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Szabla N, Maria Labecka A, Antoł A, Sobczyk Ł, Angilletta MJ, Czarnoleski M. Evolution and development of Drosophila melanogaster under different thermal conditions affected cell sizes and sensitivity to paralyzing hypoxia. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 157:104671. [PMID: 38972633 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2024.104671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Environmental gradients cause evolutionary and developmental changes in the cellular composition of organisms, but the physiological consequences of these effects are not well understood. Here, we studied experimental populations of Drosophila melanogaster that had evolved in one of three selective regimes: constant 16 °C, constant 25 °C, or intergenerational shifts between 16 °C and 25 °C. Genotypes from each population were reared at three developmental temperatures (16 °C, 20.5 °C, and 25 °C). As adults, we measured thorax length and cell sizes in the Malpighian tubules and wing epithelia of flies from each combination of evolutionary and developmental temperatures. We also exposed flies from these treatments to a short period of nearly complete oxygen deprivation to measure hypoxia tolerance. For genotypes from any selective regime, development at a higher temperature resulted in smaller flies with smaller cells, regardless of the tissue. At every developmental temperature, genotypes from the warm selective regime had smaller bodies and smaller wing cells but had larger tubule cells than did genotypes from the cold selective regime. Genotypes from the fluctuating selective regime were similar in size to those from the cold selective regime, but their cells of either tissue were the smallest among the three regimes. Evolutionary and developmental treatments interactively affected a fly's sensitivity to short-term paralyzing hypoxia. Genotypes from the cold selective regime were less sensitive to hypoxia after developing at a higher temperature. Genotypes from the other selective regimes were more sensitive to hypoxia after developing at a higher temperature. Our results show that thermal conditions can trigger evolutionary and developmental shifts in cell size, coupled with changes in body size and hypoxia tolerance. These patterns suggest links between the cellular composition of the body, levels of hypoxia within cells, and the energetic cost of tissue maintenance. However, the patterns can be only partially explained by existing theories about the role of cell size in tissue oxygenation and metabolic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Szabla
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antoł
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland; MR Consulting Sp. z o.o. Środowiskowa sp.k., Szosa Chełmińska 177-181, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sobczyk
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.
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Wu X, Yu S, Zeng J, Zheng X, Ren Z, Shu Y, Mai B. Biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in detritivorous, phytophagous, and predatory invertebrates: How POPs enter terrestrial food web? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 924:171677. [PMID: 38479521 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Invertebrates are primary contributors to fluxes of nutrients, energy, and contaminants in terrestrial food webs, but the trophodynamic of contaminants in invertebrate food chains is not fully understood. In this study, occurrence and biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were assessed in detritivorous, phytophagous, and predatory invertebrate food chains. Detritivorous species (earthworm and dung beetle) have higher concentrations of POPs than other species. Different composition patterns and biomagnification factors (BMFs) of POPs were observed for invertebrate species. Negative correlations were found between BMFs and log KOW of POPs for detritivorous and most phytophagous species. In contrast, parabolic relationships between BMFs and log KOW were observed in snails and predatory species, possibly attributed to the efficient digestion and absorption of diet and POPs for them. Bioenergetic characteristics are indicative of the biomagnification potential of POPs in terrestrial wildlife, as suggested by the significant and positive correlation between basal metabolic rates (BMRs) and BMFs of BDE 153 for invertebrates, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The estimations of dietary exposure suggest that the terrestrial predators, especially feeding on the underground invertebrates, could be exposed to high level POPs from invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodan Wu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Siru Yu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiahe Zeng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Zongling Ren
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural & Rural Pollution Abatement and Environmental Safety, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou 510640, China
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3
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Windfelder AG, Steinbart J, Graser L, Scherberich J, Krombach GA, Vilcinskas A. An enteric ultrastructural surface atlas of the model insect Manducasexta. iScience 2024; 27:109410. [PMID: 38558941 PMCID: PMC10981077 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The tobacco hornworm is a laboratory model that is particularly suitable for analyzing gut inflammation, but a physiological reference standard is currently unavailable. Here, we present a surface atlas of the healthy hornworm gut generated by scanning electron microscopy and nano-computed tomography. This comprehensive overview of the gut surface reveals morphological differences between the anterior, middle, and posterior midgut, allowing the screening of aberrant gut phenotypes while accommodating normal physiological variations. We estimated a total resorptive midgut surface of 0.42 m2 for L5d6 larvae, revealing its remarkable size. Our data will support allometric scaling and dose conversion from Manduca sexta to mammals in preclinical research, embracing the 3R principles. We also observed non-uniform gut colonization by enterococci, characterized by dense biofilms in the pyloric cone and downstream of the pylorus associated with pore and spine structures in the hindgut intima, indicating a putative immunosurveillance function in the lepidopteran hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Windfelder
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Steinbart
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leonie Graser
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Scherberich
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriele A. Krombach
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Applied Entomology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Glazier DS, Gjoni V. Interactive effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on metabolic rate. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220489. [PMID: 38186280 PMCID: PMC10772614 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolism energizes all biological processes, and its tempo may importantly influence the ecological success and evolutionary fitness of organisms. Therefore, understanding the broad variation in metabolic rate that exists across the living world is a fundamental challenge in biology. To further the development of a more reliable and holistic picture of the causes of this variation, we review several examples of how various intrinsic (biological) and extrinsic (environmental) factors (including body size, cell size, activity level, temperature, predation and other diverse genetic, cellular, morphological, physiological, behavioural and ecological influences) can interactively affect metabolic rate in synergistic or antagonistic ways. Most of the interactive effects that have been documented involve body size, temperature or both, but future research may reveal additional 'hub factors'. Our review highlights the complex, intimate inter-relationships between physiology and ecology, knowledge of which can shed light on various problems in both disciplines, including variation in physiological adaptations, life histories, ecological niches and various organism-environment interactions in ecosystems. We also discuss theoretical and practical implications of interactive effects on metabolic rate and provide suggestions for future research, including holistic system analyses at various hierarchical levels of organization that focus on interactive proximate (functional) and ultimate (evolutionary) causal networks. This article is part of the theme issue 'The evolutionary significance of variation in metabolic rates'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vojsava Gjoni
- Department of Biology, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57609, USA
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5
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Negroni MA, LeBoeuf AC. Social administration of juvenile hormone to larvae increases body size and nutritional needs for pupation. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:231471. [PMID: 38126067 PMCID: PMC10731321 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Social insects often display extreme variation in body size and morphology within the same colony. In many species, adult morphology is socially regulated by workers during larval development. While larval nutrition may play a role in this regulation, it is often difficult to identify precisely what larvae receive from rearing workers, especially when larvae are fed through social regurgitation. Across insects, juvenile hormone is a major regulator of development. In the ant Camponotus floridanus, this hormone is present in the socially regurgitated fluid of workers. We investigated the role the social transfer of juvenile hormone in the social regulation of development. To do this, we administered an artificial regurgitate to larvae through a newly developed handfeeding method that was or was not supplemented with juvenile hormone. Orally administered juvenile hormone increased the nutritional needs of larvae, allowing them to reach a larger size at pupation. Instead of causing them to grow faster, the juvenile hormone treatment extended larval developmental time, allowing them to accumulate resources over a longer period. Handfeeding ant larvae with juvenile hormone resulted in larger adult workers after metamorphosis, suggesting a role for socially transferred juvenile hormone in the colony-level regulation of worker size over colony maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo A. Negroni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Adria C. LeBoeuf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
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6
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Parlin AF, Kendzel MJ, Taylor OR, Culley TM, Matter SF, Guerra PA. The cost of movement: assessing energy expenditure in a long-distant ectothermic migrant under climate change. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245296. [PMID: 37815453 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Migration is an energetically taxing phenomenon as animals move across vast, heterogeneous landscapes where the cost of transport is impacted by permissible ambient conditions. In this study, we assessed the energetic demands of long-distance migration in a multigenerational ectothermic migrant, the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). We tested the hypotheses that temperature-dependent physiological processes reduce energy reserves faster during migration than previously estimated, and that increasing climatic temperatures resulting from the climate crisis will intensify baseline daily energy expenditure. First, we reared monarchs under laboratory conditions to assess energy and mass conversion from fifth instar to adult stages, as a baseline for migratory adult mass and ontogenetic shifts in metabolic rate from larvae to adult. Then, using historical tag-recapture data, we estimated the movement propensity and migratory pace of autumn migrants using computer simulations and subsequently calculated energy expenditure. Finally, we estimated the energy use of monarchs based on these tag-recapture data and used this information to estimate daily energy expenditure over a 57 year period. We found support for our two hypotheses, noting that incorporating standard metabolic rate into estimates of migratory energy expenditure shows higher energy demand and that daily energy expenditure has been gradually increasing over time since 1961. Our study shows the deleterious energetic consequences under current climate change trajectories and highlights the importance of incorporating energetic estimates for understanding migration by small, ectothermic migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Parlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mitchell J Kendzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Orley R Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Theresa M Culley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Stephen F Matter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Patrick A Guerra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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7
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Mauritsson K, Jonsson T. A new flexible model for maintenance and feeding expenses that improves description of individual growth in insects. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16751. [PMID: 37798309 PMCID: PMC10556006 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic theories in ecology interpret ecological patterns at different levels through the lens of metabolism, typically applying allometric scaling to describe energy use. This requires a sound theory for individual metabolism. Common mechanistic growth models, such as 'von Bertalanffy', 'dynamic energy budgets' and the 'ontogenetic growth model' lack some potentially important aspects, especially regarding regulation of somatic maintenance. We develop a model for ontogenetic growth of animals, applicable to ad libitum and food limited conditions, based on an energy balance that expresses growth as the net result of assimilation and metabolic costs for maintenance, feeding and food processing. The most important contribution is the division of maintenance into a 'non-negotiable' and a 'negotiable' part, potentially resulting in hyperallometric scaling of maintenance and downregulated maintenance under food restriction. The model can also account for effects of body composition and type of growth at the cellular level. Common mechanistic growth models often fail to fully capture growth of insects. However, our model was able to capture empirical growth patterns observed in house crickets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Mauritsson
- Ecological Modelling Group, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden.
- Ecological and Environmental Modeling, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Tomas Jonsson
- Ecological Modelling Group, School of Bioscience, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
- Ecological and Environmental Modeling, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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8
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Negroni MA, LeBoeuf AC. Metabolic division of labor in social insects. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 59:101085. [PMID: 37454732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Social insects are known for reproductive and behavioral division of labor, but little attention has been paid to metabolic forms of division of labor. Metabolic division of labor is the partitioning of complementary metabolic tasks between individuals, and it is widespread in social insects. We define two forms of metabolic division of labor, homosynergetic and heterosynergetic, we pinpoint trophallaxis, trophic eggs, and cannibalism as the primary transfers underlying the homosynergetic form and discuss their evolution. We argue that homosynergetic metabolic division of labor underpins fundamental aspects of colony physiology and may be a necessary feature of superorganismal systems, impacting many life history traits. Investigating metabolic division of labor is necessary to understand major evolutionary transition(s) to superorganismality in social insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo A Negroni
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Adria C LeBoeuf
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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9
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Willot Q, Ørsted M, Malte H, Overgaard J. Cold comfort: metabolic rate and tolerance to low temperatures predict latitudinal distribution in ants. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230985. [PMID: 37670587 PMCID: PMC10510448 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic compensation has been proposed as a mean for ectotherms to cope with colder climates. For example, under the metabolic cold adaptation and the metabolic homeostasis hypotheses (MCA and MHH), it has been formulated that cold-adapted ectotherms should display both higher (MCA) and more thermally sensitive (MHH) metabolic rates (MRs) at lower temperatures. However, whether such compensation can truly be associated with distribution, and whether it interplays with cold tolerance to predict species' climatic niches, remains largely unclear despite broad ecological implications thereof. Here, we teased apart the relationship between MRs, cold tolerance and distribution, to test the MCA/MHH among 13 European ant species. We report clear metabolic compensation effects, consistent with the MCA and MHH, where MR parameters strongly correlated with latitude and climatic factors across species' distributions. The combination of both cold tolerance and MRs further upheld the best predictions of species' environmental temperatures and limits of northernmost distribution. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that the association of metabolic data with cold tolerance supports better predictive models of species' climate and distribution in social insects than models including cold tolerance alone. These results also highlight that adaptation to higher latitudes in ants involved adjustments of both cold tolerance and MRs, to allow this extremely successful group of insects to thrive under colder climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Willot
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Michael Ørsted
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220 Aalborg E, Denmark
| | - Hans Malte
- Department of Biology, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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10
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Akingbesote ND, Leitner BP, Jovin DG, Desrouleaux R, Owusu D, Zhu W, Li Z, Pollak MN, Perry RJ. Gene and protein expression and metabolic flux analysis reveals metabolic scaling in liver ex vivo and in vivo. eLife 2023; 12:e78335. [PMID: 37219930 PMCID: PMC10205083 DOI: 10.7554/elife.78335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic scaling, the inverse correlation of metabolic rates to body mass, has been appreciated for more than 80 years. Studies of metabolic scaling have largely been restricted to mathematical modeling of caloric intake and oxygen consumption, and mostly rely on computational modeling. The possibility that other metabolic processes scale with body size has not been comprehensively studied. To address this gap in knowledge, we employed a systems approach including transcriptomics, proteomics, and measurement of in vitro and in vivo metabolic fluxes. Gene expression in livers of five species spanning a 30,000-fold range in mass revealed differential expression according to body mass of genes related to cytosolic and mitochondrial metabolic processes, and to detoxication of oxidative damage. To determine whether flux through key metabolic pathways is ordered inversely to body size, we applied stable isotope tracer methodology to study multiple cellular compartments, tissues, and species. Comparing C57BL/6 J mice with Sprague-Dawley rats, we demonstrate that while ordering of metabolic fluxes is not observed in in vitro cell-autonomous settings, it is present in liver slices and in vivo. Together, these data reveal that metabolic scaling extends beyond oxygen consumption to other aspects of metabolism, and is regulated at the level of gene and protein expression, enzyme activity, and substrate supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngozi D Akingbesote
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Brooks P Leitner
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Daniel G Jovin
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Reina Desrouleaux
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Dennis Owusu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Wanling Zhu
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Zongyu Li
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
| | - Michael N Pollak
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General HospitalMontrealCanada
- Department of Oncology, McGill UniversityMontrealCanada
| | - Rachel J Perry
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
- Department of Internal Medicine – Endocrinology, Yale UniversityNew HavenUnited States
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11
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Carter MJ, Cortes PA, Rezende EL. Temperature variability and metabolic adaptation in terrestrial and aquatic ectotherms. J Therm Biol 2023; 115:103565. [PMID: 37393847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Thermodynamics is a major factor determining rates of energy expenditure, rates of biochemical dynamics, and ultimately the biological and ecological processes linked with resilience to global warming in ectothermic organisms. Nonetheless, whether ectothermic organisms exhibit general adaptive metabolic responses to cope with worldwide variation in thermal conditions has remained as an open question. Here we combine a model comparison approach with a global dataset of standard metabolic rates (SMR), including 1,160 measurements across 788 species of aquatic invertebrates, insects, fishes, amphibians and reptiles, to investigate the association between metabolic rates and environmental temperatures in their respective habitats. Our analyses suggest that variation in SMR after removing allometric and thermodynamic effects is best explained by the temperature range encountered across seasons, which always provided a better fit than the average temperature for the hottest and coldest month and mean annual temperatures. This pattern was consistent across taxonomic groups and robust to sensitivity analyses. Nonetheless, aquatic and terrestrial lineages responded differently to seasonality, with SMR declining - 6.8% °C-1 of thermal range across seasons in aquatic organisms and increasing 2.8% °C-1 in terrestrial organisms. These responses may reflect alternative strategies to mitigate the impact of increments in warmer temperatures on energy expenditure, either by means of metabolic reduction in thermally homogeneous water bodies or effective behavioral thermoregulation to exploit temperature heterogeneity on land.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio J Carter
- Departamento de Ecología y Biodiversidad, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 440, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Pablo A Cortes
- Independent Researcher, Tegualda 2000, 7770547, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Enrico L Rezende
- Departamento de Ecología, Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, 6513677, Chile.
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12
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Szlachcic E, Labecka AM, Privalova V, Sikorska A, Czarnoleski M. Systemic orchestration of cell size throughout the body: influence of sex and rapamycin exposure in Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20220611. [PMID: 36946132 PMCID: PMC10031402 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2022.0611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with differences in life histories, metazoans have also evolved vast differences in cellularity, involving changes in the molecular pathways controlling the cell cycle. The extent to which the signalling network systemically determines cellular composition throughout the body and whether tissue cellularity is organized locally to match tissue-specific functions are unclear. We cultured genetic lines of Drosophila melanogaster on food with and without rapamycin to manipulate the activity of target of rapamycin (TOR)/insulin pathways and evaluate cell-size changes in five types of adult cells: wing and leg epidermal cells, ommatidial cells, indirect flight muscle cells and Malpighian tubule epithelial cells. Rapamycin blocks TOR multiprotein complex 1, reducing cell growth, but this effect has been studied in single cell types. As adults, rapamycin-treated flies had smaller bodies and consistently smaller cells in all tissues. Regardless, females eclosed with larger bodies and larger cells in all tissues than males. Thus, differences in TOR activity and sex were associated with the orchestration of cell size throughout the body, leading to differences in body size. We postulate that the activity of TOR/insulin pathways and their effects on cellularity should be considered when investigating the origin of ecological and evolutionary patterns in life histories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szlachcic
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Valeriya Privalova
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Life History Evolution Group, Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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13
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Climate Change Helps Polar Invasives Establish and Flourish: Evidence from Long-Term Monitoring of the Blowfly Calliphora vicina. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010111. [PMID: 36671803 PMCID: PMC9856047 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The isolated sub-Antarctic islands are of major ecological interest because of their unique species diversity and long history of limited human disturbance. However, since the presence of Europeans, these islands and their sensitive biota have been under increasing pressure due to human activity and associated biological invasions. In such delicate ecosystems, biological invasions are an exceptional threat that may be further amplified by climate change. We examined the invasion trajectory of the blowfly Calliphora vicina (Robineau-Desvoidy 1830). First introduced in the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen Islands in the 1970s, it is thought to have persisted only in sheltered microclimates for several decades. Here, we show that, in recent decades, C. vicina has been able to establish itself more widely. We combine experimental thermal developmental data with long-term ecological and meteorological monitoring to address whether warming conditions help explain its current success and dynamics in the eastern Kerguelen Islands. We found that warming temperatures and accumulated degree days could explain the species' phenological and long-term invasion dynamics, indicating that climate change has likely assisted its establishment. This study represents a unique long-term view of a polar invader and stresses the rapidly increasing susceptibility of cold regions to invasion under climate change.
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14
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Chown SL. Macrophysiology for decision‐making. J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. L. Chown
- Securing Antarctica's Environmental Future, School of Biological Sciences Monash University Melbourne Victoria Australia
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15
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Wagner JM, Klok CJ, Duell ME, Socha JJ, Cao G, Gong H, Harrison JF. Isometric spiracular scaling in scarab beetles: implications for diffusive and advective oxygen transport. eLife 2022; 11:82129. [PMID: 36098509 PMCID: PMC9522208 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The scaling of respiratory structures has been hypothesized to be a major driving factor in the evolution of many aspects of animal physiology. Here, we provide the first assessment of the scaling of the spiracles in insects using 10 scarab beetle species differing 180× in mass, including some of the most massive extant insect species. Using X-ray microtomography, we measured the cross-sectional area and depth of all eight spiracles, enabling the calculation of their diffusive and advective capacities. Each of these metrics scaled with geometric isometry. Because diffusive capacities scale with lower slopes than metabolic rates, the largest beetles measured require 10-fold higher PO2 gradients across the spiracles to sustain metabolism by diffusion compared to the smallest species. Large beetles can exchange sufficient oxygen for resting metabolism by diffusion across the spiracles, but not during flight. In contrast, spiracular advective capacities scale similarly or more steeply than metabolic rates, so spiracular advective capacities should match or exceed respiratory demands in the largest beetles. These data illustrate a general principle of gas exchange: scaling of respiratory transport structures with geometric isometry diminishes the potential for diffusive gas exchange but enhances advective capacities; combining such structural scaling with muscle-driven ventilation allows larger animals to achieve high metabolic rates when active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian M Wagner
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | - C Jaco Klok
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Henderson, United States
| | - Meghan E Duell
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, United States
| | | | - Guohua Cao
- School of Biomedical Engineering, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghei, China
| | - Hao Gong
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, United States
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16
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Somjee U, Shankar A, Falk JJ. Can Sex-Specific Metabolic Rates Provide Insight Into Patterns of Metabolic Scaling? Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac135. [PMID: 35963649 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Females and males can exhibit striking differences in body size, relative trait size, physiology and behavior. As a consequence the sexes can have very different rates of whole-body energy use, or converge on similar rates through different physiological mechanisms. Yet many studies that measure the relationship between metabolic rate and body size only pay attention to a single sex (more often males), or do not distinguish between sexes. We present four reasons why explicit attention to energy-use between the sexes can yield insight into the physiological mechanisms that shape broader patterns of metabolic scaling in nature. First, the sexes often differ considerably in their relative investment in reproduction which shapes much of life-history and rates of energy use. Second, males and females share a majority of their genome but may experience different selective pressures. Sex-specific energy profiles can reveal how the energetic needs of individuals are met despite the challenge of within-species genetic constraints. Third, sexual selection often pushes growth and behavior to physiological extremes. Exaggerated sexually selected traits are often most prominent in one sex, can comprise up to 50% of body mass and thus provide opportunities to uncover energetic constraints of trait growth and maintenance. Finally, sex-differences in behavior such as mating-displays, long-distance dispersal and courtship can lead to drastically different energy allocation among the sexes; the physiology to support this behavior can shape patterns of metabolic scaling. The mechanisms underlying metabolic scaling in females, males and hermaphroditic animals can provide opportunities to develop testable predictions that enhance our understanding of energetic scaling patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummat Somjee
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
- University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | | | - Jay J Falk
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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17
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Glazier DS. How Metabolic Rate Relates to Cell Size. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:1106. [PMID: 35892962 PMCID: PMC9332559 DOI: 10.3390/biology11081106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic rate and its covariation with body mass vary substantially within and among species in little understood ways. Here, I critically review explanations (and supporting data) concerning how cell size and number and their establishment by cell expansion and multiplication may affect metabolic rate and its scaling with body mass. Cell size and growth may affect size-specific metabolic rate, as well as the vertical elevation (metabolic level) and slope (exponent) of metabolic scaling relationships. Mechanistic causes of negative correlations between cell size and metabolic rate may involve reduced resource supply and/or demand in larger cells, related to decreased surface area per volume, larger intracellular resource-transport distances, lower metabolic costs of ionic regulation, slower cell multiplication and somatic growth, and larger intracellular deposits of metabolically inert materials in some tissues. A cell-size perspective helps to explain some (but not all) variation in metabolic rate and its body-mass scaling and thus should be included in any multi-mechanistic theory attempting to explain the full diversity of metabolic scaling. A cell-size approach may also help conceptually integrate studies of the biological regulation of cellular growth and metabolism with those concerning major transitions in ontogenetic development and associated shifts in metabolic scaling.
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18
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AnimalTraits - a curated animal trait database for body mass, metabolic rate and brain size. Sci Data 2022; 9:265. [PMID: 35654905 PMCID: PMC9163144 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait databases have become important resources for large-scale comparative studies in ecology and evolution. Here we introduce the AnimalTraits database, a curated database of body mass, metabolic rate and brain size, in standardised units, for terrestrial animals. The database has broad taxonomic breadth, including tetrapods, arthropods, molluscs and annelids from almost 2000 species and 1000 genera. All data recorded in the database are sourced from their original empirical publication, and the original metrics and measurements are included with each record. This allows for subsequent data transformations as required. We have included rich metadata to allow users to filter the dataset. The additional R scripts we provide will assist researchers with aggregating standardised observations into species-level trait values. Our goals are to provide this resource without restrictions, to keep the AnimalTraits database current, and to grow the number of relevant traits in the future. Measurement(s) | metabolic rate quantification • body mass • brain size | Technology Type(s) | metabolic rate measurement • body mass quantification • brain mass brain volume |
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19
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Coto ZN, Traniello JFA. Social Brain Energetics: Ergonomic Efficiency, Neurometabolic Scaling, and Metabolic Polyphenism in Ants. Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac048. [PMID: 35617153 PMCID: PMC9825342 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolism, a metric of the energy cost of behavior, plays a significant role in social evolution. Body size and metabolic scaling are coupled, and a socioecological pattern of increased body size is associated with dietary change and the formation of larger and more complex groups. These consequences of the adaptive radiation of animal societies beg questions concerning energy expenses, a substantial portion of which may involve the metabolic rates of brains that process social information. Brain size scales with body size, but little is understood about brain metabolic scaling. Social insects such as ants show wide variation in worker body size and morphology that correlates with brain size, structure, and worker task performance, which is dependent on sensory inputs and information-processing ability to generate behavior. Elevated production and maintenance costs in workers may impose energetic constraints on body size and brain size that are reflected in patterns of metabolic scaling. Models of brain evolution do not clearly predict patterns of brain metabolic scaling, nor do they specify its relationship to task performance and worker ergonomic efficiency, two key elements of social evolution in ants. Brain metabolic rate is rarely recorded and therefore the conditions under which brain metabolism influences the evolution of brain size are unclear. We propose that studies of morphological evolution, colony social organization, and worker ergonomic efficiency should be integrated with analyses of species-specific patterns of brain metabolic scaling to advance our understanding of brain evolution in ants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zach N Coto
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James F A Traniello
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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20
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Hierarchy Establishment from Nonlinear Social Interactions and Metabolic Costs: An Application to Harpegnathos saltator. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12094239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Social hierarchies are ubiquitous in social groups such as human societies and social insect colonies; however, the factors that maintain these hierarchies are less clear. Motivated by the shared reproductive hierarchy of the ant species Harpegnathos saltator, we have developed simple compartmental nonlinear differential equations to explore how key life-history and metabolic rate parameters may impact and determine its colony size and the length of its shared hierarchy. Our modeling approach incorporates nonlinear social interactions and metabolic theory. The results from the proposed model, which were linked with limited data, show that: (1) the proportion of reproductive individuals decreases over colony growth; (2) an increase in mortality rates can diminish colony size but may also increase the proportion of reproductive individuals; and (3) the metabolic rates have a major impact in the colony size and structure of a shared hierarchy.
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21
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Ko H, Komilian K, Waters JS, Hu DL. Metabolic scaling of fire ants (Solenopsis invicta) engaged in collective behaviors. Biol Open 2022; 11:274512. [PMID: 35217864 PMCID: PMC8905630 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During flash floods, fire ants (Solenopsis invicta Buren) link their bodies together to build rafts to stay afloat, and towers to anchor onto floating vegetation. Can such challenging conditions facilitate synchronization and coordination, resulting in energy savings per capita? To understand how stress affects metabolic rate, we used constant-volume respirometry to measure the metabolism of fire ant workers. Group metabolic rates were measured in a series of conditions: at normal state, at three elevated temperatures, during rafting, and during tower-building. We hypothesized that the metabolic rate of ants at various temperatures would scale isometrically (proportionally with the group mass). Indeed, we found metabolic rates scaled isometrically under all temperature conditions, giving evidence that groups of ants differ from entire colonies, which scale allometrically. We then hypothesized that the metabolism of ants engaged in rafting and tower-building would scale allometrically. We found partial evidence for this hypothesis: ants rafting for short times had allometric metabolic rates, but this effect vanished after 30 min. Rafting for long times and tower-building both scaled isometrically. Tower-building consumed the same energy per capita as ants in their normal state. Rafting ants consumed almost 43% more energy than ants in their normal state, with smaller rafts consuming more energy per capita. Together, our results suggest that stressful conditions requiring coordination can influence metabolic demand. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: We measured the metabolism of fire ant rafts engaged in collective behaviors such as tower and raft building. We found that except for rafting at early stages, the metabolism scales isometrically with group size, indicating no group benefit in metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hungtang Ko
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332 Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Keyana Komilian
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332 Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James S Waters
- Department of Biology, Providence College, 02918 Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - David L Hu
- Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332 Atlanta, GA, USA.,School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 30332 Atlanta, GA, USA
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22
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Jones KK, Humphreys WF, Saccò M, Bertozzi T, Austin AD, Cooper SJ. The critical thermal maximum of diving beetles (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae): a comparison of subterranean and surface-dwelling species. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 1:100019. [PMID: 36003597 PMCID: PMC9387432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thermal tolerance limits in animals are often thought to be related to temperature and thermal variation in their environment. Recently, there has been a focus on studying upper thermal limits due to the likelihood for climate change to expose more animals to higher temperatures and potentially extinction. Organisms living in underground environments experience reduced temperatures and thermal variation in comparison to species living in surface habitats, but how these impact their thermal tolerance limits are unclear. In this study, we compare the thermal critical maximum (CTmax) of two subterranean diving beetles (Dytiscidae) to that of three related surface-dwelling species. Our results show that subterranean species have a lower CTmax (38.3-39.0°C) than surface species (42.0-44.5°C). The CTmax of subterranean species is ∼10°C higher than the highest temperature recorded within the aquifer. Groundwater temperature varied between 18.4°C and 28.8°C, and changes with time, depth and distance across the aquifer. Seasonal temperature fluctuations were 0.5°C at a single point, with the maximum heating rate being ∼1000x lower (0.008°C/hour) than that recorded in surface habitats (7.98°C/hour). For surface species, CTmax was 7-10°C higher than the maximum temperature in their habitats, with daily fluctuations from ∼1°C to 16°C and extremes of 6.9°C and 34.9°C. These findings suggest that subterranean dytiscid beetles are unlikely to reach their CTmax with a predicted warming of 1.3-5.1°C in the region by 2090. However, the impacts of long-term elevated temperatures on fitness, different life stages and other species in the beetle's trophic food web are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl K. Jones
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Evolutionary Genomics, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - William F. Humphreys
- Western Australian Museum, Locked Bag 40, Welshpool DC, WA 6986, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Mattia Saccò
- Trace and Environmental DNA (TrEnD) Laboratory, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley, WA 6102, Australia
| | - Terry Bertozzi
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Evolutionary Genomics, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
| | - Andy D. Austin
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Steven J.B. Cooper
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
- Evolutionary Genomics, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia 5000, Australia
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23
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Somjee U, Powell EC, Hickey AJ, Harrison JF, Painting CJ. Exaggerated sexually selected weapons maintained with disproportionately low metabolic costs in a single species with extreme size variation. Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ummat Somjee
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Balboa Panama
| | - Erin C. Powell
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Entomology and Nematology Department University of Florida Gainesville FL USA
| | - Anthony J. Hickey
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
| | | | - Christina J. Painting
- School of Biological Sciences University of Auckland Auckland New Zealand
- Te Aka Mātuatua School of Science University of Waikato Auckland New Zealand
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24
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Grula CC, Rinehart JP, Greenlee KJ, Bowsher JH. Body size allometry impacts flight-related morphology and metabolic rates in the solitary bee Megachile rotundata. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 133:104275. [PMID: 34217739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Body size is related to many aspects of life history, including foraging distance and pollination efficiency. In solitary bees, manipulating the amount of larval diet produces intraspecific differences in adult body size. The goal of this study was to determine how body size impacts metabolic rates, allometry, and flight-related morphometrics in the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata. By restricting or providing excess food, we produced a range of body sizes, which allowed us to test the effect of body size on allometry, the power required for flight, and amount of energy produced, as measured indirectly through CO2 emission. The power required during flight was predicted using the flight biomechanical formulas for wing loading and excess power index. We found larger bees had higher absolute metabolic rates at rest and during flight, but smaller bees had higher mass-specific metabolic rates at rest. During flight, bees did not have size-related differences in mass-specific metabolic rate. As bees increase in size, their thorax and abdomens become disproportionately larger, while their wings (area, and length) become disproportionately smaller. Smaller bees had more power available during flight as demonstrated by flight biomechanical formulas. Smaller body size was advantageous because of a reduced power requirement for flight with no metabolic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Grula
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive 218 Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
| | - Joseph P Rinehart
- Insect Genetics and Biochemistry Edward T. Schafer Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Center, 1616 Albrecht Boulevard, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
| | - Kendra J Greenlee
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive 218 Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
| | - Julia H Bowsher
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, 1340 Bolley Drive 218 Stevens Hall, Fargo, ND 58102, United States.
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25
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Nicholls E, Rossi M, Niven JE. Larval nutrition impacts survival to adulthood, body size and the allometric scaling of metabolic rate in adult honeybees. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:jeb242393. [PMID: 34263905 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.242393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is a fundamental physiological measure linked to numerous aspects of organismal function, including lifespan. Although dietary restriction in insects during larval growth/development affects adult RMR, the impact of the nutritional composition of larval diets (i.e. diet quality) on adult RMR has not been studied. Using in vitro rearing to control larval diet quality, we determined the effect of dietary protein and carbohydrate on honeybee survival to adulthood, time to eclosion, body mass/size and adult RMR. High carbohydrate larval diets increased survival to adulthood and time to eclosion compared with both low carbohydrate and high protein diets. Upon emergence, bees reared on the high protein diet were smaller and lighter than those reared on other diets, whilst those raised on the high carbohydrate diet varied more in body mass. Newly emerged adult bees reared on the high carbohydrate diet showed a significantly steeper increase in allometric scaling of RMR compared with those reared on other diets. This suggests that the nutritional composition of larval diets influences survival to adulthood, time to eclosion and the allometric scaling of RMR. Given that agricultural intensification and increasing urbanisation have led to a decrease in both forage availability and dietary diversity for bees, our results are critical to improving understanding of the impacts of poor developmental nutrition on bee growth/development and physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Rossi
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Jeremy E Niven
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
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26
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Schramm BW, Labecka AM, Gudowska A, Antoł A, Sikorska A, Szabla N, Bauchinger U, Kozlowski J, Czarnoleski M. Concerted evolution of body mass, cell size and metabolic rate among carabid beetles. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 132:104272. [PMID: 34186071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in cell number and size are apparently associated with the body mass differences between species and sexes, but we rarely know which of the two mechanisms underlies the observed variance in body mass. We used phylogenetically informed comparisons of males and females of 19 Carabidae beetle species to compare body mass, resting metabolic rate, and cell size in the ommatidia and Malpighian tubules. We found that the larger species or larger sex (males or females, depending on the species) consistently possessed larger cells in the two tissues, indicating organism-wide coordination of cell size changes in different tissues and the contribution of these changes to the origin of evolutionary and sex differences in body mass. The species or sex with larger cells also exhibited lower mass-specific metabolic rates, and the interspecific mass scaling of metabolism was negatively allometric, indicating that large beetles with larger cells spent relatively less energy on maintenance than small beetles. These outcomes also support existing hypotheses about the fitness consequences of cell size changes, postulating that the low surface-to-volume ratio of large cells helps decrease the energetic demand of maintaining ionic gradients across cell membranes. Analyses with and without phylogenetic information yielded similar results, indicating that the observed patterns were not biased by shared ancestry. Overall, we suggest that natural selection does not operate on each trait independently and that the linkages between concerted cell size changes in different tissues, body mass and metabolic rate should thus be viewed as outcomes of correlational selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz W Schramm
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland; Sable Systems Europe GmbH, Ostendstraße 25, 12459 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Maria Labecka
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gudowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland; Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Al. Adama Mickiewicza 33, 31-120 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Natalia Szabla
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland; Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pasteura 3, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Kozlowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Marcin Czarnoleski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Kraków 30-387, Poland.
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27
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Modeling the oxygen uptake, transport and consumption in an estivating terrestrial snail, Xeropicta derbentina, by the Colburn analogy. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251379. [PMID: 34014950 PMCID: PMC8136638 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work gives insight into the internal heat management of the respiratory system in the terrestrial snail Xeropicta derbentina, which has to cope with extreme climate conditions in its habitat. A realistic model of the lung´s vein system was constructed and the active diffusive surface of capillaries and main vein was calculated and confirmed by geometrical measurements. We here present a model that is able to validate the measured oxygen consumption by the use of the Colburn analogy between mass and momentum transfer. By combining basic diffusion laws with the momentum transfer, i.e. wall shear stress, at the inner wall of the lung capillaries and the main vein, the progression of the oxygen mass fraction in the hemolymph can be visualized.
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28
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Osipov SV. The Importance of a Species in a Biocoenosis, a Class of Biocoenoses, and a Region: A Review of Combined Indexes. BIOL BULL+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359021030109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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29
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Robert Burger J, Hou C, A S Hall C, Brown JH. Universal rules of life: metabolic rates, biological times and the equal fitness paradigm. Ecol Lett 2021; 24:1262-1281. [PMID: 33884749 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we review and extend the equal fitness paradigm (EFP) as an important step in developing and testing a synthetic theory of ecology and evolution based on energy and metabolism. The EFP states that all organisms are equally fit at steady state, because they allocate the same quantity of energy, ~ 22.4 kJ/g/generation to the production of offspring. On the one hand, the EFP may seem tautological, because equal fitness is necessary for the origin and persistence of biodiversity. On the other hand, the EFP reflects universal laws of life: how biological metabolism - the uptake, transformation and allocation of energy - links ecological and evolutionary patterns and processes across levels of organisation from: (1) structure and function of individual organisms, (2) life history and dynamics of populations, and (3) interactions and coevolution of species in ecosystems. The physics and biology of metabolism have facilitated the evolution of millions of species with idiosyncratic anatomy, physiology, behaviour and ecology but also with many shared traits and tradeoffs that reflect the single origin and universal rules of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Robert Burger
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA.,Arizona Institutes for Resilience, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Chen Hou
- Department of Biological Science, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, 65409, USA
| | - Charles A S Hall
- Department of Environmental and Forest Biology and Program in Environmental Science, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - James H Brown
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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Negroni MA, Stoldt M, Oster M, Rupp AS, Feldmeyer B, Foitzik S. Social organization and the evolution of life-history traits in two queen morphs of the ant Temnothorax rugatulus. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:238088. [PMID: 33658241 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During the evolution of social insects, not only did life-history traits diverge, with queens becoming highly fecund and long lived compared with their sterile workers, but also individual traits lost their importance compared with colony-level traits. In solitary animals, fecundity is largely influenced by female size, whereas in eusocial insects, colony size and queen number can affect the egg-laying rate. Here, we focused on the ant Temnothorax rugatulus, which exhibits two queen morphs varying in size and reproductive strategy, correlating with their colony's social organization. We experimentally tested the influence of social structure, colony and body size on queen fecundity and investigated links between body size, metabolic rate and survival under paraquat-induced oxidative stress. To gain insight into the molecular physiology underlying the alternative reproductive strategies, we analysed fat body transcriptomes. Per-queen egg production was lower in polygynous colonies when fecundity was limited by worker care. Colony size was a determinant of fecundity rather than body size or queen number, highlighting the super-organismal properties of these societies. The smaller microgynes were more frequently fed by workers and exhibited an increase in metabolic activity, yet they were similarly resistant to oxidative stress. Small queens differentially expressed metabolic genes in the fat body, indicating that shifts in molecular physiology and resource availability allow microgyne queens to compensate for their small size with a more active metabolism without paying increased mortality costs. We provide novel insights into how life-history traits and their associations were modified during social evolution and adapted to queen reproductive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo A Negroni
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marah Stoldt
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie Oster
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ann-Sophie Rupp
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Barbara Feldmeyer
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Molecular Ecology, Senckenberg, 60325 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Susanne Foitzik
- Institute of Organismic and Molecular Evolution, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Lehmann P, Javal M, Plessis AD, Terblanche JS. Using µCT in live larvae of a large wood-boring beetle to study tracheal oxygen supply during development. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 130:104199. [PMID: 33549568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
How respiratory structures vary with, or are constrained by, an animal's environment is of central importance to diverse evolutionary and comparative physiology hypotheses. To date, quantifying insect respiratory structures and their variation has remained challenging due to their microscopic size, hence only a handful of species have been examined. Several methods for imaging insect respiratory systems are available, in many cases however, the analytical process is lethal, destructive, time consuming and labour intensive. Here, we explore and test a different approach to measuring tracheal volume using X-ray micro-tomography (µCT) scanning (at 15 µm resolution) on living, sedated larvae of the cerambycid beetle Cacosceles newmannii across a range of body sizes at two points in development. We provide novel data on resistance of the larvae to the radiation dose absorbed during µCT scanning, repeatability of imaging analyses both within and between time-points and, structural tracheal trait differences provided by different image segmentation methods. By comparing how tracheal dimension (reflecting metabolic supply) and basal metabolic rate (reflecting metabolic demand) increase with mass, we show that tracheal oxygen supply capacity increases during development at a comparable, or even higher rate than metabolic demand. Given that abundant gas delivery capacity in the insect respiratory system may be costly (due to e.g. oxygen toxicity or space restrictions), there are probably balancing factors requiring such a capacity that are not linked to direct tissue oxygen demand and that have not been thoroughly elucidated to date, including CO2 efflux. Our study provides methodological insights and novel biological data on key issues in rapidly quantifying insect respiratory anatomy on live insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Lehmann
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa; Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Sweden.
| | - Marion Javal
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Anton Du Plessis
- CT Scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John S Terblanche
- Centre for Invasion Biology, Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Feng T, Charbonneau D, Qiu Z, Kang Y. Dynamics of task allocation in social insect colonies: scaling effects of colony size versus work activities. J Math Biol 2021; 82:42. [PMID: 33779857 DOI: 10.1007/s00285-021-01589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms through which work is organized are central to understanding how complex systems function. Previous studies suggest that task organization can emerge via nonlinear dynamical processes wherein individuals interact and modify their behavior through simple rules. However, there is very limited theory about how those processes are shaped by behavioral variation within social groups. In this work, we propose an adaptive modeling framework on task allocation by incorporating variation both in task performance and task-related metabolic rates. We study the scaling effects of colony size on the resting probability as well as task allocation. We also numerically explore the effects of stochastic noise on task allocation in social insect colonies. Our theoretical and numerical results show that: (a) changes in colony size can regulate the probability of colony resting and the allocation of tasks, and the direction of regulation depends on the nonlinear metabolic scaling effects of tasks; (b) increased response thresholds may cause colonies to rest in varied patterns such as periodicity. In this case, we observed an interesting bubble phenomenon in the task allocation of social insect colonies for the first time; (c) stochastic noise can cause work activities and task demand to fluctuate within a range, where the amplitude of the fluctuation is positively correlated with the intensity of noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Feng
- Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China.,Sciences and Mathematics Faculty, College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA
| | - Daniel Charbonneau
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Zhipeng Qiu
- Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Kang
- Sciences and Mathematics Faculty, College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, 85212, USA.
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Glazier DS. Genome Size Covaries More Positively with Propagule Size than Adult Size: New Insights into an Old Problem. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:270. [PMID: 33810583 PMCID: PMC8067107 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The body size and (or) complexity of organisms is not uniformly related to the amount of genetic material (DNA) contained in each of their cell nuclei ('genome size'). This surprising mismatch between the physical structure of organisms and their underlying genetic information appears to relate to variable accumulation of repetitive DNA sequences, but why this variation has evolved is little understood. Here, I show that genome size correlates more positively with egg size than adult size in crustaceans. I explain this and comparable patterns observed in other kinds of animals and plants as resulting from genome size relating strongly to cell size in most organisms, which should also apply to single-celled eggs and other reproductive propagules with relatively few cells that are pivotal first steps in their lives. However, since body size results from growth in cell size or number or both, it relates to genome size in diverse ways. Relationships between genome size and body size should be especially weak in large organisms whose size relates more to cell multiplication than to cell enlargement, as is generally observed. The ubiquitous single-cell 'bottleneck' of life cycles may affect both genome size and composition, and via both informational (genotypic) and non-informational (nucleotypic) effects, many other properties of multicellular organisms (e.g., rates of growth and metabolism) that have both theoretical and practical significance.
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Glazier DS, Gring JP, Holsopple JR, Gjoni V. Temperature effects on metabolic scaling of a keystone freshwater crustacean depend on fish-predation regime. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb232322. [PMID: 33037112 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.232322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
According to the metabolic theory of ecology, metabolic rate, an important indicator of the pace of life, varies with body mass and temperature as a result of internal physical constraints. However, various ecological factors may also affect metabolic rate and its scaling with body mass. Although reports of such effects on metabolic scaling usually focus on single factors, the possibility of significant interactive effects between multiple factors requires further study. In this study, we show that the effect of temperature on the ontogenetic scaling of resting metabolic rate of the freshwater amphipod Gammarus minus depends critically on habitat differences in predation regime. Increasing temperature tends to cause decreases in the metabolic scaling exponent (slope) in population samples from springs with fish predators, but increases in population samples from springs without fish. Accordingly, the temperature sensitivity of metabolic rate is not only size-specific, but also its relationship to body size shifts dramatically in response to fish predators. We hypothesize that the dampened effect of temperature on the metabolic rate of large adults in springs with fish, and of small juveniles in springs without fish are adaptive evolutionary responses to differences in the relative mortality risk of adults and juveniles in springs with versus without fish predators. Our results demonstrate a complex interaction among metabolic rate, body mass, temperature and predation regime. The intraspecific scaling of metabolic rate with body mass and temperature is not merely the result of physical constraints related to internal body design and biochemical kinetics, but rather is ecologically sensitive and evolutionarily malleable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S Glazier
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, 1700 Moore Street, Huntingdon, PA 16652, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Gring
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, 1700 Moore Street, Huntingdon, PA 16652, USA
- Coastal Resources, Inc., Annapolis, MD 21401, USA
| | - Jacob R Holsopple
- Department of Biology, Juniata College, 1700 Moore Street, Huntingdon, PA 16652, USA
| | - Vojsava Gjoni
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies, University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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A new comprehensive trait database of European and Maghreb butterflies, Papilionoidea. Sci Data 2020; 7:351. [PMID: 33060594 PMCID: PMC7567092 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-020-00697-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Trait-based analyses explaining the different responses of species and communities to environmental changes are increasing in frequency. European butterflies are an indicator group that responds rapidly to environmental changes with extensive citizen science contributions to documenting changes of abundance and distribution. Species traits have been used to explain long- and short-term responses to climate, land-use and vegetation changes. Studies are often characterised by limited trait sets being used, with risks that the relative roles of different traits are not fully explored. Butterfly trait information is dispersed amongst various sources and descriptions sometimes differ between sources. We have therefore drawn together multiple information sets to provide a comprehensive trait database covering 542 taxa and 25 traits described by 217 variables and sub-states of the butterflies of Europe and Maghreb (northwest Africa) which should serve for improved trait-based ecological, conservation-related, phylogeographic and evolutionary studies of this group of insects. We provide this data in two forms; the basic data and as processed continuous and multinomial data, to enhance its potential usage. Measurement(s) | resources • Egg Laying • larval environment • pupal environment • geographic location • behavior • size • voltinism • phenology • host plant | Technology Type(s) | digital curation | Factor Type(s) | species | Sample Characteristic - Organism | Papilionoidea | Sample Characteristic - Location | Europe • Northwest Africa |
Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data: 10.6084/m9.figshare.12998828
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Antoł A, Labecka AM, Horváthová T, Sikorska A, Szabla N, Bauchinger U, Kozłowski J, Czarnoleski M. Effects of thermal and oxygen conditions during development on cell size in the common rough woodlice Porcellio scaber. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:9552-9566. [PMID: 32953083 PMCID: PMC7487255 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
During development, cells may adjust their size to balance between the tissue metabolic demand and the oxygen and resource supply: Small cells may effectively absorb oxygen and nutrients, but the relatively large area of the plasma membrane requires costly maintenance. Consequently, warm and hypoxic environments should favor ectotherms with small cells to meet increased metabolic demand by oxygen supply. To test these predictions, we compared cell size (hindgut epithelium, hepatopancreas B cells, ommatidia) in common rough woodlice (Porcellio scaber) that were developed under four developmental conditions designated by two temperatures (15 or 22°C) and two air O2 concentrations (10% or 22%). To test whether small-cell woodlice cope better under increased metabolic demand, the CO2 production of each woodlouse was measured under cold, normoxic conditions and under warm, hypoxic conditions, and the magnitude of metabolic increase (MMI) was calculated. Cell sizes were highly intercorrelated, indicative of organism-wide mechanisms of cell cycle control. Cell size differences among woodlice were largely linked with body size changes (larger cells in larger woodlice) and to a lesser degree with oxygen conditions (development of smaller cells under hypoxia), but not with temperature. Developmental conditions did not affect MMI, and contrary to predictions, large woodlice with large cells showed higher MMI than small woodlice with small cells. We also observed complex patterns of sexual difference in the size of hepatopancreatic cells and the size and number of ommatidia, which are indicative of sex differences in reproductive biology. We conclude that existing theories about the adaptiveness of cell size do not satisfactorily explain the patterns in cell size and metabolic performance observed here in P. scaber. Thus, future studies addressing physiological effects of cell size variance should simultaneously consider different organismal elements that can be involved in sustaining the metabolic demands of tissue, such as the characteristics of gas-exchange organs and O2-binding proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Antoł
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | | | - Terézia Horváthová
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
- Institute of Soil BiologyBiology Centre CASČeské BudějoviceCzech Republic
| | - Anna Sikorska
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Natalia Szabla
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
| | - Ulf Bauchinger
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
- Nencki Institute of Experimental BiologyPolish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Jan Kozłowski
- Institute of Environmental SciencesJagiellonian UniversityKrakówPoland
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Tomlinson S. The construction of small‐scale, quasi‐mechanistic spatial models of insect energetics in habitat restoration: A case study of beetles in Western Australia. DIVERS DISTRIB 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences Curtin University of Technology Perth WA Australia
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation an Attractions Kings Park Science Kings Park WA Australia
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38
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Tracheal branching in ants is area-decreasing, violating a central assumption of network transport models. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007853. [PMID: 32352964 PMCID: PMC7241831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of tubular transport networks is thought to underlie much of biological regularity, from individuals to ecosystems. A core assumption of transport network models is either area-preserving or area-increasing branching, such that the summed cross-sectional area of all child branches is equal to or greater than the cross-sectional area of their respective parent branch. For insects, the most diverse group of animals, the assumption of area-preserving branching of tracheae is, however, based on measurements of a single individual and an assumption of gas exchange by diffusion. Here we show that ants exhibit neither area-preserving nor area-increasing branching in their abdominal tracheal systems. We find for 20 species of ants that the sum of child tracheal cross-sectional areas is typically less than that of the parent branch (area-decreasing). The radius, rather than the area, of the parent branch is conserved across the sum of child branches. Interpretation of the tracheal system as one optimized for the release of carbon dioxide, while readily catering to oxygen demand, explains the branching pattern. Our results, together with widespread demonstration that gas exchange in insects includes, and is often dominated by, convection, indicate that for generality, network transport models must include consideration of systems with different architectures. A fundamental assumption of models of the transport of substances through networks of tubes, such as circulatory systems in animals and vascular systems in plants, is that the total cross-sectional area of the tubes remains constant irrespective of the branching level, or that it increases slightly in the direction from the largest to the smallest tubes. One large tube should have the same or a slightly smaller area than the sum of the next two tubes after a branching. The assumption of such a pattern underpins one of biology’s most influential ideas–the metabolic theory of ecology. Surprisingly, the assumption has never been systematically examined for insects–the planet’s most diverse group of animals which deliver oxygen to and remove carbon dioxide from their bodies using a network of tubes known as tracheae. Until recently, it has been technologically very challenging to do so. Here, we use x-ray synchrotron tomography to overcome this challenge. We show that tracheal branching in 20 species of ants does not follow this pattern. Rather, cross-sectional area reduces in an inwards direction. We then use modelling to show that such a pattern facilitates outward CO2 release, a process more challenging for insects than moving oxygen inwards. Our work suggests that much still needs to be done to understand the fundamental assumptions underlying network transport models and how they apply more generally across life–especially in the context of why metabolic rate scales with body size.
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Packard GC. A new perspective on the static metabolic allometry of carabid beetles. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:471-477. [DOI: 10.1002/jez.2364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary C. Packard
- Department of BiologyColorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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40
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Hechinger RF, Sheehan KL, Turner AV. Metabolic theory of ecology successfully predicts distinct scaling of ectoparasite load on hosts. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191777. [PMID: 31847763 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The impacts of parasites on hosts and the role that parasites play in ecosystems must be underlain by the load of parasites in individual hosts. To help explain and predict parasite load across a broad range of species, quantitative theory has been developed based on fundamental relationships between organism size, temperature and metabolic rate. Here, we elaborate on an aspect of that 'scaling theory for parasitism', and test a previously unexplored prediction, using new data for total ectoparasite load from 263 wild birds of 42 species. We reveal that, despite the expected substantial variation in parasite load among individual hosts, (i) the theory successfully predicts the distinct increase of ectoparasite load with host body size, indicating the importance of geometric scaling constraints on access to host resources, (ii) ectoparasite load appears ultimately limited by access-not to host space-but to host energy, and (iii) there is a currency-dependent shift in taxonomic dominance of parasite load on larger birds. Hence, these results reveal a seemingly new macroecological pattern, underscore the utility of energy flux as a currency for parasitism and highlight the promise of using scaling theory to provide baseline expectations for parasite load for a diversity of host species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Hechinger
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Kate L Sheehan
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew V Turner
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Javal M, Thomas S, Lehmann P, Barton MG, Conlong DE, Du Plessis A, Terblanche JS. The Effect of Oxygen Limitation on a Xylophagous Insect's Heat Tolerance Is Influenced by Life-Stage Through Variation in Aerobic Scope and Respiratory Anatomy. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1426. [PMID: 31824337 PMCID: PMC6879455 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Temperature has a profound impact on insect fitness and performance via metabolic, enzymatic or chemical reaction rate effects. However, oxygen availability can interact with these thermal responses in complex and often poorly understood ways, especially in hypoxia-adapted species. Here we test the hypothesis that thermal limits are reduced under low oxygen availability - such as might happen when key life-stages reside within plants - but also extend this test to attempt to explain that the magnitude of the effect of hypoxia depends on variation in key respiration-related parameters such as aerobic scope and respiratory morphology. Using two life-stages of a xylophagous cerambycid beetle, Cacosceles (Zelogenes) newmannii we assessed oxygen-limitation effects on metabolic performance and thermal limits. We complement these physiological assessments with high-resolution 3D (micro-computed tomography scan) morphometry in both life-stages. Results showed that although larvae and adults have similar critical thermal maxima (CTmax) under normoxia, hypoxia reduces metabolic rate in adults to a greater extent than it does in larvae, thus reducing aerobic scope in the former far more markedly. In separate experiments, we also show that adults defend a tracheal oxygen (critical) setpoint more consistently than do larvae, indicated by switching between discontinuous gas exchange cycles (DGC) and continuous respiratory patterns under experimentally manipulated oxygen levels. These effects can be explained by the fact that the volume of respiratory anatomy is positively correlated with body mass in adults but is apparently size-invariant in larvae. Thus, the two life-stages of C. newmannii display key differences in respiratory structure and function that can explain the magnitude of the effect of hypoxia on upper thermal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Javal
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Saskia Thomas
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Philipp Lehmann
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madeleine G. Barton
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Desmond E. Conlong
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- South African Sugarcane Research Institute, Mount Edgecombe, South Africa
| | - Anton Du Plessis
- CT Scanner Facility, Central Analytical Facilities, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Physics Department, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology & Entomology, Faculty of AgriSciences, Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Koemel NA, Barnes CL, Wilder SM. Metabolic and behavioral responses of predators to prey nutrient content. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 116:25-31. [PMID: 31009622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Predators feed on a diversity of prey that can vary widely in nutrient content. While prey nutrient content is known to have important consequences for life history traits, less is known about how it affects physiology and behavior. The purpose of this study was to test how diet affected the physiology and behavior of the wolf spider Hogna carolinensis. We hypothesized that higher protein intake would result in a lower metabolic rate due to less energy intake. Further, we also expected the high protein group to exhibit increased activity levels and aggression in an attempt to increase energy intake. Spiders were maintained on three different treatment diets in order to simulate prey with differing macronutrient composition: high protein, intermediate, and high lipid. Spider respiration was measured to quantify the baseline metabolic rate (SMR), digestive metabolic rate (SDA), and active metabolic rate (AMR). We found no significant effect of diet on metabolic rates. However, the SDA coefficient (i.e. digestive cost relative to prey content) was higher in the high protein group, meaning that this group metabolized a greater portion of their prey during digestion and had a lower net energy intake from prey. In our behavioral assays, spiders in the high protein group were significantly more active and attacked prey more quickly in their first trial. Our results demonstrate that diet had relatively little effect on predator metabolism but more of an effect on behavior. These findings suggest that diet regulation should be analyzed by studying multiple responses together, including metabolism and behavior, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the effects of diet on organism performance and fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Koemel
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Cody L Barnes
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA
| | - Shawn M Wilder
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, 501 Life Science West, Stillwater, OK 74075, USA.
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Shik JZ, Arnan X, Oms CS, Cerdá X, Boulay R. Evidence for locally adaptive metabolic rates among ant populations along an elevational gradient. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1240-1249. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Zvi Shik
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Xim Cerdá
- Estación Biológica Doñana (CSIC) Sevilla Spain
| | - Raphaël Boulay
- Institute of Insect Biology Tours University Tours France
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45
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Jones KK, Cooper SJB, Seymour RS. Cutaneous respiration by diving beetles from underground aquifers of Western Australia (Coleoptera: Dytiscidae). J Exp Biol 2019; 222:222/7/jeb196659. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.196659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Insects have a gas-filled respiratory system, which provides a challenge for those that have become aquatic secondarily. Diving beetles (Dytiscidae) use bubbles on the surface of their bodies to supply O2 for their dives and passively gain O2 from the water. However, these bubbles usually require replenishment at the water's surface. A highly diverse assemblage of subterranean dytiscids has evolved in isolated calcrete aquifers of Western Australia with limited/no access to an air–water interface, raising the question of how they are able to respire. We explored the hypothesis that they use cutaneous respiration by studying the mode of respiration in three subterranean dytiscid species from two isolated aquifers. The three beetle species consume O2 directly from the water, but they lack structures on their bodies that could have respiratory function. They also have a lower metabolic rate than other insects. O2 boundary layers surrounding the beetles are present, indicating that O2 diffuses into the surface of their bodies via cutaneous respiration. Cuticle thickness measurements and other experimental results were incorporated into a mathematical model to understand whether cutaneous respiration limits beetle size. The model indicates that the cuticle contributes considerably to resistance in the O2 cascade. As the beetles become larger, their metabolic scope narrows, potentially limiting their ability to allocate energy to mating, foraging and development at sizes above approximately 5 mg. However, the ability of these beetles to utilise cutaneous respiration has enabled the evolution of the largest assemblage of subterranean dytiscids in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl K. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Steven J. B. Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Roger S. Seymour
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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46
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Tomlinson S. The mathematics of thermal sub-optimality: Nonlinear regression characterization of thermal performance of reptile metabolic rates. J Therm Biol 2019; 81:49-58. [PMID: 30975423 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sean Tomlinson
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Kent Street, Bentley 6102, Western Australia, Australia; Kings Park Science, Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kattidj Close, Kings Park 6005, Western Australia, Australia.
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Boyle NK, Pitts-Singer TL, Abbott J, Alix A, Cox-Foster DL, Hinarejos S, Lehmann DM, Morandin L, O’Neill B, Raine NE, Singh R, Thompson HM, Williams NM, Steeger T. Workshop on Pesticide Exposure Assessment Paradigm for Non-Apis Bees: Foundation and Summaries. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2019; 48:4-11. [PMID: 30508116 PMCID: PMC8381227 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvy103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Current pesticide risk assessment practices use the honey bee, Apis mellifera L., as a surrogate to characterize the likelihood of chemical exposure of a candidate pesticide for all bee species. Bees make up a diverse insect group that provides critical pollination services to both managed and wild ecosystems. Accordingly, they display a diversity of behaviors and vary greatly in their lifestyles and phenologies, such as their timing of emergence, degree of sociality, and foraging and nesting behaviors. Some of these factors may lead to disparate or variable routes of exposure when compared to honey bees. For those that possess life histories that are distinct from A. mellifera, further risk assessments may be warranted. In January 2017, 40 bee researchers, representative of regulatory agencies, academia, and agrochemical industries, gathered to discuss the current state of science on pesticide exposure to non-Apis bees and to determine how well honey bee exposure estimates, implemented by different regulatory agencies, may be protective for non-Apis bees. Workshop participants determined that although current risk assessment procedures for honey bees are largely conservative, several routes of exposure are unique to non-Apis bees and warranted further investigation. In this forum article, we discuss these key routes of exposure relevant to non-Apis bees and identify important research gaps that can help inform future bee risk assessment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie K. Boyle
- USDA – ARS – PWA, Pollinating Insects- Biology, Management, Systematics Research, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Theresa L. Pitts-Singer
- USDA – ARS – PWA, Pollinating Insects- Biology, Management, Systematics Research, Logan, UT, USA
| | - John Abbott
- Syngenta Crop Protection, LLC, 410 Swing Rd Greensboro, NC, 27419, USA
| | - Anne Alix
- Dow Agrosciences European Development Centre, 3 Milton Park, OX14 4RN, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Diana L. Cox-Foster
- USDA – ARS – PWA, Pollinating Insects- Biology, Management, Systematics Research, Logan, UT, USA
| | | | - David M. Lehmann
- Cardiopulmonary and Immunotoxicology Branch, Environmental Public Health Division, National Health, and Environmental Effects Laboratory (NHEERL), US - Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lora Morandin
- Pollinator Partnership, 1212 Juno St, Victoria, BC, V9A 5K1, Canada
| | - Bridget O’Neill
- DuPont Crop Protection, Chestnut Run Plaza Bldg 720, 974 Centre Rd, Wilmington, DE, USA
| | - Nigel E. Raine
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rajwinder Singh
- BASF Corporation, 26 Davis Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Helen M. Thompson
- Syngenta, Jealott’s Hill International Research Station, Bracknell, Berks, RG42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Neal M. Williams
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Thomas Steeger
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW Office of Pesticide Programs/Environmental Fate and Effects Division, Washington, DC, USA
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Billardon F, Darveau CA. Flight energetics, caste dimorphism and scaling properties in the bumblebee, Bombus impatiens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.187807. [PMID: 30352821 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.187807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Animal size affects the energetics of locomotion. Using female caste dimorphism in bumblebees, we assessed how body mass impacts morphological and physiological traits linked with flight. The allometric relationships obtained for wing surface area, wingbeat frequency, and flight and resting metabolic rates of workers could predict the trait values of queens that were more than fourfold larger. Flight success of queens decreased over time in part because of a large increase in body mass and a decrease in traits linked with flight, namely wingbeat frequency and metabolic rate, and the activity of metabolic enzymes tended to decrease. After taking into account temporal changes, body mass, flight wingbeat frequency and metabolic rate were repeatable. Finally, we found significant family resemblance for all traits measured, indicating that shared genes and/or environmental effects impact phenotypic variation. Together, our results show that the functional association between body morphology and flight physiology is robust, providing further insights into the mechanistic basis of metabolic rate scaling patterns during locomotion in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fannie Billardon
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Charles-A Darveau
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, 30 Marie Curie, Ottawa, ON, Canada K1N 6N5
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Consequences of prey exoskeleton content for predator feeding and digestion: black widow predation on larval versus adult mealworm beetles. Oecologia 2018; 190:1-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Harrison JF. Approaches for testing hypotheses for the hypometric scaling of aerobic metabolic rate in animals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R879-R894. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00165.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypometric scaling of aerobic metabolism [larger organisms have lower mass-specific metabolic rates (MR/g)] is nearly universal for interspecific comparisons among animals, yet we lack an agreed upon explanation for this pattern. If physiological constraints on the function of larger animals occur and limit MR/g, these should be observable as direct constraints on animals of extant species and/or as evolved responses to compensate for the proposed constraint. There is evidence for direct constraints and compensatory responses to O2 supply constraint in skin-breathing animals, but not in vertebrates with gas-exchange organs. The duration of food retention in the gut is longer for larger birds and mammals, consistent with a direct constraint on nutrient uptake across the gut wall, but there is little evidence for evolving compensatory responses to gut transport constraints in larger animals. Larger placental mammals (but not marsupials or birds) show evidence of greater challenges with heat dissipation, but there is little evidence for compensatory adaptations to enhance heat loss in larger endotherms, suggesting that metabolic rate (MR) more generally balances heat loss for thermoregulation in endotherms. Size-dependent patterns in many molecular, physiological, and morphological properties are consistent with size-dependent natural selection, such as stronger selection for neurolocomotor performance and growth rate in smaller animals and stronger selection for safety and longevity in larger animals. Hypometric scaling of MR very likely arises from different mechanisms in different taxa and conditions, consistent with the diversity of scaling slopes for MR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon F. Harrison
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
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