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Novelo M, Dutra HLC, Metz HC, Jones MJ, Sigle LT, Frentiu FD, Allen SL, Chenoweth SF, McGraw EA. Dengue and chikungunya virus loads in the mosquito Aedes aegypti are determined by distinct genetic architectures. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011307. [PMID: 37043515 PMCID: PMC10124881 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is the primary vector of the arboviruses dengue (DENV) and chikungunya (CHIKV). These viruses exhibit key differences in their vector interactions, the latter moving more quicky through the mosquito and triggering fewer standard antiviral pathways. As the global footprint of CHIKV continues to expand, we seek to better understand the mosquito's natural response to CHIKV-both to compare it to DENV:vector coevolutionary history and to identify potential targets in the mosquito for genetic modification. We used a modified full-sibling design to estimate the contribution of mosquito genetic variation to viral loads of both DENV and CHIKV. Heritabilities were significant, but higher for DENV (40%) than CHIKV (18%). Interestingly, there was no genetic correlation between DENV and CHIKV loads between siblings. These data suggest Ae. aegypti mosquitoes respond to the two viruses using distinct genetic mechanisms. We also examined genome-wide patterns of gene expression between High and Low CHIKV families representing the phenotypic extremes of viral load. Using RNAseq, we identified only two loci that consistently differentiated High and Low families: a long non-coding RNA that has been identified in mosquito screens post-infection and a distant member of a family of Salivary Gland Specific (SGS) genes. Interestingly, the latter gene is also associated with horizontal gene transfer between mosquitoes and the endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia. This work is the first to link the SGS gene to a mosquito phenotype. Understanding the molecular details of how this gene contributes to viral control in mosquitoes may, therefore, also shed light on its role in Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Novelo
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Heverton LC Dutra
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hillery C. Metz
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Jones
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Leah T. Sigle
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Francesca D. Frentiu
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott L. Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen F. Chenoweth
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. McGraw
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Yurayart N, Ninvilai P, Chareonviriyaphap T, Kaewamatawong T, Thontiravong A, Tiawsirisup S. Interactions of duck Tembusu virus with Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes: Vector competence and viral mutation. Acta Trop 2021; 222:106051. [PMID: 34273310 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) is an emerging flavivirus that causes severe disease in avian hosts, while also affecting mammalian hosts; however, information on viral interaction with mosquito vectors for mammalian hosts is limited. Vector competence of Aedes (Ae.) aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes for DTMUV were investigated. Both Aedes mosquito species were orally infected with DK/TH/CU-1 strain of Thai DTMUV and isolated DTMUV from BALB/c mouse. Genomes of the viruses isolated from hosts and vectors were analyzed and compared with the positive virus. Findings showed that both Aedes mosquito species could serve as vectors for DTMUV with minimum viral titer in blood meal of 106 TCID50/mL. After taking blood meal with viral titer at 107 TCID50/mL, vector competence of the mosquitoes was significantly different from the lower titer in both species. Both Aedes species did not support development of the isolated viruses from mouse. A point mutation of nucleotide and amino acid was found in all isolated DTMUV from Ae. aegypti saliva, while other viruses were similar to the positive virus. Our findings demonstrated that both Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus had potential to transmit the virus and play important roles in the viral transmission cycle in mammalian hosts, while viral mutation occurred in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes.
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Fontenille D, Powell JR. From Anonymous to Public Enemy: How Does a Mosquito Become a Feared Arbovirus Vector? Pathogens 2020; 9:E265. [PMID: 32260491 PMCID: PMC7238163 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The past few decades have seen the emergence of several worldwide arbovirus epidemics (chikungunya, Zika), the expansion or recrudescence of historical arboviruses (dengue, yellow fever), and the modification of the distribution area of major vector mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, raising questions about the risk of appearance of new vectors and new epidemics. In this opinion piece, we review the factors that led to the emergence of yellow fever in the Americas, define the conditions for a mosquito to become a vector, analyse the recent example of the new status of Aedes albopictus from neglected mosquito to major vector, and propose some scenarios for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Fontenille
- MIVEGEC unit, Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), CNRS, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier, France
| | - Jeffrey R. Powell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, 21 Sachem Street, New Haven, CT 06511-8934, USA;
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Guo Y, Goodman CL, Stanley DW, Bonning BC. Cell Lines for Honey Bee Virus Research. Viruses 2020; 12:E236. [PMID: 32093360 PMCID: PMC7077248 DOI: 10.3390/v12020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
With ongoing colony losses driven in part by the Varroa mite and the associated exacerbation of the virus load, there is an urgent need to protect honey bees (Apis mellifera) from fatal levels of virus infection and from the non-target effects of insecticides used in agricultural settings. A continuously replicating cell line derived from the honey bee would provide a valuable tool for the study of molecular mechanisms of virus-host interaction, for the screening of antiviral agents for potential use within the hive, and for the assessment of the risk of current and candidate insecticides to the honey bee. However, the establishment of a continuously replicating honey bee cell line has proved challenging. Here, we provide an overview of attempts to establish primary and continuously replicating hymenopteran cell lines, methods (including recent results) of establishing honey bee cell lines, challenges associated with the presence of latent viruses (especially Deformed wing virus) in established cell lines and methods to establish virus-free cell lines. We also describe the potential use of honey bee cell lines in conjunction with infectious clones of honey bee viruses for examination of fundamental virology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Guo
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Cynthia L. Goodman
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65203, USA; (C.L.G.); (D.W.S.)
| | - David W. Stanley
- Biological Control of Insects Research Laboratory, USDA/Agricultural Research Service, Columbia, MO 65203, USA; (C.L.G.); (D.W.S.)
| | - Bryony C. Bonning
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
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Danet L, Beauclair G, Berthet M, Moratorio G, Gracias S, Tangy F, Choumet V, Jouvenet N. Midgut barriers prevent the replication and dissemination of the yellow fever vaccine in Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007299. [PMID: 31412040 PMCID: PMC6709925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To be transmitted to vertebrate hosts via the saliva of their vectors, arthropod-borne viruses have to cross several barriers in the mosquito body, including the midgut infection and escape barriers. Yellow fever virus (YFV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus, which includes human viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, such as dengue and Zika viruses. The live-attenuated YFV-17D vaccine has been used safely and efficiently on a large scale since the end of World War II. Early studies have shown, using viral titration from salivary glands of infected mosquitoes, that YFV-17D can infect Aedes aegypti midgut, but does not disseminate to other tissues. Methodology/Principal findings Here, we re-visited this issue using a panel of techniques, such as RT-qPCR, Western blot, immunofluorescence and titration assays. We showed that YFV-17D replication was not efficient in Aedes aegypti midgut, as compared to the clinical isolate YFV-Dakar. Viruses that replicated in the midgut failed to disseminate to secondary organs. When injected into the thorax of mosquitoes, viruses succeeded in replicating into midgut-associated tissues, suggesting that, during natural infection, the block for YFV-17D replication occurs at the basal membrane of the midgut. Conclusions/Significance The two barriers associated with Ae. aegypti midgut prevent YFV-17D replication. Our study contributes to our basic understanding of vector–pathogen interactions and may also aid in the development of non-transmissible live virus vaccines. Most flaviviruses, including yellow fever virus (YFV), are transmitted between hosts by mosquito bites. The yellow fever vaccine (YFV-17D) is one of the safest and most effective live virus vaccine ever developed. It is also used as a platform for engineering vaccines against other health-threatening flaviviruses, such as Japanese encephalitis, West Nile, dengue and Zika viruses. We studied here the replication and dissemination of YFV-17D in mosquitoes. Our data showing that YFV-17D is unable to disseminate to secondary organs, as compared to a YFV clinical isolate, agree with previous studies. We have expanded on this knowledge by quantifying viral RNA production, viral protein expression, viral distribution and infectivity of YFV-17D in the vector midguts. We show that the midgut is a powerful barrier that inhibits YFV-17D dissemination in mosquitoes. Our study contributes to our basic understanding of the interactions between viruses and their vectors, which is key for conceiving new approaches in inhibiting virus transmission and designing non-transmissible live virus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Danet
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Beauclair
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Michèle Berthet
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Gonzalo Moratorio
- Viral Populations and Pathogenesis Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
- Laboratorio de Inmunovirología, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Investigaciones Nucleares, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ségolène Gracias
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Environment and Infectious Risks Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Nolwenn Jouvenet
- Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR3569 CNRS, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Using genetic variation in Aedes aegypti to identify candidate anti-dengue virus genes. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:580. [PMID: 31272403 PMCID: PMC6611004 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4212-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptomic profiling has generated extensive lists of genes that respond to viral infection in mosquitoes. These gene lists contain two types of genes; (1) those that are responsible for the insect's natural antiviral defense mechanisms, including some known innate immunity genes, and (2) genes whose change in expression may occur simply as a result of infection. As genetic modification tools for mosquitoes continue to improve, the opportunities to make refractory insects via allelic replacement or delivery of small RNAs that alter gene expression are expanding. Therefore, the ability to identify which genes in transcriptional profiles may have immune function has increasing value. Arboviruses encounter a range of mosquito tissues and physiologies as they traverse from the midgut to the salivary glands. While the midgut is well-studied as the primary tissue barrier, antiviral genes expressed in the subsequent tissues of the carcass offer additional candidates for second stage intervention in the mosquito body. METHODS Mosquito lines collected recently from field populations exhibit natural genetic variation for dengue virus susceptibility. We sought to use a modified full-sib breeding design to identify mosquito families that varied in their dengue viral load in their bodies post infection. RESULTS By delivering virus intrathoracically, we bypassed the midgut and focused on whole body responses in order to evaluate carcass-associated refractoriness. We tested 25 candidate genes selected for their appearance in multiple published transcriptional profiles and were able to identify 12 whose expression varied with susceptibility in the genetic families. CONCLUSIONS This method, using natural genetic variation, offers a simple means to screen and reduce candidate gene lists prior to carrying out more labor-intensive functional studies. The extracted RNA from the females across the families represents a storable resource that can be used to screen subsequent candidate genes in the future. The aspect of vector competence being assessed could be varied by focusing on different tissues or time points post infection.
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Alonso-Palomares LA, Moreno-García M, Lanz-Mendoza H, Salazar MI. Molecular Basis for Arbovirus Transmission by Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Intervirology 2019; 61:255-264. [PMID: 31082816 DOI: 10.1159/000499128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are considered the most important vectors for the transmission of pathogens to humans. Aedes aegypti is a unique species, not only by its highly anthropophilic and peridomestic habits but also because it can transmit an important variety of pathogenic viruses. Examples are dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Zika, and Mayaro viruses. After ingesting viremic blood, a wide range of mechanisms are activated in the mosquito to counteract viral infection. Nevertheless, these arboviruses possess strategies to overcome barriers in the mosquito and eventually reach the salivary glands to continue the transmission cycle. However, the infection and eventual transmission of arbovirus depends on multiple factors. The current review focuses in detail on the anatomic, physiological, and molecular characteristics of the mosquito A. aegypti that participate in response to a viral infection. In the past decades, the awareness of the importance of this mosquito as a disease vector and its impact on human health was largely recognized. We need to improve our comprehension of molecular mechanisms that determine the outcome of successful virus replication or control of infection for each arbovirus in the vector; this could lead to the design of effective control strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Alonso-Palomares
- Laboratorio de Virología e Inmunovirología, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Unidad Profesional "Lázaro Cárdenas", Mexico City, Mexico.,Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (CISEI-INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Miguel Moreno-García
- Centro Regional de Control de Vectores, Secretaría de Salud (CERECOVE-SS), Panchimalco, Mexico
| | - Humberto Lanz-Mendoza
- Centro de Investigación sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (CISEI-INSP), Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Ma Isabel Salazar
- Laboratorio de Virología e Inmunovirología, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (ENCB-IPN), Unidad Profesional "Lázaro Cárdenas", Mexico City, Mexico,
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8
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Srisutthisamphan K, Jirakanwisal K, Ramphan S, Tongluan N, Kuadkitkan A, Smith DR. Hsp90 interacts with multiple dengue virus 2 proteins. Sci Rep 2018. [PMID: 29523827 PMCID: PMC5844963 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22639-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with the mosquito-borne dengue virus (DENV) remain a significant public health challenge. In the absence of a commercial therapeutic to treat DENV infection, a greater understanding of the processes of cellular replication is required. The abundant cellular chaperone protein heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) has been shown to play a proviral role in the replication cycle of several viruses, predominantly through the stabilization of specific viral proteins. To investigate any potential role of Hsp90 in DENV infection the interaction between Hsp90 and DENV proteins was determined through co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Six DENV proteins namely envelope (E) and nonstructural (NS) proteins NS1, NS2B, NS3, NS4B and NS5 were shown to interact with Hsp90, and four of these proteins (E, NS1, NS3 and NS5) were shown to colocalize to a variable extent with Hsp90. Despite the extensive interactions between Hsp90 and DENV proteins, inhibition of the activity of Hsp90 had a relatively minor effect on DENV replication, with inhibition of Hsp90 resulting in a decrease of cellular E protein (but not nonstructural proteins) coupled with an increase of E protein in the medium and an increased virus titer. Collectively these results indicate that Hsp90 has a slight anti-viral effect in DENV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Krit Jirakanwisal
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Suwipa Ramphan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Natthida Tongluan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Atichat Kuadkitkan
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Duncan R Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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Gerold G, Bruening J, Weigel B, Pietschmann T. Protein Interactions during the Flavivirus and Hepacivirus Life Cycle. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:S75-S91. [PMID: 28077444 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.r116.065649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions govern biological functions in cells, in the extracellular milieu, and at the border between cells and extracellular space. Viruses are small intracellular parasites and thus rely on protein interactions to produce progeny inside host cells and to spread from cell to cell. Usage of host proteins by viruses can have severe consequences e.g. apoptosis, metabolic disequilibria, or altered cell proliferation and mobility. Understanding protein interactions during virus infection can thus educate us on viral infection and pathogenesis mechanisms. Moreover, it has led to important clinical translations, including the development of new therapeutic and vaccination strategies. Here, we will discuss protein interactions of members of the Flaviviridae family, which are small enveloped RNA viruses. Dengue virus, Zika virus and hepatitis C virus belong to the most prominent human pathogenic Flaviviridae With a genome of roughly ten kilobases encoding only ten viral proteins, Flaviviridae display intricate mechanisms to engage the host cell machinery for their purpose. In this review, we will highlight how dengue virus, hepatitis C virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, yellow fever virus, and Zika virus proteins engage host proteins and how this knowledge helps elucidate Flaviviridae infection. We will specifically address the protein composition of the virus particle as well as the protein interactions during virus entry, replication, particle assembly, and release from the host cell. Finally, we will give a perspective on future challenges in Flaviviridae interaction proteomics and why we believe these challenges should be met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisa Gerold
- From the Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Janina Bruening
- From the Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Bettina Weigel
- From the Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Pietschmann
- From the Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
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Severson DW, Behura SK. Genome Investigations of Vector Competence in Aedes aegypti to Inform Novel Arbovirus Disease Control Approaches. INSECTS 2016; 7:insects7040058. [PMID: 27809220 PMCID: PMC5198206 DOI: 10.3390/insects7040058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dengue (DENV), yellow fever, chikungunya, and Zika virus transmission to humans by a mosquito host is confounded by both intrinsic and extrinsic variables. Besides virulence factors of the individual arboviruses, likelihood of virus transmission is subject to variability in the genome of the primary mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti. The “vectorial capacity” of A. aegypti varies depending upon its density, biting rate, and survival rate, as well as its intrinsic ability to acquire, host and transmit a given arbovirus. This intrinsic ability is known as “vector competence”. Based on whole transcriptome analysis, several genes and pathways have been predicated to have an association with a susceptible or refractory response in A. aegypti to DENV infection. However, the functional genomics of vector competence of A. aegypti is not well understood, primarily due to lack of integrative approaches in genomic or transcriptomic studies. In this review, we focus on the present status of genomics studies of DENV vector competence in A. aegypti as limited information is available relative to the other arboviruses. We propose future areas of research needed to facilitate the integration of vector and virus genomics and environmental factors to work towards better understanding of vector competence and vectorial capacity in natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Severson
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556, USA.
| | - Susanta K Behura
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Jitoboam K, Phaonakrop N, Libsittikul S, Thepparit C, Roytrakul S, Smith DR. Actin Interacts with Dengue Virus 2 and 4 Envelope Proteins. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151951. [PMID: 27010925 PMCID: PMC4806980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) remains a significant public health problem in many tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide. The DENV envelope (E) protein is the major antigenic determinant and the protein that mediates receptor binding and endosomal fusion. In contrast to some other DENV proteins, relatively few cellular interacting proteins have been identified. To address this issue a co-immuoprecipitation strategy was employed. The predominant co-immunoprecipitating proteins identified were actin and actin related proteins, however the results suggested that actin was the only bona fide interacting partner. Actin was shown to interact with the E protein of DENV 2 and 4, and the interaction between actin and DENV E protein was shown to occur in a truncated DENV consisting of only domains I and II. Actin was shown to decrease during infection, but this was not associated with a decrease in gene transcription. Actin-related proteins also showed a decrease in expression during infection that was not transcriptionally regulated. Cytoskeletal reorganization was not observed during infection, suggesting that the interaction between actin and E protein has a cell type specific component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlakanya Jitoboam
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya campus, 25/25 Phuttamonton Sai 4, Salaya, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Narumon Phaonakrop
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Sirikwan Libsittikul
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya campus, 25/25 Phuttamonton Sai 4, Salaya, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chutima Thepparit
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya campus, 25/25 Phuttamonton Sai 4, Salaya, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Duncan R. Smith
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya campus, 25/25 Phuttamonton Sai 4, Salaya, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- Center for Emerging and Neglected Infectious Diseases, Mahidol University, Salaya campus, 25/25 Phuttamonton Sai 4, Salaya, Nakorn Pathom, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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12
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Franz AWE, Kantor AM, Passarelli AL, Clem RJ. Tissue Barriers to Arbovirus Infection in Mosquitoes. Viruses 2015; 7:3741-67. [PMID: 26184281 PMCID: PMC4517124 DOI: 10.3390/v7072795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) circulate in nature between arthropod vectors and vertebrate hosts. Arboviruses often cause devastating diseases in vertebrate hosts, but they typically do not cause significant pathology in their arthropod vectors. Following oral acquisition of a viremic bloodmeal from a vertebrate host, the arbovirus disease cycle requires replication in the cellular environment of the arthropod vector. Once the vector has become systemically and persistently infected, the vector is able to transmit the virus to an uninfected vertebrate host. In order to systemically infect the vector, the virus must cope with innate immune responses and overcome several tissue barriers associated with the midgut and the salivary glands. In this review we describe, in detail, the typical arbovirus infection route in competent mosquito vectors. Based on what is known from the literature, we explain the nature of the tissue barriers that arboviruses are confronted with in a mosquito vector and how arboviruses might surmount these barriers. We also point out controversial findings to highlight particular areas that are not well understood and require further research efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W E Franz
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - Asher M Kantor
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | | | - Rollie J Clem
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA.
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Sialic acid expression in the mosquito Aedes aegypti and its possible role in dengue virus-vector interactions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:504187. [PMID: 25874215 PMCID: PMC4385653 DOI: 10.1155/2015/504187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dengue fever (DF) is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease which affects humans. DF is caused by the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes, which are transmitted to the host by the mosquito Aedes aegypti that has key roles in DENV infection, replication, and viral transmission (vector competence). Mosquito saliva also plays an important role during DENV transmission. In this study, we detected the presence of sialic acid (Sia) in Aedes aegypti tissues, which may have an important role during DENV-vector competence. We also identified genome sequences encoding enzymes involved in Sia pathways. The cDNA for Aedes aegypti CMP-Sia synthase (CSAS) was amplified, cloned, and functionally evaluated via the complementation of LEC29.Lec32 CSAS-deficient CHO cells. AedesCSAS-transfected LEC29.Lec32 cells were able to express Sia moieties on the cell surface. Sequences related to α-2,6-sialyltransferase were detected in the Aedes aegypti genome. Likewise, we identified Sia-α-2,6-DENV interactions in different mosquito tissues. In addition, we evaluated the possible role of sialylated molecules in a salivary gland extract during DENV internalization in mammalian cells. The knowledge of early DENV-host interactions could facilitate a better understanding of viral tropism and pathogenesis to allow the development of new strategies for controlling DENV transmission.
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Kenney JL, Brault AC. The role of environmental, virological and vector interactions in dictating biological transmission of arthropod-borne viruses by mosquitoes. Adv Virus Res 2014; 89:39-83. [PMID: 24751194 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800172-1.00002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted between vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. An inherently complex interaction among virus, vector, and the environment determines successful transmission of the virus. Once believed to be "flying syringes," recent advances in the field have demonstrated that mosquito genetics, microbiota, salivary components, and mosquito innate immune responses all play important roles in modulating arbovirus transmissibility. The literature on the interaction among virus, mosquito, and environment has expanded dramatically in the preceding decade and the utilization of next-generation sequencing and transgenic vector methodologies assuredly will increase the pace of knowledge acquisition in this field. This chapter outlines the interplay among the three factors in both direct physical and biochemical manners as well as indirectly through superinfection barriers and altered induction of innate immune responses in mosquito vectors. The culmination of the aforementioned interactions and the arms race between the mosquito innate immune response and the capacity of arboviruses to antagonize such a response ultimately results in the subjugation of mosquito cells for viral replication and subsequent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Kenney
- Arbovirus Research Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Aaron C Brault
- Arbovirus Research Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
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15
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Mosquito immunity against arboviruses. Viruses 2014; 6:4479-504. [PMID: 25415198 PMCID: PMC4246235 DOI: 10.3390/v6114479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) pose a significant threat to global health, causing human disease with increasing geographic range and severity. The recent availability of the genome sequences of medically important mosquito species has kick-started investigations into the molecular basis of how mosquito vectors control arbovirus infection. Here, we discuss recent findings concerning the role of the mosquito immune system in antiviral defense, interactions between arboviruses and fundamental cellular processes such as apoptosis and autophagy, and arboviral suppression of mosquito defense mechanisms. This knowledge provides insights into co-evolutionary processes between vector and virus and also lays the groundwork for the development of novel arbovirus control strategies that target the mosquito vector.
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16
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Involvement of ATP synthase β subunit in chikungunya virus entry into insect cells. Arch Virol 2014; 159:3353-64. [PMID: 25168043 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-2210-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the virus responsible for the disease chikungunya fever in humans, is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. While significant progress has been made in understanding the process by which CHIKV enters into mammalian cells, far less progress has been made in understanding the CHIKV entry process in insect cells. This study sought to identify mosquito-cell-expressed CHIKV-binding proteins through a combination of virus overlay protein binding assays (VOPBA) and mass spectroscopy. A 50-kDa CHIKV-binding protein was identified as the ATP synthase β subunit (ATPSβ). Co-immunoprecipitation studies confirmed the interaction, and colocalization analysis showed cell-surface and intracellular co-localization between CHIKV and ATPSβ. Both antibody inhibition and siRNA-mediated downregulation experiments targeted to ATPSβ showed a significant reduction in viral entry and virus production. These results suggest that ATPSβ is a CHIKV-binding protein capable of mediating the entry of CHIKV into insect cells.
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Schaffner F, Mathis A. Dengue and dengue vectors in the WHO European region: past, present, and scenarios for the future. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2014; 14:1271-80. [PMID: 25172160 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(14)70834-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
After 55 years of absence, dengue has re-emerged in the WHO European region both as locally transmitted sporadic cases and as an outbreak in Madeira, driven by the introduction of people infected with the virus and the invasion of the vector mosquito species Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Models predict a further spread of A albopictus, particularly under climate change conditions. Dengue transmission models suggest a low risk in Europe, but these models too rarely include transmission by A albopictus (the main established vector). Further information gaps exist with regard to the Caucasus and central Asian countries of the WHO European region. Many European countries have implemented surveillance and control measures for invasive mosquitoes, but only a few include surveillance for dengue. As long as no dengue-specific prophylaxis or therapeutics are available, integrated vector management is the most sustainable control option. The rapid elimination of newly introduced A aegypti populations should be targeted in the European region, particularly in southern Europe and the Caucasus, where the species was present for decades until the 1950s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Schaffner
- Institute of Parasitology, Swiss National Centre for Vector Entomology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathis
- Institute of Parasitology, Swiss National Centre for Vector Entomology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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Recent advances in DENV receptors. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:684690. [PMID: 23737723 PMCID: PMC3655683 DOI: 10.1155/2013/684690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is an old disease caused by the mosquito-borne dengue viruses (DENVs), which have four antigenically distinct serotypes (DENV1-4). Infection by any of them can cause dengue fever (DF) and/or a more serious disease, that is, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) or dengue shock syndrome (DSS). In recent decades, incidence of dengue disease has increased 30-fold, putting a third to half of the world's population living in dengue-endemic areas at high infection risk. However, the pathogenesis of the disease is still poorly understood. The virus binding with its host cell is not only a first and critical step in their replication cycle but also a key factor for the pathogenicity. In recent years, there have been significant advances in understanding interactions of DENVs with their target cells such as dendritic cells (DC), macrophages, endothelial cells, and hepatocytes. Although DENVs reportedly attach to a variety of receptors on these cells, consensus DENV receptors have not been defined. In this review, we summarize receptors for DENVs on different cells identified in recent years.
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Tabachnick WJ. Nature, nurture and evolution of intra-species variation in mosquito arbovirus transmission competence. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:249-77. [PMID: 23343982 PMCID: PMC3564141 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10010249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 12/29/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes vary in their competence or ability to transmit arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Many arboviruses cause disease in humans and animals. Identifying the environmental and genetic causes of variation in mosquito competence for arboviruses is one of the great challenges in public health. Progress identifying genetic (nature) and environmental (nurture) factors influencing mosquito competence for arboviruses is reviewed. There is great complexity in the various traits that comprise mosquito competence. The complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors controlling these traits and the factors shaping variation in Nature are largely unknown. The norms of reaction of specific genes influencing competence, their distributions in natural populations and the effects of genetic polymorphism on phenotypic variation need to be determined. Mechanisms influencing competence are not likely due to natural selection because of the direct effects of the arbovirus on mosquito fitness. More likely the traits for mosquito competence for arboviruses are the effects of adaptations for other functions of these competence mechanisms. Determining these other functions is essential to understand the evolution and distributions of competence for arboviruses. This information is needed to assess risk from mosquito-borne disease, predict new mosquito-arbovirus systems, and provide novel strategies to mitigate mosquito-borne arbovirus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter J Tabachnick
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, IFAS, 200 9th St. SE, Vero Beach, FL 32962, USA.
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O’Flynn NJ, Patel A, Kadlec J, Jones I. Improving promiscuous mammalian cell entry by the baculovirus Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus. Biosci Rep 2012; 33:23-36. [PMID: 23035899 PMCID: PMC3522474 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20120093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The insect baculovirus AcMNPV (Autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus) enters many mammalian cell lines, prompting its application as a general eukaryotic gene delivery agent, but the basis of entry is poorly understood. For adherent mammalian cells, we show that entry is favoured by low pH and by increasing the available cell-surface area through a transient release from the substratum. Low pH also stimulated baculovirus entry into mammalian cells grown in suspension which, optimally, could reach 90% of the transduced population. The basic loop, residues 268-281, of the viral surface glycoprotein gp64 was required for entry and a tetra mutant with increasing basicity increased entry into a range of mammalian cells. The same mutant failed to plaque in Sf9 cells, instead showing individual cell entry and minimal cell-to-cell spread, consistent with an altered fusion phenotype. Viruses grown in different insect cells showed different mammalian cell entry efficiencies, suggesting that additional factors also govern entry.
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Key Words
- baculovirus
- fusion
- gene transduction
- gp64
- mammalian cell
- virus entry
- acmnpv, autographa californica multiple nuclear polyhedrosis virus
- atcp, amorphous tricalcium phosphate
- cf, carboxyfluorescein
- cho, chinese-hamster ovary
- dmem, dulbecco’s modified eagle’s medium
- egfp, enhanced green fluorescent protein
- fcs, fetal calf serum
- hek-293t, hek-293 cells expressing the large t-antigen of sv40 (simian virus 40)
- ie1, immediate early 1
- moi, multiplicity of infection
- mab, monoclonal antibody
- npv, nucleopolyhedrosis virus
- pc, phosphatidylcholine
- pbs-t, pbs containing 0.1% tween 20
- pe, phosphatidylethanolamine
- pi, phosphatidylinositol
- popc, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- popg, 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol
- qpcr, quantitative pcr
- rmsd, root mean square deviation
- vsv g, vesicular-stomatitis virus glycoprotein g
- wt, wild-type
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil M. J. O’Flynn
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
| | - Avnish Patel
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
| | - Jan Kadlec
- †European Molecular Biology Laboratory, BP 181, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ian M. Jones
- *School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AJ, U.K
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