1
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Megía-Palma R, Paranjpe D, Cooper RD, Blaimont P, Sinervo B. Natural parasites in conjunction with behavioral and color traits explain male agonistic behaviors in a lizard. Curr Zool 2024; 70:59-69. [PMID: 38476133 PMCID: PMC10926264 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoac095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Male competition conforms to a cost-benefit model, because while aggression may increase reproductive prospects, it can also increase the risk of injury. We hypothesize that an additional cost in aggressive males would be an increase in parasite load associated with a high energy investment into sexual competition. Some of these infections, in turn, may downmodulate the level of host aggression via energetic trade-offs. We staged dyadic male contests in the lab to investigate the relationships of multiple parasites with the agonistic behavior of lizard hosts, Sceloporus occidentalis. We also included both color and behavioral traits from opponents in the analyses because (1) color patches of lizards may serve as intraspecific signals used by conspecifics to assess the quality of opponents, and (2) contests between male lizards fit classical models of escalated aggression, where lizards increase aggression displays in response to an opponent's behavior. The results conform to our hypothesis because male lizards displayed more pushups when they had more ticks. Moreover, some parasites may modulate the levels of aggression because lizards infected by hematic coccidians performed fewer pushups. Interestingly, lizards also displayed fewer pushups when both the chroma and size of the opponent's blue patch were greater. The results thus also supported the role of the blue patch of S. occidentalis as a sexual armament, because it contributed to the deterrence of aggression from opponent lizards. We revealed that natural parasitic infections in lizard hosts can contribute to their agonistic behavior. We encourage future studies to account for parasites in behavioral tests with lizards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Megía-Palma
- Department of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Parasitology Unit, Universidad de Alcalá (UAH), E-28805, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, P-4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
- BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, P-4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Dhanashree Paranjpe
- Rupa Rahul Bajaj Center for Environment and Art, Empress Botanical Gardens, Kavade Mala, Pune, India
| | - Robert D Cooper
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Pauline Blaimont
- Department of Biology, University of Houston Downtown, 1 Main St., Houston, TX 77002, USA
| | - Barry Sinervo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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2
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Kelly CD, Gwynne DT. Effect of body condition on mobility and mating success in a wild population of the scramble polygynous Cook Strait giant weta. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03278-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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3
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Atema E, van Noordwijk AJ, Verhulst S. Telomere dynamics in relation to experimentally increased locomotion costs and fitness in great tits. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:6208-6215. [PMID: 34478576 PMCID: PMC9786264 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that telomere length (TL) and dynamics can be interpreted as proxy for 'life stress' experienced by individuals stems largely from correlational studies. We tested for effects of an experimental increase of workload on telomere dynamics by equipping male great tits (Parus major) with a 0.9 g backpack for a full year. In addition, we analysed associations between natural life-history variation, TL and TL dynamics. Carrying 5% extra weight for a year did not significantly accelerate telomere attrition. This agrees with our earlier finding that this experiment did not affect survival or future reproduction. Apparently, great tit males were able to compensate behaviourally or physiologically for the increase in locomotion costs we imposed. We found no cross-sectional association between reproductive success and TL, but individuals with higher reproductive success (number of recruits) lost fewer telomere base pairs in the subsequent year. We used the TRF method to measure TL, which method yields a TL distribution for each sample, and the association between reproductive success and telomere loss was more pronounced in the higher percentiles of the telomere distribution, in agreement with the higher impact of ageing on longer telomeres within individuals. Individuals with longer telomeres and less telomere shortening were more likely to survive to the next breeding season, but these patterns did not reach statistical significance. Whether successful individuals are characterized by losing fewer or more base pairs from their telomeres varies between species, and we discuss aspects of ecology and social organisation that may explain this variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Els Atema
- GELIFESUniversity of GroningenGroningenthe Netherlands,Netherlands Institute of EcologyWageningenthe Netherlands
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4
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Chirichella R, Apollonio M, Pokorny B, De Marinis AM. Sex‐specific impact of tooth wear on senescence in a low‐dimorphic mammal species: The European roe deer (
Capreolus capreolus
). J Zool (1987) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Chirichella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassari Sassari Italy
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - M. Apollonio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine University of Sassari Sassari Italy
| | - B. Pokorny
- Environmental Protection College Velenje Slovenia
- Slovenian Forestry Institute Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - A. M. De Marinis
- Italian Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA) Ozzano dell'Emilia Italy
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5
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Sex-specific effects of capital resources on reproductive timing and success in red squirrels. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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6
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White CR, Alton LA, Bywater CL, Lombardi EJ, Marshall DJ. Metabolic scaling is the product of life-history optimization. Science 2022; 377:834-839. [PMID: 35981018 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm7649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Organisms use energy to grow and reproduce, so the processes of energy metabolism and biological production should be tightly bound. On the basis of this tenet, we developed and tested a new theory that predicts the relationships among three fundamental aspects of life: metabolic rate, growth, and reproduction. We show that the optimization of these processes yields the observed allometries of metazoan life, particularly metabolic scaling. We conclude that metabolism, growth, and reproduction are inextricably linked; that together they determine fitness; and, in contrast to longstanding dogma, that no single component drives another. Our model predicts that anthropogenic change will cause animals to evolve decreased scaling exponents of metabolism, increased growth rates, and reduced lifetime reproductive outputs, with worrying consequences for the replenishment of future populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig R White
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lesley A Alton
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Candice L Bywater
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Emily J Lombardi
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dustin J Marshall
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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7
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Somjee U, Shankar A, Falk JJ. Can Sex-Specific Metabolic Rates Provide Insight Into Patterns of Metabolic Scaling? Integr Comp Biol 2022; 62:icac135. [PMID: 35963649 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icac135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Females and males can exhibit striking differences in body size, relative trait size, physiology and behavior. As a consequence the sexes can have very different rates of whole-body energy use, or converge on similar rates through different physiological mechanisms. Yet many studies that measure the relationship between metabolic rate and body size only pay attention to a single sex (more often males), or do not distinguish between sexes. We present four reasons why explicit attention to energy-use between the sexes can yield insight into the physiological mechanisms that shape broader patterns of metabolic scaling in nature. First, the sexes often differ considerably in their relative investment in reproduction which shapes much of life-history and rates of energy use. Second, males and females share a majority of their genome but may experience different selective pressures. Sex-specific energy profiles can reveal how the energetic needs of individuals are met despite the challenge of within-species genetic constraints. Third, sexual selection often pushes growth and behavior to physiological extremes. Exaggerated sexually selected traits are often most prominent in one sex, can comprise up to 50% of body mass and thus provide opportunities to uncover energetic constraints of trait growth and maintenance. Finally, sex-differences in behavior such as mating-displays, long-distance dispersal and courtship can lead to drastically different energy allocation among the sexes; the physiology to support this behavior can shape patterns of metabolic scaling. The mechanisms underlying metabolic scaling in females, males and hermaphroditic animals can provide opportunities to develop testable predictions that enhance our understanding of energetic scaling patterns in nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummat Somjee
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
- University of Texas, Austin, TX
| | | | - Jay J Falk
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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8
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Evolution of reduced mate harming tendency of males in Drosophila melanogaster populations selected for faster life history. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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9
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Zhang VY, Buck CL. Seasonal patterns in behavior and glucocorticoid secretion of a specialist Holarctic tree squirrel (Sciurus aberti). J Comp Physiol B 2022; 192:541-559. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-022-01429-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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10
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Novčić I, Parača V. Seasonal differences in escape behaviour in the urban hooded crow, Corvus cornix. JOURNAL OF VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.25225/jvb.21066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Novčić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; e-mail: ,
| | - Vanja Parača
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia; e-mail: ,
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11
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Reading CJ, Jofré GM. The cost of breeding for male common toads. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The potential impact of pairing on male survivorship and future breeding success in common toads was investigated between 1993 and 2014. A total of 8132 males arriving at a breeding pond in southern England were measured, weighed, individually marked and their breeding history recorded. The body condition (BC) of all males was estimated using (a) residuals from an ordinary least squares regression analysis of log10 body mass against log10 body snout-vent length (SVL; ordinary least squares) and (b) a scaled mass index (SMI), standardized for SVL. Each year each male was allocated to one of four categorical groups: (1) Paired, (2) Unpaired, and whether or not it returned to breed the following year: (3) Return, (4) No Return. The BC of both paired and unpaired males that subsequently returned was significantly higher than that of those that failed to return. Male pairing success was highest in the youngest males and lowest in the oldest. The overall cost for male common toads that successfully paired was a significantly decreased BC and survival rate. First time breeding males had a 21.2% chance of surviving and returning to breed the following year, increasing to 28.3–37.0% for those returning for up to five consecutive years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Reading
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, CEH Wallingford, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Gabriela M Jofré
- c/o UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, CEH Wallingford, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh, Gifford, Oxon, OX10 8BB, UK
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12
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Chaine AS. Social Evolution: Big Benefits of BFFs. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R72-R74. [PMID: 33497633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Having long-term familiar neighbors - rather than kin neighbors - can increase survival and double reproductive success in North American red squirrels. These benefits are so high they can slow senescence and may explain numerous social behaviors in this otherwise individualistic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis S Chaine
- Station d'Ecologie Théorique et Expérimentale du CNRS, UMR 5321, 2 route du CNRS, 09200 Moulis, France; Institute for Advanced Studies in Toulouse, 21 allée de Brienne, 31015 Toulouse, France.
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13
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Boratyński Z. Energetic constraints on mammalian distribution areas. J Anim Ecol 2021; 90:1854-1863. [PMID: 33884621 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Energy is a universal resource essential for all life functions. The rate of transformation of energy into an organism, and the energetic investment into reproduction, determines population and ecological-level processes. Several hypotheses predicted that the ecological expansion and size of the geographic distribution of a species are shaped by, among other factors, metabolic performance. However, how organismal energetic characteristics contribute to species geographic range size is poorly understood. With phylogenetic comparative methods whether energetic maintenance costs (basal metabolic rate, BMR), aerobic capacity (maximum exercise metabolic rate, VO2 max), summit thermoregulation (summit metabolic rate, VO2 sum) and the ability to sustain energy provisioning (daily energy expenditure, DEE) determine the distribution of mammalian species range sizes was tested. Both basal and maximum exercise metabolic rates (accounting for body mass), but not summit thermogenic metabolic rate, were positively associated with species range sizes. Furthermore, daily energy expenditure (accounting for body mass) was positively associated with species ranges. Body mass (accounting for energetic maintenance) was negatively related to range sizes. High aerobic exercise capacity, aiding mobility such as running and dispersal, and high sustained energy provisioning, aiding reproductive effort such as pregnancy, lactation and natal dispersal, can facilitate the establishment of large mammalian geographic ranges. Consequently, the pace of organismal physiological processes can shape important ecological and biodiversity patterns by setting limits to species' range sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbyszek Boratyński
- CIBIO/InBio, Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, University of Porto, Vairão, Portugal
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14
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Kusch J, Conway S, Kapchinske A, Lane J. Reproductive phenology and seasonal mass dynamics of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus) at their northern range limit. CAN J ZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2020-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Intraspecific variation is common and can be substantial in species occupying large geographic ranges. For example, populations at a poleward range limit can be exposed to more severe and variable weather, resulting in more punctuated growing seasons and, consequently, large fluctuations in body mass and additional constraints on reproductive phenology. We monitored variation in these traits in a hibernating population of black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus (Ord, 1815)) at their northern range limit across four growing seasons. Overall, individual body mass was highly dynamic both within and across growing seasons, and was correlated with sex, the presence of drought, and reproductive effort. This population experienced between-year variation in the timing of reproduction that was associated with weather variation. The influence of weather was particularly evident in 1 year during which a summer–autumn drought was followed by a severe and prolonged winter. This combination led to high overwinter mortality, substantially delayed emergences from hibernation, lower body masses at emergence from hibernation, and complete reproductive failure the following spring. Our results help to emphasize the influence of environmental conditions on levels of phenotypic variation at a species’ northern range limit, which may ultimately contribute to population viability and success.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.M. Kusch
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - S.E. Conway
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - A. Kapchinske
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - J.E. Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada
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15
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Siracusa ER, Boutin S, Dantzer B, Lane JE, Coltman DW, McAdam AG. Familiar Neighbors, but Not Relatives, Enhance Fitness in a Territorial Mammal. Curr Biol 2021; 31:438-445.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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16
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Hałat Z, Dechmann DKN, Zegarek M, Ruczyński I. Male bats respond to adverse conditions with larger colonies and increased torpor use during sperm production. Mamm Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42991-020-00071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractChanges in environmental conditions can have strong energetic effects on animals through limited food availability or increased thermoregulatory costs. Especially difficult are periods of increased energy expenditures, such as reproduction. Reproductive female bats from the temperate zone often aggregate in maternity colonies to profit from social thermoregulation to reduce torpor use and buffer the effects of poor conditions. The much rarer male colonies may form for similar reasons during testes development. Male colonies thus allow us to study the influence of environmental conditions on energy budget and colony size, without the confounding effects of parental care. We remotely monitored skin temperature and assessed colony size of male parti-coloured bats Vespertilio murinus during summer, and correlated those variables with environmental conditions and food availability (i.e. insect abundance). As we had hypothesized, we found that colony size increased at colder temperatures, but decreased at low wind speeds. Also as predicted, torpor use was relatively low, however, it did increase slightly during adverse conditions. Male sociality may be an adaptation to adverse environmental conditions during sexual maturation, but the pressure to avoid torpor during spermatogenesis may be lower than in pregnant or lactating females.
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17
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Dantzer B, McAdam AG, Humphries MM, Lane JE, Boutin S. Decoupling the effects of food and density on life-history plasticity of wild animals using field experiments: Insights from the steward who sits in the shadow of its tail, the North American red squirrel. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2397-2414. [PMID: 32929740 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term studies of wild animals provide the opportunity to investigate how phenotypic plasticity is used to cope with environmental fluctuations and how the relationships between phenotypes and fitness can be dependent upon the ecological context. Many previous studies have only investigated life-history plasticity in response to changes in temperature, yet wild animals often experience multiple environmental fluctuations simultaneously. This requires field experiments to decouple which ecological factor induces plasticity in fitness-relevant traits to better understand their population-level responses to those environmental fluctuations. For the past 32 years, we have conducted a long-term integrative study of individually marked North American red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben in the Yukon, Canada. We have used multi-year field experiments to examine the physiological and life-history responses of individual red squirrels to fluctuations in food abundance and conspecific density. Our long-term observational study and field experiments show that squirrels can anticipate increases in food availability and density, thereby decoupling the usual pattern where animals respond to, rather than anticipate, an ecological change. As in many other study systems, ecological factors that can induce plasticity (such as food and density) covary. However, our field experiments that manipulate food availability and social cues of density (frequency of territorial vocalizations) indicate that increases in social (acoustic) cues of density in the absence of additional food can induce similar life-history plasticity, as does experimental food supplementation. Changes in the levels of metabolic hormones (glucocorticoids) in response to variation in food and density are one mechanism that seems to induce this adaptive life-history plasticity. Although we have not yet investigated the energetic response of squirrels to elevated density or its association with life-history plasticity, energetics research in red squirrels has overturned several standard pillars of knowledge in physiological ecology. We show how a tractable model species combined with integrative studies can reveal how animals cope with resource fluctuations through life-history plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Murray M Humphries
- Natural Resource Sciences Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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18
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Apollonio M, Merli E, Chirichella R, Pokorny B, Alagić A, Flajšman K, Stephens PA. Capital-Income Breeding in Male Ungulates: Causes and Consequences of Strategy Differences Among Species. Front Ecol Evol 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2020.521767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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19
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Glaudas X, Rice SE, Clark RW, Alexander GJ. Male energy reserves, mate-searching activities, and reproductive success: alternative resource use strategies in a presumed capital breeder. Oecologia 2020; 194:415-425. [PMID: 32935179 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-020-04755-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sexual selection studies often focus on morphological traits that are important only in the later stages of mate acquisition. Comparatively little is known about traits that lead to mate acquisition, such as mate-searching activities. We experimentally manipulated body condition (i.e., the energy reserves) in male puff adders (Bitis arietans) prior to the mating season using supplemental feeding in the field, and used radio-telemetry and DNA paternity analyses to characterize the relationships between male energy reserves, mating activities, and reproductive success. We found that male mobility is a strongly sexually selected trait because males that travelled further in search of females have higher female encounter rates and reproductive success. However, supplemental feeding did not have a significant effect on mating activities or reproductive success, because control snakes compensated by foraging more often during the mating season. The time invested in foraging by control snakes did not come at the costs of decreased mating activities or opportunity compared to fed snakes, because the latter spent the spare time resting. Our experimental field research directly demonstrates the link between male mobility and reproductive success, identifying the ultimate mechanism leading to the evolution of prolonged male mate-searching activities in snakes, and indicates that male puff adders, presumed capital breeders, adjust their breeding tactics according to resource availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Glaudas
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa.
| | - Stephen E Rice
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
- Department of Natural Sciences, Fairmont State University, Fairmont, WV, 26554, USA
| | - Rulon W Clark
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, 92182, USA
| | - Graham J Alexander
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, P.O. Wits, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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20
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Sex- and context-specific associations between personality and a measure of fitness but no link with life history traits. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Castrillon J, Bengtson Nash S. Evaluating cetacean body condition; a review of traditional approaches and new developments. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6144-6162. [PMID: 32607220 PMCID: PMC7319165 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to accurately gauge the body condition of free-swimming cetaceans is invaluable in population and conservation biology, due to the direct implications that this measure has on individual fitness, survival, and reproductive success. Furthermore, monitoring temporal change in body condition offers insight into foraging success over time, and therefore the health of the supporting ecosystem, as well as a species' resilience. These parameters are particularly relevant in the context of widespread and accelerated, climate-induced habitat change. There are, however, significant logistical challenges involved with research and monitoring of large cetaceans, which often preclude direct measure of body condition of live individuals. Consequently, a wide variety of indirect approaches, or proxies, for estimating energetic stores have been proposed over past decades. To date, no single, standardized, approach has been shown to serve as a robust estimation of body condition across species, age categories, and in both live and dead individuals. Nonetheless, it is clear that streamlining and advancing body condition measures would carry significant benefits for diverse areas of cetacean research and management. Here, we review traditional approaches and new applications for the evaluation of cetacean energetic reserves. Specific attention is given to the criteria of measure performance (sensitivity and accuracy), level of invasiveness, cost and effort required for implementation, as well as versatility e.g. applicability across different species, age groups, as well as living versus deceased animals. Measures have been benchmarked against these criteria in an effort to identify key candidates for further development, and key research priorities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Castrillon
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants ProgramEnvironmental Futures Research Institute (EFRI)Griffith UniversityNathanQld.Australia
| | - Susan Bengtson Nash
- Southern Ocean Persistent Organic Pollutants ProgramEnvironmental Futures Research Institute (EFRI)Griffith UniversityNathanQld.Australia
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22
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Studd EK, Menzies AK, Siracusa ER, Dantzer B, Lane JE, McAdam AG, Boutin S, Humphries MM. Optimisation of energetic and reproductive gains explains behavioural responses to environmental variation across seasons and years. Ecol Lett 2020; 23:841-850. [PMID: 32189469 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Animals switch between inactive and active states, simultaneously impacting their energy intake, energy expenditure and predation risk, and collectively defining how they engage with environmental variation and trophic interactions. We assess daily activity responses to long-term variation in temperature, resources and mating opportunities to examine whether individuals choose to be active or inactive according to an optimisation of the relative energetic and reproductive gains each state offers. We show that this simplified behavioural decision approach predicts most activity variation (R2 = 0.83) expressed by free-ranging red squirrels over 4 years, as quantified through accelerometer recordings (489 deployments; 5066 squirrel-days). Recognising activity as a determinant of energetic status, the predictability of activity variation aggregated at a daily scale, and the clear signal that behaviour is environmentally forced through optimisation of gain, provides an integrated approach to examine behavioural variation as an intermediary between environmental variation and energetic, life-history and ecological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E K Studd
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Bellevue, QC, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - A K Menzies
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - E R Siracusa
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - B Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - A G McAdam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - S Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - M M Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Bellevue, QC, Canada
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23
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Spatiotemporal niche partitioning in a specious silphid community (Coleoptera: Silphidae Nicrophorus). Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Pollo P, Muniz DG, Santos ES. Be prudent if it fits you well: male mate choice depends on male size in a golden orb-weaver spider. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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25
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Santicchia F, Romeo C, Ferrari N, Matthysen E, Vanlauwe L, Wauters LA, Martinoli A. The price of being bold? Relationship between personality and endoparasitic infection in a tree squirrel. Mamm Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Fisher DN, Haines JA, Boutin S, Dantzer B, Lane JE, Coltman DW, McAdam AG. Indirect effects on fitness between individuals that have never met via an extended phenotype. Ecol Lett 2019; 22:697-706. [PMID: 30740839 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between organisms are ubiquitous and have important consequences for phenotypes and fitness. Individuals can even influence those they never meet, if they have extended phenotypes that alter the environments others experience. North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) guard food hoards, an extended phenotype that typically outlives the individual and is usually subsequently acquired by non-relatives. Hoarding by previous owners can, therefore, influence subsequent owners. We found that red squirrels breed earlier and had higher lifetime fitness if the previous hoard owner was a male. This was driven by hoarding behaviour, as males and mid-aged squirrels had the largest hoards, and these effects persisted across owners, such that if the previous owner was male or died in mid-age, subsequent occupants had larger hoards. Individuals can, therefore, influence each other's resource-dependent traits and fitness without ever meeting, such that the past can influence contemporary population dynamics through extended phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Fisher
- Department for Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - Jessica A Haines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada.,Department of Biological Sciences, MacEwan University, Edmonton, AB, T5J 4S2, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1043, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1043, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - David W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department for Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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27
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Soulsbury CD. Income and capital breeding in males: energetic and physiological limitations on male mating strategies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:222/1/jeb184895. [PMID: 30602463 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.184895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Income and capital breeding describe two dichotomous breeding strategies that characterise the allocation of resources to reproduction. Capital breeders utilise stored endogenous resources (typically lipids) to finance reproduction, whereas income breeders use exogenous resources (typically carbohydrates). The basis for such characterisation has mainly come from studying females, yet for many species, male and female reproductive success may be determined by substantially different factors. Females allocate resources to offspring production, whereas males typically allocate resources to accessing mating opportunities, e.g. from contests or displays. The primary metabolic fuel (lipids or carbohydrates) in males appears to be dependent on the type of activity being performed (i.e. high versus low intensity or long versus short duration), rather than capital or income breeding strategy per se. Males performing sustained, long-duration effort typically utilise lipids, whereas those undergoing intense activity more often utilise carbohydrates. As a result, either fuel type can be used in either strategy. Breeding season duration can constrain strategy choice; lipids and carbohydrates can be used in short breeding season species, but only lipids provide a viable fuel source for long breeding season capital breeders. Both capital- and income-breeding males must manage their resource use during the breeding season, but capital breeders must also cope with physiological stressors associated with extended fasting. Overall, the capital-income breeding concept applies equally to male reproduction, but compared with females, there are different physical and physiological constraints that shape choice of strategy. This Commentary also highlights some key future areas that need to be investigated to further understand how capital-income breeding strategies shape male mating strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D Soulsbury
- School of Life Science, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, UK
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29
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The slow dynamics of mycoplasma infections in a tortoise host reveal heterogeneity pertinent to pathogen transmission and monitoring. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 147:e12. [PMID: 30251621 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818002613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of infectious diseases depends on many characteristics of disease progression, as well as the consistency of these processes across hosts. Longitudinal studies of infection can thus inform disease monitoring and management, but can be challenging in wildlife, particularly for long-lived hosts and persistent infections. Numerous tortoise species of conservation concern can be infected by pathogenic mycoplasmas that cause a chronic upper respiratory tract disease (URTD). Yet, a lack of detailed data describing tortoise responses to mycoplasma infections obscures our understanding of URTDs role in host ecology. We therefore monitored Mycoplasma agassizii infections in 14 captive desert tortoises and characterised clinical signs of disease, infection intensity, pathogen shedding and antibody production for nearly 4 years after initial exposure to donor hosts. Persistent infections established in all exposed tortoises within 10 weeks, but hosts appeared to vary in resistance, which affected the patterns of pathogen shedding and apparent disease. Delays in host immune response and changes to clinical signs and infection intensity over time resulted in inconsistencies between diagnostic tools and changes in diagnostic accuracy throughout the study. We discuss the implications these results have for URTD epidemiology and past and future research assessing disease prevalence and dynamics in tortoise populations.
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30
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Mandl I, Holderied M, Schwitzer C. The Effects of Climate Seasonality on Behavior and Sleeping Site Choice in Sahamalaza Sportive Lemurs, Lepilemur sahamalaza. INT J PRIMATOL 2018; 39:1039-1067. [PMID: 30613116 PMCID: PMC6300582 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-018-0059-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Temperature, rainfall, and resource availability may vary greatly within a single year in primate habitats. Many primate species show behavioral and physiological adaptations to this environmental seasonality, including changes to their diets and activity. Sahamalaza sportive lemurs (Lepilemur sahamalaza) inhabit the northwest of Madagascar and have been studied only during the dry, colder period of the year. We investigated potential effects of climate seasonality on this species by collecting behavioral data between October 2015 and August 2016, encompassing both the warmer wet and the colder dry seasons. We collected 773.15 hours of behavioral data on 14 individual sportive lemurs to investigate year-round activity budgets, ranging behavior, and sleeping site locations. Additionally we recorded temperature and rainfall data at our study site to describe the environmental conditions during the study period. The study individuals significantly decreased their time spent traveling and increased their time spent resting in the dry season compared to the wet season. Although home range size and path lengths did not differ over the study period, sleeping locations were significantly different between seasons as the lemurs focused on more confined areas in colder periods. Overall, the results indicate that Sahamalaza sportive lemur behavior varies with season, in line with reports for other primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Mandl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Marc Holderied
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TQ UK
| | - Christoph Schwitzer
- Bristol Zoological Society, Bristol Zoo Gardens, Clifton, Bristol, BS8 3HA UK
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31
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Muniz DG, Baena ML, Macías‐Ordóñez R, Machado G. Males, but not females, perform strategic mate searching movements between host plants in a leaf beetle with scramble competition polygyny. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:5828-5836. [PMID: 29938096 PMCID: PMC6009763 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Mate searching is assumed to be performed mostly by males, but when females benefit from multiple mating or are under risk of failing to mate, they may also perform mate searching. This is especially important in scramble competition polygynies, in which mate searching is the main mechanism of mate competition. Typically, more mobile individuals are expected to achieve higher mating success because mobility increases their probability of finding mates. If we assume individual movements are mainly explained by mate searching in scramble competition polygynies, we can investigate searching strategies by asking when individuals should leave their location and where they should go. We hypothesize that individuals will leave their locations when mating opportunities are scarce and will seek spatially close sites with better mating opportunities. We tested these hypotheses for males and females of Leptinotarsa undecimlineata, a leaf beetle with scramble competition polygyny in which both sexes are promiscuous. Individuals mate and feed exclusively on Solanum plants, and thus, individual movements can be described as switches between plants. Females were less likely than males to leave isolated plants, and both males and females moved preferentially to neighboring plants. Males were more likely to leave when the local number of females was low, and the number of males was high. They moved to plants with more females, a behavior consistent with a mate searching strategy. Females were more likely to move to plants with fewer males and many females, a behavior consistent with male harassment avoidance. Strategic movement is widely considered in foraging context, but seldom in a mate searching context. Considering that selection to minimize searching costs, maximize mating success, and minimize harassment may be ubiquitous in nature, we argue that strategic movements by mate searching individuals are likely to occur in many species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo G. Muniz
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em EcologiaDepartamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
- LAGE doDepartamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Martha L. Baena
- Instituto de Investigaciones BiológicasRegión XalapaUniversidad VeracruzanaXalapaMexico
| | | | - Glauco Machado
- LAGE doDepartamento de EcologiaInstituto de BiociênciasUniversidade de São PauloSão PauloBrazil
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32
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Mate sampling influences the intensity of sexual selection and the evolution of costly sexual ornaments. J Theor Biol 2018; 447:74-83. [PMID: 29567325 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mate choice includes three steps: (1) a choosing individual encounters potential mates, (2) assesses and processes information about them, and (3) makes a mate decision. During mate searching females can access only a sample of males in the mating pool and need to choose their mates based on limited information. Thus, mate sampling may influence sexual selection promoted by mate choice because it constrains female choice. Using individual-based simulations, we found that both female choosiness and mate sampling influenced the variance in mating success among males and thus the intensity of sexual selection. So that sexual selection is most intense when females are strongly choosy and can sample many males. Moreover, in evolutionary simulations, the rate of evolutionary change and the final size of male ornament increase with increasing mate sampling. However, under stronger natural selection, evolutionary change is slower and leads to smaller ornaments. Empirical data on the potential for sexual selection (Is) for several animal species show a positive correlation between the intensity of sexual selection and an index of mate sampling based on behavioral and ecological traits. Based on the results of our simulations, we predict that males of highly mobile species with long-range sexual signal transmission, which allow females to assess many males, will show greater variance in mating success and will be more ornamented than their relatives not exhibiting these features.
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33
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Haines JA, Coltman DW, Dantzer B, Gorrell JC, Humphries MM, Lane JE, McAdam AG, Boutin S. Sexually selected infanticide by male red squirrels in advance of a mast year. Ecology 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Haines
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - David W. Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology University of Michigan Ann Arbor Michigan 48109 USA
| | - Jamieson C. Gorrell
- Biology Department Vancouver Island University Nanaimo British Columbia V9R 5S5 Canada
| | - Murray M. Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences McGill University Ste‐Anne‐de‐Bellevue Quebec H9X 3V9 Canada
| | - Jeffrey E. Lane
- Department of Biology University of Saskatchewan Saskatoon Saskatchewan S7N 5E2 Canada
| | - Andrew G. McAdam
- Department of Integrative Biology University of Guelph Guelph Ontario N1G 2W1 Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta Edmonton Alberta T6G 2E9 Canada
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34
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Aiello C, Esque T, Nussear K, Emblidge P, Hudson P. Associating sex-biased and seasonal behaviour with contact patterns and transmission risk in Gopherus agassizii. BEHAVIOUR 2018. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Interactions between wildlife hosts act as transmission routes for directly transmitted pathogens and vary in ways that affect transmission efficiency. Identifying drivers of contact variation can allow both contact inference and estimation of transmission dynamics despite limited data. In desert tortoises, mating strategy, burrow use and seasonal change influence numerous behaviours and likely shape contact patterns. In this study, we ask to what extent tortoise contact behaviour varies between sexes and seasons, and whether space or burrow-use data can be used to infer contact characteristics consistent with those recorded by proximity loggers. We identified sex and season-biased contact behaviour in both wild and captive populations indicative of female-female avoidance and seasonal male mate-seeking behaviour. Space and burrow-use patterns were informative, but did not always predict the extent of sex or seasonal biases on contact. We discuss the implications these findings have for transmission patterns and disease mitigation in tortoise populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C.M. Aiello
- aDepartment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- bU.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Las Vegas Field Station, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - T.C. Esque
- bU.S. Geological Survey, Western Ecological Research Center, Las Vegas Field Station, Henderson, NV, USA
| | - K.E. Nussear
- cDepartment of Geography, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - P.G. Emblidge
- aDepartment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - P.J. Hudson
- aDepartment of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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35
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Boonstra R, Dušek A, Lane JE, Boutin S. When the ball is in the female's court: How the scramble-competition mating system of the North American red squirrel has shaped male physiology and testosterone dynamics. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2017. [PMID: 28648995 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Male reproductive success in most mammals is determined by their success in direct inter-male competition through aggression and conflict, resulting in female-defense mating systems being predominant. This is linked to male testosterone levels and its dynamics. However, in certain environments, a scramble-competition mating system has evolved, where female reproductive behavior takes precedence and male testosterone dynamics are unlikely to be related to inter-male competition. We studied the North American red squirrel (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus), a species with a well-established scramble-competition system. Using an ACTH hormonal challenge protocol as a proxy for competitive interactions, we compared the testosterone dynamics in breeding males in late winter with that in nonbreeding males in late spring in the Yukon. To gain an integrated picture of their physiological state, we also assessed changes in their stress response, body mass, energy mobilization, and indices of immune function. Testosterone levels at the base bleed were high in breeding males (2.72ng/mL) and virtually absent in non-breeding males (0.04ng/mL). Breeding males were in better condition (heavier body mass, higher hematocrit, and higher erythrocytes), had higher indices of immune function (neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio), but a similar ability to mobilize energy (glucose) compared with non-breeding males. Though total cortisol was higher in non-breeding males, free cortisol was twice as high in breeding males as their corticosteroid binding globulin levels were half as high. In response to the ACTH challenge, testosterone levels in breeding males declined 49% over the first hour and increased 36% over the next hour; in non-breeding males levels showed no change. Free cortisol increased only modestly (26% in breeding males; 23% in non-breeding males). Glucose levels changed similarly in breeding and nonbreeding males, declining for the first 30min and then increasing for the next 60min. Thus, testosterone and components of the stress axis function in a profoundly different manner in male red squirrels than in males of mammals with female-defense mating systems. There are four probable interrelated reasons for these adaptations in male red squirrels: the marginal benefits of each mating, the constraints of mate searching away from their own resource-based territories, energy mobilization in a harsh environment, and a long life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudy Boonstra
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Adam Dušek
- Centre for the Neurobiology of Stress, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Ethology, Institute of Animal Science, Praha CZ-104 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E2, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
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36
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Using whole-group metabolic rate and behaviour to assess the energetics of courtship in red-sided garter snakes. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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37
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Muniz DG, Santos ESA, Guimarães PR, Nakagawa S, Machado G. A multinomial network method for the analysis of mate choice and assortative mating in spatially structured populations. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo G. Muniz
- Postgraduate Programme in Ecology Department of Ecology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- LAGE Lab Department of Ecology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Eduardo S. A. Santos
- LAGE Lab Department of Ecology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
- BECO Lab Department of Zoology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Paulo R. Guimarães
- LAGE Lab Department of Ecology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Shinichi Nakagawa
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences University New South Wales Sydney NSW Australia
| | - Glauco Machado
- LAGE Lab Department of Ecology Institute of Biosciences University of São Paulo São Paulo Brazil
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38
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Christiansen F, Dujon AM, Sprogis KR, Arnould JPY, Bejder L. Noninvasive unmanned aerial vehicle provides estimates of the energetic cost of reproduction in humpback whales. Ecosphere 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Christiansen
- Cetacean Research Unit School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - Antoine M. Dujon
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Warrnambool Campus Geelong Vic. Australia
| | - Kate R. Sprogis
- Cetacean Research Unit School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
| | - John P. Y. Arnould
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences Deakin University Burwood Campus Geelong Vic. Australia
| | - Lars Bejder
- Cetacean Research Unit School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia 6150 Australia
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39
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Williams CT, Wilsterman K, Zhang V, Moore J, Barnes BM, Buck CL. The secret life of ground squirrels: accelerometry reveals sex-dependent plasticity in above-ground activity. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160404. [PMID: 27703706 PMCID: PMC5043325 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The sexes differ in how and when they allocate energy towards reproduction, but how this influences phenotypic plasticity in daily activity patterns is unclear. Here, we use collar-mounted light loggers and triaxial accelerometers to examine factors that affect time spent above ground and overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA), an index of activity-specific energy expenditure, across the active season of free-living, semi-fossorial arctic ground squirrels (Urocitellus parryii). We found high day-to-day variability in time spent above ground and ODBA with most of the variance explained by environmental conditions known to affect thermal exchange. In both years, females spent more time below ground compared with males during parturition and early lactation; however, this difference was fourfold larger in the second year, possibly, because females were in better body condition. Daily ODBA positively correlated with time spent above ground in both sexes, but females were more active per unit time above ground. Consequently, daily ODBA did not differ between the sexes when females were early in lactation, even though females were above ground three to six fewer hours each day. Further, on top of having the additional burden of milk production, ODBA data indicate females also had fragmented rest patterns and were more active during late lactation. Our results indicate that sex differences in reproductive requirements can have a substantial influence on activity patterns, but the size of this effect may be dependent on capital resources accrued during gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory T. Williams
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Kathryn Wilsterman
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Victor Zhang
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
| | - Jeanette Moore
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - Brian M. Barnes
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
| | - C. Loren Buck
- Center for Bioengineering Innovation and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, USA
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40
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Kelly CD, Gwynne DT. The effect of condition on mate searching speed and copulation frequency in the Cook Strait giant weta. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-016-2150-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Inter-annual and inter-individual variations in survival exhibit strong seasonality in a hibernating rodent. Oecologia 2016; 181:795-807. [PMID: 26969470 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most research on the demography of wild animal populations has focused on characterizing the variation in the mortality of organisms as a function of intrinsic and environmental characteristics. However, such variation in mortality is difficult to relate to functional life history components (e.g. reproduction, dispersal, hibernation) due to the difficulty in monitoring biological processes at a sufficiently fine timescale. In this study, we used a 10-year individual-based data set with an infra-annual timescale to investigate both intra- and inter-annual survival patterns according to intrinsic and environmental covariates in an introduced population of a small hibernating rodent, the Siberian chipmunk. We compared three distinct periods related to particular life history events: spring reproduction, summer reproduction and hibernation. Our results revealed strong interactions between intrinsic and temporal effects. First, survival of male chipmunks strongly decreases during the reproduction periods, while survival is high and equal between sexes during hibernation. Second, the season of birth affects the survival of juveniles during their first hibernation, which does not have long-lasting consequences at the adult stage. Third, at an inter-annual scale, we found that high food resource availability before hibernation and low chipmunk densities specifically favour subsequent winter survival. Overall, our results confirm that the well-known patterns of yearly and inter-individual variation of mortality observed in animals are themselves strongly variable within a given year, suggesting that they are associated with various functional components of the animals' life history.
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Dröscher I, Rothman JM, Ganzhorn JU, Kappeler PM. Nutritional consequences of folivory in a small-bodied lemur (Lepilemur leucopus): Effects of season and reproduction on nutrient balancing. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2016; 160:197-207. [PMID: 26865348 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Small-bodied folivores are rare because processing leaves often requires extensive gut adaptations and lengthy retention times for fiber fermentation. However, the <1 kg nocturnal white-footed sportive lemurs (Lepilemur leucopus) persist on a leaf-based diet. We investigated how extrinsic (i.e., seasonality in temperature and food availability) and intrinsic factors (i.e., reproductive state) influence nutrient intake and explored how nutrient and energy needs are met in this species. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted full night focal follows across all seasons and analyzed nutrients in all items eaten by adults of both sexes to investigate nutrient intake and nutritional priorities in L. leucopus. We estimated digestible protein content, as this is a biologically more meaningful measure than crude protein. RESULTS Protein intake was constant across seasons, while non-protein energy and dry matter intake increased from the hot wet to the cold dry season. Males and females did not differ in their nutrient or apparent energy intake irrespective of female reproductive state. DISCUSSION We conclude that these animals prioritize protein over non-protein energy intake as dietary protein is in limited supply, and that thermoregulation poses higher energetic costs than reproduction in this species. While protein intake did not differ across female reproductive states, the relative protein content of the diet was highest during the lactation period, indicating that the balance of non-protein to protein intake may be more important than absolute intake. Dry matter intake was high compared to other folivorous primates, indicating that L. leucopus follows an intake rather than an efficiency strategy to meet its energy requirements. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:197-207, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Dröscher
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, NY.,New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, NY
| | - Jörg U Ganzhorn
- Department of Animal Ecology and Conservation, University of Hamburg, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter M Kappeler
- Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077, Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Sociobiology/Anthropology, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Halliday WD, Morris DW, Devito JA, Start DM. Male and female voles do not differ in their assessments of predation risk. ECOSCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.2980/21-1-3689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fletcher QE, Dantzer B, Boonstra R. The impact of reproduction on the stress axis of free-living male northern red backed voles (Myodes rutilus). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 224:136-47. [PMID: 26188715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis culminates in the release of glucocorticoids (henceforth CORT), which have wide-reaching physiological effects. Three hypotheses potentially explain seasonal variation in CORT. The enabling hypothesis predicts that reproductive season CORT exceeds post-reproductive season CORT because CORT enables reproductive investment. The inhibitory hypothesis predicts the opposite because CORT can negatively affect reproductive function. The costs of reproduction hypothesis predicts that HPA axis condition declines over and following the reproductive season. We tested these hypotheses in wild male red-backed voles (Myodes rutilus) during the reproductive and post-reproductive seasons. We quantified CORT levels in response to restraint stress tests consisting of three blood samples (initial, stress-induced, and recovery). Mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptor mRNA levels in the brain were also quantified over the reproductive season. Total CORT (tCORT) in the initial and stress-induced samples were greater in the post-reproductive than in the reproductive season, which supported the inhibitory hypothesis. Conversely, free CORT (fCORT) did not differ between the reproductive and post-reproductive seasons, which was counter to both the enabling and inhibitory hypotheses. Evidence for HPA axis condition decline in CORT as well as GR and MR mRNA over the reproductive season (i.e. costs of reproduction hypothesis) was mixed. Moreover, all of the parameters that showed signs of declining condition over the reproductive season did not also show signs of declining condition over the post-reproductive season suggesting that the costs resulting from reproductive investment had subsided. In conclusion, our results suggest that different aspects of the HPA axis respond differently to seasonal changes and reproductive investment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn E Fletcher
- Centre for the Neurobiology Stress, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Rudy Boonstra
- Centre for the Neurobiology Stress, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Lemaître JF, Gaillard JM, Pemberton JM, Clutton-Brock TH, Nussey DH. Early life expenditure in sexual competition is associated with increased reproductive senescence in male red deer. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0792. [PMID: 25122226 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary theories of senescence predict that investment in reproduction in early life should come at the cost of reduced somatic maintenance, and thus earlier or more rapid senescence. There is now growing support for such trade-offs in wild vertebrates, but these exclusively come from females. Here, we test this prediction in male red deer (Cervus elaphus) using detailed longitudinal data collected over a 40-year field study. We show that males which had larger harems and thereby allocated more resources to reproduction during early adulthood experienced higher rates of senescence in both harem size and rut duration. Males that carried antlers with more points during early life did not show more pronounced declines in reproductive traits in later life. Overall, we demonstrate that sexual competition shapes male reproductive senescence in wild red deer populations and provide rare empirical support for the disposable soma theory of ageing in males of polygynous vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Lemaître
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon; Université Lyon 1; CNRS, UMR5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Josephine M Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Tim H Clutton-Brock
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, UK
| | - Daniel H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
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Friesen CR, Powers DR, Copenhaver PE, Mason RT. Size dependence in non-sperm ejaculate production is reflected in daily energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate. J Exp Biol 2015; 218:1410-8. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.120402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
The non-sperm components of an ejaculate, such as copulatory plugs, can be essential to male reproductive success. But the costs of these ejaculate components are often considered trivial. In polyandrous species, males are predicted to increase energy allocation to the production of non-sperm components, but this allocation is often condition dependent and the energetic costs of their production have never been quantified. Red-sided garter snakes (Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis) are an excellent model with which to quantify the energetic costs of non-sperm components of the ejaculate as they exhibit a dissociated reproductive pattern in which sperm production is temporally disjunct from copulatory plug production, mating and plug deposition. We estimated the daily energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate of males after courtship and mating, and used bomb calorimetry to estimate the energy content of copulatory plugs. We found that both daily energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate were significantly higher in small mating males than in courting males, and a single copulatory plug without sperm constitutes 5–18% of daily energy expenditure. To our knowledge, this is the first study to quantify the energetic expense of size-dependent ejaculate strategies in any species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Friesen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, Heydon-Laurence Bldg AO8, Science Rd, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
| | - Donald R. Powers
- Department of Biology, George Fox University, Edwards-Holman Science Center, Newberg, OR 97132, USA
| | - Paige E. Copenhaver
- Department of Biology, George Fox University, Edwards-Holman Science Center, Newberg, OR 97132, USA
- Department of Botany and Program in Ecology, University of Wyoming, Aven Nelson Building 130, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Robert T. Mason
- Department of Zoology, Oregon State University, Cordley Hall 3029, Corvallis, OR 97330, USA
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Surbeck M, Deschner T, Behringer V, Hohmann G. Urinary C-peptide levels in male bonobos (Pan paniscus) are related to party size and rank but not to mate competition. Horm Behav 2015; 71:22-30. [PMID: 25870021 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Within- and between-species variation in male mating strategies has been attributed to a multitude of factors including male competitive ability and the distribution of fertile females across space and time. Differences in energy balance across and within males allow for the identification of some of the trade-offs associated with certain social and mating strategies. Bonobos live in groups with a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics, there is co-dominance between the sexes and a linear dominance hierarchy among males. Males compete over access to females, breeding is aseasonal, and females exhibit sexual swellings over extended time periods. In this study we use urinary C-peptide (UCP) levels in male bonobos (Pan paniscus) obtained from 260 urine samples from a wild bonobo community, to quantify male energy balance during mate competition and levels of gregariousness in the species. Although high ranking males are more aggressive, spend more time in proximity to maximally tumescent females, and have higher mating frequencies, we found no indication that mate guarding or mate competition affected male energy balance. Our results showed a positive correlation between monthly mean UCP levels and mean party size. When traveling in large parties, high ranking males had higher UCP levels than those of the low ranking males. These results support the hypothesis that patterns of fission-fusion dynamics in bonobos are either linked to energy availability in the environment or to the energetic costs of foraging. The finding of a rank-bias in UCP levels in larger parties could also reflect an increase in contest competition among males over access to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Surbeck
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Tobias Deschner
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Verena Behringer
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gottfried Hohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Department of Primatology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Rioux-Paquette E, Garant D, Martin AM, Coulson G, Festa-Bianchet M. Paternity in eastern grey kangaroos: moderate skew despite strong sexual dimorphism. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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49
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Baena ML, Macías-Ordóñez R. Mobility and mating frequency in the scramble competition polygyny of a chrysomelid beetle. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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50
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Intra-individual variability in fecal cortisol metabolites varies with lifetime exploration and reproductive life history in eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-014-1812-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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