1
|
Bala V, Patel V, Sewell-Loftin MK. Cadherin Expression Is Regulated by Mechanical Phenotypes of Fibroblasts in the Perivascular Matrix. Cells Tissues Organs 2024:1-18. [PMID: 38768571 DOI: 10.1159/000539319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The influence of mechanical forces generated by stromal cells in the perivascular matrix is thought to be a key regulator in controlling blood vessel growth. Cadherins are mechanosensors that facilitate and maintain cell-cell interactions and blood vessel integrity, but little is known about how stromal cells regulate cadherin signaling in the vasculature. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between mechanical phenotypes of stromal cells with cadherin expression in 3D tissue engineering models of vascular growth. METHODS Stromal cell lines were subjected to a bead displacement assay to track matrix distortions and characterize mechanical phenotypes in 3D microtissue models. These cells included human ventricular cardiac (NHCF), dermal (NHDF), lung (NHLF), breast cancer-associated (CAF), and normal breast fibroblasts (NBF). Cells were embedded in a fibrin matrix (10 mg/mL) with fluorescent tracker beads; images were collected every 30 min. We also studied endothelial cells (ECs) in co-culture with mechanically active or inactive stromal cells and quantified N-Cad, OB-Cad, and VE-Cad expression using immunofluorescence. RESULTS Bead displacement studies identified mechanically active stromal cells (CAFs, NHCFs, NHDFs) that generate matrix distortions and mechanically inactive cells (NHLFs, NBFs). CAFs, NHCFs, and NHDFs displaced the matrix with an average magnitude of 3.17 ± 0.11 μm, 3.13 ± 0.06 μm, and 2.76 ± 0.05 μm, respectively, while NHLFs and NBFs displaced the matrix with an average of 1.82 ± 0.05 μm and 2.66 ± 0.06 μm in fibrin gels. Compared to ECs only, CAFs + ECs as well as NBFs + ECs in 3D co-culture significantly decreased expression of VE-Cad; in addition, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient for N-Cad and VE-Cad showed a strong correlation (>0.7), suggesting cadherin colocalization. Using a microtissue model, we demonstrated that mechanical phenotypes associated with increased matrix deformations correspond to enhanced angiogenic growth. The results could suggest a mechanism to control tight junction regulation in developing vascular beds for tissue engineering scaffolds or understanding vascular growth during developmental processes. CONCLUSION Our studies provide novel data for how mechanical phenotype of stromal cells in combination with secreted factor profiles is related to cadherin regulation, localization, and vascularization potential in 3D microtissue models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali Bala
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Vidhi Patel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Mary Kathryn Sewell-Loftin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Choi HS, Jang HJ, Kristensen MK, Kwon TH. TAZ is involved in breast cancer cell migration via regulating actin dynamics. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1376831. [PMID: 38774409 PMCID: PMC11106448 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1376831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer metastasis is dependent on cell migration. Several mechanisms, including epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and actin fiber formation, could be involved in cancer cell migration. As a downstream effector of the Hippo signaling pathway, transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) is recognized as a key mediator of the metastatic ability of breast cancer cells. We aimed to examine whether TAZ affects the migration of breast cancer cells through the regulation of EMT or actin cytoskeleton. Methods MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were treated with siRNA to attenuate TAZ abundance. Transwell migration assay and scratch wound healing assay were performed to study the effects of TAZ knockdown on cancer cell migration. Fluorescence microscopy was conducted to examine the vinculin and phalloidin. Semiquantitative immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR were performed to study the expression of small GTPases and kinases. Changes in the expression of genes associated with cell migration were examined through next-generation sequencing. Results TAZ-siRNA treatment reduced TAZ abundance in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, which was associated with a significant decrease in cell migration. TAZ knockdown increased the expression of fibronectin, but it did not exhibit the typical pattern of EMT progression. TGF-β treatment in MDA-MB-231 cells resulted in a reduction in TAZ and an increase in fibronectin levels. However, it paradoxically promoted cell migration, suggesting that EMT is unlikely to be involved in the decreased migration of breast cancer cells in response to TAZ suppression. RhoA, a small Rho GTPase protein, was significantly reduced in response to TAZ knockdown. This caused a decrease in the expression of the Rho-dependent downstream pathway, i.e., LIM kinase 1 (LIMK1), phosphorylated LIMK1/2, and phosphorylated cofilin, leading to actin depolymerization. Furthermore, myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) and phosphorylated MLC2 were significantly decreased in MDA-MB-231 cells with TAZ knockdown, inhibiting the assembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions. Conclusion TAZ knockdown inhibits the migration of breast cancer cells by regulating the intracellular actin cytoskeletal organization. This is achieved, in part, by reducing the abundance of RhoA and Rho-dependent downstream kinase proteins, which results in actin depolymerization and the disassembly of stress fibers and focal adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Seok Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Ju Jang
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Mathilde K. Kristensen
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
- Faculty of Health, Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Tae-Hwan Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
- BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taegu, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Li N, Kobayashi S. Paxillin participates in the sphingosylphosphorylcholine-induced abnormal contraction of vascular smooth muscle by regulating Rho-kinase activation. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:58. [PMID: 38254202 PMCID: PMC10801962 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Ca2+-independent contraction of vascular smooth muscle is a leading cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular spasms. In the previous study, we demonstrated the involvement of Src family protein tyrosine kinase Fyn and Rho-kinase in the sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC)-induced abnormal and Ca2+-independent contraction of vascular smooth muscle, but the specific mechanism has not been completely clarified. METHODS Paxillin knockdown human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (CASMCs) and smooth muscle-specific paxillin knockout mice were generated by using paxillin shRNA and the tamoxifen-inducible Cre-LoxP system, respectively. CASMCs contraction was observed by time-lapse recording. The vessel contractility was measured by using a myography assay. Fyn, Rho-kinase, and myosin light chain activation were assessed by immunoprecipitation and western blotting. The paxillin expression and actin stress fibers were visualized by histological analysis and immunofluorescent staining. RESULTS The SPC-induced abnormal contraction was inhibited in paxillin knockdown CASMCs and arteries of paxillin knockout mice, indicating that paxillin is involved in this abnormal contraction. Further study showed that paxillin knockdown inhibited the SPC-induced Rho-kinase activation without affecting Fyn activation. In addition, paxillin knockdown significantly inhibited the SPC-induced actin stress fiber formation and myosin light chain phosphorylation. These results suggest that paxillin, as an upstream molecule of Rho-kinase, is involved in the SPC-induced abnormal contraction of vascular smooth muscle. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrated that paxillin participates in the SPC-induced abnormal vascular smooth muscle contraction by regulating Rho-kinase activation. Video Abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Sei Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi University, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Amiri S, Muresan C, Shang X, Huet-Calderwood C, Schwartz MA, Calderwood DA, Murrell M. Intracellular tension sensor reveals mechanical anisotropy of the actin cytoskeleton. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8011. [PMID: 38049429 PMCID: PMC10695988 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43612-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The filamentous actin (F-actin) cytoskeleton is a composite material consisting of cortical actin and bundled F-actin stress fibers, which together mediate the mechanical behaviors of the cell, from cell division to cell migration. However, as mechanical forces are typically measured upon transmission to the extracellular matrix, the internal distribution of forces within the cytoskeleton is unknown. Likewise, how distinct F-actin architectures contribute to the generation and transmission of mechanical forces is unclear. Therefore, we have developed a molecular tension sensor that embeds into the F-actin cytoskeleton. Using this sensor, we measure tension within stress fibers and cortical actin, as the cell is subject to uniaxial stretch. We find that the mechanical response, as measured by FRET, depends on the direction of applied stretch relative to the cell's axis of alignment. When the cell is aligned parallel to the direction of the stretch, stress fibers and cortical actin both accumulate tension. By contrast, when aligned perpendicular to the direction of stretch, stress fibers relax tension while the cortex accumulates tension, indicating mechanical anisotropy within the cytoskeleton. We further show that myosin inhibition regulates this anisotropy. Thus, the mechanical anisotropy of the cell and the coordination between distinct F-actin architectures vary and depend upon applied load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sorosh Amiri
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Camelia Muresan
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Xingbo Shang
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | - Martin A Schwartz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 333 Cedar St, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, 300 George St, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar St, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, 333 Cedar St, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Michael Murrell
- Systems Biology Institute, 850 West Campus Drive, Yale University, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, 17 Hillhouse Ave, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
- Department of Physics, 217 Prospect Street, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mostert D, Grolleman J, van Turnhout MC, Groenen BGW, Conte V, Sahlgren CM, Kurniawan NA, Bouten CVC. SFAlab: image-based quantification of mechano-active ventral actin stress fibers in adherent cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1267822. [PMID: 37779894 PMCID: PMC10540851 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1267822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ventral actin stress fibers (SFs) are a subset of actin SFs that begin and terminate at focal adhesion (FA) complexes. Ventral SFs can transmit forces from and to the extracellular matrix and serve as a prominent mechanosensing and mechanotransduction machinery for cells. Therefore, quantitative analysis of ventral SFs can lead to deeper understanding of the dynamic mechanical interplay between cells and their extracellular matrix (mechanoreciprocity). However, the dynamic nature and organization of ventral SFs challenge their quantification, and current quantification tools mainly focus on all SFs present in cells and cannot discriminate between subsets. Here we present an image analysis-based computational toolbox, called SFAlab, to quantify the number of ventral SFs and the number of ventral SFs per FA, and provide spatial information about the locations of the identified ventral SFs. SFAlab is built as an all-in-one toolbox that besides analyzing ventral SFs also enables the identification and quantification of (the shape descriptors of) nuclei, cells, and FAs. We validated SFAlab for the quantification of ventral SFs in human fetal cardiac fibroblasts and demonstrated that SFAlab analysis i) yields accurate ventral SF detection in the presence of image imperfections often found in typical fluorescence microscopy images, and ii) is robust against user subjectivity and potential experimental artifacts. To demonstrate the usefulness of SFAlab in mechanobiology research, we modulated actin polymerization and showed that inhibition of Rho kinase led to a significant decrease in ventral SF formation and the number of ventral SFs per FA, shedding light on the importance of the RhoA pathway specifically in ventral SF formation. We present SFAlab as a powerful open source, easy to use image-based analytical tool to increase our understanding of mechanoreciprocity in adherent cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Mostert
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Janine Grolleman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Mark C. van Turnhout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Bart G. W. Groenen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Vito Conte
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Cecilia M. Sahlgren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Nicholas A. Kurniawan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V. C. Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie Y, Yue L, Shi Y, Su X, Gan C, Liu H, Xue T, Ye T. Application and Study of ROCK Inhibitors in Pulmonary Fibrosis: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. J Med Chem 2023; 66:4342-4360. [PMID: 36940432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2023]
Abstract
Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing kinases (ROCKs), serine/threonine protein kinases, were initially identified as downstream targets of the small GTP-binding protein Rho. Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a lethal disease with limited therapeutic options and a particularly poor prognosis. Interestingly, ROCK activation has been demonstrated in PF patients and in animal PF models, making it a promising target for PF treatment. Many ROCK inhibitors have been discovered, and four of these have been approved for clinical use; however, no ROCK inhibitors are approved for the treatment of PF patients. In this article, we describe ROCK signaling pathways and the structure-activity relationship, potency, selectivity, binding modes, pharmacokinetics (PKs), biological functions, and recently reported inhibitors of ROCKs in the context of PF. We will also focus our attention on the challenges to be addressed when targeting ROCKs and discuss the strategy of ROCK inhibitor use in the treatment of PF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Xie
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Lin Yue
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yaojie Shi
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Xingping Su
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Cailing Gan
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Hongyao Liu
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Taixiong Xue
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Tinghong Ye
- Sichuan University-Oxford University Huaxi Gastrointestinal Cancer Centre, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Effects of Electrical Stimulation on the Signal Transduction-Related Proteins, c-Src and Focal Adhesion Kinase, in Fibroblasts. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040531. [PMID: 35455022 PMCID: PMC9024655 DOI: 10.3390/life12040531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the skin and muscles, e.g., in the fields of rehabilitation medicine and acupuncture, is known to locally increase blood flow and metabolism, and thus have beneficial health effects. However, little is known about the changes in cellular morphology or regulation of the localization of specific proteins in response to electrical stimuli. The present study was performed to examine the effects of electrical stimulation on the cytoskeletal system of cultured fibroblasts. Following application of electrical stimulation to cultured fibroblastic cells for a period of about 2 h, the stress fibers in the cells became thicker and the cells showed a contracted appearance. Cells were subjected to periodic electrical stimulation for 0 (unstimulated control), 2, 5, or 20 h. The stress fibers showed an increase in thickness within 2 h, and became gradually thicker until 20 h. In addition, the focal adhesions and stress fibers were enlarged after 2 h of continuous stimulation, and both stress fibers and focal adhesions became larger and thicker after 20 h of periodic stimulation. Cells showed increased staining of focal adhesions with anti-phosphotyrosine antibody (PY-20) after electrical stimulation. Cells also showed increased staining of tyrosine-phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) (pY397) and tyrosine-phosphorylated c-Src (pY418), indicating that electrical stimulation affected signal transduction-related proteins.
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhang Y, Lu Q, Li N, Xu M, Miyamoto T, Liu J. Sulforaphane suppresses metastasis of triple-negative breast cancer cells by targeting the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway. NPJ Breast Cancer 2022; 8:40. [PMID: 35332167 PMCID: PMC8948359 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-022-00402-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer metastasis is the main cause of cancer death in women, so far, no effective treatment has inhibited breast cancer metastasis. Sulforaphane (SFN), a natural compound derived from broccoli, has shown potential health benefits in many cancers. However, research on breast cancer metastasis is still insufficient. Here, we showed that SFN, including its two isomers of R-SFN and S-SFN, significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced migration and invasion in breast cancer cells. Proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis showed that SFN affected the formation of the cytoskeleton. Subsequent experiments confirmed that SFN significantly inhibited TGF-β1-induced actin stress fiber formation and the expression of actin stress fiber formation-associated proteins, including paxillin, IQGAP1, FAK, PAK2, and ROCK. Additionally, SFN is directly bound to RAF family proteins (including ARAF, BRAF, and CRAF) and inhibited MEK and ERK phosphorylation. These in vitro results indicate that SFN targets the RAF/MEK/ERK signaling pathway to inhibit the formation of actin stress fibers, thereby inhibiting breast cancer cell metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| | - Qian Lu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Ming Xu
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Yamaguchi University, Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, No.9 West Section Lvshun South Road, Dalian, 116044, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tsukamoto S, Chiam KH, Asakawa T, Sawasaki K, Takesue N, Sakamoto N. Compressive forces driven by lateral actin fibers are a key to the nuclear deformation under uniaxial cell-substrate stretching. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 597:37-43. [PMID: 35123264 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Cells sense the direction of mechanical stimuli including substrate stretching and show morphological and functional responses. The nuclear deformation with respect to the direction of mechanical stimuli is thought of as a vital factor in mechanosensitive intracellular signaling and gene transcription, but the detailed relationship between the direction of stimuli and nuclear deformation behavior is not fully solved yet. Here, we assessed the role of actin cytoskeletons in nuclear deformation caused by cell substrate stretching with different directions. Cells on a PDMS stretching chamber were subjected to a step-strain and changes of long- and short-axes of nucleus before and after stretching were evaluated in terms of nuclear orientation against the direction of stretching. Nuclei oriented parallel to the stretching direction showed elongation and shrinkage in the long and short axes, respectively, and vice versa. However, calculation of the aspect ratio (ratio of long- and short-axes) changes revealed orientation-depend nuclear deformation: The nucleus oriented parallel to the stretching direction showed a greater aspect ratio change than it aligned in the perpendicular direction of the stretching. A decrease in actin cytoskeletal tension significantly changed the nuclear deformation only in the short axis direction, thereby abolishing the orientation-depend deformation of the nucleus. These results suggest that lateral compressive forces exerted by the actin cytoskeleton is a key factor of orientation-depend deformation in short axis of the nucleus under the cell-substrate stretching condition, and may be crucial for mechano-sensing and responses to the cell-substrate stretching direction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Tsukamoto
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan; Bioinformatics Institute, A∗STAR, Singapore.
| | | | - Takumi Asakawa
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sawasaki
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Takesue
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Katoh K. Regulation of Fibroblast Cell Polarity by Src Tyrosine Kinase. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020135. [PMID: 33535441 PMCID: PMC7912711 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Src protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs) are a family of nonreceptor tyrosine kinases that are localized beneath the plasma membrane and are activated during cell adhesion, migration, and elongation. Due to their involvement in the activation of signal transduction cascades, SFKs have been suggested to play important roles in the determination of cell polarity during cell extension and elongation. However, the mechanism underlying Src-mediated polarity formation remains unclear. The present study was performed to investigate the mechanisms underlying Src-induced cell polarity formation and cell elongation using Src knockout fibroblasts (SYFs) together with an inhibitor of Src. Normal and Src knockout fibroblasts were also transfected with a wild-type c-Src, dominant negative c-Src, or constitutively active c-Src gene to analyze the changes in cell morphology. SYF cells cultured on a glass substrate elongated symmetrically into spindle-shaped cells, with the formation of focal adhesions at both ends of the cells. When normal fibroblasts were treated with Src Inhibitor No. 5, a selective inhibitor of Src tyrosine kinases, they elongated into symmetrical spindle-shaped cells, similar to SYF cells. These results suggest that cell polarity during extension and elongation may be regulated by SFKs and that the expression and regulation of Src are important for the formation of polarity during cell elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki 305-8521, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Horváth ÁI, Gyimesi M, Várkuti BH, Képiró M, Szegvári G, Lőrincz I, Hegyi G, Kovács M, Málnási-Csizmadia A. Effect of allosteric inhibition of non-muscle myosin 2 on its intracellular diffusion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13341. [PMID: 32769996 PMCID: PMC7415145 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69853-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcellular dynamics of non-muscle myosin 2 (NM2) is crucial for a broad-array of cellular functions. To unveil mechanisms of NM2 pharmacological control, we determined how the dynamics of NM2 diffusion is affected by NM2′s allosteric inhibitors, i.e. blebbistatin derivatives, as compared to Y-27632 inhibiting ROCK, NM2′s upstream regulator. We found that NM2 diffusion is markedly faster in central fibers than in peripheral stress fibers. Y-27632 accelerated NM2 diffusion in both peripheral and central fibers, whereas in peripheral fibers blebbistatin derivatives slightly accelerated NM2 diffusion at low, but markedly slowed it at high inhibitor concentrations. In contrast, rapid NM2 diffusion in central fibers was unaffected by direct NM2 inhibition. Using our optopharmacological tool, Molecular Tattoo, sub-effective concentrations of a photo-crosslinkable blebbistatin derivative were increased to effective levels in a small, irradiated area of peripheral fibers. These findings suggest that direct allosteric inhibition affects the diffusion profile of NM2 in a markedly different manner compared to the disruption of the upstream control of NM2. The pharmacological action of myosin inhibitors is channeled through autonomous molecular processes and might be affected by the load acting on the NM2 proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ádám I Horváth
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Gyimesi
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Boglárka H Várkuti
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Képiró
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Szegvári
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Lőrincz
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Hegyi
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mihály Kovács
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - András Málnási-Csizmadia
- MTA-ELTE Motor Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter sétány 1/c, 1117, Budapest, Hungary.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Novák J, Vopálenský V, Pospíšek M, Vedeler A. Co-localization of Interleukin-1α and Annexin A2 at the plasma membrane in response to oxidative stress. Cytokine 2020; 133:155141. [PMID: 32615410 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) and Annexin A2 (AnxA2) are pleiotropic molecules with both intracellular and extracellular roles. They share several characteristics including unconventional secretion aided by S100 proteins, anchoring of the externalized proteins at the outer surface of the plasma membrane and response to oxidative stress. Although IL-1α and AnxA2 have been implicated in a variety of biological processes, including cancer, little is known about the mechanisms of their cellular release. In the present study, employing the non-cancerous breast epithelial MCF10A cells, we demonstrate that IL-1α and AnxA2 establish a close association in response to oxidative stress. Stress conditions lead to translocation of both proteins towards lamellipodia rich in vimentin and association of full-length IL-1α and Tyr23 phosphorylated AnxA2 with the plasma membrane at peripheral sites depleted of F-actin. Notably, membrane-associated IL-1α and AnxA2 preferentially localize to the outer edges of the MCF10A cell islands, suggesting that the two proteins participate in the communication of these epithelial cells with their neighboring cells. Similarly, in U2OS osteosarcoma cell line both endogenous IL-1α and transiently produced IL-1α/EGFP associate with the plasma membrane. While benign MFC10A cells present membrane-associated IL-1α and AnxA2 at the edges of their cell islands, the aggressive cancerous U2OS cells communicate in such manner also with distant cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Novák
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Václav Vopálenský
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pospíšek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anni Vedeler
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Katoh K. FAK-Dependent Cell Motility and Cell Elongation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010192. [PMID: 31940873 PMCID: PMC7017285 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblastic cells show specific substrate selectivity for typical cell–substrate adhesion. However, focal adhesion kinase (FAK) contributes to controlling the regulation of orientation and polarity. When fibroblasts attach to micropatterns, tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and FAK are both detected along the inner border between the adhesive micropatterns and the nonadhesive glass surface. FAK likely plays important roles in regulation of cell adhesion to the substrate, as FAK is a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein that acts as a signal transduction molecule at sites of cell–substrate attachment, called focal adhesions. FAK has been suggested to play a role in the attachment of cells at adhesive micropatterns by affecting cell polarity. Therefore, the localization of FAK might play a key role in recognition of the border of the cell with the adhesive micropattern, thus regulating cell polarity and the cell axis. This review discusses the regulation and molecular mechanism of cell proliferation and cell elongation by FAK and its associated signal transduction proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chuang YC, Yu Y, Wei MT, Chang CC, Ricotta V, Feng KC, Wang L, Bherwani AK, Ou-Yang HD, Simon M, Zhang L, Rafailovich M. Regulating substrate mechanics to achieve odontogenic differentiation for dental pulp stem cells on TiO 2 filled and unfilled polyisoprene. Acta Biomater 2019; 89:60-72. [PMID: 30836198 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have shown that materials other than hydrogels commonly used in tissue engineering can be effective in enabling differentiation of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC). Here we demonstrate that a hydrophobic elastomer, polyisoprene (PI), a component of Gutta-percha, normally used to obturate the tooth canal, can also be used to initiate differentiation of the pulp. We showed that PI substrates without additional coating promote cell adhesion and differentiation, while their moduli can be easily adjusted either by varying the coating thickness or incorporation of inorganic particles. DPSC plated on those PI substrates were shown, using SPM and hysitron indentation, to adjust their moduli to conform to differentially small changes in the substrate modulus. In addition, optical tweezers were used to separately measure the membrane and cytoplasm moduli of DPSC, with and without Rho kinase inhibitor. The results indicated that the changes in modulus were attributed predominantly to changes within the cytoplasm, rather than the cell membrane. CLSM was used to identify cell morphology. Differentiation, as determined by qRT-PCR, of the upregulation of OCN, and COL1α1 as well as biomineralization, characterized by SEM/EDAX, was observed on hard PI substrates in the absence of induction factors, i.e. dexamethasone, with moduli 3-4 MPa, regardless of preparation. SEM showed that even though biomineralization was deposited on both spun cast thin PI and filled thick PI substrates, the minerals were aggregated into large clusters on thin PI, and uniformly distributed on filled thick PI, where it was templated within banded collagen fibers. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This manuscript demonstrates the potential of polyisoprene (PI), an elastomeric polymer, for use in tissue engineering. We show how dental pulp stem cells adjust their moduli continuously to match infinitesimally small changes in substrate mechanics, till a critical threshold is reached when they will differentiate. The lineage of differentiation then becomes a sensitive function of both mechanics and morphology for a given chemical composition. Since PI is a major component of Gutta-percha, the FDA approved material commonly used for obturating the root canal, this work suggests that it can easily be adapted for in vivo use in dental regeneration.
Collapse
|
15
|
Matsui TS, Deguchi S. Spatially selective myosin regulatory light chain regulation is absent in dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells but is partially induced by fibronectin and Klf4. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 316:C509-C521. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00251.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The phosphorylation state of myosin regulatory light chain (MRLC) is central to the regulation of contractility that impacts cellular homeostasis and fate decisions. Rho-kinase (ROCK) and myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) are major kinases for MRLC documented to selectively regulate MRLC in a subcellular position-specific manner; specifically, MLCK in some nonmuscle cell types works in the cell periphery to promote migration, while ROCK does so at the central region to sustain contractility. However, it remains unclear whether or not the spatially selective regulation of the MRLC kinases is universally present in other cell types, including dedifferentiated vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Here, we demonstrate the absence of the spatial regulation in dedifferentiated SMCs using both cell lines and primary cells. Thus, our work is distinct from previous reports on cells with migratory potential. We also observed that the spatial regulation is partly induced upon fibronectin stimulation and Krüppel-like factor 4 overexpression. To find clues to the mechanism, we reveal how the phosphorylation state of MRLC is determined within dedifferentiated A7r5 SMCs under the enzymatic competition among three major regulators ROCK, MLCK, and MRLC phosphatase (MLCP). We show that ROCK, but not MLCK, predominantly regulates the MRLC phosphorylation in a manner distinct from previous in vitro-based and in silico-based reports. In this ROCK-dominating cellular system, the contractility at physiological conditions was regulated at the level of MRLC diphosphorylation, because its monophosphorylation is already saturated. Thus, the present study provides insights into the molecular basis underlying the absence of spatial MRLC regulation in dedifferentiated SMCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsubasa S. Matsui
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shinji Deguchi
- Division of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Dang Y, Wang C, Shah P, Waxman S, Loewen RT, Loewen NA. RKI-1447, a Rho kinase inhibitor, causes ocular hypotension, actin stress fiber disruption, and increased phagocytosis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2018; 257:101-109. [PMID: 30456419 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-018-4175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the hypotensive effect of RKI-1447, a Rho kinase inhibitor, in a porcine ex vivo pigmentary glaucoma model. METHODS Twenty-eight porcine anterior chambers were perfused with medium supplemented with 1.67 × 107 pigment particles/ml for 48 h before treatment with RKI-1447 (n = 16) or vehicle control (n = 12). Intraocular pressure (IOP) was recorded and outflow facility was calculated. Primary trabecular meshwork cells were exposed to RKI-1447 or vehicle control; effects on the cytoskeleton, motility, and phagocytosis were evaluated. RESULT Compared to baseline, the perfusion of pigment caused a significant increase in IOP in the RKI-1447 group (P = 0.003) at 48 h. Subsequent treatment with RKI-1447 significantly reduced IOP from 20.14 ± 2.59 to 13.38 ± 0.91 mmHg (P = 0.02). Pigment perfusion reduced the outflow facility from 0.27 ± 0.03 at baseline to 0.18 ± 0.02 at 48 h (P < 0.001). This was partially reversed with RKI-1447. RKI-1447 caused no apparent histological changes in the micro- or macroscopic TM appearance. RKI-1447-treated primary TM cells showed significant disruption of the actin cytoskeleton both in the presence and absence of pigment (P < 0.001) but no effect on TM migration was observed. Pigment-treated TM cells exhibited a reduction in TM phagocytosis, which RKI-1447 reversed. CONCLUSION RKI-1447 significantly reduces IOP by disrupting TM stress fibers and increasing TM phagocytosis. These features may make it useful for the treatment of secondary glaucomas with an increased phagocytic load.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yalong Dang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Priyal Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.,Institute of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Susannah Waxman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Ralitsa T Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Nils A Loewen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 203 Lothrop St, Suite 819, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anderson ED, Sastalla I, Earland NJ, Mahnaz M, Moore IN, Otaizo-Carrasquero F, Myers TG, Myles CA, Datta SK, Myles IA. Prolonging culture of primary human keratinocytes isolated from suction blisters with the Rho kinase inhibitor Y-27632. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198862. [PMID: 30208113 PMCID: PMC6135349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Keratinocytes are the most abundant cell type in the epidermis. They prevent desiccation and provide immunological and barrier defense against potential pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. The study of this first line of immune defense may be hindered by invasive isolation methods and/or improper culture conditions to support stem cell maintenance and other potential mechanisms contributing to long-term subcultivation in vitro. Primary keratinocytes have been successfully isolated from blister roofs induced by negative pressure, which separates the epidermis from the dermis in vivo in human subjects. This method allows collection of pure epidermal cells without dermal contamination in a minimally invasive manner. However, the isolated keratinocytes differentiate and senesce when cultured in vitro beyond five passages. Here, we present evidence that the Rho kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 can be used to effectively increase the proliferative capabilities of keratinocytes isolated using the suction blister method, similar to what has been previously reported for primary keratinocytes isolated using alternative methods. We show that the increase in passage number is directly correlated to delayed differentiation, and that cells passaged long term with the inhibitor retain their ability to stratify in organotypic raft cultures and respond to cytokine treatment; additionally, the late passage cells have a heterogeneous mix of differentiated and non-differentiated cells which may be predicted by a ratio of select differentiation markers. The described method presents a minimally invasive procedure for keratinocyte isolation and prolonged culture that allows analysis of keratinocyte function in both healthy volunteers and patients with dermatologic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Anderson
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Inka Sastalla
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Noah J. Earland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Minai Mahnaz
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Ian N. Moore
- Comparative Medicine Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, United States of America
| | - Francisco Otaizo-Carrasquero
- Genomic Technologies Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Timothy G. Myers
- Genomic Technologies Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Sandip K. Datta
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ian A. Myles
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Katoh K. Activation of Rho-kinase and focal adhesion kinase regulates the organization of stress fibers and focal adhesions in the central part of fibroblasts. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4063. [PMID: 29158989 PMCID: PMC5694213 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific regulation and activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) are thought to be important for focal adhesion formation, and activation of Rho-kinase has been suggested to play a role in determining the effects of FAK on the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. To clarify the role of FAK in stress fiber formation and focal adhesion organization, the author examined the formation of new stress fibers and focal adhesions by activation of Rho-kinase in FAK knockout (FAK–/–) fibroblasts. FAK–/– cells were elliptical in shape, and showed reduced numbers of stress fibers and focal adhesions in the central part of the cells along with large focal adhesions in the peripheral regions. Activation of Rho-kinase in FAK–/– cells transiently increased the actin filaments in the cell center, but these did not form typical thick stress fibers. Moreover, only plaque-like structures as the origins of newly formed focal adhesions were observed in the center of the cell. Furthermore, introduction of an exogenous GFP-labeled FAK gene into FAK–/– cells resulted in increased numbers of stress fibers and focal adhesions in the center of the cells, which showed typical fibroblast morphology. These results indicated that FAK plays an important role in the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions as well as in regulation of cell shape and morphology with the activation of Rho-kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Tsukuba University of Technology, Tsukuba-city, Ibaraki, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hu HF, Xu WW, Wang Y, Zheng CC, Zhang WX, Li B, He QY. Comparative Proteomics Analysis Identifies Cdc42-Cdc42BPA Signaling as Prognostic Biomarker and Therapeutic Target for Colon Cancer Invasion. J Proteome Res 2017; 17:265-275. [PMID: 29072916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.7b00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is one of the major causes of treatment failure in the patients with colon cancer. The aim of our study is to find key proteins and pathways that drive invasion and metastasis in colon cancer. Eight rounds of selection of cancer cells invading through matrigel-coated chamber were performed to obtain highly invasive colon cancer sublines HCT116-I8 and RKO-I8. Stable Isotope Labeling by Amino Acids in Cell Culture technology was used to identify the differently expressed proteins, and the proteomics data were analyzed by ingenuity pathway analysis. PAK1-PBD immunoprecipitation combined with Western blot were carried out to determine Cdc42 activity, and qRT-PCR and Western blot were used to determine gene expression. The functional role of Cdc42BPA and Cdc42 pathway in colon cancer invasion was studied by loss-of-function experiments including pharmacological blockade, siRNA knockdown, chamber invasion, and WST-1 assays. Human colon cancer tissue microarray was analyzed by immunohistochemistry for overexpression of Cdc42BPA and its correlation with clinicopathological parameters and patient survival outcomes. HCT116-I8 and RKO-I8 cells showed significantly stronger invasive potential as well as decreased E-cadherin and increased vimentin expressions compared with parental cells. The differently expressed proteins in I8 cells compared with parental cells were identified. Bioinformatics analysis of proteomics data suggested that Cdc42BPA protein and Cdc42 signaling pathway are important for colon cancer invasion, which was confirmed by experimental data showing upregulation of Cdc42BPA and higher expression of active GTP-bound form of Cdc42 in HCT116-I8 and RKO-I8 cells. Functionally, pharmacological and genetic blockade of Cdc42BPA and Cdc42 signaling markedly suppressed colon cancer cell invasion and reversed epithelial mesenchymal transition process. Furthermore, compared with adjacent normal tissues, Cdc42BPA expression was significantly higher in colon cancer tissues and further upregulated in metastatic tumors in lymph nodes. More importantly, Cdc42BPA expression was correlated with metastasis and poor survival of the patients with colon cancer. This study provides the first evidence that Cdc42BPA and Cdc42 signaling are important for colon cancer invasion, and Cdc42BPA has potential implications for colon cancer prognosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Fang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wen Wen Xu
- Institute of Biomedicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bioengineering Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of Genetic Medicine, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Can-Can Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei-Xia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Li
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Yu He
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Chong CM, Kou MT, Pan P, Zhou H, Ai N, Li C, Zhong HJ, Leung CH, Hou T, Lee SMY. Discovery of a novel ROCK2 inhibitor with anti-migration effects via docking and high-content drug screening. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2017; 12:2713-21. [PMID: 27354305 DOI: 10.1039/c6mb00343e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) mediated the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and has been implicated in the spread and metastatic process of cancer. In this study, structure-based high-throughput virtual screening was used to identify candidate compounds targeting ROCK2 from a chemical library. Moreover, high-content screening based on neurite outgrowth of SH-SY5Y cells (a human neuroblastoma cell line) was used for accelerating the identification of compounds with characteristics of ROCK2 inhibitors. The effects of bioactive ROCK2 inhibitor candidates were further validated using other bioassays including cell migration and wound healing in SH-SY5Y cells. Through the combined virtual and high-content drug screening, the compound 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl[1-(5-isoquinolinylmethyl)-3-piperidinyl]-methanone (BIPM) was identified as a novel and potent ROCK2 inhibitor. Exposure of SH-SY5Y cells to BIPM led to significant changes in neurite length, cell migration and actin stress fibers. Further experiments demonstrated that BIPM was able to significantly inhibit phosphorylation of cofilin, a regulatory protein of actin cytoskeleton. These results suggest that BIPM could be considered as a promising scaffold for the further development of ROCK2 inhibitors for anti-cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheong-Meng Chong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Man-Teng Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Peichen Pan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Hefeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Nana Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Chuwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Hai-Jing Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| | - Tingjun Hou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China. and Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Petrov D, Dahan I, Cohen-Kfir E, Ravid S. aPKCζ affects directed cell migration through the regulation of myosin light chain phosphorylation. Cell Adh Migr 2017; 11:347-359. [PMID: 27541056 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2016.1225631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is an essential cellular process for a variety of biological events. It requires cross-talk between the signaling and the cytoskeletal systems. Despite the recognized importance of aPKCζ for cell motility, there is little understanding of the mechanism by which aPKCζ mediates extracellular signals to the cytoskeleton. In the present study, we report that aPKCζ is required for the cellular organization of acto-non-muscle myosin II (NMII) cytoskeleton, for proper cell adhesion and directed cell migration. We show that aPKCζ mediates EGF-dependent RhoA activation and recruitment to the cell membrane. We also show that aPKCζ mediates EGF-dependent myosin light chain (MRLC) phosphorylation that is carried out by Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK), and that aPKCζ is required for EGF-dependent phosphorylation and inhibition of the myosin phosphatase targeting subunit (MYPT). Finally, we show that aPKCζ mediates the spatial organization of the acto-NMII cytoskeleton in response to EGF stimulation. Our data suggest that aPKCζ is an essential component regulator of acto-NMII cytoskeleton organization leading to directed cell migration, and is a mediator of the EGF signal to the cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daria Petrov
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Inbal Dahan
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Einav Cohen-Kfir
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Shoshana Ravid
- a Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , The Institute of Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School , Jerusalem , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abdallah BM, Figeac F, Larsen KH, Ditzel N, Keshari P, Isa A, Jafari A, Andersen TL, Delaisse JM, Goshima Y, Ohshima T, Kassem M. CRMP4 Inhibits Bone Formation by Negatively Regulating BMP and RhoA Signaling. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:913-926. [PMID: 28019696 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 12/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We identified the neuroprotein collapsing response mediator protein-4 (CRMP4) as a noncanonical osteogenic factor that regulates the differentiation of mouse bone marrow skeletal stem cells (bone marrow stromal stem cells [mBMSCs]) into osteoblastic cells. CRMP4 is the only member of the CRMP1-CRMP5 family to be expressed by mBMSCs and in osteoprogenitors of both adult mouse and human bones. In vitro gain-of-function and loss-of-function of CRMP4 in murine stromal cells revealed its inhibitory effect on osteoblast differentiation. In addition, Crmp4-deficient mice (Crmp4-/- ) displayed a 40% increase in bone mass, increased mineral apposition rate, and bone formation rate, compared to wild-type controls. Increased bone mass in Crmp4-/- mice was associated with enhanced BMP2 signaling and BMP2-induced osteoblast differentiation in Crmp4-/- osteoblasts (OBs). Furthermore, Crmp4-/- OBs exhibited enhanced activation of RhoA/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signaling that led to cytoskeletal changes with increased cell spreading. In addition, Crmp4-/- OBs exhibited increased cell proliferation that was mediated via inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B, p27Kip1 and upregulating cyclin D1 expression which are targets of RhoA signaling pathway. Our findings identify CRMP4 as a novel negative regulator of osteoblast differentiation. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Basem M Abdallah
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia.,Faculty of Science, Helwan University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Florence Figeac
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kenneth H Larsen
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Nicholas Ditzel
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Pankaj Keshari
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Adiba Isa
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, DanStem (Danish Stem Cell Center), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas L Andersen
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Jean-Marie Delaisse
- Department of Clinical Cell Biology, Vejle/Lillebaelt Hospital, Institute of Regional Health Research, University of Southern Denmark, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Yoshio Goshima
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Neurobiology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Toshio Ohshima
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory (KMEB), Department of Endocrinology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, DanStem (Danish Stem Cell Center), Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sim CK, Kim SY, Brunmeir R, Zhang Q, Li H, Dharmasegaran D, Leong C, Lim YY, Han W, Xu F. Regulation of white and brown adipocyte differentiation by RhoGAP DLC1. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174761. [PMID: 28358928 PMCID: PMC5373604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissues constitute an important component of metabolism, the dysfunction of which can cause obesity and type II diabetes. Here we show that differentiation of white and brown adipocytes requires Deleted in Liver Cancer 1 (DLC1), a Rho GTPase Activating Protein (RhoGAP) previously studied for its function in liver cancer. We identified Dlc1 as a super-enhancer associated gene in both white and brown adipocytes through analyzing the genome-wide binding profiles of PPARγ, the master regulator of adipogenesis. We further observed that Dlc1 expression increases during differentiation, and knockdown of Dlc1 by siRNA in white adipocytes reduces the formation of lipid droplets and the expression of fat marker genes. Moreover, knockdown of Dlc1 in brown adipocytes reduces expression of brown fat-specific genes and diminishes mitochondrial respiration. Dlc1-/- knockout mouse embryonic fibroblasts show a complete inability to differentiate into adipocytes, but this phenotype can be rescued by inhibitors of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and filamentous actin (F-actin), suggesting the involvement of Rho pathway in DLC1-regulated adipocyte differentiation. Furthermore, PPARγ binds to the promoter of Dlc1 gene to regulate its expression during both white and brown adipocyte differentiation. These results identify DLC1 as an activator of white and brown adipocyte differentiation, and provide a molecular link between PPARγ and Rho pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choon Kiat Sim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Sun-Yee Kim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Reinhard Brunmeir
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Qiongyi Zhang
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Hongyu Li
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
| | - Dharmini Dharmasegaran
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Carol Leong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Ying Yan Lim
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | - Weiping Han
- Laboratory of Metabolic Medicine, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, A*STAR, Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Feng Xu
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Khapchaev AY, Shirinsky VP. Myosin Light Chain Kinase MYLK1: Anatomy, Interactions, Functions, and Regulation. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 81:1676-1697. [PMID: 28260490 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791613006x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses and summarizes the results of molecular and cellular investigations of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK, MYLK1), the key regulator of cell motility. The structure and regulation of a complex mylk1 gene and the domain organization of its products is presented. The interactions of the mylk1 gene protein products with other proteins and posttranslational modifications of the mylk1 gene protein products are reviewed, which altogether might determine the role and place of MLCK in physiological and pathological reactions of cells and entire organisms. Translational potential of MLCK as a drug target is evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Y Khapchaev
- Russian Cardiology Research and Production Center, Moscow, 121552, Russia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Martin-Vilchez S, Whitmore L, Asmussen H, Zareno J, Horwitz R, Newell-Litwa K. RhoGTPase Regulators Orchestrate Distinct Stages of Synaptic Development. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170464. [PMID: 28114311 PMCID: PMC5256999 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Small RhoGTPases regulate changes in post-synaptic spine morphology and density that support learning and memory. They are also major targets of synaptic disorders, including Autism. Here we sought to determine whether upstream RhoGTPase regulators, including GEFs, GAPs, and GDIs, sculpt specific stages of synaptic development. The majority of examined molecules uniquely regulate either early spine precursor formation or later maturation. Specifically, an activator of actin polymerization, the Rac1 GEF β-PIX, drives spine precursor formation, whereas both FRABIN, a Cdc42 GEF, and OLIGOPHRENIN-1, a RhoA GAP, regulate spine precursor elongation. However, in later development, a novel Rac1 GAP, ARHGAP23, and RhoGDIs inactivate actomyosin dynamics to stabilize mature synapses. Our observations demonstrate that specific combinations of RhoGTPase regulatory proteins temporally balance RhoGTPase activity during post-synaptic spine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Martin-Vilchez
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Leanna Whitmore
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Hannelore Asmussen
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Jessica Zareno
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Rick Horwitz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Karen Newell-Litwa
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Roumes H, Brossaud J, Lemelletier A, Moisan MP, Pallet V, Redonnet A, Corcuff JB. Retinoids and glucocorticoids have opposite effects on actin cytoskeleton rearrangement in hippocampal HT22 cells. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 71:102-110. [PMID: 26748244 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A chronic excess of glucocorticoids elicits deleterious effects in the hippocampus. Conversely, retinoic acid plays a major role in aging brain plasticity. As synaptic plasticity depends on mechanisms related to cell morphology, we investigated the involvement of retinoic acid and glucocorticoids in the remodelling of the HT22 neurons actin cytoskeleton. Cells exhibited a significantly more elongated shape with retinoic acid and a rounder shape with dexamethasone; retinoic acid reversed the effects of dexamethasone. Actin expression and abundance were unchanged by retinoic acid or dexamethasone but F-actin organization was dramatically modified. Indeed, retinoic acid and dexamethasone increased (70 ± 7% and 176 ± 5%) cortical actin while retinoic acid suppressed the effect of dexamethasone (90 ± 6%). Retinoic acid decreased (-22 ± 9%) and dexamethasone increased (134 ± 16%) actin stress fibres. Retinoic acid also suppressed the effect of dexamethasone (-21 ± 7%). Spectrin is a key protein in the actin network remodelling. Its abundance was decreased by retinoic acid and increased by dexamethasone (-21 ± 11% and 52 ± 10%). However, retinoic acid did not modify the effect of dexamethasone (48 ± 7%). Calpain activity on spectrin was increased by retinoic acid and decreased by dexamethasone (26 ± 14% and -57 ± 5%); retinoic acid mildly but significantly modified the effect of dexamethasone (-44 ± 7%). The calpain inhibitor calpeptin suppressed the effects of retinoic acid and dexamethasone on cell shape and actin stress fibres remodelling but did not modify the effects on cortical actin. Retinoic acid and dexamethasone have a dramatic but mainly opposite effect on actin cytoskeleton remodelling. These effects originate, at least partly, from calpain activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Roumes
- INRA, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Julie Brossaud
- University Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Laboratoire d'Hormonologie, Service de médecine nucléaire, CHU Bordeaux, 33604 Pessac, France
| | - Aloïs Lemelletier
- INRA, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Moisan
- INRA, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Véronique Pallet
- University Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; IPB, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Anabelle Redonnet
- INRA, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; University Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Benoît Corcuff
- University Bordeaux, Nutrition et neurobiologie intégrée, UMR 1286, 33076 Bordeaux, France; Laboratoire d'Hormonologie, Service de médecine nucléaire, CHU Bordeaux, 33604 Pessac, France.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sears C, Kaunas R. The many ways adherent cells respond to applied stretch. J Biomech 2015; 49:1347-1354. [PMID: 26515245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cells in various tissues are subjected to mechanical stress and strain that have profound effects on cell architecture and function. The specific response of the cell to applied strain depends on multiple factors, including cell contractility, spatial and temporal strain pattern, and substrate dimensionality and rigidity. Recent work has demonstrated that the cell response to applied strain depends on a complex combination of these factors, but the way these factors interact to elicit a specific response is not intuitive. We submit that an understanding of the integrated response of a cell to these factors will provide new insight into mechanobiology and contribute to the effective design of deformable engineered scaffolds meant to provide appropriate mechanical cues to the resident cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Candice Sears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA
| | - Roland Kaunas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Roche PL, Filomeno KL, Bagchi RA, Czubryt MP. Intracellular Signaling of Cardiac Fibroblasts. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:721-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
|
29
|
Schenk M, Aykut B, Teske C, Giese NA, Weitz J, Welsch T. Salinomycin inhibits growth of pancreatic cancer and cancer cell migration by disruption of actin stress fiber integrity. Cancer Lett 2014; 358:161-169. [PMID: 25529011 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is characterized by aggressive growth, early metastasis and high resistance to chemotherapy. Salinomycin is a promising compound eliminating cancer stem cells and retarding cancer cell migration. The present study investigated the effectiveness of salinomycin against PDAC in vivo and elucidated the mechanism of PDAC growth inhibition. Salinomycin treatment was well tolerated by the mice and significantly reduced tumor growth after 19 days compared to the control group (each n = 16). There was a trend that salinomycin also impeded metastatic spread to the liver and peritoneum. Whereas salinomycin moderately induced apoptosis and retarded proliferation at 5-10 µM, it strongly inhibited cancer cell migration that was accompanied by a marked loss of actin stress fibers after 6-9 h. Salinomycin silenced RhoA activity, and loss of stress fibers could be reversed by Rho activation. Moreover, salinomycin dislocated fascin from filopodia and stimulated Rac-associated circular dorsal ruffle formation. In conclusion, salinomycin is an effective and promising compound against PDAC. Besides its known stem cell-specific cytotoxic effects, salinomycin blocks cancer cell migration by disrupting stress fiber integrity and affecting the mutual Rho-GTPase balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Schenk
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Berk Aykut
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christian Teske
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Nathalia A Giese
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Juergen Weitz
- Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany
| | - Thilo Welsch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Visceral, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Kale VP, Hengst JA, Desai DH, Dick TE, Choe KN, Colledge AL, Takahashi Y, Sung SS, Amin SG, Yun JK. A novel selective multikinase inhibitor of ROCK and MRCK effectively blocks cancer cell migration and invasion. Cancer Lett 2014; 354:299-310. [PMID: 25172415 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Two structurally related protein kinase families, the Rho kinases (ROCK) and the myotonic dystrophy kinase-related Cdc42-binding kinases (MRCK) are required for migration and invasion of cancer cells. We hypothesized that simultaneous targeting of these two kinase families might represent a novel therapeutic strategy to block the migration and invasion of metastatic cancers. To this end, we developed DJ4 as a novel small molecule inhibitor of these kinases. DJ4 potently inhibited activities of ROCK and MRCK in an ATP competitive manner. In cellular functional assays, DJ4 treatment significantly blocked stress fiber formation and inhibited migration and invasion of multiple cancer cell lines in a concentration dependent manner. Our results strongly indicate that DJ4 may be further developed as a novel anti-metastatic chemotherapeutic agent for multiple cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Pralhad Kale
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jeremy A Hengst
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Dhimant H Desai
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Taryn E Dick
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Katherine N Choe
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Ashley L Colledge
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Yoshinori Takahashi
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shen-Shu Sung
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Shantu G Amin
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
| | - Jong K Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Foolen J, Janssen-van den Broek MWJT, Baaijens FPT. Synergy between Rho signaling and matrix density in cyclic stretch-induced stress fiber organization. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:1876-85. [PMID: 24334146 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cells adapt in response to mechanical stimulation to ensure adequate tissue functioning. F-actin stress fibers provide a key element in the adaptation process. The high sensitivity and fast adaptation of the F-actin cytoskeleton to cyclic strain have been studied extensively in a 2-D environment; however, 3-D data are scarce. Our previous work showed that stress fibers organize perpendicular to cyclic stretching (stretch-avoidance) in three dimensions. However, stretch-avoidance was absent when cells populated a high density matrix. In this study our aim was to obtain more insight into the synergy between matrix density and the signaling pathways that govern stress fiber remodeling. Therefore we studied stress fiber organization in 3-D reconstituted collagen tissues (at low and high matrix density), subjected to cyclic stretch upon interference with molecular signaling pathways. In particular, the influence of the small GTPase Rho and its downstream effectors were studied. Only at low matrix density does stress fiber stretch avoidance show a stretch-magnitude-dependent response. The activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), Rho-kinase and myosin light chain kinase are essential for stress fiber reorientation. Although high matrix density restricts stress fiber reorientation, Rho activation can overcome this restriction, but only in the presence of active MMPs. Results from this study highlight a synergistic action between matrix remodeling and Rho signaling in cyclic-stretch-induced stress fiber organization in 3-D tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasper Foolen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, GEM-Z 4.117, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Frank P T Baaijens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, PO Box 513, GEM-Z 4.117, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Akhshi TK, Wernike D, Piekny A. Microtubules and actin crosstalk in cell migration and division. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2013; 71:1-23. [DOI: 10.1002/cm.21150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denise Wernike
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Alisa Piekny
- Department of Biology; Concordia University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Entry of human rhinovirus 89 via ICAM-1 into HeLa epithelial cells is inhibited by actin skeleton disruption and by bafilomycin. Arch Virol 2013; 159:125-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1797-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
34
|
Nakamura K, Yoshimura A, Kaneko T, Sato K, Hara Y. ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 maintains the proliferation of confluent human mesenchymal stem cells. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:363-70. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Nakamura
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; Nagasaki Japan
| | - A. Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; Nagasaki Japan
| | - T. Kaneko
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; Nagasaki Japan
| | - K. Sato
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Y. Hara
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki University; Nagasaki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Chang CW, Kumar S. Vinculin tension distributions of individual stress fibers within cell-matrix adhesions. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:3021-30. [PMID: 23687380 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.119032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Actomyosin stress fibers (SFs) enable cells to exert traction on planar extracellular matrices (ECMs) by tensing focal adhesions (FAs) at the cell-ECM interface. Although it is widely appreciated that the spatial and temporal distribution of these tensile forces play key roles in polarity, motility, fate choice, and other defining cell behaviors, virtually nothing is known about how an individual SF quantitatively contributes to tensile loads borne by specific molecules within associated FAs. We address this key open question by using femtosecond laser ablation to sever single SFs in cells while tracking tension across vinculin using a molecular optical sensor. We show that disruption of a single SF reduces tension across vinculin in FAs located throughout the cell, with enriched vinculin tension reduction in FAs oriented parallel to the targeted SF. Remarkably, however, some subpopulations of FAs exhibit enhanced vinculin tension upon SF irradiation and undergo dramatic, unexpected transitions between tension-enhanced and tension-reduced states. These changes depend strongly on the location of the severed SF, consistent with our earlier finding that different SF pools are regulated by distinct myosin activators. We critically discuss the extent to which these measurements can be interpreted in terms of whole-FA tension and traction and propose a model that relates SF tension to adhesive loads and cell shape stability. These studies represent the most direct and high-resolution intracellular measurements of SF contributions to tension on specific FA proteins to date and offer a new paradigm for investigating regulation of adhesive complexes by cytoskeletal force.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Wei Chang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wu J, Dickinson RB, Lele TP. Investigation of in vivo microtubule and stress fiber mechanics with laser ablation. Integr Biol (Camb) 2012; 4:471-9. [PMID: 22495508 DOI: 10.1039/c2ib20015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Laser ablation has emerged as a useful technique to study the mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton in living cells. Laser ablation perturbs the force balance in the cytoskeleton, resulting in a dynamic response which can be imaged. Quantitative measurement of the dynamic response allows the testing of mechanical theories of the cytoskeleton in living cells. This review discusses recent work in applying laser ablation to study stress fiber and microtubule mechanics in living endothelial cells. These studies reveal that molecular motors are major determinants of the mechanical properties of the cytoskeleton in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Investigating circular dorsal ruffles through varying substrate stiffness and mathematical modeling. Biophys J 2011; 101:2122-30. [PMID: 22067149 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular dorsal ruffles (CDRs) are transient actin-rich ringlike structures that form on the dorsal surface of growth-factor stimulated cells. However, the dynamics and mechanism of formation of CDRs are still unknown. It has been observed that CDR formation leads to stress fibers disappearing near the CDRs. Because stress fiber formation can be modified by substrate stiffness, we examined the effect of substrate stiffness on CDR formation by seeding NIH 3T3 fibroblasts on glass and polydimethylsiloxane substrates of varying stiffnesses from 20 kPa to 1800 kPa. We found that increasing substrate stiffness increased the lifetime of the CDRs. We developed a mathematical model of the signaling pathways involved in CDR formation to provide insight into this lifetime and size dependence that is linked to substrate stiffness via Rac-Rho antagonism. From the model, increasing stiffness raised mDia1-nucleated stress fiber formation due to Rho activation. The increased stress fibers present increased replenishment of the G-actin pool, therefore prolonging Arp2/3-nucleated CDR formation due to Rac activation. Negative feedback by WAVE-related RacGAP on Rac explained how CDR actin propagates as an excitable wave, much like wave propagation in other excitable medium, e.g., nerve signal transmission.
Collapse
|
38
|
Aratyn-Schaus Y, Oakes PW, Gardel ML. Dynamic and structural signatures of lamellar actomyosin force generation. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1330-9. [PMID: 21307339 PMCID: PMC3078065 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-11-0891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of cellular traction forces on the extracellular matrix is critical to cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Diverse lamellar actin organizations ranging from contractile lamellar networks to stress fibers are observed in adherent cells. Although lamellar organization is thought to reflect the extent of cellular force generation, understanding of the physical behaviors of the lamellar actin cytoskeleton is lacking. To elucidate these properties, we visualized the actomyosin dynamics and organization in U2OS cells over a broad range of forces. At low forces, contractile lamellar networks predominate and force generation is strongly correlated to actomyosin retrograde flow dynamics with nominal change in organization. Lamellar networks build ∼60% of cellular tension over rapid time scales. At high forces, reorganization of the lamellar network into stress fibers results in moderate changes in cellular tension over slower time scales. As stress fibers build and tension increases, myosin band spacing decreases and α-actinin bands form. On soft matrices, force generation by lamellar networks is unaffected, whereas tension-dependent stress fiber assembly is abrogated. These data elucidate the dynamic and structural signatures of the actomyosin cytoskeleton at different levels of tension and set a foundation for quantitative models of cell and tissue mechanics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick W. Oakes
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Margaret L. Gardel
- Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tefft BJ, Kopacz AM, Liu WK, Liu SQ. Enhancing Endothelial Cell Retention on ePTFE Constructs by siRNA-Mediated SHP-1 Gene Silencing. J Nanotechnol Eng Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4003273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Polymeric vascular grafts hold great promise for vascular reconstruction, but the lack of endothelial cells renders these grafts susceptible to intimal hyperplasia and restenosis, precluding widespread clinical applications. The purpose of this study is to establish a stable endothelium on expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) membrane by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-induced suppression of the cell adhesion inhibitor SH2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1). Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with scrambled siRNA as a control or SHP-1 specific siRNA. Treated cells were seeded onto fibronectin-coated ePTFE scaffolds and exposed to a physiological range of pulsatile fluid shear stresses for 1 h in a variable-width parallel plate flow chamber. Retention of cells was measured and compared between various shear stress levels and between groups treated with scrambled siRNA and SHP-1 specific siRNA. HUVECs seeded on ePTFE membrane exhibited shear stress-dependent retention. Exposure to physiological shear stress (10 dyn/cm2) induced a reduction in the retention of scrambled siRNA treated cells from 100% to 85% at 1 h. Increased shear stress (20 dyn/cm2) further reduced retention of scrambled siRNA treated cells to 55% at 1 h. SHP-1 knockdown mediated by siRNA enhanced endothelial cell retention from approximately 60% to 85% after 1 h of exposure to average shear stresses in the range of 15–30 dyn/cm2. This study demonstrates that siRNA-mediated gene silencing may be an effective strategy for improving the retention of endothelial cells within vascular grafts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J. Tefft
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E310, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Adrian M. Kopacz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B224, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Wing Kam Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech B224, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Shu Q. Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Tech E310, Evanston, IL 60208
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Dissecting regional variations in stress fiber mechanics in living cells with laser nanosurgery. Biophys J 2011; 99:2775-83. [PMID: 21044574 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.08.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of a cell to distribute contractile stresses across the extracellular matrix in a spatially heterogeneous fashion underlies many cellular behaviors, including motility and tissue assembly. Here we investigate the biophysical basis of this phenomenon by using femtosecond laser nanosurgery to measure the viscoelastic recoil and cell-shape contributions of contractile stress fibers (SFs) located in specific compartments of living cells. Upon photodisruption and recoil, myosin light chain kinase-dependent SFs located along the cell periphery display much lower effective elasticities and higher plateau retraction distances than Rho-associated kinase-dependent SFs located in the cell center, with severing of peripheral fibers uniquely triggering a dramatic contraction of the entire cell within minutes of fiber irradiation. Image correlation spectroscopy reveals that when one population of SFs is pharmacologically dissipated, actin density flows toward the other population. Furthermore, dissipation of peripheral fibers reduces the elasticity and increases the plateau retraction distance of central fibers, and severing central fibers under these conditions triggers cellular contraction. Together, these findings show that SFs regulated by different myosin activators exhibit different mechanical properties and cell shape contributions. They also suggest that some fibers can absorb components and assume mechanical roles of other fibers to stabilize cell shape.
Collapse
|
41
|
Baeyens N, Horman S, Vertommen D, Rider M, Morel N. Identification and functional implication of a Rho kinase-dependent moesin-EBP50 interaction in noradrenaline-stimulated artery. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 299:C1530-40. [PMID: 20926777 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00175.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Ezrin, radixin, and moesin (ERM) proteins are known to be substrates of Rho kinase (ROCK), a key player in vascular smooth muscle regulation. Their function in arteries remains to be elucidated. The objective of the present study was to investigate ERM phosphorylation and function in rat aorta and mesenteric artery and the influence of ERM-binding phosphoprotein 50 (EBP50), a scaffold partner of ERM proteins in several cell types. In isolated arteries, ERM proteins are phosphorylated by PKC and ROCK with different kinetics after either agonist stimulation or KCl-induced depolarization. Immunoprecipitation of EBP50 in noradrenaline-stimulated arteries allowed identification of its interaction with moesin and several other proteins involved in cytoskeleton regulation. This interaction was inhibited by Y27632, a ROCK inhibitor. Moesin or EBP50 depletion after small interfering RNA transfection by reverse permeabilization in intact mesenteric arteries both potentiated the contractility in response to agonist stimulation without any effect on contractile response induced by high KCl. This effect was preserved in ionomycin-permeabilized arteries. These results indicate that, in agonist-stimulated arteries, the activation of ROCK leads to the binding of moesin to EBP50, which interacts with several components of the cytoskeleton, resulting in a decrease in the contractile response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Baeyens
- Laboratory of Cell Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lee CF, Haase C, Deguchi S, Kaunas R. Cyclic stretch-induced stress fiber dynamics - dependence on strain rate, Rho-kinase and MLCK. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 401:344-9. [PMID: 20849825 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Stress fiber realignment is an important adaptive response to cyclic stretch for nonmuscle cells, but the mechanism by which such reorganization occurs is not known. By analyzing stress fiber dynamics using live cell microscopy, we revealed that stress fiber reorientation perpendicular to the direction of cyclic uniaxial stretching at 1 Hz did not involve disassembly of the stress fiber distal ends located at focal adhesion sites. Instead, these distal ends were often used to assemble new stress fibers oriented progressively further away from the direction of stretch. Stress fiber disassembly and reorientation were not induced when the frequency of stretch was decreased to 0.01 Hz, however. Treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 reduced stress fibers to thin fibers located in the cell periphery which bundled together to form thick fibers oriented parallel to the direction of stretching at 1Hz. In contrast, these thin fibers remained diffuse in cells subjected to stretch at 0.01 Hz. Cyclic stretch at 1 Hz also induced actin fiber formation parallel to the direction of stretch in cells treated with the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) inhibitor ML-7, but these fibers were located centrally rather than peripherally. These results shed new light on the mechanism by which stress fibers reorient in response to cyclic stretch in different regions of the actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chin-Fu Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Katoh K, Kano Y, Noda Y. Rho-associated kinase-dependent contraction of stress fibres and the organization of focal adhesions. J R Soc Interface 2010; 8:305-11. [PMID: 20826475 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2010.0419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress fibres and associated focal adhesions in cells constitute a contractile apparatus that regulates cell motility and contraction. Rho-kinase, an effector molecule of small GTPases, regulates non-muscle cell motility and contractility. Rho-kinase mediates the contraction of stress fibres in a Ca(2+)-independent manner, and is responsible for slower and more finely tuned contraction of stress fibres than that regulated by myosin light chain kinase activity in living cells. The specific inhibition of the Rho-kinase activity causes cells to not only lose their stress fibres and focal adhesions, but also to appear to lose their cytoplasmic tension. Activated Rho-kinase is also involved in the organization of newly formed stress fibres and focal adhesions in living cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuo Katoh
- Department of Anatomy, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-city, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ginn JD, Bosanac T, Chen R, Cywin C, Hickey E, Kashem M, Kerr S, Kugler S, Li X, Prokopowicz A, Schlyer S, Smith JD, Turner MR, Wu F, Young ER. Substituted 2H-isoquinolin-1-ones as potent Rho-kinase inhibitors: Part 2, optimization for blood pressure reduction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5153-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
45
|
Dissecting the molecular architecture of integrin adhesion sites by cryo-electron tomography. Nat Cell Biol 2010; 12:909-15. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
46
|
Tripathi BK, Zelenka PS. Cdk5: A regulator of epithelial cell adhesion and migration. Cell Adh Migr 2010; 4:333-6. [PMID: 20190570 DOI: 10.4161/cam.4.3.11131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell adhesion is a fundamental property of epithelial cells required for anchoring, migration and survival. During cell migration, the formation and disruption of adhesion sites is stringently regulated by integration of multiple, sequential signals acting in distinct regions of the cell. Recent findings implicate cyclin dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) in the signaling pathways that regulate cell adhesion and migration of a variety of cell types. Experiments with epithelial cell lines indicate that Cdk5 activity exerts its effects by limiting Src activity in regions where Rho activity is required for stress fiber contraction and by phosphorylating the talin head to stabilize nascent focal adhesions. Both pathways regulate cell migration by increasing adhesive strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brajendra K Tripathi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Bosanac T, Hickey ER, Ginn J, Kashem M, Kerr S, Kugler S, Li X, Olague A, Schlyer S, Young ER. Substituted 2H-isoquinolin-1-ones as potent Rho-kinase inhibitors: Part 3, aryl substituted pyrrolidines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:3746-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
48
|
Roumes H, Leloup L, Dargelos E, Brustis JJ, Daury L, Cottin P. Calpains: Markers of tumor aggressiveness? Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1587-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
49
|
Grewal S, Carver J, Ridley AJ, Mardon HJ. Human endometrial stromal cell rho GTPases have opposing roles in regulating focal adhesion turnover and embryo invasion in vitro. Biol Reprod 2010; 83:75-82. [PMID: 20357266 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.109.080630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Implantation of the embryo into the uterine compartment is a multistep event involving attachment of the embryo to the endometrial epithelia, followed by invasion of the embryo through the endometrial stroma. RHOA, RAC1, and CDC42 are members of the Rho GTPase family of proteins, which control cell functions such as cell migration and cytoskeletal reorganization. Herein, using a heterologous in vitro coculture model, we show that implantation of mouse blastocysts into human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) is regulated by Rho GTPase activity in hESCs. Whereas iRNA-mediated silencing of RAC1 expression in hESCs led to inhibition of embryo implantation, silencing of either RHOA or CDC42 in hESCs promoted embryo implantation in coculture assays. Analysis of downstream signaling pathways demonstrated that RAC1 silencing was associated with decreased focal adhesion disassembly and resulted in large focal adhesion complexes in hESCs. In contrast, RHOA or CDC42 silencing resulted in perturbed focal adhesion assembly, leading to a decrease in the number of focal adhesions observed. Furthermore, inhibition of Rho signaling using a Rho kinase inhibitor, Y27632, led to decreased activation of protein tyrosine kinase 2 (PTK2, also called focal adhesion kinase) and decreased focal adhesion assembly. Importantly, perturbation of focal adhesion turnover in hESCs, mediated by PTK2 silencing, resulted in inhibition of embryo implantation into hESC monolayers. These findings suggest that Rho GTPase-PTK2-dependent remodeling of the endometrial stromal cell compartment may be critical for successful embryo implantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Grewal
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Women's Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Parreno J, Hart DA. Molecular and mechano-biology of collagen gel contraction mediated by human MG-63 cells: involvement of specific intracellular signaling pathways and the cytoskeleton. Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 87:895-904. [PMID: 19935875 DOI: 10.1139/o09-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture of human osteoblast-like MG-63 cells within collagen gels results in the generation of intrinsic stress. Release of such collagen gels from attachment results in gel contraction and enhanced MMP-1, MMP-3, and alpha2 integrin mRNA levels. To understand the potential role of microtubules and signaling pathways involved in MG-63 cell-mediated contraction and gene expression, cells were cultured in collagen gels. After 24 h collagen gels were released, then immediately treated with nocodazole or specific protein kinase inhibitors. Contraction was assessed, RNA isolated, and real-time PCR analysis performed. Treatment with high concentrations of a microtubule depolymerization agent, nocodazole, enhanced early contraction and led to elevated mRNA levels for MMP-3, whereas low concentrations inhibited contraction at later time points and did not affect mRNA levels. ROCK inhibitor treatment (Y27632) inhibited collagen gel contraction and led to depressed mRNA levels. The ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 did not affect contraction, but treatment led to depressed MMP-1, MMP-3, and alpha2 mRNA levels. The p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 modestly affected contraction, but did not affect mRNA levels. These results suggest the potential role of cytoskeletal integrity and multiple kinase signaling pathways in specific bone-remodeling events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Parreno
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Mount Sinai Hospital, University of Toronto, 600 University Ave., Toronto ON M5X 1G5, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|