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Novaes LF, Flores JM, Benfante N, Schofield E, Katz DJ, Nelson CJ, Mulhall JP. Analysis of diurnal variation in serum testosterone levels in men with symptoms of testosterone deficiency. J Sex Med 2024; 21:408-413. [PMID: 38481019 DOI: 10.1093/jsxmed/qdae026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone (T) plays a crucial role in various physiological functions in men, and understanding the variations in T levels during the day is essential for diagnosing and treating testosterone deficiency (TD). AIM We sought to evaluate the reduction in serum total T (TT) levels throughout the day in men with symptoms of testosterone deficiency and to determine the variables having an impact on the extent of this decline. METHODS The study population consisted of a group of men who within 3 months of each other had all undergone both early morning and afternoon TT level measurements. We did not include patients with a history of a prior orchiectomy, testosterone levels below 100 ng/dL or above 1000 ng/dL, a history of androgen deprivation therapy, or patients on T therapy. Statistical analyses were conducted using descriptive statistics, t-tests, chi-square tests, and correlation calculations. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure TT, and a change in TT levels greater than 100 ng/dL was considered significant. Using multivariable and univariable analysis, we attempted to define predictors of a decrease in afternoon TT levels. OUTCOMES The majority of men showed no significant difference in T levels between morning and afternoon. RESULTS In total, 506 men with a median age of 65 years were analyzed. The most common comorbidities were hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Levels of TT were measured in the morning and afternoon, and no significant differences in mean T levels based on the time of the test were found. Age was not significantly associated with T levels. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS There was a weak negative correlation between age and the difference between morning and afternoon T levels, with younger men showing more significant variations in T levels. The most considerable differences in T levels were observed in men younger than 30 years. There were no predictors of the magnitude of the T decrease in the afternoon. STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS Strengths of the study include the number of subjects and the use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for T measurement. Limitations include failure to measure morning and afternoon T levels on the same day, the retrospective nature of the study, and a smaller sample size of patients younger than 30 years. CONCLUSION In this study we found no strong link between age and daily T fluctuation, but we observed a decrease in the magnitude of variation with aging. The group experiencing the most significant decline in daily T had higher morning and consistently normal afternoon T levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F Novaes
- Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Program, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NewYork, NY 10022, United States
| | - Jose M Flores
- Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Program, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NewYork, NY 10022, United States
| | - Nicole Benfante
- Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Program, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NewYork, NY 10022, United States
| | - Elizabeth Schofield
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10017, United States
| | - Darren J Katz
- Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Program, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NewYork, NY 10022, United States
| | - Chris J Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10017, United States
| | - John P Mulhall
- Sexual & Reproductive Medicine Program, Urology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, NewYork, NY 10022, United States
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Abd-Allah ER, El-Rahman HAA. Ameliorative effects of nano Moringa on fluoride-induced testicular damage via down regulation of the StAR gene and altered steroid hormones. Reprod Biol 2023; 23:100724. [PMID: 36563520 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2022.100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is a common environmental contaminant that has harmful effects on human health when it is present in high concentrations. Fluoride enters the bloodstream after being absorbed by the gastrointestinal system when fluoride-contaminated groundwater is consumed by people. The aim of the present study was to determine whether polyphenol-rich nano Moringa oleifera (NMO) could protect rat testicles from sodium fluoride (NaF) damage by evaluating sperm quality, sex hormones, testicular oxidative status, histopathology, and StAR gene expression. Twenty-eight adult Wistar rats were divided equally and randomly into four groups: group one received distilled water; group two received NMO at a dosage of 250 mg/kg/body weight; group three received NaF at a dosage of 10 mg/kg/body weight; and group four received NaF and NMO. The rats were orally administrated daily for a duration of eight weeks. The study's findings demonstrated that, in comparison to rats exposed to NaF alone, co-administration of NMO and NaF enhanced sperm motility and viability, decreased sperm morphological changes, restored the balance between oxidant and antioxidant status, improved testosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone, improved testicular histology, raised the Johnson score, and upregulated the StAR gene in testicular tissue. These findings show that NMO is promise as a prophylactic medication against sodium fluoride-induced testicular damage because administration of NMO had no adverse effects and enhanced reproductive health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Entsar R Abd-Allah
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Nasr City, Egypt
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Saito N, Nagahara D, Kamiyama N, Fujito T, Koyama M, Mochizuki A, Yano T, Takahashi S. Frequent coexistence of early repolarization pattern, J-point elevation, and high Sokolow-Lyon voltage in young men. J Arrhythm 2023; 39:61-70. [PMID: 36733325 PMCID: PMC9885307 DOI: 10.1002/joa3.12813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Earlier studies have shown male dominance of an early repolarization (ER) pattern and frequent coexistence with high Sokolow-Lyon voltage. Although possible involvement of androgen is speculated, the underlying mechanism has not been clarified yet. Previous studies were conducted in adult populations or only in children, and there has been no study in which the ER pattern was investigated in a series of individuals ranging from children before puberty to adults. Methods We included 600 individuals comprising six groups according to age: 10-14 years old, 15-19 years old, twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties. Each group had 50 males and 50 females. The distribution of an ER pattern and related ECG parameters were assessed by age and gender. Results In early teenagers, there was no significant gender difference in the prevalence of an ER pattern (24% in men vs. 28% in women, p = .82). The prevalence of an ER pattern increased after puberty and reached a peak in men in their twenties (42%). With further advance of age, the prevalence of an ER pattern decreased. On the other hand, the prevalence of an ER pattern in women peaked at 28% in teenagers, and it decreased through twenties (20%) to thirties (10%). Similar male dominance after puberty was observed in Sokolow-Lyon voltage and J-point elevation but not in P-wave amplitude. Conclusion The prevalence of an ER pattern, Sokolow-Lyon voltage, and J-point elevation are all augmented after puberty and decrease with aging, leading to frequent coexistence of these ECG findings in young men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagomi Saito
- Division of Laboratory MedicineSapporo Medical University HospitalSapporoJapan
| | - Daigo Nagahara
- Department of CardiologyTeine Keijinkai HospitalSapporoJapan
| | - Naoyuki Kamiyama
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Takefumi Fujito
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Masayuki Koyama
- Department of Public HealthSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Atsushi Mochizuki
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Toshiyuki Yano
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Laboratory MedicineSapporo Medical University HospitalSapporoJapan,Department of Infection Control and Laboratory MedicineSapporo Medical University School of MedicineSapporoJapan
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Kohtz AS, Frye CA. It is all About the Chase: Neurosteroidogenesis in Male Rats is Driven by Control of Mating Pace. Curr Neuropharmacol 2023; 21:1606-1616. [PMID: 36278466 PMCID: PMC10472806 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x21666221019114535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Masculine sexual behaviors are dependent on androstane-derived steroids; however, the modulatory effects of mating, and of mating control, on androstane neurosteroidogenesis remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Herein, we investigated the effects of mating control, prior sexual experience, and age on brain region specific neurosteroidogenic responses in male rats. METHODS Effects of acute sexual experience were tested in naïve male rats that either remained sexually- naïve, were exposed to a standard mating chamber, or were either given control of the mating pace in a standard mating chamber (male control) or mated wherein the female stimulus rat controlled the mating pace in a paced-mating chamber (female control). Aged (10-12 months) sexually responsive male rats were similarly euthanized from the homecage or engaged in male controlled or female controlled mating. All rats were euthanized immediately following exposure conditions for radioimmunoassay of steroids in midbrain, hypothalamus, hippocampus and cortex. RESULTS Consummatory sexual behavior in male vs. female-controlled mating paradigms was altered by age and prior sexual experience. Male-controlled mating increased androstane neurosteroid metabolism, such that complementary increases in the testosterone (T) metabolite 5α-androstane-3α-17β- diol (3α-diol) in the midbrain and hypothalamus of male rats corresponded to decreases in the prohormone, T. 3α-diol were increased in the hippocampus in response to the context alone, and to a lesser degree in response to mating. Mating diminished neurosteroidogenesis in the cortex. Neurosteroidogenesis was overall reduced in aged male rats compared to naïve controls, however, these effects were more prominent in sexually non-responsive aged male rats. CONCLUSION Extending previous findings, these results indicate differential production of androstane neurosteroids in a mating exposure, age and brain region dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy S. Kohtz
- Department of Psychiatry & Human Behavior, Division of Neurobiology & Behavior Research, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Cheryl A. Frye
- Comprehensive Neuropsychological Services, PLLC, 490 Western Avenue, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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Abstract
In men > ~35 years, aging is associated with perturbations in the hypothalamus-pituitary-testicular axis and declining serum testosterone concentrations. The major changes are decreased gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) outflow and decreased Leydig cell responsivity to stimulation by luteinizing hormone (LH). These physiologic changes increase the prevalence of biochemical secondary hypogonadism-a low serum testosterone concentration without an elevated serum LH concentration. Obesity, medications such as opioids or corticosteroids, and systemic disease further reduce GnRH and LH secretion and might result in biochemical or clinical secondary hypogonadism. Biochemical secondary hypogonadism related to aging often remits with weight reduction and avoidance or treatment of other factors that suppress GnRH and LH secretion. Starting at age ~65-70, progressive Leydig cell dysfunction increases the prevalence of biochemical primary hypogonadism-a low serum testosterone concentration with an elevated serum LH concentration. Unlike biochemical secondary hypogonadism in older men, biochemical primary hypogonadism is generally irreversible. The evaluation of low serum testosterone concentrations in older men requires a careful assessment for symptoms, signs and causes of male hypogonadism. In older men with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30, biochemical secondary hypogonadism and without an identifiable cause of hypothalamus or pituitary pathology, weight reduction and improvement of overall health might reverse biochemical hypogonadism. For older men with biochemical primary hypogonadism, testosterone replacement therapy might be beneficial. Because aging is associated with decreased metabolism of testosterone and increased tissue-specific androgen sensitivity, lower dosages of testosterone replacement therapy are often effective and safer in older men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley D Anawalt
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Avenue, Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Avenue, Box 356420, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center VA Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way (S-182-GRECC), Seattle, WA, 98118, USA
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Matzkin ME, Calandra RS, Rossi SP, Bartke A, Frungieri MB. Hallmarks of Testicular Aging: The Challenge of Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Therapies Using Natural and/or Pharmacological Compounds to Improve the Physiopathological Status of the Aged Male Gonad. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113114. [PMID: 34831334 PMCID: PMC8619877 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary theory of aging supports a trade-off relationship between reproduction and aging. Aging of the male reproductive system primarily affects the testes, leading to a decrease in the levels of sexual hormones, alterations in sperm quality and production, and a decline in fertility that does not necessarily involve a complete cessation of spermatogenesis. Inflammation, oxidation, and apoptosis are events considered as predictors of pathogenesis and the development of age-related diseases that are frequently observed in aged testes. Although the molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood, accumulating evidence points toward pro-inflammatory molecules and reactive oxygen species as primary contributing factors for testicular aging. However, the real impact of aging-related testicular alterations on fertility, reproductive health, and life span is far from being fully revealed. This work discusses the current knowledge on the impact of aging in the testis, particularly of aging-related dysregulated inflammation and oxidative damage on the functioning of its different cell populations. More interestingly, this review covers the potential benefits of anti-aging interventions and therapies using either pharmacological compounds (such as non-selective non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medication) or more natural alternatives (such as various nutraceuticals or even probiotics) that exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic properties. Some of these are currently being investigated or are already in clinical use to delay or prevent testicular aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (R.S.C.); (S.P.R.); (M.B.F.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Cátedra I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +54-114783-2869 (ext. 1209)
| | - Ricardo Saúl Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (R.S.C.); (S.P.R.); (M.B.F.)
| | - Soledad Paola Rossi
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (R.S.C.); (S.P.R.); (M.B.F.)
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana, Cátedra I, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1121ABG, Argentina
| | - Andrzej Bartke
- Geriatrics Research, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, IL 62794, USA;
| | - Mónica Beatriz Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1428ADN, Argentina; (R.S.C.); (S.P.R.); (M.B.F.)
- Cátedra de Química, Ciclo Básico Común, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad de Buenos Aires C1405CAE, Argentina
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Badawy MT, Sobeh M, Xiao J, Farag MA. Androstenedione (a Natural Steroid and a Drug Supplement): A Comprehensive Review of Its Consumption, Metabolism, Health Effects, and Toxicity with Sex Differences. Molecules 2021; 26:6210. [PMID: 34684800 PMCID: PMC8539210 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Androstenedione is a steroidal hormone produced in male and female gonads, as well as in the adrenal glands, and it is known for its key role in the production of estrogen and testosterone. Androstenedione is also sold as an oral supplement, that is being utilized to increase testosterone levels. Simply known as "andro" by athletes, it is commonly touted as a natural alternative to anabolic steroids. By boosting testosterone levels, it is thought to be an enhancer for athletic performance, build body muscles, reduce fats, increase energy, maintain healthy RBCs, and increase sexual performance. Nevertheless, several of these effects are not yet scientifically proven. Though commonly used as a supplement for body building, it is listed among performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) which is banned by the World Anti-Doping Agency, as well as the International Olympic Committee. This review focuses on the action mechanism behind androstenedione's health effects, and further side effects including clinical features, populations at risk, pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and toxicokinetics. A review of androstenedione regulation in drug doping is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa T. Badawy
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt;
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Jianbo Xiao
- International Research Center for Food Nutrition and Safety, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China;
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, E-36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mohamed A. Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, College of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr el Aini St., Cairo P.B. 11562, Egypt
- Chemistry Department, School of Sciences Engineering, The American University in Cairo, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
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8
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Lotti F, Frizza F, Balercia G, Barbonetti A, Behre HM, Calogero AE, Cremers JF, Francavilla F, Isidori AM, Kliesch S, La Vignera S, Lenzi A, Marcou M, Pilatz A, Poolamets O, Punab M, Peraza Godoy MF, Rajmil O, Salvio G, Shaeer O, Weidner W, Maseroli E, Cipriani S, Baldi E, Degl'Innocenti S, Danza G, Caldini AL, Terreni A, Boni L, Krausz C, Maggi M. The European Academy of Andrology (EAA) ultrasound study on healthy, fertile men: Scrotal ultrasound reference ranges and associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical characteristics. Andrology 2021; 9:559-576. [PMID: 33244893 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scrotal color Doppler ultrasound (CDUS) still suffers from lack of standardization. Hence, the European Academy of Andrology (EAA) has promoted a multicenter study to assess the CDUS characteristics of healthy fertile men (HFM) to obtain normative parameters. OBJECTIVES To report and discuss the scrotal organs CDUS reference ranges and characteristics in HFM and their associations with clinical, seminal, and biochemical parameters. METHODS A cohort of 248 HFM (35.3 ± 5.9years) was studied, evaluating, on the same day, clinical, biochemical, seminal, and scrotal CDUS following Standard Operating Procedures. RESULTS The CDUS reference range and characteristics of the scrotal organs of HFM are reported here. CDUS showed a higher accuracy than physical examination in detecting scrotal abnormalities. Prader orchidometer (PO)- and US-measured testicular volume (TV) were closely related. The US-assessed TV with the ellipsoid formula showed the best correlation with the PO-TV. The mean TV of HFM was ~ 17 ml. The lowest reference limit for right and left testis was 12 and 11 ml, thresholds defining testicular hypotrophy. The highest reference limit for epididymal head, tail, and vas deferens was 12, 6, and 4.5 mm, respectively. Mean TV was associated positively with sperm concentration and total count and negatively with gonadotropins levels and pulse pressure. Subjects with testicular inhomogeneity or calcifications showed lower sperm vitality and concentration, respectively, than the rest of the sample. Sperm normal morphology and progressive motility were positively associated with epididymal head size/vascularization and vas deferens size, respectively. Increased epididymis and vas deferens sizes were associated with MAR test positivity. Decreased epididymal tail homogeneity/vascularization were positively associated with waistline, which was negatively associated with intratesticular vascularization. CDUS varicocele was detected in 37.2% of men and was not associated with seminal or hormonal parameters. Scrotal CDUS parameters were not associated with time to pregnancy, number of children, history of miscarriage. CONCLUSIONS The present findings will help in better understanding male infertility pathophysiology, improving its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lotti
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - F Frizza
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G Balercia
- Endocrinology Unit, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - A Barbonetti
- Andrology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - H M Behre
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - A E Calogero
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - J F Cremers
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - F Francavilla
- Andrology Unit, Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A M Isidori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - S Kliesch
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Andrology, Centre of Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - S La Vignera
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
| | - A Lenzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Marcou
- Center for Reproductive Medicine and Andrology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - A Pilatz
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - O Poolamets
- Andrology Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M Punab
- Andrology Unit, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M F Peraza Godoy
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - O Rajmil
- Andrology Department, Fundació Puigvert, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Sant Pau (IIB-Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Salvio
- Endocrinology Unit, Ospedali Riuniti Ancona, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - O Shaeer
- Department of Andrology, Kasr El Aini Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - W Weidner
- Department of Urology, Pediatric Urology and Andrology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - E Maseroli
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Cipriani
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - E Baldi
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - S Degl'Innocenti
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - G Danza
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - A L Caldini
- Department of Laboratory, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - A Terreni
- Department of Laboratory, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | - L Boni
- Clinical Trials Coordinating Center, Toscano Cancer Institute, University Hospital Careggi, Florence, Italy
| | - C Krausz
- Andrology, Female Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - M Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review aims to explore how circadian rhythms influence disease susceptibility and potentially modify the effect of environmental exposures. We aimed to identify biomarkers commonly used in environmental health research that have also been the subject of chronobiology studies, in order to review circadian rhythms of relevance to environmental health and determine if time-of-day is an important factor to consider in environmental health studies. Moreover, we discuss opportunities for studying how environmental exposures may interact with circadian rhythms to structure disease pathology and etiology. RECENT FINDINGS In recent years, the study of circadian rhythms in mammals has flourished. Animal models revealed that all body tissues have circadian rhythms. In humans, circadian rhythms were also shown to exist at multiple levels of organization: molecular, cellular, and physiological processes, including responding to oxidative stress, cell trafficking, and sex hormone production, respectively. Together, these rhythms are an essential component of human physiology and can shape an individual's susceptibility and response to disease. Circadian rhythms are relatively unexplored in environmental health research. However, circadian clocks control many physiological and behavioral processes that impact exposure pathways and disease systems. We believe this review will motivate new studies of (i) the impact of exposures on circadian rhythms, (ii) how circadian rhythms modify the effect of environmental exposures, and (iii) how time-of-day impacts our ability to observe the body's response to exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M Leung
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, Room 16-421C, New York, NY, USA
| | - Micaela E Martinez
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, Room 16-421C, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Juel Mortensen L, Lorenzen M, Jørgensen N, Andersson AM, Nielsen JE, Petersen LI, Lanske B, Juul A, Hansen JB, Blomberg Jensen M. Possible link between FSH and RANKL release from adipocytes in men with impaired gonadal function including Klinefelter syndrome. Bone 2019; 123:103-114. [PMID: 30914274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The FSH receptor (FSHR) has been found to be expressed in human bone cells and bone marrow-adipocytes, and highly-debated mouse studies have suggested extra-gonadal effects of gonadotropins on glucose, adipocyte and bone homeostasis. These putative effects could be direct or indirectly mediated by endocrine factors released from bone-cells or adipocytes. Here, we investigated whether gonadotropins are linked with glucose- and lipid-metabolism in hypergonadotropic men. METHODS Single centre, cross-sectional study of 307 men with idiopathic infertility and 28 men with Klinefelter syndrome (KS). OUTCOME associations between serum LH and FSH with soluble-RANKL (sRANKL), osteoprotegerin (OPG), osteocalcin, fasting glucose and insulin, sex steroids, and body composition. Expression of FSHR was studied in human-derived adipocyte-cell-models (hMADS, TERT-hWA) and FSH stimulation of RANKL expression and secretion in hMADS in vitro. RESULTS Serum FSH was not directly linked with glucose- and lipid-metabolism. However, FSH was inversely associated with sRANKL in both infertile men and KS men (p = .023 and p = .012). Infertile men with elevated FSH (>11 U/L) had significantly lower sRANKL (p = .015). sRANKL was positively associated with fat percentage, fasting insulin, and glucose (all p < .05). Men with prediabetes had higher sRANKL (p = .021), but lower testosterone (p < .0001) and Inhibin B (p = .005). The FSHR was expressed in the investigated human derived adipocytes, and 3-6 h treatment with FSH markedly increased RANKL release (p < .05). CONCLUSION KS and infertile men with prediabetes have low Inhibin B, and testosterone but elevated RANKL compared with non-prediabetic men despite comparable levels of serum gonadotropins. Serum FSH and sRANKL was inversely associated in both infertile and KS men, but the increased release of RANKL from FSH treated adipocytes suggest a direct effect of FSH on RANKL production in some tissues. Further studies are required to clarify whether FSH targets RANKL in the skeleton. ClinicalTrial_ID:NCT01304927.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Juel Mortensen
- Group of skeletal, mineral and gonadal endocrinology, University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Bone and Mineral Research, HSDM/HMS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Mette Lorenzen
- Group of skeletal, mineral and gonadal endocrinology, University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Jørgensen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research, Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Anna-Maria Andersson
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research, Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - John E Nielsen
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research, Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Louise I Petersen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Beate Lanske
- Division of Bone and Mineral Research, HSDM/HMS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Anders Juul
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction and International Center for Research, Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health (EDMaRC), Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Jacob B Hansen
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Blomberg Jensen
- Group of skeletal, mineral and gonadal endocrinology, University Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Division of Bone and Mineral Research, HSDM/HMS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
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11
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Guo Y, Li JM, Xiang Y, Li YY, Huang J, Deng XZ, Yang ZW. Quantitative (stereological) study of the epididymis and seminal vesicle in the rat from young to old. Andrologia 2019; 51:e13247. [PMID: 30734343 DOI: 10.1111/and.13247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a scarcity of morphometric data on the developmental and ageing changes in the epididymis and seminal vesicle in young and old rats. Eighty-six normal male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly sampled from a cohort of animals aged 1-36 months (7-9 animals each age group). The epididymis and seminal vesicle (with the closely attached coagulating gland) were removed, and methacrylate resin-embedded sections were prepared for quantitative study of key histological structures by light microscopy. Stereological methods (point counting and optical disector) were used to estimate the total volumes of sperm mass, secretion (glandular lumen) and other structures and the number of spermatozoa. The results showed that the rapid growth of the reproductive organs was between 1 and 4 months of age. The epididymis stored the largest volume of sperm mass or number of spermatozoa at 12 months of age, but thereafter until 36 months of age, the sperm storage did not markedly diminish. The volume of secretion stored in the seminal vesicular gland declined by more than 35% from a plateau at 12-18 months until 36 months of age while that in the coagulating gland declined by more than 30% from a plateau at 18-24 months until 36 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Guo
- Morphometric Research Laboratory, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jin-Ming Li
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yu Xiang
- Morphometric Research Laboratory, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Yang-You Li
- Animal Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Animal Center, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Xian-Zhong Deng
- Department of Urological Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
| | - Zheng-Wei Yang
- Morphometric Research Laboratory, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, China
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Kufe NC, Masemola M, Chikowore T, Kengne AP, Olsson T, Goedecke JH, Micklesfield LK. Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis of sex hormones and diabetes risk in ageing men and women of African ancestry. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e024446. [PMID: 30610025 PMCID: PMC6326342 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To present the protocol of a systematic review and meta-analysis of the available evidence examining the association between sex hormones and type 2 diabetes risk in ageing men and women of African descent. METHODS We shall conduct a comprehensive search of published studies that examined the association between sex hormones and type 2 diabetes risk in men and women aged ≥40 years from 01/01/1980 to 31/03/2018 with no language restriction. Databases to be searched include: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health, ISI Web of Science, Clinical Trial registries, Google Scholar and institutional websites such as the WHO, American Diabetes Association, International Diabetes Federation, World Diabetes Foundation, European Association for the Study of Diabetes, African Journal Online and ProQuest databases. This protocol is developed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses Protocols guidelines. Independent screening for eligible studies using defined criteria and data extraction, will be completed in duplicate. Discrepancies will be resolved by consensus or consultation with a third researcher. Risk of bias of included studies will be assessed by the appropriate Cochrane risk of bias tool. The overall association estimates will be pooled using appropriate meta-analytic techniques. Heterogeneity will be assessed using Cochrane Q statistic and the inconsistency index (I2). The random effects model will be used to calculate a pooled estimate. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No ethics clearance is required as no primary data will be collected. The systematic review and meta-analysis are part of a PhD project at WITS University (Johannesburg, South Africa) and results will be presented at conferences and published in a peer-review journal. The results will guide future population specific interventions. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42017074581.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyuyki Clement Kufe
- Medical Research Council/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Maphoko Masemola
- Medical Research Council/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Tinashe Chikowore
- Medical Research Council/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andre Pascal Kengne
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tommy Olsson
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Medicine, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Julia H Goedecke
- Medical Research Council/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lisa K Micklesfield
- Medical Research Council/WITS Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit (DPHRU), Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Ullah H, Nabi G, Zubair H, Ullah R, Shahab M. Age‐dependent changes in the reproductive axis responsiveness to kisspeptin‐10 administration in healthy men. Andrologia 2018; 51:e13219. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Ullah
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Nabi
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Institute of Hydrobiology the Chinese Academy of Sciences Wuhan China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Shijingshan District, Beijing China
| | - Hira Zubair
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Rahim Ullah
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Department of Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital Zhejiang University Hangzhou China
| | - Muhammad Shahab
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neuroendocrinology, Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences Quaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
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Frungieri MB, Calandra RS, Bartke A, Matzkin ME. Ageing and inflammation in the male reproductive tract. Andrologia 2018; 50:e13034. [DOI: 10.1111/and.13034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. B. Frungieri
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Cátedra de Química; Ciclo Básico Común; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - R. S. Calandra
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - A. Bartke
- Geriatrics Research; Department of Internal Medicine; School of Medicine; Southern Illinois University; Springfield Illinois USA
| | - M. E. Matzkin
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, CONICET; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
- Departamento de Bioquímica Humana; Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Buenos Aires; Ciudad de Buenos Aires Argentina
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Yeap BB, Manning L, Chubb SAP, Handelsman DJ, Almeida OP, Hankey GJ, Flicker L. Progressive impairment of testicular endocrine function in ageing men: Testosterone and dihydrotestosterone decrease, and luteinizing hormone increases, in men transitioning from the 8th to 9th decades of life. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2018; 88:88-95. [PMID: 28945276 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Sex hormone trajectories in ageing men and their health implications remain unclear. We examined longitudinal trajectories and associations of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), oestradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) in oldest old men. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. PARTICIPANTS We studied 1025 community-dwelling men median age 75.1 years at baseline with 8.6 years of follow-up. MEASUREMENTS Baseline and follow-up T, DHT and E2 were assayed using mass spectrometry. Physical performance was assessed at follow-up. Correlations and covariate-adjusted P-values were determined. RESULTS Longitudinal change in T was -2.0%/year, DHT -7.2%/year, LH +7.5%/year, SHBG +5.6%/year while E2 remained stable. Annualized increases in LH correlated with decreases in T and DHT (r = -.20, P < .0001 and r = -.12, P = .0035, respectively). Higher baseline T correlated with better physical performance at follow-up (eg, Step test r = .07, P = .03), as did higher baseline DHT (eg, time to sit-stand [TSS] r = -.07, P = .01). Larger annualized increases in LH predicted poorer physical performance at follow-up (eg, TSS r = .14, P = .001). Higher T at follow-up was associated with better physical performance (eg, TSS r = -.07, P = .04), as were higher DHT and lower LH. At baseline, 24 men (2.4%) had abnormally high LH (>16 IU/L); at follow-up, 175 (17.4%) had high LH of whom 70 had low T (<6.4 nmol/L). CONCLUSIONS Annualized increases in LH are associated with declines in T and DHT, and predict poorer subsequent physical performance in oldest old men. Men transitioning from 8th to 9th decades exhibit biochemical evidence of progressively impaired testicular endocrine function, warranting further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bu B Yeap
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Laurens Manning
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - S A Paul Chubb
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- PathWest Laboratory Medicine, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Perth, WA, Australia
| | | | - Osvaldo P Almeida
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Graeme J Hankey
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leon Flicker
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Western Australian Centre for Health and Ageing, Centre for Medical Research, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Kim TB, Park IN. Larger Testicular Volume Is Independently Associated with Favorable Indices of Lung Function. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2017; 80:385-391. [PMID: 28905534 PMCID: PMC5617855 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2016.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, have reduced endogenous testosterone levels, but the relationship between pulmonary function and endogenous testosterone levels, is inconsistent. Testicular volume is a known indicator of endogenous testosterone levels, male fertility, and male potency. In the present study, the authors investigated the relationship, between testicular volume and lung function. METHODS One hundred and eighty-one South Korean men age 40-70, hospitalized for urological surgery, were retrospectively enrolled, irrespective of the presence of respiratory disease. Study subjects underwent pulmonary function testing, prior to procedures, and testicular volumes were measured by orchidometry. Testosterone levels of patients in blood samples collected between 7 AM and 11 AM, were measured by a direct chemiluminescent immunoassay. RESULTS The 181 study subjects were divided into two groups, by testicular volume (≥35 mL vs. <35 mL), the larger testes group, had better lung functions (forced vital capacity [FVC]: 3.87±0.65 L vs. 3.66±0.65 L, p=0.037; forced expiratory volume in 1 second [FEV₁]: 2.92±0.57 L vs. 2.65±0.61 L, p=0.002; FVC % predicted: 98.2±15.2% vs. 93.8±13.1%, p=0.040; FEV₁ % predicted: 105.4±19.5% vs. 95.9±21.2%, p=0.002). In addition, the proportion of patients with a FEV₁/FVC of <70%, was lower in the larger testes group. Univariate analysis conducted using linear regression models, revealed that testicular volume was correlated with FVC (r=0.162, p=0.029), FEV₁ (r=0.218, p=0.003), FEV₁/FVC (r=0.149, p=0.046), and FEV₁ % predicted (r=0.178, p=0.017), and multivariate analysis using linear regression models, revealed that testicular volume was a significant predictive factor for FEV₁ % predicted (β=0.159, p=0.041). CONCLUSION Larger testicular volume was independently associated, with favorable indices of lung function. These results suggest that androgens, may contribute to better lung function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Beom Kim
- Department of Urology, Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - I Nae Park
- Department of Pulmonology, Inje University Seoul Paik Hospital, Seoul, Korea.
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Decaroli MC, Rochira V. Aging and sex hormones in males. Virulence 2017; 8:545-570. [PMID: 27831823 PMCID: PMC5538340 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1259053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Several large cohort studies have disclosed the trajectories of sex steroids changes overtime in men and their clinical significance. In men the slow, physiological decline of serum testosterone (T) with advancing age overlaps with the clinical condition of overt, pathological hypogonadism. In addition, the increasing number of comorbidities, together with the high prevalence of chronic diseases, all further contribute to the decrease of serum T concentrations in the aging male. For all these reasons both the diagnosis of late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) in men and the decision about starting or not T replacement treatment remain challenging. At present, the biochemical finding of T deficiency alone is not sufficient for diagnosing hypogonadism in older men. Coupling hypogonadal symptoms with documented low serum T represents the best strategy to refine the diagnosis of hypogonadism in older men and to avoid unnecessary treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Decaroli
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy
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19
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Assessment of the 2D:4D ratio in aggression-related injuries in children attending a paediatric emergency department. Ir J Med Sci 2016; 186:441-445. [PMID: 27804078 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-016-1524-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2D:4D ratio is a sexually dimorphic trait. A lower ratio is correlated with sporting prowess, successful financial trading, risk taking behaviour, aggression, and aggression-related injuries, such as the fifth metacarpal fractures. AIMS We aimed to assess if the ratio correlates to skeletally immature patient aggression. METHODS Radiology reports were searched for the terms "5th metacarpal" or "boxer". Of 537 X-rays, 142 had fractures. The mechanism of injury was recorded in 102 patients, differentiating aggressive and non-aggressive injury groups. Bone age and chronological age were recorded. RESULTS A clear male preponderance for aggression was identified with only 60% of non-aggressive injuries occurring in males compared to 95% in the aggression group (p < 0.001). Patients with aggression injuries were older chronologically (14.6 vs 12.7, p < 0.001) and by bone age (14.5 vs 13.0, p < 0.001). For male patients, there was no difference in the 2D:4D ratio (p = 0.94); however, for females, the difference was significant (p = 0.04). CONCLUSIONS Aggression injuries occur at an older age and are more common in males. In the female cohort, there was a distinct difference in digit ratio.
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Xu X, Chen X, Hu H, Dailey AB, Odedina FT. WITHDRAWN: Current opinion in the role of testosterone in the development of prostate cancer: A dynamic model. Med Hypotheses 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Xu X, Chen X, Hu H, Dailey AB, Taylor BD. Current opinion on the role of testosterone in the development of prostate cancer: a dynamic model. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:806. [PMID: 26502956 PMCID: PMC4623905 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1833-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the landmark study conducted by Huggins and Hodges in 1941, a failure to distinguish between the role of testosterone in prostate cancer development and progression has led to the prevailing opinion that high levels of testosterone increase the risk of prostate cancer. To date, this claim remains unproven. PRESENTATION OF THE HYPOTHESIS We present a novel dynamic mode of the relationship between testosterone and prostate cancer by hypothesizing that the magnitude of age-related declines in testosterone, rather than a static level of testosterone measured at a single point, may trigger and promote the development of prostate cancer. TESTING THE HYPOTHESIS Although not easily testable currently, prospective cohort studies with population-representative samples and repeated measurements of testosterone or retrospective cohorts with stored blood samples from different ages are warranted in future to test the hypothesis. IMPLICATIONS OF THE HYPOTHESIS Our dynamic model can satisfactorily explain the observed age patterns of prostate cancer incidence, the apparent conflicts in epidemiological findings on testosterone and risk of prostate cancer, racial disparities in prostate cancer incidence, risk factors associated with prostate cancer, and the role of testosterone in prostate cancer progression. Our dynamic model may also have implications for testosterone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 205A SRPH Administration Building | MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA.
| | - Xinguang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Hui Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Amy B Dailey
- Health Sciences Department, Gettysburg College, Gettysburg, PA, USA.
| | - Brandie D Taylor
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Texas A&M Health Science Center, 205A SRPH Administration Building | MS 1266, 212 Adriance Lab Road, College Station, TX, 77843-1266, USA.
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Swerdloff RS, Pak Y, Wang C, Liu PY, Bhasin S, Gill TM, Matsumoto AM, Pahor M, Surampudi P, Snyder PJ. Serum Testosterone (T) Level Variability in T Gel-Treated Older Hypogonadal Men: Treatment Monitoring Implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2015; 100:3280-7. [PMID: 26120790 PMCID: PMC4570167 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The optimal frequency for on-treatment serum T measurement used for dose adjustment after transdermal T gel application is unknown, especially in older men with thinner skin and slower metabolic clearance. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the study was to determine the variability of postgel application serum T concentrations and assess whether single levels are reflective of average serum T concentrations over 24 hours (Cavg0-24). DESIGN This was a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomized trial. SETTING The study was conducted at five academic centers. PARTICIPANTS Forty-seven symptomatic men 65 years old or older with an average of two morning T concentration less than 275 ng/dL participated in the study. INTERVENTION(S) Transdermal T or placebo gel was applied for 120 ± 14 days. Monthly dose adjustments were made if necessary to target serum T between 400 and 500 to 800 ng/dL. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Variability of serum T 2 hours after the gel application on two outpatient visits and at multiple time points over 24 hours during the inpatient day was measured. RESULTS On-treatment T levels varied substantially on the 2 ambulatory days and over 24 hours during the inpatient day. Ambulatory 2-hour postapplication T levels did not correlate significantly with either 2-hour postapplication serum T or Cavg0-24 measured during the inpatient day. Only 22.2% of men receiving T had a Cavg0-24 within the target range of 500-800 ng/dL; 81.5% had a Cavg0-24 within the broader 300-1000 ng/dL range. CONCLUSION Large within-individual variations in serum T after T gel application render ambulatory 2-hour postapplication T level a poor indicator of average serum T on another day. Our data point out the limitations of dose adjustments based on a single postapplication serum T measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald S Swerdloff
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Youngju Pak
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Christina Wang
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Peter Y Liu
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Shalender Bhasin
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Thomas M Gill
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Alvin M Matsumoto
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Marco Pahor
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Prasanth Surampudi
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
| | - Peter J Snyder
- Division of Endocrinology (R.S.S., Y.P., C.W., P.Y.L., P.S.), Department of Medicine, and the Clinical and Translational Science Institute (Y.P., C.W.), Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, California 90509; The Research Program in Men's Health: Aging and Metabolism (S.B.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115; Yale University (T.M.G.), New Haven, Connecticut 06510; Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine (A.M.M.), Department of Medicine, University of Washington, and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System (A.M.M.), Seattle, Washington 98108; Department of Aging and Geriatric Research (M.P.), University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611; and Division of Endocrinology (P.J.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-5160
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Ransome MI. Could androgens maintain specific domains of mental health in aging men by preserving hippocampal neurogenesis? Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2227-39. [PMID: 25538744 PMCID: PMC4268723 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.028.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest surrounds the role of sex-hormones in regulating brain function outside of reproductive behaviour. Declining androgen production in aging males has been associated with cognitive impairment, depression and increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Indication for testosterone replacement therapy is based on biochemically determined low circulating testosterone combined with manifest symptoms. However, which aspects of age-related cognitive decline are attributable to low circulating testosterone remain ambiguous. Studies examining cognition in aging men receiving testosterone replacement therapy have yielded equivocal results. The exact role of testosterone in maintaining cognitive function and the underlying neural mechanisms are largely unknown, though it would appear to be domain specific. Clarity in this area will provide clinical direction toward addressing an increasing healthcare burden of mental health decline coincident with increasing longevity. The premise that androgens contribute to maintaining aspects of mental health in aging men by preserving hippocampal neurogenesis will be used as a forum in this review to discuss current knowledge and the need for further studies to better define testosterone replacement strategies for aging male health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark I Ransome
- Florey Neurosciences Institute, Melbourne Brain Centre, the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Lotti F, Maggi M. Ultrasound of the male genital tract in relation to male reproductive health. Hum Reprod Update 2014; 21:56-83. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmu042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Choi JC, Lee JH, Choi E, Chung MI, Seo SM, Lim HK. Effects of seasonal differences in testosterone and cortisol levels on pain responses under resting and anxiety conditions. Yonsei Med J 2014; 55:216-23. [PMID: 24339310 PMCID: PMC3874911 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.1.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether hormones and pain perception are associated with exam anxiety, and also whether exam anxiety is affected by seasonal differences in testosterone and cortisol levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-six healthy males were recruited from a medical college. Anxiety was induced by having participants perform the Objective Structured Clinical Examination. Pressure was applied to the participants to induce pain. Pain thresholds, pain ratings, anxiety ratings, blood pressure, heart rate, salivary testosterone and cortisol levels were measured under resting and anxiety conditions in the spring and summer. Data were collected from 46 participants during the spring (n=25) and summer (n=21). RESULTS Pain thresholds and testosterone levels were significantly lower under anxiety than at rest for all participants (n=46), while cortisol levels, pain ratings, and anxiety ratings were significantly higher under anxiety than at rest. In the spring (n=25), testosterone levels were significantly higher at rest than under anxiety, while there was no difference in cortisol levels between resting and anxiety conditions. In the summer (n=21), cortisol levels were significantly higher under anxiety than at rest, while there was no difference in testosterone levels between resting and anxiety conditions. There were no significant seasonal differences in pain and anxiety ratings and pain threshold. CONCLUSION These results indicate that seasonal differences in testosterone and cortisol levels under anxiety and at rest may affect pain responses. These results also suggest that acute clinical pain may be relieved by managing anxiety that is related to a decrease of testosterone in spring and a large increase of cortisol in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Chan Choi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Brain Research Group, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, 20 Ilsan-ro, Wonju 220-701, Korea.
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Puberty dysregulation and increased risk of disease in adult life: possible modes of action. Reprod Toxicol 2013; 44:15-22. [PMID: 23791931 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is the developmental window when the final maturation of body systems is orchestrated by hormones; lifelong sex-related differences and capacity to interact with the environment are defined during this life stage. Increased incidence in a number of chronic, multifactorial diseases could be related to environmental exposures during puberty: however, insight on the susceptibility of the peripubertal period is still limited. The estrogen/androgen balance is a crucial axis in harmonizing the whole pubertal development, pointing out the significance of exposures to endocrine disruptors. Besides the reproductive system, endocrine-related perturbations may affect the maturation of skeleton, adipose tissues, brain, immune system, as well as cancer predisposition. Thus, risk assessment of environmental stressors should duly consider specific aspects of the pubertal window. Besides endocrine-related mechanisms, suggested research priorities include signaling molecules (e.g., kisspeptins, dopamine) as xenobiotic targets and disturbances of specific pubertal methylation processes potentially involved in neurobehavioral disorders and cancer risk in adulthood.
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27
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Dubal DB, Broestl L, Worden K. Sex and gonadal hormones in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease: what is relevant to the human condition? Biol Sex Differ 2012; 3:24. [PMID: 23126652 PMCID: PMC3524653 DOI: 10.1186/2042-6410-3-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biologic sex and gonadal hormones matter in human aging and diseases of aging such as Alzheimer's - and the importance of studying their influences relates directly to human health. The goal of this article is to review the literature to date on sex and hormones in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) with an exclusive focus on interpreting the relevance of findings to the human condition. To this end, we highlight advances in AD and in sex and hormone biology, discuss what these advances mean for merging the two fields, review the current mouse model literature, raise major unresolved questions, and offer a research framework that incorporates human reproductive aging for future studies aimed at translational discoveries in this important area. Unraveling human relevant pathways in sex and hormone-based biology may ultimately pave the way to novel and urgently needed treatments for AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena B Dubal
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Aging Research, Department of Neurology, Sandler Neurosciences Center, Room 212B, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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Abstract
Despite regional variations in the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD), men are consistently more at risk of developing and dying from CAD than women, and the gender-specific effects of sex hormones are implicated in this inequality. This 'Perspectives' article reviews the current evidence regarding the cardiovascular effects of testosterone in men including an examination of the age-related decline in testosterone, the relationship between testosterone levels and coronary disease, coronary risk factors and mortality. We also review the vaso-active effects of testosterone, and discuss how these have been used in men with heart failure and angina. We discuss the 'cause' versus 'effect' controversy, regarding low testosterone levels in men with coronary heart disease, as well as concerns over the use of testosterone replacement therapy in middle aged and elderly men. The article concludes with a discussion regarding the future direction for work in this interesting area, including the relative merits of screening for, and treating hypogonadism with testosterone replacement therapy in men with heart disease.
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Ten Kulve JS, de Jong FH, de Ronde W. The effect of circulating estradiol concentrations on gonadotropin secretion in young and old castrated male-to-female transsexuals. Aging Male 2011; 14:155-61. [PMID: 20828248 DOI: 10.3109/13685538.2010.511328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT In aging men, circulating testosterone (T) declines which is associated with an increase in the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) , albeit insufficient to maintain T at its original level. It has been speculated that a higher sensitivity of the hypothalamus and/or pituitary for the feedback effect of circulating sex hormones in older men is responsible. OBJECTIVE To compare the effect of experimentally varied plasma levels of estradiol on the LH and FSH secretion in young and old castrated male-to-female transsexuals, in almost absence of T. DESIGN, SUBJECTS, AND INTERVENTIONS: In 10 healthy, young (mean age 37.6 ± 6.2 years) and 11 healthy, old (mean age 68.1 ± 7.0) male-to-female transsexuals after gonadectomy plasma estradiol levels were experimentally varied with estradiol patches (the first week 100 μg/day patches, the second week 50 μg/day, the third week 25 μg/day and the fourth week no patch was applied) and plasma levels of LH and FSH were monitored after every week. RESULTS Mean plasma bioavailable estradiol (E2) levels in the two groups ranged between 13.6 and 104 pmol/l. LH and FSH were inversely related to peripheral estradiol levels, were lower in the old group at all time points reaching statistical significance in the last week of the study when no patch was applied and estradiol levels were extremely low. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study do not support the hypothesis of an age related increasing sensitivity of the hypothalamo-pituitary compartment for the negative feedback of E2, but suggest a deficient feed-forward drive in older male-to-female transsexuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Ten Kulve
- Department of Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Many theories aim at explaining the mechanisms of aging and death in humans. Decreased levels of androgens, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor accompany natural aging in men. Androgens influence the growth and maturation of men in various stages of their life. The action of androgens is performed by binding or not binding to androgen receptors. However, various actions of androgens were clarified after the discovery and genotyping of the androgen receptor. The influence of androgens on the lipid profile was reported by several researchers. This negative influence of androgens in men and the positive influence of estrogens in women are responsible for the higher impact of atherogenesis in men compared with women. In aging men, this negative influence of androgens on the lipid profile is more pronounced. This review considers the influence of age on lipid metabolism in men.
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Determinants of male health: the interaction of biological and social factors. Asian J Androl 2010; 12:291-7. [PMID: 20364153 DOI: 10.1038/aja.2010.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the social and biological factors that may influence male development from conception to adulthood and also underlie the development of health disorders. It will provide assistance to those who may be considering the formulation of a male health policy. It aims to emphasize that social determinants function on a biological background that is profoundly influenced by a male's genome, inherited from his parents. The importance of the male-specific reproductive disorders is emphasized, but these also affect somatic structures through the secretion of androgens secreted from the testes. In turn, the function of the cardiovascular and nervous systems can significantly influence reproductive processes such as erectile dysfunction.
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Vitzthum VJ, Worthman CM, Beall CM, Thornburg J, Vargas E, Villena M, Soria R, Caceres E, Spielvogel H. Seasonal and circadian variation in salivary testosterone in rural Bolivian men. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 21:762-8. [PMID: 19367574 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone (T) plays a key role in the increase and maintenance of muscle mass and bone density in adult men. Life history theory predicts that environmental stress may prompt a reallocation of such investments to those functions critical to survival. We tested this hypothesis in two studies of rural Bolivian adult men by comparing free T levels and circadian rhythms during late winter, which is especially severe, to those in less arduous seasons. For each pair of salivary T(AM)/T(PM) samples (collected in a approximately 12-h period), circadian rhythm was considered classic (C(CLASSIC)) if T(AM) > 110%T(PM), reverse (C(REVERSE)) if T(PM) > 110%T(AM), and flat (C(FLAT)) otherwise. We tested the hypotheses that mean T(AM) > mean T(PM) and that mean T(LW) < mean T(OTHER) (LW = late winter, OTHER = other seasons). In Study A, of 115 T(PM)-T(AM) pairs, 51% = C(CLASSIC), 39% = C(REVERSE), 10% = C(FLAT); in Study B, of 184 T(AM)-T(PM) pairs, 55% = C(CLASSIC), 33% = C(REVERSE), 12% = C(FLAT). Based on fitting linear mixed models, in both studies T(OTHER-AM) > T(OTHER-PM) (A: P = 0.035, B: P = 0.0005) and T(OTHER-AM) > T(LW-AM) (A: P = 0.054, B: P = 0.007); T(PM) did not vary seasonally, and T diurnality was not significant during late winter. T diurnality varied substantially between days within an individual, between individuals and between seasons, but neither T levels nor diurnality varied with age. These patterns may reflect the seasonally varying but unscheduled, life-long, strenuous physical labor that typifies many non-industrialized economies. These results also suggest that single morning samples may substantially underestimate peak circulating T for an individual and, most importantly, that exogenous signals may moderate diurnality and the trajectory of age-related change in the male gonadal axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia J Vitzthum
- Anthropology Department and Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender & Reproduction, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA.
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Liu PY, Takahashi PY, Roebuck PD, Bailey JN, Keenan DM, Veldhuis JD. Testosterone's short-term positive effect on luteinizing-hormone secretory-burst mass and its negative effect on secretory-burst frequency are attenuated in middle-aged men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 94:3978-86. [PMID: 19584190 PMCID: PMC2758726 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-0135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testosterone (T) production declines and LH pulses become smaller and more frequent in middle-aged men. The mechanisms underlying these changes are not known. RATIONALE Small frequent LH pulses in middle-aged men could reflect impaired feedback by systemic T. HYPOTHESIS Middle age disrupts negative feedback by T on selected facets of LH secretion. SUBJECTS AND SETTING Healthy men were studied at an academic medical center. METHODS The protocol comprised blockade of gonadal steroidogenesis and graded transdermal addback of T doses of 0, 2.5, 5, or 7.5 mg/d designed to span the castrate to physiological range of T concentrations in each of 23 healthy men ages 19-71 yr (interquartile range, 28-53 yr). We quantified 12-h basal and pulsatile LH secretion (92 time series) using a mathematically justified deconvolution method. RESULTS Stepwise T supplementation from the hypogonadal through the eugonadal range repressed mean (12-h) LH concentrations (P = 0.001). By regression analysis, age attenuated the capabilities of increasing T concentrations to 1) increase LH secretory-burst mass (P < 0.0001); and 2) decrease LH secretory-burst frequency (P = 0.025). Age did not alter T's feedback on basal LH secretion, interpulse regularity, the waveform of LH secretory bursts, or the slow half-life of LH. CONCLUSION Middle age impairs both the positive and negative actions of systemic T on pulsatile LH secretion in healthy men, thus potentially explaining earlier inconsistencies in feedback studies based upon single-sample mean LH concentrations. Longitudinal studies will be required to elucidate the precise age dependence of inferred dual feedback failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Y Liu
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Medical School, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Atlantis E, Martin SA, Haren MT, O'Loughlin PD, Taylor AW, Anand-Ivell R, Ivell R, Wittert GA. Demographic, physical and lifestyle factors associated with androgen status: the Florey Adelaide Male Ageing Study (FAMAS). Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 71:261-72. [PMID: 19178527 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03463.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plasma androgen levels are inversely associated with health in men, the age-related decline of which may result from factors other than ageing per se. This study aimed to determine the effects of demographic, physical and lifestyle factors on age-related androgen status in men. DESIGN An observational survey of a regionally representative male population residing in the North West regions of Adelaide, Australia. PARTICIPANTS Study sample includes 1195 men aged 35-81 years with a response rate of 45.1%. MEASUREMENTS Plasma levels of total testosterone (TT), bioavailable testosterone (BT), SHBG, insulin-like peptide 3 (INSL3), and gonadotrophins were measured along with an extensive list of demographic, physical and lifestyle factors including body composition, muscle strength and biomarkers of chronic diseases, physical activity, nutrition and smoking behaviour. RESULTS Low TT was mostly associated with high abdominal fat and triglycerides and low muscle strength rather than ageing per se. Low BT was associated with increased age followed by high whole body fat percentage. BT and TT levels were higher in unmarried men and smokers. SHBG levels increased with age, but were also inversely associated with insulin and triglycerides. The Leydig cell specific factor INSL3 was the strongest biomarker associated with both TT and BT. CONCLUSIONS Factors associated with low androgen status variably include high body fat percentage, low muscle strength and biomarkers of the metabolic syndrome. Reducing exposure to factors that adversely affect androgen status may improve the general health of ageing men by mechanisms yet to be defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Atlantis
- Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Haren MT, Morley JE, Chapman IM, O'Loughlin PD, Wittert GA. Defining 'relative' androgen deficiency in aging men: how should testosterone be measured and what are the relationships between androgen levels and physical, sexual and emotional health? Climacteric 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/cmt.5.1.15.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Burnett-Bowie SAM, Roupenian KC, Dere ME, Lee H, Leder BZ. Effects of aromatase inhibition in hypogonadal older men: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009; 70:116-23. [PMID: 18616708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of sustained aromatase inhibition in older hypogonadal men. DESIGN AND PATIENTS In a 1-year randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 88 men, aged 60 and older with testosterone levels between 5.2 and 10.4 nmol/L on a single measure or between 10.4 and 12.1 nmol/L on two consecutive measures, and symptoms of hypogonadism were recruited. Subjects received either anastrozole 1 mg daily or placebo. MEASUREMENTS Changes in gonadal steroid hormone levels, body composition (by computerized tomography (CT) and dual x-ray absorptiometry (DXA)), strength, prostate specific antigen (PSA), symptoms of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), hematocrit and lipid levels were assessed. RESULTS Testosterone levels increased from 11.2 +/- 3.3 nmol/L at baseline to 18.2 +/- 4.8 nmol/L at month 3 (p < 0.0001 vs. placebo) while bioavailable testosterone levels increased from 2.7 +/- 0.8 nmol/L at baseline to 5.4 +/- 1.7 nmol/L at month 3 (p < 0.0001 vs. placebo). Testosterone and biotestosterone levels peaked at month 3 and then declined by month 12 (though they remained significantly higher than baseline and greater than placebo). Estradiol levels decreased from 55.8 +/- 15.4 pmol/L at baseline to 42.2 +/- 13.6 pmol/L at month 3 and then remained stable (p < 0.0001). Body composition and strength did not change, nor did PSA, BPH symptoms, hematocrit or lipid levels. CONCLUSIONS Anastrozole administration normalized androgen production in older hypogonadal men and decreased estradiol production modestly. These alterations did not improve body composition or strength.
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McPherson SJ, Ellem SJ, Risbridger GP. Estrogen-regulated development and differentiation of the prostate. Differentiation 2008; 76:660-70. [PMID: 18557760 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2008.00291.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Both androgens and estrogens play a significant role in the prostate and are critical for normal prostate growth and development, as well as the maintenance of adult prostatic homeostasis throughout life. It is the balance of these two hormones, rather than each individually, that is important for prostatic development and differentiation. Estrogen action is mediated by the estrogen receptors, ERalpha and ERbeta. ERalpha is expressed throughout the prostatic tissue during fetal and early neonatal life, and if activated inappropriately, produces late-life disease, including inflammation and emergence of pre-malignant pathologies. In contrast, ERbeta expression is initiated after ERalpha, is localized primarily to the epithelium, and appears to be important during later periods of development such as puberty and adulthood, acting to regulate cellular proliferation and differentiation in the adult tissue. Therefore, there is also a spatial and temporal balance between ERalpha and ERbeta that is critical for development. Together with the shifting balance between androgens and estrogens themselves, the subtle, yet critical, balance between the activity of ERalpha and ERbeta is what ultimately determines the response of the prostate to estrogen, and is crucial for prostate health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J McPherson
- Centre for Urological Research, Monash Institute of Medical Research, Monash University 27-31 Wright Street Clayton, Vic., Australia.
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Hayashi T, Yamada T. Association of bioavailable estradiol levels and testosterone levels with serum albumin levels in elderly men. Aging Male 2008; 11:63-70. [PMID: 18570057 DOI: 10.1080/13685530701779234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are reported to be the essential sex steroid acting on some male physiological functions, and bioavailable estrogens comprise the free and albumin-bound fractions. Moreover, most of the bioavailable sex steroid is made up of albumin-bound fraction. We examined the age-related change in serum free, albumin-bound and bioavailable estradiol levels in comparison with each fraction of testosterone and its relationship with serum albumin level in elderly men. Albumin-bound as well as bioavailable estradiol levels declined with age, and their decreases were associated much more with the decrease of albumin level than the increase of sex-hormone binding globulin (SHBG) level in sixties and seventies, and similar results were recognized in the level of each fraction of testosterone, suggesting albumin levels have an important role for maintaining bioavailable sex steroid levels in males aged over sixty. Moreover, our study showed that SHBG levels associated inversely with bioavailable sex steroid levels particularly when serum albumin level was low. It seems likely that the decrease of bioavailable estradiol as well as testosterone is induced by the decrease of albumin-bound fractions in combination with the increase of SHBG-bound fractions in males aged over sixty, and that their physical characteristics of aging could be induced by the decrease of albumin-bound fractions caused by the decrease of serum albumin regardless of total sex steroid levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Hayashi
- Saitama Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan.
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Chu LW, Tam S, Kung AWC, Lam TP, Lee A, Wong RLC, Lo S, Fan S, Chung CP, Morley JE, Lam KSL. A short version of the ADAM Questionnaire for androgen deficiency in Chinese men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2008; 63:426-31. [PMID: 18426968 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/63.4.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A 10-question screening questionnaire for androgen deficiency in aging men (ADAM) was reported in previous white but not Chinese populations. We therefore investigated the validity of a Chinese version of the Saint Louis University ADAM questionnaire to screen for androgen deficiency in Chinese men. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study. Seven hundred ninety-six ambulatory community-based Chinese men, 18-89 years old, were recruited from October 2003 through June 2006. Self-administered Chinese ADAM questionnaire and morning blood samples for serum total testosterone (TT) and bioavailable testosterone (BT) levels were collected from all participants. Low serum BT levels (androgen deficiency) were defined as <5th percentile of serum BT levels in young healthy Chinese men (18-29 years). RESULTS The Chinese ADAM questionnaire had good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha = 0.74) and test-retest reliability (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.86; p <.001, two-tailed). As a screening test for low serum BT levels, the Chinese ADAM questionnaire has a high sensitivity of 88% but low specificity of 32%. In 6 of the 10 questions, the mean serum BT levels were significantly lower in those who answered positively than in those who answered negatively. Using a cut-off score of > or =2, a six-question short Chinese ADAM questionnaire demonstrated sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of 86%, 40%, 46%, and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSION We have validated a full Chinese version and developed a shortened version of the ADAM questionnaire, and demonstrated that they are sensitive but not specific screening tests for androgen deficiency in Chinese men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leung-Wing Chu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, 102 Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong SAR
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Chu LW, Tam S, Lee PWH, Wong RLC, Yik PY, Tsui W, Song Y, Cheung BMY, Morley JE, Lam KSL. Bioavailable testosterone is associated with a reduced risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment in older men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008; 68:589-98. [PMID: 17973937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2007.03094.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the risk of amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) in relation to serum bioavailable (BT) and total testosterone (TT) levels in older men. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS A cross-sectional study in an ambulatory setting, with older men aged 55-93 years with normal cognition, aMCI and Alzheimer's disease (AD). MEASUREMENTS Morning serum BT and TT levels were determined. AD was diagnosed by the Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke/Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders Association (NINCDS-ADRDA) criteria for probable AD and aMCI by the Petersen criteria. RESULTS We recruited 203 Chinese older men (48 aMCI, 66 AD and 89 with normal cognition). Mean serum BT, but not TT, levels were significantly lower in the aMCI (mean BT +/- SEM 1.06 +/- 0.10 nmol/l) and AD (0.99 +/- 0.08 nmol/l) groups than in the normal controls (1.82 +/- 0.12 nmol/l) (P < 0.001, one-way anova) with no significant difference between the aMCI and AD groups. After adjustment for education, age and apolipoprotein E (apoE) genotype, logistic regression analyses showed that the serum BT level [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.52, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.32-0.85] was an independent protective factor for aMCI. For the combined outcome of aMCI and AD, the serum BT level was an independent protective factor but age and apoE epsilon4 were independent risk factors. There was no interaction between BT and age. CONCLUSIONS In older men, serum BT, but not TT, levels were associated with a lower risk of aMCI and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leung-Wing Chu
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
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Chandrashekar V, Dawson CR, Martin ER, Rocha JS, Bartke A, Kopchick JJ. Age-related alterations in pituitary and testicular functions in long-lived growth hormone receptor gene-disrupted mice. Endocrinology 2007; 148:6019-25. [PMID: 17872367 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-0837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The somatotropic axis, GH, and IGF-I interact with the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in health and disease. GH-resistant GH receptor-disrupted knockout (GHRKO) male mice are fertile but exhibit delayed puberty and decreases in plasma FSH levels, testicular content of LH, and prolactin (PRL) receptors, whereas PRL levels are elevated. Because the lifespan of GHRKO mice is much greater than the lifespan of their normal siblings, it was of interest to compare age-related changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in GHRKO and normal animals. Plasma IGF-I, insulin, PRL, LH, FSH, androstenedione and testosterone levels, and acute responses to GnRH and LH were measured in young (2-4 and 5-6 months of age) and old (18-19 and 23-26 months of age) male GHRKO mice and their normal siblings. Plasma IGF-I was not detectable in GHRKO mice. Plasma PRL levels increased with age in normal mice but declined in GHRKO males, and did not differ in old GHRKO and normal animals. Plasma LH responses to acute GnRH stimulation were attenuated in GHRKO mice but increased with age only in normal mice. Plasma FSH levels were decreased in GHRKO mice regardless of age. Plasma testosterone responses to LH stimulation were attenuated in old mice regardless of genotype, whereas plasma androstenedione responses were reduced with age only in GHRKO mice. Testicular IGF-I mRNA levels were normal in young and increased in old GHRKO mice, whereas testicular concentrations and total IGF-I levels were decreased in these animals. These findings indicate that GH resistance due to targeted disruption of the GH receptor gene in mice leads to suppression of testicular IGF-I levels, and modifies the effects of aging on plasma PRL levels and responses of the pituitary and testes to GnRH and LH stimulation. Plasma testosterone levels declined during aging in normal but not in GHRKO mice, and the age-related increase in the LH responses to exogenous GnRH was absent in GHRKO mice, perhaps reflecting a delay of aging in these remarkably long-lived animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varadaraj Chandrashekar
- Department Physiology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA
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Brambilla DJ, O'Donnell AB, Matsumoto AM, McKinlay JB. Lack of seasonal variation in serum sex hormone levels in middle-aged to older men in the Boston area. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:4224-9. [PMID: 17684044 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-1303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Previous studies of seasonal variation of testosterone and other hormones in men have produced mixed results regarding the number and timing of peaks and nadirs and whether hormones vary seasonally at all. Wide variation in study designs, sample sizes, analytical methods, and characteristics of the study populations may account for the heterogeneity of results. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to determine whether serum total, free, and bioavailable testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, SHBG, LH, dehydroepiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, estrone, estradiol, and cortisol vary seasonally in men. DESIGN Two blood samples were drawn 1-3 d apart at study entry and again 3 and 6 months later (maximum six samples per subject). Hormone levels 1-3 d apart were averaged to reduce short-term intrasubject variation. SETTING The study population consisted of a community-dwelling population (Boston, MA). STUDY PARTICIPANTS One hundred thirty-four men 30-79 yr old were randomly selected from the respondents to the Boston Area Community Health Survey. One hundred twenty-one men who completed all six visits were included in the analysis. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES In a repeated-measures analysis, 3-month change in hormone levels, measured twice per subject, and in a sinusoidal nonlinear regression with random subject effects, average hormone level in samples 1-3 d apart were measured. RESULTS Aside from cortisol, no evidence of seasonal variation in hormone levels was found. The amplitude of seasonal variation was much smaller than total intraindividual variation for all hormones considered. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal variation is likely an unimportant source of variation clinically and in epidemiological studies of hormone levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Brambilla
- New England Research Institutes, 9 Galen Street, Watertown, Massachusetts 02472, USA.
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Takahashi PY, Votruba P, Abu-Rub M, Mielke K, Veldhuis JD. Age attenuates testosterone secretion driven by amplitude-varying pulses of recombinant human luteinizing hormone during acute gonadotrope inhibition in healthy men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:3626-32. [PMID: 17579202 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-2704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Whether testosterone (Te) depletion in aging men reflects deficits in the testis, hypothalamus, and/or pituitary gland is unknown. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to quantify the impact of age on gonadal Te secretion driven by amplitude-varying pulses of recombinant human LH (rhLH) in the absence of confounding by endogenous hypothalamo-pituitary signals. DESIGN This was a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. SETTING The setting was an academic medical center. SUBJECTS Fifteen healthy community-dwelling men ages 22-78 yr were included in the study. INTERVENTION Saline or four separate rhLH doses were each infused twice iv in randomized order as one pulse every 2 h over 20 h to stimulate Te secretion, after LH secretion was suppressed by a GnRH-receptor antagonist, ganirelix. MAIN OUTCOME LH and Te concentrations were determined in blood samples collected every 5 min. Maximal and minimal (as well as mean) Te responses were regressed linearly on age to reflect LH peak and nadir (and average) effects, respectively. RESULTS The ganirelix/rhLH paradigm yielded serum LH concentrations of 4.6 +/- 0.22 IU/liter (normal range 1-9). By regression analysis, age was associated with declines in rhLH pulse-stimulated peak and nadir (and mean) concentrations of total Te (P = 0.0068), bioavailable Te (P = 0.0096), and free Te (P = 0.013), as well as lower Te/LH concentration ratios (P < 0.005). Deconvolution analysis suggested that the half-life of infused LH increases by 12%/decade (P = 0.044; R(2) = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS Infusion of amplitude-varying pulses of rhLH during gonadal-axis suppression in healthy men unmasks prominent age-related deficits in stimulated total (39%), bioavailable (66%), and free (63%) Te concentrations, and a smaller age-associated increase in LH half-life. These data suggest that age-associated factors reduce the efficacy of LH pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Y Takahashi
- Endocrine Research Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, General Clinical Research Center, Mayo Medical and Graduate Schools of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Bianco JJ, McPherson SJ, Wang H, Prins GS, Risbridger GP. Transient neonatal estrogen exposure to estrogen-deficient mice (aromatase knockout) reduces prostate weight and induces inflammation in late life. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:1869-78. [PMID: 16723702 PMCID: PMC1606632 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of newborn male mice to estrogens is associated with age-related changes in prostate size and induction of epithelial hyperplasia and dysplasia. Whether these changes directly result from systemic estrogen administration or indirect effects of estrogens on systemic testosterone levels is unclear. We have addressed this question using aromatase-knockout (ArKO) mice that are estrogen-deficient during their lifespan but have elevated androgen levels and develop prostate enlargement and hyperplasia (McPherson SJ, Wang H, Jones ME, Pedersen J, Iismaa TP, Wreford N, Simpson ER, Risbridger GP: Endocrinology 2001, 142:2458-2467). Circulating testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels were significantly decreased by neonatal diethylstilbestrol treatment, remained suppressed in adult wild-type mice, but rapidly returned to control levels in ArKO animals. However, adult prostate weight and luminal size were reduced in both wild-type and ArKO animals. Because both wild-type and ArKO mice developed epithelial hyperplasia and inflammation following neonatal diethylstilbestrol treatment, this validates that estrogens directly cause prostatic inflammation and epithelial hyperplasia. Furthermore, because ArKO mice are estrogen-deficient, this study demonstrates the sensitivity of the neonatal period to estrogen exposure and the long range and permanent nature of the prostatic responses that occur. Finally, this study establishes the ArKO mouse model of estrogen deficiency as a unique approach to study the effects of estrogens, estrogenic factors, and endocrine disruptors on prostate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph John Bianco
- Monash Institute of Reproduction and Development, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
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Abstract
There are several problems facing aging men, especially sexual dysfunction, hypogonadism, and psychologic changes. This constellation of changes is sometimes referred to as "manopause" or "andropause." Unlike the dramatic changes in the hormonal milieu occurring during menopause in women, the age-related changes in reproductive hormones of men are subtle and occur gradually throughout the years of mature life. It has been estimated that circulating testosterone (T) declines longitudinally from age 19 at an average rate of 1% per year. The free or dialyzable fraction of serum T and the bioavailable (the sum of free fraction and loosely bound to albumin fraction) T decline more rapidly with age. Although the essential role of androgens in reproductive tissue development and emergence of secondary sex characteristics is well known, their role in adult sexual function seems to be primarily facultative. The effect of T on the central nervous system extends beyond sexual behavior. T has been shown to alter mood, memory, ability to concentrate, and the overall sense of vigor and well being that may interact with a host of other psychologic changes associated with aging. Disordered erectile function is not generally an endocrine problem but rather vascular, neurologic, and psychogenic in origin. It also may be the first sign of systemic vascular disease. The clinical management of andropause requires an individualized approach. In some men, the main problem may be psychologic, whereas in others, hypogonadism may play an important role. Many with erectile failure, suffer silently regardless of its etiology. In this review, we suggest some practical guidelines for the management of these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshag D Mooradian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO 63104, USA.
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Aksglaede L, Juul A, Leffers H, Skakkebaek NE, Andersson AM. The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: possible impact of exogenous estrogens. Hum Reprod Update 2006; 12:341-9. [PMID: 16672247 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dml018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trends of increasing incidences of testis, breast and prostate cancers are poorly understood, although it is assumed that sex hormones play a role. Disrupted sex hormone action is also believed to be involved in the increased occurrence of genital abnormalities among newborn boys and precocious puberty in girls. In this article, recent literature on sex steroid levels and their physiological roles during childhood is reviewed. It is concluded that (i) circulating levels of estradiol in prepubertal children are lower than originally claimed; (ii) children are extremely sensitive to estradiol and may respond with increased growth and/or breast development even at serum levels below the current detection limits; (iii) no threshold has been established, below which no hormonal effects can be seen in children exposed to exogenous steroids or endocrine disruptors; (iv) changes in hormone levels during fetal and prepubertal development may have severe effects in adult life and (v) the daily production rates of sex steroids in children estimated by the Food and Drug Administration in 1999 and still used in risk assessments are highly overestimated and should be revised. Because no lower threshold for estrogenic action has been established, caution should be taken to avoid unnecessary exposure of fetuses and children to exogenous sex steroids and endocrine disruptors, even at very low levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Aksglaede
- University Department of Growth and Reproduction, GR 5064, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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Pike CJ, Rosario ER, Nguyen TVV. Androgens, aging, and Alzheimer's disease. Endocrine 2006; 29:233-41. [PMID: 16785599 DOI: 10.1385/endo:29:2:233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2005] [Revised: 10/24/2005] [Accepted: 10/24/2005] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone depletion is a normal consequence of aging in men that is associated with senescent effects in androgen- responsive tissues. We discuss new evidence that one consequence of testosterone depletion in men is an increased risk for the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Furthermore, we discuss two candidate mechanisms by which testosterone may affect AD pathogenesis. First, testosterone has been identified as an endogenous regulator of beta-amyloid, a protein that abnormally accumulates in AD brain and is implicated as a causal factor in the disease. Second, findings from several different paradigms indicate that testosterone has both neurotrophic and neuroprotective functions. These new findings support the clinical evaluation of androgen-based therapies for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian J Pike
- Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
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HERTOGHE T. The “Multiple Hormone Deficienc” Theory of Aging: Is Human Senescence Caused Mainly by Multiple Hormone Deficiencies? Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2005.tb06150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Campbell B, Leslie P, Campbell K. Age-related patterns of urinary gonadotropins (FSH and LH) and E-3-G as measures of reproductive function among Turkana males of northern Kenya. SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2006; 53:30-45. [PMID: 21516949 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2006.9989115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
To determine age-related patterns of gonadotropins and their relationship to energetic status in a subsistence population we analyzed urinary FSH, LH, and estrone-3-glucuronide (E-3-G) along with anthropometric measures among Turkana males of northern Kenya. Subjects were 134 nomadic and 109 settled males ages 20 to 80+. FSH, LH and E-3-G were significantly higher among the settled, compared to nomadic, males. LH, but not FSH, showed a significant increase across 10 year age groups among all the men. E-3-G increased across age groups only among the settled males. Controlled for age, FSH was inversely related to measures of fat free and body mass among the settled men. These findings suggest an unusual age profile of gonadotropins and estrogen metabolites that may reflect the impact of fluctuating food availability. More research is needed to address the impact of energetic and social factors on the male reproductive axis among energetically stressed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Campbell
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Sabin Hall, N. Downer Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA.
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