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Chi H, Li Y, Liu G. A molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor based on a
MoS
2
/peanut shell carbon complex coated with
AuNPs
and nitrogen‐doped carbon dots for selective and rapid detection of benzo(a)pyrene. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai Chi
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yujie Li
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Guoqin Liu
- School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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2
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Caglayan MO, Şahin S, Üstündağ Z. Detection Strategies of Zearalenone for Food Safety: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:294-313. [PMID: 32715728 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1797468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a toxic compound produced by the metabolism of fungi (genus Fusarium) that threaten the food and agricultural industry belonging to the in foods and feeds. ZEN has toxic effects on human and animal health due to its mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxicity. To ensure food safety, rapid, precise, and reliable analytical methods can be developed for the detection of toxins such as ZEN. Different selective molecular diagnostic elements are used in conjunction with different detection strategies to achieve this goal. In this review, the use of electrochemical, colorimetric, fluorometric, refractometric as well as other strategies were discussed for ZEN detection. The success of the sensors in analytical performance depends on the development of receptors with increased affinity to the target. This requirement has been met with different immunoassays, aptamer-assays, and molecular imprinting techniques. The immobilization techniques and analysis strategies developed with the combination of nanomaterials provided high precision, reliability, and convenience in ZEN detection, in which electrochemical strategies perform the best.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samet Şahin
- Department of Bioengineering, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University, Bilecik, Turkey
| | - Zafer Üstündağ
- Department of Chemistry, Kütahya Dumlupınar University, Kütahya, Turkey
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3
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Fluorescence polarization assays for chemical contaminants in food and environmental analyses. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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4
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Zhang X, Tang Q, Mi T, Zhao S, Wen K, Guo L, Mi J, Zhang S, Shi W, Shen J, Ke Y, Wang Z. Dual-wavelength fluorescence polarization immunoassay to increase information content per screen: Applications for simultaneous detection of total aflatoxins and family zearalenones in maize. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Liu Y, Wang LT, Zhou K, Eremin SA, Huang XA, Sun YM, Xu ZL, Lei HT. Rapid and homologous immunoassay for the detection of herbicide propisochlor in water. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1359499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lan-Teng Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sergei A. Eremin
- Faculty of Chemistry, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Xin-An Huang
- Tropical Medicine Institute and South China Chinese Medicine Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuan-Ming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen-Lin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong-Tao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Processing and Safety Control of Livestock and Poultry Products, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Zhang X, Eremin SA, Wen K, Yu X, Li C, Ke Y, Jiang H, Shen J, Wang Z. Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay Based on a New Monoclonal Antibody for the Detection of the Zearalenone Class of Mycotoxins in Maize. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2240-2247. [PMID: 28231710 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To develop a sensitive fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for screening the zearalenone class of mycotoxins in maize, two new monoclonal antibodies with uniform affinity to the zearalenone class and four fluorescein-labeled tracers were prepared. After careful selection of appropriate tracer-antibody pairs in terms of sensitivity and specificity, a FPIA that could simultaneously detect the zearalenone class with similar sensitivity was developed. Under optimum conditions, the half maximal inhibitory concentrations of the FPIA in buffer were 1.89, 1.97, 2.43, 1.99, 2.27, and 2.44 μg/L for zearalenone, α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, α-zearalanol, β-zearalanol, and zearalanone, respectively. The limit of detection of FPIA for the zearalenone class was around 12 μg/kg in maize, and the recoveries ranged from 84.6 to 113.8%, with coefficients of variation below 15.3% in spiked samples. Finally, the FPIA was applied for screening naturally contaminated maize samples, and the results indicated a good correlation with that of high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiya Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sergei A Eremin
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kai Wen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Yu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenglong Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuebin Ke
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Shenzhen, Guangdong 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety , Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
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7
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Jiang X, Li X, Yang Z, Eremin SA, Zhang X. Evaluation and Optimization of Three Different Immunoassays for Rapid Detection Zearalenone in Fodders. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0576-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Advances in Biosensors, Chemosensors and Assays for the Determination of Fusarium Mycotoxins. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8060161. [PMID: 27231937 PMCID: PMC4926128 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8060161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The contaminations of Fusarium mycotoxins in grains and related products, and the exposure in human body are considerable concerns in food safety and human health worldwide. The common Fusarium mycotoxins include fumonisins, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol and zearalenone. For this reason, simple, fast and sensitive analytical techniques are particularly important for the screening and determination of Fusarium mycotoxins. In this review, we outlined the related advances in biosensors, chemosensors and assays based on the classical and novel recognition elements such as antibodies, aptamers and molecularly imprinted polymers. Application to food/feed commodities, limit and time of detection were also discussed.
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Chen J, Shanin IA, Lv S, Wang Q, Mao C, Xu Z, Sun Y, Wu Q, Eremin SA, Lei H. Heterologous strategy enhancing the sensitivity of the fluorescence polarization immunoassay of clinafloxacin in goat milk. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1341-1346. [PMID: 25914021 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinafloxacin is used for the treatment of disease in food-producing animals, e.g. Brucella melitensis, which often occurs in goats; however, the clinafloxacin residue in goat milk may harm human health and result in the development of drug-resistant bacterial strains or allergies. Despite this, there is not a rapid, sensitive and accurate analytical method in goat milk for rapid screening or monitoring purposes. RESULTS One homologous and five heterologous tracers were designed and compared for fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) optimization. Based on the combination of a heterologous tracer (PAZ-FITC, synthesized with pazufloxacin and FITC) and the antibody against clinafloxacin, a highly sensitive FPIA was established for the detection of clinafloxacin residue in goat milk for the first time. The IC50 value was 29.3 µg L(-1) for clinafloxacin in the heterologous format - six times lower than that of the combination of the homologous tracers and the antibody. The recoveries ranged from 86.8% to 104.5%, with the relative standard deviation ranging from 4.1% to 7.2%. Validation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) confirmed that the results obtained from the proposed FPIA were in agreement with those of HPLC. CONCLUSION This proposed heterologous strategy for enhanced FPIA is sensitive and rapid enough for the high-throughput detection of clinafloxacin residue in goat milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technique Research Centre of Food Safety Detection and Risk Assessment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ilya A Shanin
- Faculty of Chemistry, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- AN Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Shuwei Lv
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technique Research Centre of Food Safety Detection and Risk Assessment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Stephenson Life Sciences Research Center, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Zhenlin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technique Research Centre of Food Safety Detection and Risk Assessment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuanming Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technique Research Centre of Food Safety Detection and Risk Assessment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qing Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technique Research Centre of Food Safety Detection and Risk Assessment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Sergei A Eremin
- Faculty of Chemistry, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia
- AN Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Hongtao Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety/Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technique Research Centre of Food Safety Detection and Risk Assessment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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10
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Li C, Mi T, Conti GO, Yu Q, Wen K, Shen J, Ferrante M, Wang Z. Development of a screening fluorescence polarization immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of fumonisins B₁ and B₂ in maize. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:4940-4946. [PMID: 25942573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the development of a screening fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for the simultaneous detection of fumonisins B1 (FB1) and B2 (FB2) in maize. Three FB1 tracers including FB1-fluorescein isothiocyanate isomer I (FB1-FITC), FB1-5-([4,6-dichlorotriazine-2-yl]amino)-fluorescein (FB1-5-DTAF), and FB1-Texas Red-X succinimidyl ester (FB1-TRX) were synthesized and studied to select appropriate tracer-antibody pairs using seven previously produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). An FPIA employing the pair of FB1-FITC and mAb 4B9 showing 98.9% cross-reactivity (CR) toward FB2 was used to simultaneously detect FB1 and FB2. Maize flour samples were extracted with methanol/water (2:3, v/v). After optimization, the FPIA revealed a limit of detection (LOD) of 157.4 μg/kg for FB1 and an LOD of 290.6 μg/kg for FB2, respectively. Recoveries were measured for spiked samples of FB1 or FB2 separately, ranging from 84.7 to 93.6%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of <9.9%. Total time needed for FPIA including sample pretreatment was <30 min. The FPIA was used to screen naturally contaminated maize samples. Results detected by FPIA showed good agreement with that of HPLC-MS/MS with a fit of R(2) = 0.99 for the simultaneous detection of FB1 and FB2. The established method offered a rapid, simple, sensitive, and high-throughput screening tool for the detection of fumonisins in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Li
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiejun Mi
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- §Department "GF Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, Laboratory of Environmental and Food Hygiene, University of Catania, 87 Avenue S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Qing Yu
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Wen
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- #National Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Residues, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- §Department "GF Ingrassia", Hygiene and Public Health, Laboratory of Environmental and Food Hygiene, University of Catania, 87 Avenue S. Sofia, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- †College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
- #National Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Residues, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Lippolis V, Maragos C. Fluorescence polarisation immunoassays for rapid, accurate and sensitive determination of mycotoxins. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2014. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2013.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence polarisation immunoassay (FPIA) is a type of homogeneous assay. For low molecular weight antigens, such as mycotoxins, it is based on the competition between an unlabeled antigen and its fluorescent-labelled derivative (tracer) for an antigen-specific antibody. The antigen content is determined by measuring the reduction of fluorescence polarisation signal, which in turn is determined by the reduction of tracer molecules able to bind antibody in solution. To develop a competitive FPIA for mycotoxin measurement the tracer has to be synthesised and its binding response with a specific antibody should be tested. Selectivity and sensitivity of the FPIA methods are strictly related to the antibody/tracer combination used. Several FPIA methods for the detection of the major mycotoxins, including aflatoxins, fumonisins, ochratoxin A, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins and zearalenone in food and beverages have been developed in the last decade. Basic principles, key elements, advantages and limitations of these methods are reviewed. These FPIA methods are simple, readily automated, rapid, and suitable for high-throughput screening, as well as for the reliable quantitative determination of mycotoxins in foods and commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Lippolis
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), via G. Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - C. Maragos
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
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Generation of anti-zearalenone scFv and its incorporation into surface plasmon resonance-based assay for the detection of zearalenone in sorghum. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shephard G, Berthiller F, Burdaspal P, Crews C, Jonker M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Sabino M, Solfrizzo M, van Egmond H, Whitaker T. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2011-2012. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2013. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2012.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights developments in mycotoxin analysis and sampling over a period between mid-2011 and mid- 2012. It covers the major mycotoxins aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxin, patulin, trichothecenes, and zearalenone. A section on mycotoxins in botanicals and spices is also included. Methods for mycotoxin determination continue to be developed using a wide range of analytical systems ranging from rapid immunochemical-based methods to the latest advances in mass spectrometry. This review follows the format of previous reviews in this series (i.e. sections on individual mycotoxins), but due to the rapid spread and developments in the field of multimycotoxin methods by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, a separate section has been devoted to advances in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- G.S. Shephard
- PROMEC Unit, Medical Research Council, P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - F. Berthiller
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin-Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - P.A. Burdaspal
- Spanish Food Safety and Nutrition Agency, National Centre for Food, km 5.100, 28220 Majadahonda (Madrid), Spain
| | - C. Crews
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - M.A. Jonker
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - R. Krska
- Department for Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), Center for Analytical Chemistry, Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin-Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Strasse 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- The Food and Environment Research Agency, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Drive, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA, ARS National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Sabino
- Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Av Dr Arnaldo 355, 01246-902 São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - H.P. van Egmond
- Cluster Natural Toxins and Pesticides, RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - T.B. Whitaker
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, N.C. State University, P.O. Box 7625, Raleigh, NC 27695-7625, USA
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