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Huang Z, Rui X, Yi C, Chen Y, Chen R, Liang Y, Wang Y, Yao W, Xu X, Huang Z. Silencing LCN2 suppresses oral squamous cell carcinoma progression by reducing EGFR signal activation and recycling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2023; 42:60. [PMID: 36899380 PMCID: PMC10007849 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-023-02618-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND EGFR is an important signal involved in tumor growth that can induce tumor metastasis and drug resistance. Exploring targets for effective EGFR regulation is an important topic in current research and drug development. Inhibiting EGFR can effectively inhibit the progression and lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) because OSCC is a type of cancer with high EGFR expression. However, the problem of EGFR drug resistance is particularly prominent, and identifying a new target for EGFR regulation could reveal an effective strategy. METHODS We sequenced wild type or EGFR-resistant OSCC cells and samples from OSCC patients with or without lymph node metastasis to find new targets for EGFR regulation to effectively replace the strategy of directly inhibiting EGFR and exert an antitumor effect. We then investigated the effect of LCN2 on OSCC biological abilities in vitro and in vivo through protein expression regulation. Subsequently, we elucidated the regulatory mechanism of LCN2 through mass spectrometry, protein interaction, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence analyses. As a proof of concept, a reduction-responsive nanoparticle (NP) platform was engineered for effective LCN2 siRNA (siLCN2) delivery, and a tongue orthotopic xenograft model as well as an EGFR-positive patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model were applied to investigate the curative effect of siLCN2. RESULTS We identified lipocalin-2 (LCN2), which is upregulated in OSCC metastasis and EGFR resistance. Inhibition of LCN2 expression can effectively inhibit the proliferation and metastasis of OSCC in vitro and in vivo by inhibiting EGFR phosphorylation and downstream signal activation. Mechanistically, LCN2 binds EGFR and enhances the recycling of EGFR, thereby activating the EGFR-MEK-ERK cascade. Inhibition of LCN2 effectively inhibited the activation of EGFR. We translated this finding by systemic delivery of siLCN2 by NPs, which effectively downregulated LCN2 in the tumor tissues, thereby leading to a significant inhibition of the growth and metastasis of xenografts. CONCLUSIONS This research indicated that targeting LCN2 could be a promising strategy for the treatment of OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Rui
- Hospital of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China
| | - Chen Yi
- Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongju Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yancan Liang
- Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Weicheng Yao
- Department of Stomatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoding Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Medical Research Center, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China. .,Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan, 528200, China.
| | - Zhiquan Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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2
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Suero-Abreu GA, Zanni MV, Neilan TG. Atherosclerosis With Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Therapy: Evidence, Diagnosis, and Management: JACC: CardioOncology State-of-the-Art Review. JACC CardioOncol 2022; 4:598-615. [PMID: 36636438 PMCID: PMC9830225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaccao.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As the clinical applications of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) expand, our knowledge of the potential adverse effects of these drugs continues to broaden. Emerging evidence supports the association between ICI therapy with accelerated atherosclerosis and atherosclerotic cardiovascular (CV) events. We discuss the biological plausibility and the clinical evidence supporting an effect of inhibition of these immune checkpoints on atherosclerotic CV disease. Further, we provide a perspective on potential diagnostic and pharmacological strategies to reduce atherosclerotic risk in ICI-treated patients. Our understanding of the pathophysiology of ICI-related atherosclerosis is in its early stages. Further research is needed to identify the mechanisms linking ICI therapy to atherosclerosis, leverage the insight that ICI therapy provides into CV biology, and develop robust approaches to manage the expanding cohort of patients who may be at risk for atherosclerotic CV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markella V. Zanni
- Metabolism Unit, Division of Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Tomas G. Neilan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center, Department of Radiology and Department of Cardiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,Address for correspondence: Dr Tomas G. Neilan, Cardio-Oncology Program and Cardiovascular Imaging Research Center (CIRC), Massachusetts General Hospital, 165 Cambridge Street, Suite 400, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA. @TomasNeilan
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3
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Brom VC, Burger C, Wirtz DC, Schildberg FA. The Role of Immune Checkpoint Molecules on Macrophages in Cancer, Infection, and Autoimmune Pathologies. Front Immunol 2022; 13:837645. [PMID: 35418973 PMCID: PMC8995707 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.837645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized immunotherapy against various cancers over the last decade. The use of checkpoint inhibitors results in remarkable re-activation of patients’ immune system, but is also associated with significant adverse events. In this review, we emphasize the importance of cell-type specificity in the context of immune checkpoint-based interventions and particularly focus on the relevance of macrophages. Immune checkpoint blockade alters the dynamic macrophage phenotypes and thereby substantially manipulates therapeutical outcome. Considering the macrophage-specific immune checkpoint biology, it seems feasible to ameliorate the situation of patients with severe side effects and even increase the probability of survival for non-responders to checkpoint inhibition. Apart from malignancies, investigating immune checkpoint molecules on macrophages has stimulated their fundamental characterization and use in other diseases as well, such as acute and chronic infections and autoimmune pathologies. Although the macrophage-specific effect of checkpoint molecules has been less studied so far, the current literature shows that a macrophage-centered blockade of immune checkpoints as well as a stimulation of their expression represents promising therapeutic avenues. Ultimately, the therapeutic potential of a macrophage-focused checkpoint therapy might be maximized by diagnostically assessing individual checkpoint expression levels on macrophages, thereby personalizing an effective treatment approach for each patient having cancer, infection, or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Brom
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christof Burger
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter C Wirtz
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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4
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Vuong JT, Stein-Merlob AF, Nayeri A, Sallam T, Neilan TG, Yang EH. Immune Checkpoint Therapies and Atherosclerosis: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 79:577-593. [PMID: 35144750 PMCID: PMC8983019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has revolutionized the treatment of advanced malignancies in recent years. Numerous reports have detailed the myriad of possible adverse inflammatory effects of immune checkpoint therapies, including within the cardiovascular system. However, these reports have been largely limited to myocarditis. The critical role of inflammation and adaptive immunity in atherosclerosis has been well characterized in preclinical studies, and several emerging clinical studies indicate a potential role of immune checkpoint targeting therapies in the development and exacerbation of atherosclerosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the role of T-cell immunity in atherogenesis and describe the molecular effects and clinical associations of both approved and investigational immune checkpoint therapy on atherosclerosis. We also highlight the role of cholesterol metabolism in oncogenesis and discuss the implications of these associations on future treatment and monitoring of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in the oncologic population receiving immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline T Vuong
- Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ashley F Stein-Merlob
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arash Nayeri
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tamer Sallam
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tomas G Neilan
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eric H Yang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA; UCLA Cardio-Oncology Program, Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
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5
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Li H, Hostager BS, Arkee T, Bishop GA. Multiple mechanisms for TRAF3-mediated regulation of the T cell costimulatory receptor GITR. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101097. [PMID: 34418432 PMCID: PMC8441216 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 3 (TRAF3) plays context-specific roles in multiple receptor-mediated signaling pathways in different cell types. Mice lacking TRAF3 in T cells display defective T-cell-mediated immune responses to immunization and infection and demonstrate defective early signaling via the TCR complex. However, the role of TRAF3 in the function of GITR/TNFRSF18, an important costimulatory member of the TNFR superfamily, is unclear. Here we investigated the impact of T cell TRAF3 status on both GITR expression and activation of specific kinases in the GITR signaling pathway in T cells. Our results indicate that TRAF3 negatively regulates GITR functions in several ways. First, expression of GITR protein was elevated in TRAF3-deficient T cells, resulting from both transcriptional and posttranslational regulation that led to greater GITR transcript levels, as well as enhanced GITR protein stability. TRAF3 associated with T cell GITR in a manner dependent upon GITR ligation. TRAF3 also inhibited several events of the GITR mediated early signaling cascade, in a manner independent of recruitment of phosphatases, a mechanism by which TRAF3 inhibits signaling through several other cytokine receptors. These results add new information to our understanding of GITR signaling and function in T cells, which is relevant to the potential use of GITR to enhance immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzeng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Bruce S Hostager
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tina Arkee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Gail A Bishop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA; Research, Iowa City VA Medical Center, Iowa City, Iowa, USA.
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6
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Bosmans LA, Shami A, Atzler D, Weber C, Gonçalves I, Lutgens E. Glucocorticoid induced TNF receptor family-related protein (GITR) - A novel driver of atherosclerosis. Vascul Pharmacol 2021; 139:106884. [PMID: 34102305 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2021.106884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a lipid-driven, chronic inflammatory disease. In spite of efficient lipid lowering treatments, such as statins and PCSK9 inhibitors, patients, especially those with elevated inflammatory biomarkers, still have a significant residual cardiovascular disease risk. Novel drugs targeting inflammatory mediators are needed to further reduce this residual risk. Agonistic immune checkpoint proteins, including CD86, CD40L and CD40, have been shown to be drivers of atherosclerosis. Recently, glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR), a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint protein, was identified to be pivotal in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular patients have elevated soluble GITR plasma levels compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, in human carotid endarterectomy plaques, GITR expression was higher in plaques from symptomatic compared to asymptomatic patients and correlated with features of plaque vulnerability. Moreover, depleting GITR reduced atherosclerotic plaque development in mice. GITR-deficient monocytes and macrophages exhibited less inflammatory potential and reduced migratory capacity. In this review, we discuss GITR's effects on various immune cells, mechanisms, signalling pathways and finally GITR's potential as a novel drug target in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Bosmans
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annelie Shami
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Centre, Malmö, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences (ACS), Amsterdam University Medical Centres, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität (LMU Munich), Munich, Germany; German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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7
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Shami A, Atzler D, Bosmans LA, Winkels H, Meiler S, Lacy M, van Tiel C, Ta Megens R, Nitz K, Baardman J, Kusters P, Seijkens T, Buerger C, Janjic A, Riccardi C, Edsfeldt A, Monaco C, Daemen M, de Winther MPJ, Nilsson J, Weber C, Gerdes N, Gonçalves I, Lutgens E. Glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR) drives atherosclerosis in mice and is associated with an unstable plaque phenotype and cerebrovascular events in humans. Eur Heart J 2021; 41:2938-2948. [PMID: 32728688 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS GITR-a co-stimulatory immune checkpoint protein-is known for both its activating and regulating effects on T-cells. As atherosclerosis bears features of chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, we investigated the relevance of GITR in cardiovascular disease (CVD). METHODS AND RESULTS GITR expression was elevated in carotid endarterectomy specimens obtained from patients with cerebrovascular events (n = 100) compared to asymptomatic patients (n = 93) and correlated with parameters of plaque vulnerability, including plaque macrophage, lipid and glycophorin A content, and levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and C-C-chemokine ligand 2. Soluble GITR levels were elevated in plasma from subjects with CVD compared to healthy controls. Plaque area in 28-week-old Gitr-/-Apoe-/- mice was reduced, and plaques had a favourable phenotype with less macrophages, a smaller necrotic core and a thicker fibrous cap. GITR deficiency did not affect the lymphoid population. RNA sequencing of Gitr-/-Apoe-/- and Apoe-/- monocytes and macrophages revealed altered pathways of cell migration, activation, and mitochondrial function. Indeed, Gitr-/-Apoe-/- monocytes displayed decreased integrin levels, reduced recruitment to endothelium, and produced less reactive oxygen species. Likewise, GITR-deficient macrophages produced less cytokines and had a reduced migratory capacity. CONCLUSION Our data reveal a novel role for the immune checkpoint GITR in driving myeloid cell recruitment and activation in atherosclerosis, thereby inducing plaque growth and vulnerability. In humans, elevated GITR expression in carotid plaques is associated with a vulnerable plaque phenotype and adverse cerebrovascular events. GITR has the potential to become a novel therapeutic target in atherosclerosis as it reduces myeloid cell recruitment to the arterial wall and impedes atherosclerosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Shami
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dorothee Atzler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.,Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Laura A Bosmans
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Holger Winkels
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.,Department of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Svenja Meiler
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
| | - Michael Lacy
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia van Tiel
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remco Ta Megens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrin Nitz
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
| | - Jeroen Baardman
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Kusters
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom Seijkens
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Buerger
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
| | - Aleksandar Janjic
- Anthropology & Human Genomics, Department of Biology II, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Carlo Riccardi
- Department of Medicine, Università degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Andreas Edsfeldt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Claudia Monaco
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Mat Daemen
- Department of Pathology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Menno P J de Winther
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Christian Weber
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Department of Biochemistry, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Isabel Gonçalves
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Clinical Research Center, Malmö, Sweden.,Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, München, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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8
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Gao J, Wang S, Liu S. The involvement of protein TNFSF18 in promoting p-STAT1 phosphorylation to induce coronary microcirculation disturbance in atherosclerotic mouse model. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:115-122. [PMID: 32820830 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The inflammation of coronary endothelium was critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The purpose of the study was to reveal the roles of TNFSF18 in promoting p-STAT1 phosphorylation to induce disturbance of coronary microcirculation in atherosclerotic mouse model. This study was dividedly transfected TNFSF18 inhibitor, small interfering-TNFSF18 plasmid (si-TNFSF18) and a blank vector plasmid into atherosclerotic mouse model. Results showed that the coronary vascular lumen was narrowed and crescent plaques were adhered to the coronary vessel wall in atherosclerotic mouse model. However, the accumulation of microthrombus in coronary artery and vascular crescent plaques were evidently reduced with the antagonistic TNFSF18. Besides, the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, TNF-β and IL-1β were abundant in mouse model, and TNFSF18 inhibition decreased the secretion of cytokines. Meanwhile, the amount of Th1 cells were also reduced after transfected with TNFSF18 inhibitor and si-TNFSF18 plasmid compared with the mouse model transfected with blank vector plasmid. Moreover, the protein TNFSF18 was highly expressed in the cytoplasm and p-STAT1 was located in cell nucleus of the mouse model coronary vascular tissues. Consistently, the proteins TNFSF18, p-STAT1, VCAM1, ICAM1, ITGAD and ITGB3 were significantly expressed in atherosclerotic mouse model, while antagonistic TNFSF18, conversely, decreased the proteins' expression. Taken together, this study indicated that the coronary endothelial inflammation triggered TNFSF18 expression, which promoted p-STAT1 phosphorylation to activate the proteins VCAM1, ICAM1, ITGAD and ITGB3, thus exacerbating coronary microcirculation disorder in atherosclerotic mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Gao
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Sai Wang
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
| | - Shilei Liu
- Internal Medicine-Cardiovascular Department, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Dongying, China
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9
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Mu X, Wang P, Wang X, Li Y, Zhao H, Li Q, Essandoh K, Deng S, Peng T, Fan GC. Identification of a Novel Antisepsis Pathway: Sectm1a Enhances Macrophage Phagocytosis of Bacteria through Activating GITR. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1633-1643. [PMID: 32769121 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inability to effectively control invading bacteria or other pathogens is a major cause of multiple organ dysfunction and death in sepsis. As the first-line defense of the immune system, macrophages play a crucial role in the removal of pathogens during sepsis. In this study, we define secreted and transmembrane 1A (Sectm1a) as a novel ligand of glucocorticoid-induced TNFR (GITR) that greatly boosts macrophage phagocytosis and bactericidal capacity. Using a global Sectm1a knockout (KO) mouse model, we observed that Sectm1a deficiency significantly suppressed phagocytosis and bactericidal activity in both recruited macrophages and tissue-resident macrophages, which consequently aggravated bacterial burden in the blood and multiple organs and further increased systemic inflammation, leading to multiple organ injury and increased mortality during polymicrobial sepsis. By contrast, treatment of septic mice with recombinant Sectm1a protein (rSectm1a) not only promoted macrophage phagocytosis and bactericidal activity but also significantly improved survival outcome. Mechanistically, we identified that Sectm1a could bind to GITR in the surface of macrophages and thereby activate its downstream PI3K-Akt pathway. Accordingly, rSectm1a-mediated phagocytosis and bacterial killing were abolished in macrophages by either KO of GITR or pharmacological inhibition of the PI3K-Akt pathway. In addition, rSectm1a-induced therapeutic effects on sepsis injury were negated in GITR KO mice. Taken together, these results uncover that Sectm1a may represent a novel target for drug development to control bacterial dissemination during sepsis or other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjiang Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, China
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Yutian Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Hongyan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267.,Division of Pharmaceutical Science, James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Kobina Essandoh
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267
| | - Shan Deng
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267.,Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China; and
| | - Tianqing Peng
- The Centre for Critical Illness Research, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario N6C 2R5, Canada
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267;
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10
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Chen X, Guo Y, Lai L, Zhang S, Li Z. Intracoronary and peripheral blood levels of TNF-like Cytokine 1A (TL1A) in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20305. [PMID: 32481400 PMCID: PMC7447486 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TNF-like cytokine 1A (TL1A) is a subgroup of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that exerts pleiotropic effects on cell proliferation, inflammation, activation, and differentiation of immune cells. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the clinical significance of TL1A expression in coronary and peripheral blood of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) to determine if TL1A levels can serve as an accurate prognostic indicator. METHODS A total of 141 patients undergoing coronary angiography were divided into 4 groups: Control (n = 35), Unstable Angina (UA) (n = 35), acute non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) (n = 37), and acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (n = 34). The levels of TL1A, MPO, hs-CRP, and IL-10 were detected in coronary and peripheral blood using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the MACE incidence rates were compared during 26.3 months of follow-up. RESULTS TL1A levels were not significantly different between the UA group and control group. In the UA group, TL1A levels were not significantly different between coronary blood and peripheral blood. However, TL1A levels were higher in the STEMI and NSTEMI groups than in the control group (P < .05). Moreover, TL1A levels in the coronary blood of the STEMI and NSTEMI groups were higher than in the peripheral blood (P < .05). The expression of TL1A in the coronary blood was the highest in the STEMI group. In addition, TL1A level in the coronary blood was highly correlated with levels in the peripheral blood (correlation coefficient: 0.899, P < .001). The hs-CRP and MPO levels in the coronary and peripheral blood of all the UA, NSTEMI, and STEMI groups were higher than the control group. Plasma IL-10 levels in all the UA, NSTEMI and STEMI groups were lower than those in the control group. Plasma TL1A level was positively correlated with the cTnI level, degree of coronary thrombus burden, occurrence of slow coronary flow / no coronary reflow and MACE, but negatively correlated with the IL-10 level or non-correlated with the Syntax score. CONCLUSION Plasma TL1A concentration levels can be used as a predictor of inflammatory response and prognosis in patients with ACS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, number: NCT02430025; Unique Protocol ID: FJPH20150101; Brief Title: Fujian Province Cardiovascular Diseases Study (FJCVD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinjing Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
- Department of Cardiology
| | | | - Li Lai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University
| | - Shengli Zhang
- School of Humanities and Management, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, China
| | - Zhiliang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong
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11
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Fu Z, Wang S, Li J, Zhang Y, Li H, Li G, Wan X, Zhang Y. Biological role of GITR/GITRL in attributes and immune responses of macrophage. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 107:309-321. [PMID: 31833599 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0919-387rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein ligand (GITRL), a member of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily, is expressed in APCs and acts as a costimulatory molecule in the immune system. Although the glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR)/GITRL system has been modulated to promote or decrease T cell-related responses in multiple diseases, studies in macrophages are limited. To address this issue, we compared the expression of GITRL in various types of macrophages and analyzed whether GITRL can affect the fundamental properties and major functions of these cells. Our results demonstrated that M1 polarized macrophages had the highest GITRL levels. Furthermore, GITRL overexpression skewed macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype, accelerating proliferation and migration and regulating phagocytosis and killing function. Moreover, GITRL-silenced cells showed a loss of these functions, further confirming its vital role. We also developed an acute peritonitis mouse model, in which macrophages were driven to differentiate into a proinflammatory phenotype with GITRL up-regulation, triggering a positive feedback loop. Our results provide molecular insight into how the GITR/GITRL system modulates innate immune responses, suggesting that manipulation of the GITR/GITRL system to treat diseases depends not only on T cell regulation but also on macrophage participation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Fu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Jinhua Li
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Infection Control, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Guangquan Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory on Molecular and Chemical Genetic, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Xue Wan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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12
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Fu W, Chen M, Ou L, Li T, Chang X, Huang R, Zhang J, Zhang Z. Xiaoyaosan prevents atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque formation through heat shock protein/glucocorticoid receptor axis-mediated mechanism. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:5531-5545. [PMID: 31632527 PMCID: PMC6789251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a metabolic and chronic inflammatory disease caused by deposition of lipoproteins in arteries. However, the diagnostic drug and the mechanism for this vascular disease are less studied. In the present study, atherosclerosis model was developed using apolipoprotein E-deficient mice that was treated with long-term high-fat food and chronic stresses. Xiaoyaosan (XYS) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonist RU 38486 were orally administrated to the mice. The change of aortic root vessels was observed by histological analysis. The results indicate that high-fat food coupled with chronic stress induced atherosclerosis in mice model, with plaque formation in the entire aortas foam cells and macrophage infiltration in aortic tissues. However, XYS granules inhibited the development of atherosclerotic lesion, with down-regulation of GC, TC, TG, HDL-C, ox-LDL, LDL-C, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α measured by ELISA method; XYS inhibited the expressions of GR, CD36, HSP27/60/90, and induced ABCA1 in atherosclerotic mice, which was measured by qPCR and Western blot, which showed similar effect as positive control RU 38486 did. The interaction between HSP90-GR complexes and CD36 was validated in atherosclerotic mice. Our results inferred that the HSP/GR complex-mediated CD36 axis was involved in the regulation of atherosclerosis development in mice verified by Co-IP assay, EMSA, and Chip-PCR. These findings not only provide the potential therapeutic value of Xiaoyaosan for atherosclerotic vulnerable plaque but also brought forth a novel strategy for preventing the formation and treatment of atherosclerotic vulnerable plaques through the elucidated mechanism of XYS on vulnerable plaque.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Fu
- Centre for Integrative Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineGuangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Mingtai Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijun Ou
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Chang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Ruolan Huang
- Department of Intensive Care Unit, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Heart Failure Center, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical SciencesBeijing 100037, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, The Forth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese MedicineShenzhen 518033, Guangdong, China
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Lee WH, Seo D, Lim SG, Suk K. Reverse Signaling of Tumor Necrosis Factor Superfamily Proteins in Macrophages and Microglia: Superfamily Portrait in the Neuroimmune Interface. Front Immunol 2019; 10:262. [PMID: 30838001 PMCID: PMC6389649 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily (TNFSF) is a protein superfamily of type II transmembrane proteins commonly containing the TNF homology domain. The superfamily contains more than 20 protein members, which can be released from the cell membrane by proteolytic cleavage. Members of the TNFSF function as cytokines and regulate diverse biological processes, including immune responses, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and embryogenesis, by binding to TNFSF receptors. Many TNFSF proteins are also known to be responsible for the regulation of innate immunity and inflammation. Both receptor-mediated forward signaling and ligand-mediated reverse signaling play important roles in these processes. In this review, we discuss the functional expression and roles of various reverse signaling molecules and pathways of TNFSF members in macrophages and microglia in the central nervous system (CNS). A thorough understanding of the roles of TNFSF ligands and receptors in the activation of macrophages and microglia may improve the treatment of inflammatory diseases in the brain and periphery. In particular, TNFSF reverse signaling in microglia can be exploited to gain further insights into the functions of the neuroimmune interface in physiological and pathological processes in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Ha Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Donggun Seo
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Su-Geun Lim
- BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, School of Life Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Brain Science & Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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14
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Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune effector mechanisms, in conjunction with hyperlipidemia, are important drivers of atherosclerosis. The interaction between the different immune cells and the secretion of cytokines and chemokines determine the progression of atherosclerosis. The activation or dampening of the immune response is tightly controlled by immune checkpoints. Costimulatory and coinhibitory immune checkpoints represent potential targets for immune modulatory therapies for atherosclerosis. This review will discuss the current knowledge on immune checkpoints in atherosclerosis and the clinical potential of immune checkpoint targeted therapy for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Rouwet
- From the Department of Surgery and Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands (E.R.)
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Experimental Vascular Biology Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (E.L.)
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig Maximilian's University (LMU), Munich, Germany (E.L.)
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15
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Gerdes N, Zirlik A. Co-stimulatory molecules in and beyond co-stimulation – tipping the balance in atherosclerosis? Thromb Haemost 2017; 106:804-13. [DOI: 10.1160/th11-09-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SummaryA plethora of basic laboratory and clinical studies has uncovered the chronic inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. The adaptive immune system with its front-runner, the T cell, drives the atherogenic process at all stages. T cell function is dependent on and controlled by a variety of either co-stimulatory or co-inhibitory signals. In addition, many of these proteins enfold T cell-independent pro-atherogenic functions on a variety of cell types. Accordingly they represent potential targets for immune- modulatory and/or anti-inflammatory therapy of atherosclerosis. This review focuses on the diverse role of co-stimulatory molecules of the B7 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-superfamily and their downstream signalling effectors in atherosclerosis. In particular, the contribution of CD28/CD80/CD86/CTLA4, ICOS/ICOSL, PD-1/PDL-1/2, TRAF, CD40/CD154, OX40/OX40L, CD137/CD137L, CD70/CD27, GITR/GITRL, and LIGHT to arterial disease is reviewed. Finally, the potential for a therapeutic exploitation of these molecules in the treatment of atherosclerosis is discussed.
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16
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Dai J, Fang P, Saredy J, Xi H, Ramon C, Yang W, Choi ET, Ji Y, Mao W, Yang X, Wang H. Metabolism-associated danger signal-induced immune response and reverse immune checkpoint-activated CD40 + monocyte differentiation. J Hematol Oncol 2017; 10:141. [PMID: 28738836 PMCID: PMC5525309 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-017-0504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is critical for disease progression and modulates T cell (TC) and antigen-presenting cell (APC) functions. Three signals were initially proposed for adaptive immune activation: signal 1 antigen recognition, signal 2 co-stimulation or co-inhibition, and signal 3 cytokine stimulation. In this article, we propose to term signal 2 as an immune checkpoint, which describes interactions of paired molecules leading to stimulation (stimulatory immune checkpoint) or inhibition (inhibitory immune checkpoint) of an immune response. We classify immune checkpoint into two categories: one-way immune checkpoint for forward signaling towards TC only, and two-way immune checkpoint for both forward and reverse signaling towards TC and APC, respectively. Recently, we and others provided evidence suggesting that metabolic risk factors (RF) activate innate and adaptive immunity, involving the induction of immune checkpoint molecules. We summarize these findings and suggest a novel theory, metabolism-associated danger signal (MADS) recognition, by which metabolic RF activate innate and adaptive immunity. We emphasize that MADS activates the reverse immune checkpoint which leads to APC inflammation in innate and adaptive immunity. Our recent evidence is shown that metabolic RF, such as uremic toxin or hyperhomocysteinemia, induced immune checkpoint molecule CD40 expression in monocytes (MC) and elevated serum soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) resulting in CD40+ MC differentiation. We propose that CD40+ MC is a novel pro-inflammatory MC subset and a reliable biomarker for chronic kidney disease severity. We summarize that CD40:CD40L immune checkpoint can induce TC and APC activation via forward stimulatory, reverse stimulatory, and TC contact-independent immune checkpoints. Finally, we modeled metabolic RF-induced two-way stimulatory immune checkpoint amplification and discussed potential signaling pathways including AP-1, NF-κB, NFAT, STAT, and DNA methylation and their contribution to systemic and tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Dai
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.,Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Pu Fang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jason Saredy
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hang Xi
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Cueto Ramon
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - William Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Eric T Choi
- Department of Surgery, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian road, Hangzhou, 310006, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Center for Metabolic Disease Research, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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17
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Foks AC, Kuiper J. Immune checkpoint proteins: exploring their therapeutic potential to regulate atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:3940-3955. [PMID: 28369782 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system provides a large variety of immune checkpoint proteins, which involve both costimulatory and inhibitory proteins. Costimulatory proteins can promote cell survival, cell cycle progression and differentiation to effector and memory cells, whereas inhibitory proteins terminate these processes to halt ongoing inflammation. Immune checkpoint proteins play a pivotal role in atherosclerosis by regulating the activation and proliferation of various immune and non-immune cells, such as T-cells, macrophages and platelets. Upon activation within the atherosclerotic lesions or in secondary lymphoid organs, these cells produce large amounts of pro-atherogenic cytokines that contribute to the growth and destabilization of lesions, which can result in rupture of the lesion causing acute coronary syndromes, such as a myocardial infarction. Given the presence and regulatory capacity of immune checkpoint proteins in the circulation and atherosclerotic lesions of cardiovascular patients, modulation of these proteins by, for example, the use of monoclonal antibodies, offers unique opportunities to regulate pro-inflammatory immune responses in atherosclerosis. In this review, we highlight the latest advances on the role of immune checkpoint proteins, such as OX40-OX40L, CTLA-4 and TIM proteins, in atherosclerosis and discuss their therapeutic potential as promising immunotherapies to treat or prevent cardiovascular disease. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Targeting Inflammation to Reduce Cardiovascular Disease Risk. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.22/issuetoc and http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bcp.v82.4/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Foks
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Kuiper
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, LACDR, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Ley K, Gerdes N, Winkels H. ATVB Distinguished Scientist Award: How Costimulatory and Coinhibitory Pathways Shape Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:764-777. [PMID: 28360089 PMCID: PMC5424816 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Immune cells play a critical role in atherosclerosis. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules of the tumor necrosis factor receptor and CD28 immunoglobulin superfamilies not only shape T-cell and B-cell responses but also have a major effect on antigen-presenting cells and nonimmune cells. APPROACH AND RESULTS Pharmacological inhibition or activation of costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules and genetic deletion demonstrated their involvement in atherosclerosis. This review highlights recent advances in understanding how costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways shape the immune response in atherosclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Insights gained from costimulatory and coinhibitory molecule function in atherosclerosis may inform future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.).
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
| | - Holger Winkels
- From the Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy & Immunology, CA (K.L., H.W.); Division of Cardiology, Pulmonology, and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Germany (N.G.); and Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany (N.G.)
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19
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Diacerein inhibits the pro-atherogenic & pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1 on human keratinocytes & endothelial cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173981. [PMID: 28323859 PMCID: PMC5360272 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated IL-1-induced regulation of genes related to inflammation and atherogenesis in human keratinocytes and endothelial cells, and if ‘diacerein’, an oral IL-1 inhibiting drug currently approved for use in osteoarthritis, would reverse IL-1’s effects on these cells. Primary human keratinocytes and coronary artery endothelial cells were treated with either IL-1α or IL-1β, with and without diacerein. Using PCR-array, we assessed differential gene-expression regulated by IL-1 and diacerein. We identified 34 pro-atherogenic genes in endothelial cells and 68 pro-inflammatory genes in keratinocytes significantly (p<0.05) regulated at least 2-fold by IL-1, in comparison to control. Diacerein completely or partially reversed this regulation on almost all genes. Using ELISA, we confirmed diacerein’s ability to reverse IL-1-driven gene-regulation of 11 selected factors, at the protein level. The results support a novel idea that diacerein acts as an inhibitor of the pro-atherogenic and pro-inflammatory effects of IL-1. Diacerein may have therapeutic applications to diminish IL-1-induced skin inflammation in psoriasis and attenuate IL-1-induced development of atherosclerosis. Further investigation into diacerein’s effect on skin inflammation, atherogenesis and cardiovascular risk in animal models or humans is warranted.
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20
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Talepoor AG, Behnamfar N, Zibaeenezhad MJ, Doroudchi M. IL-17 producing CD4+CD45RO+ T-cells in atherosclerosis express GITR molecule. Artery Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.artres.2017.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Schmohl JU, Nuebling T, Wild J, Kroell T, Kanz L, Salih HR, Schmetzer H. Expression of 4-1BB and its ligand on blasts correlates with prognosis of patients with AML. J Investig Med 2016; 64:1252-1260. [PMID: 27388616 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2016-000081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Costimulatory ligands (COLs) and their receptors (COR) regulate immune reactions and cellular survival and might be relevant in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). This study evaluated the clinical relevance of 4-1BBL, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) and ligand (GITRL), CD80, and CD86 in case of expression on AML blasts. 98 patients were evaluated at initial diagnosis. Immunophenotypically evaluated specific fluorescence index (SFI) levels of COR and COL on blasts were correlated with morphological, cytogenetic, and several prognostic parameters. Significantly higher COR expression was seen in monocytic versus non-monocytic AML subtypes; GITR, p=0.05; GITRL, p=0.005; CD86, p=0.001). Cut-off values for two COR and their ligands were evaluated: cases presenting with 4-1BB values above cut-off 1.2 SFI levels correlated (tendentially) significantly with a higher probability for disease-free survival (DFS, p=0.06) and a favorable HR of 0.2; p=0.04 for relapse. HR for death was also significantly lower in this group (0.12; p=0.04). In contrast, a lower probability for DFS and overall survival was seen in cases with 4-1BBL expression above 2.2 SFI levels (p=0.08 and p=0.09). In addition, multivariate analysis showed a significantly higher probability of death in this group (HR 10.3, p=0.04). Expression of CD80 and CD86 did not show significant prognostic relevance. On initial diagnosis, 4-1BB and 4-1BBL qualify as markers for prediction of patients' course and represent a valuable screening target for patients with AML at initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joerg U Schmohl
- Section of Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, Therapeutic Radiology-Radiation Oncology, University of Minnesota, Masonic Cancer Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA.,Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tina Nuebling
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, Department for Internal Medicine II, German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Partner site Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Julia Wild
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, Department for Internal Medicine II, German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Partner site Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Tanja Kroell
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Medical Department 3, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lothar Kanz
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helmut R Salih
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Medical Department 2, University Hospital of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.,Clinical Collaboration Unit Translational Immunology, Department for Internal Medicine II, German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center, Partner site Tuebingen, Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Helga Schmetzer
- Department for Hematopoetic Cell Transplantation, Medical Department 3, University Hospital of Munich, Munich, Germany
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22
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Ley K, Pramod AB, Croft M, Ravichandran KS, Ting JP. How Mouse Macrophages Sense What Is Going On. Front Immunol 2016; 7:204. [PMID: 27313577 PMCID: PMC4890338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are central to both innate and adaptive immunity. With few exceptions, macrophages are the first cells that sense trouble and respond to disturbances in almost all tissues and organs. They sense their environment, inhibit or kill pathogens, take up apoptotic and necrotic cells, heal tissue damage, and present antigens to T cells. Although the origins (yolk sac versus monocyte-derived) and phenotypes (functions, gene expression profiles, surface markers) of macrophages vary between tissues, they have many receptors in common that are specific to one or a few molecular species. Here, we review the expression and function of almost 200 key macrophage receptors that help the macrophages sense what is going on, including pathogen-derived molecules, the state of the surrounding tissue cells, apoptotic and necrotic cell death, antibodies and immune complexes, altered self molecules, extracellular matrix components, and cytokines, including chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ley
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Akula Bala Pramod
- Division of Inflammation Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Michael Croft
- Division of Immune Regulation, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Kodi S Ravichandran
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia , Charlottesville, VA , USA
| | - Jenny P Ting
- Department of Genetics, The Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, NC , USA
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Li L, Wen W, Jia R, Li Y, Liu X, Sun X, Li Z. GITRL is associated with increased autoantibody production in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Rheumatol 2016; 35:2195-202. [PMID: 27098050 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-016-3280-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the serum level of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein ligand (GITRL) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and investigate its clinical significance. GITRL levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 88 RA patients, 20 osteoarthritis (OA) patients, and 20 healthy controls (HCs). Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies and rheumatoid factor immunoglobulin G (RF-IgG) were also tested by ELISA. RF-IgM, anti-keratin antibody (AKA), and anti-perinuclear factor (APF) antibodies and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), and immunoglobulins were measured by standard laboratory techniques. The disease activity was evaluated by the 28-joint count Disease Activity Score (DAS28). GITRL concentrations were significantly elevated in both serum and synovial fluid (SF) of RA patients. GITRL levels in RA sera were significantly higher than those in matched SFs. Positive correlations were found between serum GITRL levels and inflammation parameters or autoantibody production. GITRL levels are significantly elevated in RA serum and SF and are positively correlated with autoantibody production in RA, suggesting a role of GITRL in the development of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Wen Wen
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
- Department of Nephrology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Medical Center, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 102218, China
| | - Rulin Jia
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Yuhui Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Zhanguo Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Rheumatism and Immune Diagnosis (BZ0135), Peking University People's Hospital, 11 Xizhimen South Street, Beijing, 100044, China.
- Center of Clinical Immunology, Peking University, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Costa FRC, Mota CM, Santiago FM, Silva MV, Ferreira MD, Fonseca DM, Silva JS, Mineo JR, Mineo TWP. GITR Activation Positively Regulates Immune Responses against Toxoplasma gondii. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152622. [PMID: 27027302 PMCID: PMC4814089 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread parasite responsible for causing clinical diseases especially in pregnant and immunosuppressed individuals. Glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor (GITR), which is also known as TNFRS18 and belongs to the TNF receptor superfamily, is found to be expressed in various cell types of the immune system and provides an important costimulatory signal for T cells and myeloid cells. However, the precise role of this receptor in the context of T. gondii infection remains elusive. Therefore, the current study investigated the role of GITR activation in the immunoregulation mechanisms induced during the experimental infection of mice with T. gondii. Our data show that T. gondii infection slightly upregulates GITR expression in Treg cells and B cells, but the most robust increment in expression was observed in macrophages and dendritic cells. Interestingly, mice infected and treated with an agonistic antibody anti-GITR (DTA-1) presented a robust increase in pro-inflammatory cytokine production at preferential sites of parasite replication, which was associated with the decrease in latent brain parasitism of mice under treatment with DTA-1. Several in vivo and in vitro analysis were performed to identify the cellular mechanisms involved in GITR activation upon infection, however no clear alterations were detected in the phenotype/function of macrophages, Tregs and B cells under treatment with DTA-1. Therefore, GITR appears as a potential target for intervention during infection by the parasite Toxoplasma gondii, even though further studies are still necessary to better characterize the immune response triggered by GITR activation during T. gondii infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico R. C. Costa
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo”, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, 38405–320, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Av. dos Bandeirantes 3900, 14049–900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caroline M. Mota
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo”, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, 38405–320, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernanda M. Santiago
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo”, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, 38405–320, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Murilo V. Silva
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo”, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, 38405–320, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcela D. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo”, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, 38405–320, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Av. dos Bandeirantes 3900, 14049–900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise M. Fonseca
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Av. dos Bandeirantes 3900, 14049–900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João S. Silva
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Av. dos Bandeirantes 3900, 14049–900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José R. Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo”, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, 38405–320, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Tiago W. P. Mineo
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia “Dr. Mário Endsfeldz Camargo”, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Av. Amazonas s/n, Bloco 4C, Sala 4C01, 38405–320, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Yu N, Fu S, Xu Z, Liu Y, Hao J, Zhang A, Wang B. Synergistic antitumor responses by combined GITR activation and sunitinib in metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2015; 138:451-62. [PMID: 26239999 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Sunitinib, a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor, is the frontline therapy for renal and gastrointestinal cancers. In view of its well-documented proapoptotic and immunoadjuvant properties, we speculate that combination of Sunitinib and immunotherapy would provide a synergistic antitumor effect. Here, we report that a remarkably synergistic antitumor responses elicited by the combined treatment of Sunitinib and an agonistic antibody against glucocorticoid-induced TNFR related protein (GITR) in a model of metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Sunitinib significantly increased the infiltration, activation, and proliferation and/or cytotoxicity of CD8(+) T cells and NK cells in liver metastatic foci when combined with the anti (α)-GITR agonist, which was associated with treatment-induced prominent upregulation of Th1-biased immune genes in the livers from mice receiving combined therapy versus single treatment. Sunitinib/α-GITR treatment also markedly promoted the maturation, activation and cytokine production of liver-resident macrophages and DCs compared with that achieved by α-GITR or Sunitinib treatment alone in mice. Cell depletion experiments demonstrated that CD8(+) T cells, NK cells and macrophage infiltrating liver metastatic foci all contribute to the antitumor effect induced by combined treatment. Furthermore, mechanistic investigation revealed that Sunitinib treatment reprograms tumor-associated macrophages toward classically activated or "M1" polarization upon GITR stimulation and consequently mounts an antitumor CD8(+) T and NK cell response via inhibiting STAT3 activity. Thus, our findings provide a proof of concept that Sunitinib can synergize with α-GITR treatment to remodel the tumor immune microenvironment to trigger regressions of an established metastatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nengwang Yu
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Fu
- Shandong Cancer Hospital & Institute, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Zhonghua Xu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Junwen Hao
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aimin Zhang
- Department of Urology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Baocheng Wang
- Department of Oncology, General Hospital of Jinan Military Command, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor-related protein co-stimulation facilitates tumor regression by inducing IL-9-producing helper T cells. Nat Med 2015; 21:1010-7. [PMID: 26280119 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
T cell stimulation via glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-related protein (GITR) elicits antitumor activity in various tumor models; however, the underlying mechanism of action remains unclear. Here we demonstrate a crucial role for interleukin (IL)-9 in antitumor immunity generated by the GITR agonistic antibody DTA-1. IL-4 receptor knockout (Il4ra(-/-)) mice, which have reduced expression of IL-9, were resistant to tumor growth inhibition by DTA-1. Notably, neutralization of IL-9 considerably impaired tumor rejection induced by DTA-1. In particular, DTA-1-induced IL-9 promoted tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses by enhancing the function of dendritic cells in vivo. Furthermore, GITR signaling enhanced the differentiation of IL-9-producing CD4(+) T-helper (TH9) cells in a TNFR-associated factor 6 (TRAF6)- and NF-κB-dependent manner and inhibited the generation of induced regulatory T cells in vitro. Our findings demonstrate that GITR co-stimulation mediates antitumor immunity by promoting TH9 cell differentiation and enhancing CTL responses and thus provide a mechanism of action for GITR agonist-mediated cancer immunotherapies.
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SHEN PEI, SU ZHAOLIANG, WANG TING, LIU YANFANG, ZHAO YANG, HAN QINGZHEN, XU HUAXI, WANG SHENGJUN. Expression and purification of the mGITR-Fc fusion protein and its effect on CD4+ T cells and dendritic cells in vitro. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3965-3971. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Clouthier DL, Watts TH. Cell-specific and context-dependent effects of GITR in cancer, autoimmunity, and infection. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:91-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Synthesis of novel 1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide-3-ethanone oxime N-aryl acetamide ether derivatives as potent anti-inflammatory agents and inhibitors of monocyte-to-macrophage transformation. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 75:143-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2013.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Alexopoulos N, Katritsis D, Raggi P. Visceral adipose tissue as a source of inflammation and promoter of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 2014; 233:104-12. [PMID: 24529130 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current epidemic of obesity with the associated increasing incidence of insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis affecting a large proportion of the North American and Western populations, has generated a strong interest in the potential role of visceral adipose tissue in the development of atherosclerosis and its complications. The intra-abdominal and epicardial space are two compartments that contain visceral adipose tissue with a similar embryological origin. These visceral fats are highly inflamed in obese patients, patients with the metabolic syndrome and in those with established coronary artery disease; additionally they are capable of secreting large quantities of pro-inflammatory cytokines and free fatty acids. There is accumulating evidence to support a direct involvement of these regional adipose tissue deposits in the development of atherosclerosis and its complicating events, as will be reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Raggi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Canada; Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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31
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Smeets E, Meiler S, Lutgens E. Lymphocytic tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily co-stimulatory molecules in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:518-24. [PMID: 24184937 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The role of lymphocytes in the chronic inflammatory disease atherosclerosis has emerged over the past decade. Co-stimulatory molecules of the heterogeneous tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily play a pivotal role in lymphocyte activation, proliferation and differentiation. Here we describe the immune modulatory properties and mechanisms of four tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily members in atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS CD40/CD40L, OX40L/OX40, CD70/CD27 and CD137/CD137L are present in human atherosclerotic plaques and have shown strong immune modulatory functions in atherosclerosis, resulting in either atherogenic or atheroprotective effects in mouse models of atherosclerosis. SUMMARY Insight into the immune modulatory mechanisms of co-stimulatory interactions in atherosclerosis can contribute to clinical exploitation of these interactions in the treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Smeets
- aDepartment of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef, Amsterdam, The Netherlands bInstitute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, ,Germany
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Kovács E, Szilágyi L, Koncz G, Lányi S, Ábrahám B. Enhanced in vitro refolding of soluble human glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor-related ligand. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 170:819-30. [PMID: 23613116 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0232-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily. Attachment of GITR to its ligand (GITRL) regulates diverse biological functions, including cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival. In this study, the extracellular region of human GITRL (hGITRL) was cloned, expressed, and purified. The coding sequence of the extracellular region of hGITRL was isolated from human brain cDNA and inserted in pET20b vector. The hGITRL was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) Star at 37 and 25 °C. The majority of the protein was found in inclusion bodies. We identified three important factors for efficient refolding of hGITRL: a ratio of GSH/GSSG, pH, and addition of polyethylene glycol. The renaturated protein was purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. The overall yield of the expression and refolding was higher than 50 mg/l E. coli culture grown at 37 °C. Size exclusion chromatography showed that hGITRL exists as mixture of various multimeric forms in solution. We tested the association of recombinant hGITRL with THP-1 and U937 cell lines and its activity to promote extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase phosphorylation. The results showed that the recombinant protein was biologically active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Kovács
- Department of Bioengineering, Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania, Piaţa Libertăţii 1, Miercurea Ciuc 530104, Romania
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Aviña-Zubieta JA, Abrahamowicz M, De Vera MA, Choi HK, Sayre EC, Rahman MM, Sylvestre MP, Wynant W, Esdaile JM, Lacaille D. Immediate and past cumulative effects of oral glucocorticoids on the risk of acute myocardial infarction in rheumatoid arthritis: a population-based study. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2012. [PMID: 23192907 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of glucocorticoids (GCs) on acute myocardial infarction (MI) risk in patients with RA. METHODS Using administrative health data, we conducted a population-based cohort study of 8384 incident RA cases (1997-2006). Primary exposure was incident GC use. MI events were ascertained using hospitalization and vital statistics data. We used Cox proportional-hazards models and modelled GC use as four alternative time-dependent variables (current use, current dose, cumulative dose and cumulative duration), adjusting for demographics, comorbidities, cardiovascular drug use, propensity score and RA characteristics. Sensitivity analyses explored potential effects of unmeasured confounding. RESULTS Within 50 238 person-years in 8384 RA cases, we identified 298 incident MI events. Multivariable models showed that current GC use was associated with 68% increased risk of MI [Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.68, 95% CI 1.14, 2.47]. Similarly, separate multivariable models showed that current daily dose (HR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.05, 1.24 per each 5 mg/day increase), cumulative duration of use (HR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.00, 1.29 per year of GC use) and total cumulative dose (HR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.02, 1.10 per gram accumulated in the past) were also associated with increased risk of MI. Furthermore, in the same multivariable model, current dose and cumulative use were independently associated with an increased risk of MI (10% per additional year on GCs and 13% per 5 mg/day increase). CONCLUSION GCs are associated with an increased risk of MI in RA. Our results suggest a dual effect of GCs on MI risk, an immediate effect mediated through current dosage and a long-term effect of cumulative exposure.
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A novel derivative of decursin, CSL-32, blocks migration and production of inflammatory mediators and modulates PI3K and NF-κB activities in HT1080 cells. Cell Biol Int 2012; 36:683-8. [DOI: 10.1042/cbi20110257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Lichtman AH. T cell costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways in vascular inflammatory diseases. Front Physiol 2012; 3:18. [PMID: 22355289 PMCID: PMC3280481 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A broad array of evidence indicates that T lymphocytes make significant contributions to vascular inflammation in the setting of atherosclerotic disease, hypertension, autoimmune vasculitis, and other disorders. Experimental data show that costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways involving molecules of the B7-CD28 and TNF–TNFR families regulate T cell responses that promote vascular disease. Antigen presenting cells (APCs) display both peptide–major histocompatibility complex antigen and costimulators or coinhibitors to T cells. Two major types of APCs, dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, are present in significant numbers in the walls of arteries affected by atherosclerosis and arteritis, and some DCs are present in normal arteries. Costimulatory and coinhibitory molecules expressed by these vascular APCs can contribute to the activation or inhibition of effector T cells within the arterial wall. Vascular DCs may also be involved in transport of antigens to secondary lymphoid organs, where they activate or tolerize naïve T cells, depending on the balance of costimulators and coinhibitors they express. Costimulatory blockade is already an approved therapeutic approach to treat autoimmune disease and prevent transplant rejection. Preclinical models suggest that costimulatory blockade may also be effective in treating vascular disease. Experiential data in mice show that DCs pulsed with the appropriate antigens and treated in a way that reduces costimulatory capacity can reduce atherosclerotic disease, presumably by inducing T cell tolerance. Progress in treating vascular disease by immune modulation will require a more complete understanding of the functions of different costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways and the different subsets of vascular APCs involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Lichtman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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36
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The role of costimulatory receptors of the tumour necrosis factor receptor family in atherosclerosis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2012:464532. [PMID: 22235167 PMCID: PMC3253462 DOI: 10.1155/2012/464532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that is mediated by both the innate and adaptive immune responses. T lymphocytes, that together with B cells are the cellular effectors of the adaptive immune system, are currently endowed with crucial roles in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Costimulatory receptors are a class of molecules expressed by T lymphocytes that regulate the activation of T cells and the generation of effector T-cell responses. In this review we present the roles of costimulatory receptors of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily in atherosclerosis and discuss the implications for future therapies that could be used to specifically modulate the immune response of pathogenic T cells in this disease.
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Alexander CM, Tygrett LT, Boyden AW, Wolniak KL, Legge KL, Waldschmidt TJ. T regulatory cells participate in the control of germinal centre reactions. Immunology 2011; 133:452-68. [PMID: 21635248 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2011.03456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal centre (GC) reactions are central features of T-cell-driven B-cell responses, and the site where antibody-producing cells and memory B cells are generated. Within GCs, a range of complex cellular and molecular events occur which are critical for the generation of high affinity antibodies. These processes require exquisite regulation not only to ensure the production of desired antibodies, but to minimize unwanted autoreactive or low affinity antibodies. To assess whether T regulatory (Treg) cells participate in the control of GC responses, immunized mice were treated with an anti-glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor receptor-related protein (GITR) monoclonal antibody (mAb) to disrupt Treg-cell activity. In anti-GITR-treated mice, the GC B-cell pool was significantly larger compared with control-treated animals, with switched GC B cells composing an abnormally high proportion of the response. Dysregulated GCs were also observed regardless of strain, T helper type 1 or 2 polarizing antigens, and were also seen after anti-CD25 mAb treatment. Within the spleens of immunized mice, CXCR5(+) and CCR7(-) Treg cells were documented by flow cytometry and Foxp3(+) cells were found within GCs using immunohistology. Final studies demonstrated administration of either anti-transforming growth factor-β or anti-interleukin-10 receptor blocking mAb to likewise result in dysregulated GCs, suggesting that generation of inducible Treg cells is important in controlling the GC response. Taken together, these findings indicate that Treg cells contribute to the overall size and quality of the humoral response by controlling homeostasis within GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla-Maria Alexander
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Galuppo M, Nocentini G, Mazzon E, Ronchetti S, Esposito E, Riccardi L, Sportoletti P, Di Paola R, Bruscoli S, Riccardi C, Cuzzocrea S. The glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related protein (GITR) is critical to the development of acute pancreatitis in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1186-201. [PMID: 21091650 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01123.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pancreatitis represents a life-threatening inflammatory condition where leucocytes, cytokines and vascular endothelium contribute to the development of the inflammatory disease. The glucocorticoid-induced tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor family-related protein (GITR) is a costimulatory molecule for T lymphocytes, modulates innate and adaptive immune system and has been found to participate in a variety of immune responses and inflammatory processes. Our purpose was to verify whether inhibition of GITR triggering results in a better outcome in experimental pancreatitis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In male GITR knock-out (GITR(-/-)) and GITR(+/+) mice on Sv129 background, acute pancreatitis was induced after i.p. administration of cerulein. Other experimental groups of GITR(+/+) mice were also treated with different doses of Fc-GITR fusion protein (up to 6.25 µg·mouse⁻¹), given by implanted mini-osmotic pump. Clinical score and pro-inflammatory parameters were evaluated. KEY RESULTS A less acute pancreatitis was found in GITR(-/-) mice than in GITR(+/+) mice, with marked differences in oedema, neutrophil infiltration, pancreatic dysfunction and injury. Co-treatment of GITR(+/+) mice with cerulein and Fc-GITR fusion protein (6.25 µg·mouse⁻¹) decreased the inflammatory response and tissue injury, compared with treatment with cerulein alone. Inhibition of GITR triggering was found to modulate activation of nuclear factor κB as well as the production of TNF-α, interleukin-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitrotyrosine, poly-ADP-ribose, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The GITR-GITR ligand system is crucial to the development of acute pancreatitis in mice. Our results also suggest that the Fc-GITR fusion protein could be useful in the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Galuppo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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Aukrust P, Sandberg WJ, Otterdal K, Vinge LE, Gullestad L, Yndestad A, Halvorsen B, Ueland T. Tumor necrosis factor superfamily molecules in acute coronary syndromes. Ann Med 2011; 43:90-103. [PMID: 21039303 DOI: 10.3109/07853890.2010.523711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory pathways play an essential role in all stages of atherogenesis. Inflammatory processes are not only involved in plaque progression, but seem also to play a critical role in plaque rupture. Members of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamiliy are potent regulators of inflammation and cell survival and consist of 20 ligands that signal through 29 different receptors. Several lines of evidence suggest that TNF-related molecules are involved in the development of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Most, convincing evidence exists for CD40 ligand-CD40 interaction, but several other members of the TNF superfamily seem also to be involved in this immune-mediated promotion of plaque instability, including LIGHT, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, and TNF-α. These plaque destabilization pathways involve the bidirectional interaction between platelets and endothelial cells/monocytes, activation of vascular smooth muscle cells, and co-stimulatory effects on T cells, promoting inflammation, thrombus formation, matrix degradation, and apoptosis. TNF-related pathways could contribute to the non-resolving inflammation that characterizes atherosclerosis, representing pathogenic loops that are operating during plaque rupture and the development of ACS. These TNF-related molecules could also represent attractive new targets for therapy in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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Lee SM, Jeon ST, Suk K, Lee WH. Macrophages express membrane bound form of APRIL that can generate immunomodulatory signals. Immunology 2011; 131:350-6. [PMID: 20518823 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the tumour necrosis factor superfamily play an essential role in inducing various biological responses including proliferation, differentiation, survival and cell death. A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), first identified as a stimulant of tumour proliferation, is now known as a regulator of B-cell-mediated immune responses through the modulation of B-cell survival and activation. However, the role of APRIL in macrophage function has not been explored. High level expression of APRIL was detected on the surface of cells of the monocytic lineage including the human macrophage-like cell line, THP-1. To identify the role of APRIL in macrophage functions, THP-1 cells were stimulated with either its counterpart (TACI : Fc fusion protein) or a monoclonal antibody that is specific to APRIL. Stimulation of APRIL resulted in the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-8 and matrix metalloproteinase-9 through the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nuclear factor-κB. In contrast, stimulation of APRIL had an inhibitory effect on processes that require cytoskeletal movement such as phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan and chemotaxis through an inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. These observations demonstrate that macrophages express a membrane-bound form of APRIL which, upon stimulation, modulates the activities of macrophages through stimulation or inhibition of processes associated with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Min Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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Snell LM, McPherson AJ, Lin GHY, Sakaguchi S, Pandolfi PP, Riccardi C, Watts TH. CD8 T Cell-Intrinsic GITR Is Required for T Cell Clonal Expansion and Mouse Survival following Severe Influenza Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 185:7223-34. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related (GITR) protein and its ligand in antitumor immunity: functional role and therapeutic modulation. Clin Dev Immunol 2010; 2010:239083. [PMID: 20936139 PMCID: PMC2948872 DOI: 10.1155/2010/239083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The ability of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) family member GITR to modulate immune responses has been the subject of multiple studies. Initially thought to be critically involved in governing functions of regulatory T cells, GITR and its ligand GITRL have meanwhile been found to modulate the reactivity of various different cell types and to influence a broad variety of immunological conditions including the immune response against tumors. Not only GITR, but also GITRL is capable of transducing signals, and the consequences of GITR-GITRL interaction may vary among different effector cell types, differ upon signal transduction via the receptor, the ligand, or both, depend on the level of an ongoing immune response, and even differ among mice and men. In this paper, we address available data on GITR and its ligand in immune responses and discuss the role and potential therapeutic modulation of this molecule system in antitumor immunity.
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Billing AM, Fack F, Turner JD, Muller CP. Cortisol is a potent modulator of lipopolysaccharide-induced interferon signaling in macrophages. Innate Immun 2010; 17:302-20. [PMID: 20501517 DOI: 10.1177/1753425910369269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of cortisol (CORT) on resting and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocyte-derived THP-1 macrophages were investigated by proteomics. Forty-seven proteins were found to be modulated, 20 by CORT, 11 by LPS, and 16 by CORT and LPS. Cortisol-sensitive chaperones and cytoskeletal proteins were mostly repressed. HCLS1, MGN, and MX1 were new proteins identified to be under the transcriptional control of this steroid and new CORT-sensitive variants of MX1, SYWC and IFIT3 were found. FKBP51, a known CORT target gene, showed the strongest response to CORT and synergism with LPS. In resting THP-1 macrophages, 18 proteins were modulated by CORT, with 15 being down-regulated. Activation of macrophages by LPS was associated with enhanced expression of immune response and metabolic proteins. In activated macrophages, CORT had a more equilibrated effect and almost all metabolism-related proteins were up-regulated, whereas immune response proteins were mostly down-regulated. The majority of the LPS up-regulated immune response-related proteins are known interferon (IFN) target genes (IFIT3, MX1, SYWC, PSME2) suggesting activation of the IRF3 signaling pathway. They were all suppressed by CORT. This is the first proteomics study to investigate the effects of CORT on activated immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja M Billing
- Institute of Immunology, CRP-Santé/National Public Health Laboratory, 20A rue Auguste Lumiére, Luxembourg, Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
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Kim WJ, Lee MY, Kim JH, Suk K, Lee WH. Decursinol angelate blocks transmigration and inflammatory activation of cancer cells through inhibition of PI3K, ERK and NF-kappaB activation. Cancer Lett 2010; 296:35-42. [PMID: 20381234 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is known to be closely associated with the development of cancer. Decursinol angelate (DA), a coumarin compound isolated from Angelica gigas and related compounds have been shown to possess potent anti-inflammatory activities. However, little is known about their effects on the inflammatory processes associated with cancer. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of DA was evaluated in cancer cell lines with respect to cellular invasion through the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as cytokine, cell adhesion molecules and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9. DA inhibited the invasion of fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080 and breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231 in the Matrigel invasion assay. DA-mediated suppression of cancer cell invasion was accomplished by suppression of PI3K activity known to be associated with cytoskeletal rearrangement related to cellular migration. DA also suppressed the adhesion of cancer cells to ECM mediated by down-regulation of beta(1)-integrin expression levels. Furthermore, DA inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and MMP-9 through suppression of PI3K, ERK and NF-kappaB activation. These results demonstrate that DA suppresses invasion and inflammatory activation of cancer cells through modulation of PI3K/AKT, ERK and NF-kappaB. These anti-inflammatory activities of DA may contribute to its anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Jung Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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45
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Cui D, Wang S, Chen Y, Tong J, Ma J, Tang L, Yang X, Shi Y, Tian J, Lu L, Xu H. An isoleucine-zipper motif enhances costimulation of human soluble trimeric GITR ligand. Cell Mol Immunol 2010; 7:316-22. [PMID: 20228835 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2010.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid-induced tumor-necrosis factor receptor (GITR) and its ligand, GITRL, play significant roles in regulating immune responses. It is clear that human soluble GITRL (hsGITRL) transduces signal activity through multiple oligomerization states. To develop human soluble trimeric GITRL protein as a potential therapeutic target, we explored the link of the isoleucine-zipper (ILZ) motif to the N-terminus of the human soluble GITRL with two leucine sequences. hsGITRL, with the ILZ motif (ILZ-hsGITRL), was firstly expressed in Escherichia coli, which exhibited a predominant trimer when identified by Sephadex G-100 filtration and non-reducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The significantly higher biological activity of the ILZ-hsGITRL compared with hsGITRL was confirmed by CD4(+) T proliferation, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secretion and binding activity assay. To reveal and compare the underlying mechanisms, the level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation was examined, indicating that ILZ-hsGITRL induced more persistent and stronger ERK1/2 activation than hsGITRL. In conclusion, the incorporation of an ILZ motif could markedly improve the costimulation of hsGITRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Cui
- Department of Immunology, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Hwang H, Lee S, Lee WH, Lee HJ, Suk K. Stimulation of glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein ligand (GITRL) induces inflammatory activation of microglia in culture. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:2188-96. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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47
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An exon-based comparative variant analysis pipeline to study the scale and role of frameshift and nonsense mutation in the human-chimpanzee divergence. Comp Funct Genomics 2009:406421. [PMID: 19859573 PMCID: PMC2765723 DOI: 10.1155/2009/406421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees and humans are closely related but differ in many deadly human diseases and other characteristics in physiology, anatomy, and pathology. In spite of decades of extensive research, crucial questions about the
molecular mechanisms behind the differences are yet to be understood. Here I report ExonVar, a novel computational pipeline for Exon-based human-chimpanzee comparative Variant analysis. The objective is to comparatively
analyze mutations specifically those that caused the frameshift and nonsense mutations and to assess their scale and potential impacts on human-chimpanzee divergence. Genomewide analysis of human and chimpanzee exons with ExonVar identified a number of species-specific, exon-disrupting mutations in chimpanzees but much fewer in humans. Many were found on genes involved in
important biological processes such as T cell lineage development, the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, and antigen induced cell death. A “less-is-more” model was previously established to illustrate the role of the gene inactivation and disruptions during human evolution. Here this analysis suggested a different model where the chimpanzee-specific exon-disrupting mutations may act as additional evolutionary force that drove the human-chimpanzee divergence. Finally, the analysis revealed a number of sequencing errors in the chimpanzee and human genome sequences and further illustrated that they could be corrected without resequencing.
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Jeon S, Kim W, Lee S, Lee M, Park S, Lee S, Kim I, Suk K, Choi BK, Choi EM, Kwon BS, Lee W. Reverse signaling through BAFF differentially regulates the expression of inflammatory mediators and cytoskeletal movements in THP‐1 cells. Immunol Cell Biol 2009; 88:148-56. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sung‐Tak Jeon
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Won‐Jung Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Sang‐Min Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Min‐Young Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Seung‐Beom Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Seung‐Hee Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - In‐San Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
| | - Beom Kyu Choi
- Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan Ulsan Korea
| | - Eun M Choi
- Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan Ulsan Korea
| | - Byoung S Kwon
- Immunomodulation Research Center, University of Ulsan Ulsan Korea
| | - Won‐Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University Daegu Korea
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Chun KR, Bae EM, Kim JK, Suk K, Lee WH. Suppression of the lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of MARCKS-related protein (MRP) affects transmigration in activated RAW264.7 cells. Cell Immunol 2009; 256:92-8. [PMID: 19246034 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2009] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The molecular action mechanism of MRP, one of the protein kinase C (PKC) substrates, has been under intense investigation, but reports on its role in macrophage function remain controversial. The treatment of macrophage cell lines with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a high level of MRP expression suggesting that MRP plays a role in the function of activated macrophages. In order to investigate the role of MRP in activated RAW264.7 cells, we stably transfected MRP-specific shRNA expression constructs and tested for alterations in macrophage-related functions. The down-regulation of MRP expression resulted in a marked reduction in chemotaxis toward MCP-1 or extracellular matrix proteins. Furthermore, pharmacological inhibitors of PKC significantly inhibited the chemotaxis in RAW264.7 cells. These data reveals the pivotal role of MRP in the transmigration of activated RAW264.7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Rok Chun
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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50
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Hadoke PWF, Iqbal J, Walker BR. Therapeutic manipulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 156:689-712. [PMID: 19239478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential for manipulation of glucocorticoid metabolism in cardiovascular disease was revolutionized by the recognition that access of glucocorticoids to their receptors is regulated in a tissue-specific manner by the isozymes of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Selective inhibitors of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 have been shown recently to ameliorate cardiovascular risk factors and inhibit the development of atherosclerosis. This article addresses the possibility that inhibition of 11beta-hydroxsteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activity in cells of the cardiovascular system contributes to this beneficial action. The link between glucocorticoids and cardiovascular disease is complex as glucocorticoid excess is linked with increased cardiovascular events but glucocorticoid administration can reduce atherogenesis and restenosis in animal models. There is considerable evidence that glucocorticoids can interact directly with cells of the cardiovascular system to alter their function and structure and the inflammatory response to injury. These actions may be regulated by glucocorticoid and/or mineralocorticoid receptors but are also dependent on the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases which may be expressed in cardiac, vascular (endothelial, smooth muscle) and inflammatory (macrophages, neutrophils) cells. The activity of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases in these cells is dependent upon differentiation state, the action of pro-inflammaotory cytokines and the influence of endogenous inhibitors (oxysterols, bile acids). Further investigations are required to clarify the link between glucocorticoid excess and cardiovascular events and to determine the mechanism through which glucocorticoid treatment inhibits atherosclerosis/restenosis. This will provide greater insights into the potential benefit of selective 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors in treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W F Hadoke
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, UK.
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