involvement was rare. Though oral and topical antibiotics were frequently utilized to treat rosacea fulminans, there was a clear shift in reported treatments for rosacea fulminans following the introduction of isotretinoin use in 1987, marked by increased reliance on isotretinoin in addition to topical and systemic corticosteroids. Newer treatments were associated with superior improvement compared with antibiotic monotherapy, most notably dramatically reduced rates of scarring, though reduced rates of disease recurrence were not evident. Several patterns revealed through this review reinforce the classification of rosacea fulminans as a severe yet distinct variant of rosacea and highlight key distinguishing clinical features and treatment options for optimal management.
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Anzengruber F, Czernielewski J, Conrad C, Feldmeyer L, Yawalkar N, Häusermann P, Cozzio A, Mainetti C, Goldblum D, Läuchli S, Imhof L, Brand C, Laffitte E, Navarini AA. Swiss S1 guideline for the treatment of rosacea. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017; 31:1775-1791. [PMID: 28833645 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea (in German sometimes called 'Kupferfinne', in French 'Couperose' and in Italian 'Copparosa') is a chronic and frequently relapsing inflammatory skin disease primarily affecting the central areas of the face. Its geographic prevalence varies from 1% to 22%. The differential diagnosis is wide, and the treatment is sometimes difficult and varies by stage of rosacea. For erythematous lesions and telangiectasia, intense pulsed light (IPL) therapy and lasers are popular treatment option. In addition, a vasoconstrictor agent, brimonidine, has recently been developed. For papulopustular rosacea, topical antibiotics, topical and systemic retinoids, as well as systemic antibiotics are used. A topical acaricidal agent, ivermectin, has undergone clinical development and is now on the market. In the later stages, hyperplasia of the sebaceous glands develops, resulting in phymatous growths such as the frequently observed bulbous nose or rhinophyma. Ablative laser treatments have largely replaced classical abrasive tools. Here, we reviewed the current evidence on the treatment of rosacea, provide a guideline (S1 level) and discuss the differential diagnosis of rosacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Anzengruber
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - J Czernielewski
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Conrad
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Feldmeyer
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - N Yawalkar
- Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - P Häusermann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Cozzio
- Department of Dermatology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - C Mainetti
- Department of Dermatology, Ospedale Regionale di Bellinzona e Valli, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - D Goldblum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Läuchli
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - L Imhof
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - C Brand
- Department of Dermatology, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - E Laffitte
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - A A Navarini
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease of pilosebaceous follicles commonly affecting adolescents and young adults. This disease has a profound psychological impact on affected individuals and treatment has been shown to significantly improve both self-esteem and quality of life. Isotretinoin is an effective medication used primarily in severe cystic acne patients. Over the past 30 years, this medication has revolutionized the treatment of acne. However, despite its popularity there are numerous side effects associated with its use. Most of its side effects are predictable and dose dependent, which has led to the development of variable dose regimens. Unfortunately, rare but significant side effects (e.g., depression, inflammatory bowel disease) do occur and necessitate careful monitoring to improve clinical outcomes and minimize potential adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelbi C Jim On
- Department of Dermatology, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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Eichenfield LF, Krakowski AC, Piggott C, Del Rosso J, Baldwin H, Friedlander SF, Levy M, Lucky A, Mancini AJ, Orlow SJ, Yan AC, Vaux KK, Webster G, Zaenglein AL, Thiboutot DM. Evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acne. Pediatrics 2013; 131 Suppl 3:S163-86. [PMID: 23637225 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-0490b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acne vulgaris is one of the most common skin conditions in children and adolescents. The presentation, differential diagnosis, and association of acne with systemic pathology differs by age of presentation. Current acknowledged guidelines for the diagnosis and management of pediatric acne are lacking, and there are variations in management across the spectrum of primary and specialty care. The American Acne and Rosacea Society convened a panel of pediatric dermatologists, pediatricians, and dermatologists with expertise in acne to develop recommendations for the management of pediatric acne and evidence-based treatment algorithms. METHODS Ten major topic areas in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric acne were identified. A thorough literature search was performed and articles identified, reviewed, and assessed for evidence grading. Each topic area was assigned to 2 expert reviewers who developed and presented summaries and recommendations for critique and editing. Furthermore, the Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy, including ratings for the strength of recommendation for a body of evidence, was used throughout for the consensus recommendations for the evaluation and management of pediatric acne. Practical evidence-based treatment algorithms also were developed. RESULTS Recommendations were put forth regarding the classification, diagnosis, evaluation, and management of pediatric acne, based on age and pubertal status. Treatment considerations include the use of over-the-counter products, topical benzoyl peroxide, topical retinoids, topical antibiotics, oral antibiotics, hormonal therapy, and isotretinoin. Simplified treatment algorithms and recommendations are presented in detail for adolescent, preadolescent, infantile, and neonatal acne. Other considerations, including psychosocial effects of acne, adherence to treatment regimens, and the role of diet and acne, also are discussed. CONCLUSIONS These expert recommendations by the American Acne and Rosacea Society as reviewed and endorsed by the American Academy of Pediatrics constitute the first detailed, evidence-based clinical guidelines for the management of pediatric acne including issues of special concern when treating pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence F Eichenfield
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego and Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California, USA.
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Wakabayashi M, Fujimoto N, Uenishi T, Danno K, Tanaka T. A case of acne fulminans in a patient with ulcerative colitis successfully treated with prednisolone and diaminodiphenylsulfone: a literature review of acne fulminans, rosacea fulminans and neutrophilic dermatoses occurring in the setting of inflammatory bowel disease. Dermatology 2011; 222:231-5. [PMID: 21540556 DOI: 10.1159/000324226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 19-year-old Japanese man had been treated for ulcerative colitis for 2 years. He was admitted to our hospital with nodulocystic inflammatory papules and pustules on his face and chest, high-grade fever, arthralgia and general malaise. A biopsy specimen from a pustule showed prominent infiltration of neutrophils in the epidermis and dermis, particularly around hair follicles. We made a diagnosis of acne fulminans. The systemic administration of prednisolone at 30 mg daily for 1 week immediately improved his skin lesions and other symptoms; however, during tapering of prednisolone at 20 mg daily, skin lesions flared up. The addition of oral diaminodiphenylsulfone improved the skin lesions. Although there have been a few reports of acne fulminans associated with Crohn's disease, this is the first case report of acne fulminans in a patient with ulcerative colitis. It is noteworthy that the addition of diaminodiphenylsulfone was effective for treating the relapse of acne fulminans in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Wakabayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Shiga University of Medical Science, Otsu, Shiga, Japan.
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Crockett SD, Gulati A, Sandler RS, Kappelman MD. A causal association between isotretinoin and inflammatory bowel disease has yet to be established. Am J Gastroenterol 2009; 104:2387-93. [PMID: 19806085 PMCID: PMC2775814 DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2009.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Case reports have described a possible association between isotretinoin and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We critically appraised the literature on this association to assess whether it supports a causal relationship. METHODS We systematically searched for case reports, case series, and clinical trials assessing this association. We then applied the Hill criteria to evaluate causality. RESULTS Twelve case reports and one case series reported an association between isotretinoin use and subsequent development of IBD. Cases occurred in seven countries over a 23-year period and differed with respect to reported isotretinoin dose, duration of treatment before development of disease, whether disease developed on or off medication, and clinical presentation of disease. No prospective or retrospective studies have examined the relationship between isotretinoin and IBD. An estimated 59 coincident cases of IBD would be expected in isotretinoin users each year, assuming no increased risk. Alternative explanations may account for the sequence of events seen in case reports. Strength, specificity, and consistency of the association are lacking. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence is insufficient to confirm or refute a causal association between isotretinoin and IBD. Additional prospective or well-designed retrospective (e.g., case-control) pharmacoepidemiological studies are needed to definitively establish causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth D Crockett
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB#7080, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA.
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Palamaras I, El-Jabbour J, Pietropaolo N, Thomson P, Mann S, Robles W, Stevens HP. Metastatic Crohn's disease: a review. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2008; 22:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Gatzka M, Simon M, Schuler G, Lüftl M. Rosacea fulminans, Pyostomatitis und Pyovulvitis bei Morbus Crohn. Hautarzt 2006; 57:898-902. [PMID: 16163560 DOI: 10.1007/s00105-005-1017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Rosacea fulminans (also known as pyoderma faciale) has been reported to occur in association with Crohn's disease. It is still unclear whether the papulopustules and confluent nodules of rosacea fulminans represent a manifestation of mucocutaneous Crohn's disease or whether this association is a mere coincidence. A 46-year-old woman presented with the spontaneous outbreak of rosacea fulminans and pyostomatitis/pyovulvitis. Complete remission of the mucocutaneous symptoms was achieved with 2 months combination therapy with methylprednisolone, isotretinoin and dapsone. The patient's Crohn's disease, already diagnosed for 3 years, did not flare during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gatzka
- Hautklinik, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ormond
- City of Dublin Skin and Cancer Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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Scheinfeld NS, Teplitz E, McClain SA. Crohn's disease and lichen nitidus: a case report and comparison of common histopathologic features. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001; 7:314-8. [PMID: 11720321 DOI: 10.1097/00054725-200111000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe a 54-year-old black woman with Crohn's disease, who developed lichen nitidus, the third report of a patient with both diseases. The rarity of these diseases individually and the histopathologic features in common imply that the two diseases are linked. Multinucleated giant cells, a common finding in the lesions of Crohn's disease, are less common in the lesions of lichen nitidus. The presence of multinucleated giant cells in lichen nitidus in all three case reports is distinctly unusual. The infiltrates of Crohn's disease and lichen nitidus contain CD-68-positive macrophages. As such, the subset of lichen nitidus with giant cells should be recognized as a cutaneous manifestation of Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Scheinfeld
- Montefiore Hospital, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Firooz A, Firoozabadi MR, Dowlati Y. Rosacea fulminans (pyoderma faciale): successful treatment of a 3-year-old girl with oral isotretinoin. Int J Dermatol 2001; 40:203-5. [PMID: 11422527 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2001.01138-5.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Firooz
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, lran.
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Ploysangam T, Heubi JE, Eisen D, Balistreri WF, Lucky AW. Cutaneous Crohn's disease in children. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 36:697-704. [PMID: 9146530 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)80320-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cutaneous Crohn's disease is well recognized in adults, in children it is extremely rare. OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to describe five children with cutaneous Crohn's disease and to review the literature. METHODS The medical records of five children with cutaneous Crohn's disease were retrospectively reviewed for clinical features and laboratory data. An extensive review of the literature was conducted. RESULTS Five children, one boy and four girls, 6 to 12 years of age at onset, had cutaneous manifestations of Crohn's disease. Three had genital swelling, and the other 2 had buttock abscesses. Most were seen before the diagnosis of gastrointestinal Crohn's disease was made. There have been 80 cases of cutaneous Crohn's disease described, including our series. Only 14 were in children. Two thirds of children with cutaneous Crohn's disease had genital involvement compared with about half of the adult cases. Sixteen of the 80 patients had cutaneous lesions without preceding gastrointestinal Crohn's disease. Of these, approximately 70% had genital lesions. CONCLUSION Although Crohn's disease is common in children, cutaneous manifestations are rarely a presenting sign. However, when cutaneous Crohn's disease is present in children, it commonly precedes the gastrointestinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ploysangam
- Department of Dermatology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, OH, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Dessoukey
- Department of Dermatology, Al-Jazeera Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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