1
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Barakat RM, Almohareb RA, Alharbi AO, Alhazmi A, Alomar R. Comparative Accuracy and Reliability of Three Electronic Apex Locators in Determining the Apical Constriction of Molar Canals: A Micro-CT Evaluation. J Clin Med 2024; 13:5199. [PMID: 39274411 PMCID: PMC11396558 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13175199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Revised: 08/25/2024] [Accepted: 08/31/2024] [Indexed: 09/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Determining the correct apical limit for root canal treatment is essential for its success. This study evaluates the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs) in locating the apical constriction (AC) in molar canals. Methods: Forty extracted human mandibular molars were scanned using micro-CT, and endodontic access cavities were created. Teeth were mounted in alginate, and three EALs-Root ZX-mini, Root ZX-II, and Sirona integrated apex locator-were used to measure the canal working length in dry canals and with EDTA gel. Micro-CT scans were performed with files in place, and the distance from the AC was calculated. Measurements within 0.1-0.5 mm were categorized as 'close'. Those extending beyond towards the major foramen were categorized as 'beyond', otherwise they were classified as 'far'. Data analysis was conducted with a level of significance set at 5%. Results: Most readings for all EALs were in the 'close' category, with significant differences between devices (p < 0.0001). Root ZX-mini and Root ZX-II had 74.4% and 72.5% 'close' readings, respectively, versus 51% for Sirona integrated. Accuracy did not differ significantly between dry and EDTA-treated canals (p = 0.306). All EALs demonstrated excellent operator reliability (ICC 0.996-1.00). Conclusions: All EALs accurately determined AC, unaffected by lubricants. However, Root ZX-mini and Root ZX-II outperformed Sirona integrated. All EALs showed consistent reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem M Barakat
- Dental Clinics Department, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahaf A Almohareb
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arwa O Alharbi
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 1167, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma Alhazmi
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 1167, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem Alomar
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 1167, Saudi Arabia
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2
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Eren İ, Deniz Y. The usefulness of ultrasonography as a dynamic measurement system for visualizing root canal working length: an in vivo study. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:801. [PMID: 39014418 PMCID: PMC11251373 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although apex locators are generally effective tools for determining root canal working length, they may produce inaccurate results in some cases. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ultrasonography as an alternative method for measuring root canal length. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-seven anterior teeth with apical lesions were selected for the study. Initially, an electronic apex locator was used to measure the working length. Subsequently, ultrasonography was employed to visualize the root apex and determine the working length. During ultrasound imaging, a K-file No. 15 was inserted into the root canal until its tip was visible on the ultrasound monitor. Measurements obtained from both methods were compared using an independent sample t-test. Correlations were assessed with the Pearson correlation coefficient, and agreement was determined using the Bland‒Altman plot. RESULTS The mean working canal length was 19.9 mm for the apex locator and 20.6 mm for the ultrasonography-guided method. No significant differences were observed between the data obtained using the apex locator method and the data obtained using the ultrasonography guidance method. Furthermore, a high level of agreement was identified between the two techniques. CONCLUSION Ultrasonography can be used to visualize the apex effectively and determine canal length, especially when canal length determination is uncertain for various reasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- İrem Eren
- Dentistry Faculty, Department of Endodontics, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Yeşim Deniz
- Dentistry Faculty, Department of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Sahil Yolu Street, No:5, Çanakkale, 17100, Turkey.
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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3
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Alothmani OS, Siddiqui AY. Accuracy of Root ZX Electronic Apex Locator in Relation to Two Different Employment Protocols: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e44659. [PMID: 37671079 PMCID: PMC10476874 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to determine the apical level of the root canal, whether it is the apical foramen or a level coronal to it, that Root ZX (J. Morita Co., Kyoto, Japan) targets and to identify its employment protocol that provides better accuracy. Methods Actual lengths (ALs) of 75 extracted single-rooted teeth were obtained by inserting a K-file size 8 until its tip was in level with the most coronal border of the apical foramen. Reference length (RL) was calculated by deducting 0.5 mm from AL. Roots were placed in porous sponge block soaked with Ringer's solution, and canals were irrigated with 2 mL of 5% sodium hypochlorite. The blinded operator used Root ZX to measure lengths with K-file size 8. In the first tested employment protocol, the file was advanced to the "APEX mark" of the digital display, and the length was obtained. The second employment protocol followed the manufacturer's recommendations by inserting the file until the "APEX mark" followed by its withdrawal to the "0.5 mark." Stability of the digital meter for 5 seconds was mandatory before recording the lengths. All measurements were repeated one week later and then both measurements were averaged to represent "APEX mark" and "0.5 mark," respectively. Data were analyzed using t-test, with significance set at 0.05. Results Regardless of the employment protocol, most registered lengths were longer than targeted. The mean "APEX mark" was significantly longer than the mean AL (P=0.000), and the mean "0.5 mark" was significantly longer than the mean RL (P=0.000). Although the mean "0.5 mark" was longer than the mean AL, the difference was not significant (P=0.07). Conclusion The apical level of the root canal targeted by the Root ZX was the apical foramen. The most accurate employment protocol to achieve that is to use the Root ZX according to the manufacturer's recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amna Y Siddiqui
- Department of Endodontics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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4
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Siddiqui AY, Alothmani OS. Influence of Hand File Size on the Accuracy of Root ZX and iPex Electronic Apex Locators: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e39662. [PMID: 37256168 PMCID: PMC10226783 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.39662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of the hand file size on the accuracy of Root ZX (J. Morita Co., Kyoto, Japan) and iPex (NSK, Tochigi, Japan). METHODS Seventy-five single-rooted teeth were decoronated, and canals were coronally flared with Gates Glidden burs sizes 4, 3, and 2. Actual canal length was determined by averaging two readings obtained by inserting K-file size 8 until its tip was apparent at the most coronal border of the apical foramen. The reference length was actual length-0.5 mm. The blinded operator utilized Root ZX and iPex following the manufacturer's recommendations. Teeth were placed in sponge blocks soaked with Ringer's solution. Canals were irrigated with 5% sodium hypochlorite. K-file size 8 was attached to the lip clip and introduced until the APEX/0.0 mark, then withdrawn to the 0.5 mark. A stable meter gauge for five seconds indicated an acceptable reading. Readings with sizes 10 and 15 were obtained afterward. All measurements were done twice, then averaged. Data analysis was done using ANOVA and a posthoc Bonferroni test with the significance level set at P<0.05. RESULTS For Root ZX, the mean length with size 8 was not significantly different from the mean reference length (P=0.205). The same was found for its mean length at size 10 (P=0.093). However, the mean Root ZX length with size 15 was significantly shorter than the mean reference length (P=0.019). Mean iPex lengths with sizes 8, 10, and 15 were all significantly shorter than the mean reference length (P=0.038, 0.006, and 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSION The size of the hand file affected the precision of Root ZX and iPex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna Y Siddiqui
- Department of Endodontics, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, SAU
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5
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ElAyouti A, Connert T, Dummer PMH, Löst C. A critical analysis of research methods and experimental models to study working length determination and the performance of apex locators ‐ A narrative review with recommendations for the future. Int Endod J 2022; 55 Suppl 2:281-294. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.13738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf ElAyouti
- University of Tübingen Division of Endodontology Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology Osianderstraße 2‐8 Tübingen 72076 Germany
| | - Thomas Connert
- University of Basel Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology Hebelstr. 3 Basel 5042 Switzerland
| | | | - Claus Löst
- University of Tübingen Conservative Dentistry and Endodontology Osianderstr. 2‐8 Tübingen 72076 Germany
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Accuracy of different generations of apex locators in determining working length; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Dent J 2022; 34:11-20. [PMID: 35068894 PMCID: PMC8767164 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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7
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Verma R, Saha S, Chaudhary A, Bharadwaj A, Paradkar S, Khandelwal S. Tomographic analysis of the apical anatomy of mandibular first and second premolars in central India population. ENDODONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/endo.endo_85_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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8
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Serna-Peña G, Gomes-Azevedo S, Flores-Treviño J, Madla-Cruz E, Rodríguez-Delgado I, Martínez-González G. In Vivo Evaluation of 3 Electronic Apex Locators: Root ZX Mini, Apex ID, and Propex Pixi. J Endod 2019; 46:158-161. [PMID: 31839411 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of this in vivo study was to compare the accuracy of 3 electronic apex locators (EALs) (Root ZX mini [J Morita Corp, Tokyo, Japan], Apex ID [SybronEndo, Glendora, CA], and Propex Pixi [Dentsply Maillefer, Ballaigues, Switzerland]) to determine the working length. METHODS Thirty single-rooted human teeth that were scheduled for extraction were selected for the study. Electronic measurements were performed with the 3 EALs. After the teeth had been extracted, a #10 K-file was used to determine the actual working length, which was established at 0.5 mm short of the major foramen. The data were statistically analyzed with analysis of variance (α = 0.05). RESULTS No significant differences were found among the experimental groups (P > .05). The mean distance from the actual working length to the file tip was 0.163 ± 0.032 mm when Root ZX mini was used, 0.343 ± 0.032 mm for Propex Pixi , and 0.012 ± 0.008 mm for Apex ID. CONCLUSIONS Under the in vivo conditions of this study, no statistically significant differences were observed among the 3 EALs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Serna-Peña
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico
| | - Susana Gomes-Azevedo
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico.
| | - Jorge Flores-Treviño
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Madla-Cruz
- Department of Endodontics, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Léon, Monterrey, Nuevo Léon, Mexico
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9
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Kowollik S, Sonntag D. Accuracy and consistency of electronic root canal length determination with electrically isolating rubber stoppers. AUST ENDOD J 2018; 45:33-39. [PMID: 29573115 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of an isolating silicone stopper on the measuring accuracy and display consistency of three electrometric apex locators. The length of the canal to the major foramen was determined electrometrically using an ISO size 10 file in 20 extracted teeth each with natural crowns (Group I), amalgam fillings (Group II) or base-metal crowns (Group III), The measurements were performed with isolating or conventional silicone stoppers using three different apex locators with a four-level scale consistency rating. The use of isolating stoppers resulted in a more consistent display than with conventional stoppers, independent of the presence or type of coronal restoration (P = 0.017). Across all coronal restorations, the position of the major foramen could be determined to within ± 0.5 mm without significant differences (P = 0.79) using conventional and isolating stoppers. The use of modified isolating stoppers provides a significant increase in display consistency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Kowollik
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontics and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - David Sonntag
- Department of Operative Dentistry, Periodontics and Endodontics, Düsseldorf, Germany
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10
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Oliveira TN, Vivacqua-Gomes N, Bernardes RA, Vivan RR, Duarte MAH, Vasconcelos BC. Determination of the Accuracy of 5 Electronic Apex Locators in the Function of Different Employment Protocols. J Endod 2017; 43:1663-1667. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2017.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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11
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Connert T, Judenhofer MS, Hülber-J M, Schell S, Mannheim JG, Pichler BJ, Löst C, ElAyouti A. Evaluation of the accuracy of nine electronic apex locators by using Micro-CT. Int Endod J 2017; 51:223-232. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Connert
- Department of Periodontology, Endodontology and Cariology; University Centre for Dental Medicine; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - M. S. Judenhofer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of California; Davis CA USA
| | - M. Hülber-J
- Division of Endodontology; Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dental Medicine; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - S. Schell
- Division of Endodontology; Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dental Medicine; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - J. G. Mannheim
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy; Werner Siemens Imaging Center; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - B. J. Pichler
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy; Werner Siemens Imaging Center; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - C. Löst
- Division of Endodontology; Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dental Medicine; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
| | - A. ElAyouti
- Division of Endodontology; Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dental Medicine; University of Tübingen; Tübingen Germany
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12
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Aguiar BA, Reinaldo RS, Frota LMA, do Vale MS, de Vasconcelos BC. Root ZX Electronic Foramen Locator: An Ex Vivo Study of Its Three Models' Precision and Reproducibility. Int J Dent 2017; 2017:5893790. [PMID: 28367215 PMCID: PMC5359448 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5893790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Root ZX is considered the gold standard electronic foramen locator (EFL), two variations of this device were launched, however without different operating mechanisms. This investigation aims to evaluate the precision of Root ZX (RZX), Root ZX II (RII), and Root ZX Mini (RM) EFLs. After access cavity preparation, 32 mandibular single rooted human premolars had their real length measured with the aid of a #15 K-type manual file under magnification (25x). Electronic measurements were performed by the devices in an alternate order until the apical foramen was reached (0.0). Each measurement was performed with adjusted file to the real length of the teeth and verified with a digital caliper. The accuracy of the EFLs was 68.8% (RZX), 65.8% (RII), and 68.8% (RM), considering ±0.5 mm as a margin of tolerance. The mean errors of the devices were 0.37 ± 0.25 mm (RZX), 0.41 ± 0.34 mm (RII), and 0.32 ± 0.28 mm (RM). ANOVA and Tukey test were applied to analyze the obtained data, which showed that there were no statistically significant differences among the locators (P > .05). It can be concluded that the three tested devices demonstrated precise measurements of the real length of the canal without performance differences among them.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mônica Sampaio do Vale
- School of Pharmacy, Dentistry and Nursing, Federal University of Ceará, Campus Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Bruno Carvalho de Vasconcelos
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
- School of Dentistry of Sobral, Federal University of Ceará, Campus Sobral, Sobral, CE, Brazil
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13
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Jafarzadeh H, Beyrami M, Forghani M. Evaluation of Conventional Radiography and an Electronic Apex Locator in Determining the Working Length in C-shaped Canals. IRANIAN ENDODONTIC JOURNAL 2017; 12:60-63. [PMID: 28179926 PMCID: PMC5282381 DOI: 10.22037/iej.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of this in vitro study was to compare the accuracy of working length determination using the apex locator versus conventional radiography in C-shaped canals. Methods and Materials: After confirming the actual C-shaped anatomy using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), 22 extracted C-shaped mandibular second molars were selected and decoronated at the cemento-enamel junction. The actual working length of these canals were determined by inserting a #15 K-file until the tip could be seen through the apical foramen and the working length was established by subtracting 0.5 mm from this length. The working length was also determined using conventional analog radiography and electronic apex locator (EAL) that were both compared with the actual working length. The data was statistically analyzed using paired t-test and marginal homogeneity test. Results: There was no significant differences between the working length obtained with apex locator and that achieved through conventional radiography in terms of measuring the mesiolingual and distal canals (P>0.05); while, significant differences were observed in measurements of the mesiobuccal canals (P=0.036). Within ±0.5 mm of tolerance margin there was no significant difference between EAL and conventional radiography. Conclusion: The apex locator was more accurate in determination of the working length of C-shaped canals compared with the conventional radiography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Jafarzadeh
- Dental Research Center and Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Forghani
- Dental Materials Research Center and Department of Endodontics, Dental School, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Akhlaghi NM, Abbas FM, Mohammadi M, Shamloo MRK, Radmehr O, Kaviani R, Rakhshan V. Radicular anatomy of permanent mandibular second molars in an Iranian population: A preliminary study. Dent Res J (Isfahan) 2016; 13:362-6. [PMID: 27605995 PMCID: PMC4993065 DOI: 10.4103/1735-3327.187883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Root morphology is of utmost importance to endodontic sciences. Since there are a few studies on the morphology of mandibular second molars' roots, and some anatomical variables are not evaluated before, the aim of this study was to investigate thoroughly radicular anatomy of this tooth. Materials and Methods: This ex vivo study was performed on 150 intact mandibular second molars. After access cavity preparation and ensuring canal patency, Indian ink was injected into root canals from the orifices. The teeth became transparent using methyl salicylate storage. Then, they were inspected by an endodontist under a ×10 stereomicroscope regarding numerous root morphological variables. Data were analyzed using chi-square test and analysis of variance (α = 0.05). Results: About 86.7% of teeth had two roots and 13.3% were single-rooted (P = 0.0001), of which, 50% were C-shaped (6.7% of all teeth, P = 0.0001). 86.7% of mesial roots were double canalled, whereas 75.3% of distal roots were single canalled (P = 0.0001). 71.45% and 95.3% of the mesial and distal roots had one apical foramen, respectively (P = 0.0001). Apical foramens were mostly central followed by lingual in most cases. Distances between apical foramen and apical constriction ranged between 0.27 and 0.40 mm (P = 0.0545). Distances between apical foramen and root apices ranged between 0.30 and 0.47 mm (P = 0.0001). Vertucci classifications of mesial canals were Type II in 62.6% and Type IV in 37.4%. 86.2% of single-canal distal roots were Type I. 66.7% of double-canal distal roots were Type II and 33.3% were Type IV (P = 0.0001). The mean root lengths from cervical to apex of mesial, distal, and single roots were 14.02 ± 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 13.87–14.17), 13.35 ± 0.91 (95% CI = 13.19–13.50), and 14.25 ± 0.72 mm (95% CI = 13.91–14.58), respectively. The extents of canal curvatures varied between 20° and 31° buccolingually (P = 0.0000), and between 19° and 27° mesiodistally (P = 0.0000). Conclusion: There was a considerable rate of eccentric apical foramen in mandibular second molars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid M Akhlaghi
- Department of Endodontics, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mashadi Abbas
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Faculty of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Orkideh Radmehr
- Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ramin Kaviani
- Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Rakhshan
- Department of Dental Anatomy and Morphology, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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AlRahabi M. Attitudes of general practice dentists in private dental clinics in Almadinah Almunawarah toward novel endodontic technologies. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI ENDODONZIA 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gien.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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16
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Wolgin M, Wiedemann P, Frank W, Wrbas KT, Kielbassa AM. Development and Evaluation of an Endodontic Simulation Model for Dental Students. J Dent Educ 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/j.0022-0337.2015.79.11.tb06034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Wolgin
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
| | - Paul Wiedemann
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
| | - Wilhelm Frank
- Centre for Preclinical Education; Department of Biostatistics; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
| | - Karl-Thomas Wrbas
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology; Center for Dental Medicine; Medical Center University of Freiburg; Albert-Ludwigs-University; Freiburg Germany
| | - Andrej M. Kielbassa
- Centre for Operative Dentistry, Periodontology, and Endodontology; University of Dental Medicine and Oral Health; Danube Private University; Krems Austria
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17
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Hurstel J, Guivarc'h M, Pommel L, Camps J, Tassery H, Cohen S, Bukiet F. Do Cell Phones Affect Establishing Electronic Working Length? J Endod 2015; 41:943-6. [PMID: 25799536 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Santhosh L, Raiththa P, Aswathanarayana S, Panchajanya S, Reddy JT, Susheela SR. Influence of root canal curvature on the accuracy of an electronic apex locator: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent 2014; 17:583-6. [PMID: 25506150 PMCID: PMC4252936 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.144610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether the canal curvature has an influence on the accuracy of Electronic Apex Locator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty mandibular posterior teeth were decoronated. A number (No.) 10 file was inserted into the mesiobuccal canal and radiographs were taken to determine the degree of curvature by Schneider's method. Samples were divided into three groups of mild (<20°), moderate (20-36°) and severe curvature (>36°). After enlarging the orifice, the actual canal length was determined by introducing a file until the tip emerged through the major foramen when observed under 20X magnification. The teeth were embedded in an alginate model and the Root ZX was used to determine the electronic length. The data was analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS The difference in measurement of Actual and Electronic working length was statistically significant between group 1 and 2 (P < 0.05) as well as between group 1 and group 3 (P < 0.05) with group 1 showing the lowest difference. CONCLUSION Considering ± 0.5 mm as tolerance limit for accuracy, the device was 95% accurate for the mild curvature group and 80% accurate for moderate and severe groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha Santhosh
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Raiththa
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srirekha Aswathanarayana
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Srinivas Panchajanya
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Jayakumar Thimmaraya Reddy
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Shwetha Rajanna Susheela
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, The Oxford Dental College, Bommanahalli, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Uzunoglu E, Eymirli A, Uyanik MÖ, Çalt S, Nagas E. Calcium hydroxide dressing residues after different removal techniques affect the accuracy of Root-ZX apex locator. Restor Dent Endod 2014; 40:44-9. [PMID: 25671212 PMCID: PMC4320276 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2015.40.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the ability of several techniques to remove calcium hydroxide (CH) from the root canal and determined the influence of CH residues on the accuracy of the electronic apex locator. MATERIALS AND METHODS Root canals of 90 human maxillary lateral incisors with confirmed true working length (TWL) were prepared and filled with CH. The teeth were randomly assigned to one of the experimental groups according to the CH removal technique (n = 14): 0.9% saline; 0.9% saline + master apical file (MAF); 17% ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA); 17% EDTA + MAF; 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); 5.25% NaOCl + MAF. Six teeth were used as negative control. After CH removal, the electronic working length was measured using Root-ZX (Morita Corp.) and compared with TWL to evaluate Root-ZX accuracy. All specimens were sectioned longitudinally, and the area of remaining CH (CH) and total canal area were measured using imaging software. RESULTS The EDTA + MAF and NaOCl + MAF groups showed better CH removal than other groups (p < 0.05). Root-ZX reliability to prevent overestimated working length to be > 85% within a tolerance of ± 1.0 mm (p < 0.05). There was strong negative correlation between amount of CH residues and EAL accuracy (r = -0.800 for ± 0.5 mm; r = -0.940 for ± 1.0 mm). CONCLUSIONS The mechanical instrumentation improves the CH removal of irrigation solutions although none of the techniques removed the dressing completely. Residues of CH medication in root canals affected the accuracy of Root-ZX adversely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Uzunoglu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Eymirli
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Özgür Uyanik
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Semra Çalt
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emre Nagas
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Milanovic I, Ivanovic V, Vujaskovic M, Ignjatovic S, Miletic V. Accuracy of three electronic apex locators in determining the apical foramen in multi-rooted teeth: Randomised clinical and laboratory study. AUST ENDOD J 2014; 41:35-43. [PMID: 25195611 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to compare the accuracy of three electronic apex locators (EALs), Raypex 5, Apex NRG and ProPex II, in locating the apical foramen (AF) in vivo. Thirty multi-rooted teeth were included in the study. Distances from the file tip to the radiographic apex from the buccal (R1) and mesial (R2) aspect were measured after extraction. The distance from the file tip to the AF (L) was measured microscopically. Raypex 5, Apex NRG and ProPex II were accurate to within ± 0.5 mm in 84.6%, 78.6% and 66.7% of cases, respectively. R1, R2 and L measurements between the EALs were not statistically different (P > 0.05). R1 and L correlated positively (r(2) = 0.817; P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in all measurements between vital and non-vital root canals (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the EALs. There was a positive correlation between electronic and radiographic measurements when locating the AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Milanovic
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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21
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Vasconcelos BCD, Araújo RBR, Silva FCFAE, Luna-Cruz SM, Duarte MAH, Fernandes CADO. In vivo accuracy of two electronic foramen locators based on different operation systems. Braz Dent J 2014; 25:12-6. [PMID: 24789285 DOI: 10.1590/0103-6440201302069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare in vivo the accuracy of two electronic foramen locators (EFLs) based on different operation systems - Root ZX and Propex II. Ten healthy adult patients needing premolar extractions due to orthodontic reasons participated in the study, providing a sample of 17 noncarious, non-restored, vital teeth (n= 24 canals). After coronal access preparation and cervical preflaring and prior to tooth extraction, the root canal length was measured alternating the two EFLs. All measurements were performed with K-files well fitted to the canal diameter at the level that each EFL indicated the apical foramen in their display (APEX or 0.0). The last K-file were fixed in place with cyanoacrylate, the tooth was extracted, and the apical 4 mm of each root were resected to measure the distance between the file tip and the apical foramen. The mean errors based on the absolute values of discrepancies were 0.30 ± 0.29 mm (Root ZX) and 0.32 ± 0.27 mm (Propex II). Analysis by the Wilcoxon test for paired samples showed no statistically significant differences between the electronic canal measurements performed with the EFLs (p=0.587). The apical foramen was accurately located in 75% (Root ZX) and 66.7% (Propex II) of the cases, considering a ±0.5 mm error margin, with no statistically significant difference by the chi-square test. Despite having different measurement mechanisms, both EFLs were capable of locating the apical foramen with high accuracy in vivo. Under the tested clinical conditions, Root ZX and Propex II displayed similar results.
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22
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Al-Hadlaq SM. Effect of chloroform, orange solvent and eucalyptol on the accuracy of four electronic apex locators. AUST ENDOD J 2013; 39:112-5. [PMID: 24279656 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-4477.2011.00323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of three retreatment solutions on the accuracy of four electronic apex locators, the Root ZX mini, the Mini Apex Locator, the Root ZX and the Elements Diagnostic Unit and Apex Locator. Forty extracted single-rooted human teeth were used in this study. The four electronic apex locators were operated according to the manufacturer's instructions to locate the 'apical constriction' in the presence of chloroform, orange solvent or eucalyptol in the canal. The accuracy of each apex locator was not affected by the type of retreatment solution present in the root canal. In addition, the accuracy of the four apex locators was similar in the presence of each of the tested solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solaiman M Al-Hadlaq
- Department of Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Endodontics, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Tchorz JP, Poxleitner PJ, Stampf S, Patzelt SBM, Rottke D, Hellwig E, Altenburger MJ. The use of cone beam computed tomography to predetermine root canal lengths in molar teeth: a comparison between two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements. Clin Oral Investig 2013; 18:1129-1133. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-013-1064-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Koçak S, Koçak MM, Sağlam BC. Efficiency of 2 electronic apex locators on working length determination: A clinical study. J Conserv Dent 2013; 16:229-32. [PMID: 23833456 PMCID: PMC3698586 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.111320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the clinical accuracy of two electronic apex locators (EALs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 120 patients with 283 roots were randomized into three groups including, traditional radiographic method, EAL (Root ZX mini), and apex locating endodontic motor (VDW Gold) for working length (WL) determination. Root canals were instrumented to a size ProTaper F3 nickel titanium file. The obturation quality of matched tapered master cone (ProTaper F3) was determined for the accuracy of WL. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED Descriptive statistics were expressed as numbers and percentages. Pearson Chi-square test was used to determine for differences between groups. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference between the three tested groups (P = 0.894). CONCLUSIONS The success of both apex locators was similar to the radiographic WL determination technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Koçak
- Department of Endodontics, Bülent Ecevit University, Faculty of Dentistry, Zonguldak, Turkey
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25
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Lucena C, López JM, Martín JA, Robles V, González-Rodríguez MP. Accuracy of working length measurement: electronic apex locator versus cone-beam computed tomography. Int Endod J 2013; 47:246-56. [DOI: 10.1111/iej.12140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Lucena
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | - J. M. López
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
| | | | - V. Robles
- Department of Conservative Dentistry; School of Dentistry; University of Granada; Granada Spain
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Vasconcelos BCD, Bueno MDM, Luna-Cruz SM, Duarte MAH, Fernandes CADO. Accuracy of five electronic foramen locators with different operating systems: an ex vivo study. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 21:132-7. [PMID: 23739852 PMCID: PMC3881880 DOI: 10.1590/1678-7757201302188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate, ex vivo, the precision of five electronic root canal length measurement devices (ERCLMDs) with different operating systems: the Root ZX, Mini Apex Locator, Propex II, iPex, and RomiApex A-15, and the possible influence of the positioning of the instrument tips short of the apical foramen. MATERIAL AND METHODS Forty-two mandibular bicuspids had their real canal lengths (RL) previously determined. Electronic measurements were performed 1.0 mm short of the apical foramen (-1.0), followed by measurements at the apical foramen (0.0). The data resulting from the comparison of the ERCLMD measurements and the RL were evaluated by the Wilcoxon and Friedman tests at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS Considering the measurements performed at 0.0 and -1.0, the precision rates for the ERCLMDs were: 73.5% and 47.1% (Root ZX), 73.5% and 55.9% (Mini Apex Locator), 67.6% and 41.1% (Propex II), 61.7% and 44.1% (iPex), and 79.4% and 44.1% (RomiApex A-15), respectively, considering ±0.5 mm of tolerance. Regarding the mean discrepancies, no differences were observed at 0.0; however, in the measurements at -1.0, the iPex, a multi-frequency ERCLMD, had significantly more discrepant readings short of the apical foramen than the other devices, except for the Propex II, which had intermediate results. When the ERCLMDs measurements at -1.0 were compared with those at 0.0, the Propex II, iPex and RomiApex A-15 presented significantly higher discrepancies in their readings. CONCLUSIONS Under the conditions of the present study, all the ERCLMDs provided acceptable measurements at the 0.0 position. However, at the -1.0 position, the ERCLMDs had a lower precision, with statistically significant differences for the Propex II, iPex, and RomiApex A-15.
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Er O, Uzun O, Ustun Y, Canakcı BC, Yalpı F. Effect of solvents on the accuracy of the Mini Root ZX apex locator. Int Endod J 2013; 46:1088-95. [PMID: 23611038 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate ex vivo, the effects of three solvents on the accuracy of a contemporary electronic root canal length measurement device (ERCLMD), the Mini Root ZX. METHODOLOGY The actual working length (AWL) of 56 extracted maxillary incisor teeth were measured with an ERCLMD. All root canals were prepared with the ProTaper system to AWL. Of them, 20 were filled with gutta-percha and a resin-based sealer (Group A), 20 with gutta-percha and a zinc oxide/eugenol-based sealer (Group B), and 16 roots were used as the control group (Group C). Removal of the root filling and repreparation processes were performed using the ProTaper system. Guttasolv and Resosolv were used as the solvents in Group A and Guttasolv and Endosolv E in Group B. After the removal of the root fillings had been achieved, the same ERCLMD was used to measure the working length (WL). Differences between AWL and WL measurements were analysed by paired t-test, and the accuracy of ERCLMD was assessed using chi-squared tests. RESULTS There were significant differences between AWL and WL measurements in subgroups A2 (Resosolv group) and B2 (Endosolv E group). In these subgroups, WL was shorter than AWL (P < 0.05). Also, the accuracy of the Resosolv group was significantly lower than the others (P < 0.05) at a ±0.5 mm margin of error. CONCLUSIONS Removing root fillings may require use of a solvent. In these cases, ERCLMDs may exhibit a lower accuracy, thus operators must exercise additional care when measuring the working length using ERCLMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Er
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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Brito-Júnior M, Camilo CC, Moreira-Júnior G, Pecora JD, Sousa-Neto MD. Effect of pre-flaring and file size on the accuracy of two electronic apex locators. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 20:538-43. [PMID: 23138740 PMCID: PMC3881801 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572012000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This ex vivo study evaluated the effect of pre-flaring and file size on the accuracy of the Root ZX and Novapex electronic apex locators (EALs). MATERIAL AND METHODS The actual working length (WL) was set 1 mm short of the apical foramen in the palatal root canals of 24 extracted maxillary molars. The teeth were embedded in an alginate mold, and two examiners performed the electronic measurements using #10, #15, and #20 K-files. The files were inserted into the root canals until the "0.0" or "APEX" signals were observed on the LED or display screens for the Novapex and Root ZX, respectively, retracting to the 1.0 mark. The measurements were repeated after the preflaring using the S1 and SX Pro-Taper instruments. Two measurements were performed for each condition and the means were used. Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated to verify the intra- and inter-examiner agreement. The mean differences between the WL and electronic length values were analyzed by the three-way ANOVA test (p<0.05). RESULTS ICCs were high (>0.8) and the results demonstrated a similar accuracy for both EALs (p>0.05). Statistically significant accurate measurements were verified in the pre-flared canals, except for the Novapex using a #20 K-file. CONCLUSIONS The tested EALs showed acceptable accuracy, whereas the pre-flaring procedure revealed a more significant effect than the used file size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel Brito-Júnior
- Inter-Institutional PhD Program, State University of Montes Claros, Montes Claros, MG, Brazil.
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Ali R, Okechukwu NC, Brunton P, Nattress B. An overview of electronic apex locators: part 2. Br Dent J 2013; 214:227-31. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Altenburger MJ, Tchorz JP, Somma F. In vivo accuracy of three electronic root canal length measurement devices: Dentaport ZX, Raypex 5 and ProPex II. Int Endod J 2012; 45:1053-4. [PMID: 23039121 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2012.02060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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31
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Duran-Sindreu F, Stöber E, Mercadé M, Vera J, Garcia M, Bueno R, Roig M. Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Readings When Testing the Accuracy of the Root ZX Apex Locator. J Endod 2012; 38:236-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Working length determination in general dental practice: a randomised controlled trial. Br Dent J 2011; 211:595-8. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.1052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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33
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Tchorz JP, Hellwig E, Altenburger MJ. An improved model for teaching use of electronic apex locators. Int Endod J 2011; 45:307-10. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01975.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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34
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Evaluation of the Raypex 5 and the Mini Apex Locator: An In Vivo Study. J Endod 2011; 37:1349-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2011.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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35
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Miletic V, Beljic-Ivanovic K, Ivanovic V. Clinical reproducibility of three electronic apex locators. Int Endod J 2011; 44:769-76. [PMID: 21599708 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2591.2011.01897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the reproducibility of three electronic apex locators (EALs), Dentaport ZX, RomiApex A-15 and Raypex 5, under clinical conditions. METHODOLOGY Forty-eight root canals of incisors, canines and premolars with or without radiographically confirmed periapical lesions required root canal treatment in 42 patients. In each root canal, all three EALs were used to determine the working length (WL) that was defined as the zero reading and indicated by 'Apex', '0.0' or 'red square' markings on the EAL display. A new K-file of the same size was used for each measurement. The file length was fixed with a rubber stop and measured to an accuracy of 0.01 mm. Measurements were undertaken by two calibrated operators. Differences in zero readings between the three EALs in the same root canal were statistically analysed using paired t-tests with the Bonferroni correction, Bland-Altman plot and Linn's concordance correlation coefficients at α = 0.05. RESULTS Mean and standard deviation values measured by the three EALs showed no statistically significant differences. Identical readings by all three EALs were found in 10.4% of root canals. Forty-three per cent of readings differed by less than ± 0.5 mm and 31.3% exceeded a difference of ± 1 mm. CONCLUSIONS The clinical reproducibility of Dentaport ZX, RomiApex A-15 and Raypex 5 was confirmed with the majority of readings within the ± 1.0 mm range. However, the small number of identical zero readings suggests that EALs are not reliable as the sole means of WL determination under clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Miletic
- Department of Restorative Odontology and Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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