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Rana P, Christiani P, Ahtikoski A, Haikarainen S, Stenberg L, Juutinen A, Tolvanen A. Cost-efficient management of peatland to enhance biodiversity in Finland. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2489. [PMID: 38291097 PMCID: PMC10827728 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Peatlands provide a variety of ecosystem services besides being important ecosystems for biodiversity. Sustainable peatland management requires that its impacts are identified, and all management is allocated in a cost-efficient manner. In this study, we assessed how peatland management influences the habitat suitability of red-listed plant species and the financial performance of management measured as net present value (NPV). The study was done in three landscapes in Finland. We considered four peatland management scenarios i.e., no management activity (NOMANAGE), hydrological restoration (REST), wood harvesting for bioenergy (BIOENERGY), and timber production (TIMBER). The NPVs of different management scenarios were compared to the habitat suitability of red-listed peatland plant species. A cost-impact analysis was used, with TIMBER as a baseline scenario, to find out which alternative scenario would be the most cost-efficient in contributing to habitat suitability. Our study shows that potential habitat areas were significantly different between the scenarios. REST provided the largest potential habitat areas, followed by BIOENERGY, NOMANAGE, and TIMBER. TIMBER provided the best financial performance when low interest rates were used. REST and BIOENERGY were more cost-efficient in enhancing potential habitat areas than NOMANAGE. REST would improve suitable habitats and provide financial benefits when a higher interest rate was used. In conclusion, even a win-win condition could be achieved in some cases (33%), in which higher NPV was achieved simultaneously with improved potential habitat areas. The study provides information for alleviating the economic barriers of restoration and targeting land use and management options cost-efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvez Rana
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland.
| | | | | | | | | | - Artti Juutinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tolvanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Oulu, Finland
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Bhattacharjee J, Marttila H, Molina Navarro E, Juutinen A, Tolvanen A, Haara A, Karhu J, Kløve B. Impacts on water quality in the peatland dominated catchment due to foreseen changes in Nordic Bioeconomy Pathways. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6283. [PMID: 37072453 PMCID: PMC10113390 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33378-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Nordic Bioeconomy Pathways (NBPs), conceptualized subsets of Shared Socioeconomic Pathways varying from environmentally friendly to open-market competition scenarios, can lead to plausible stressors in future for using bioresources. This study analysed the impacts of NBPs on hydrology and water quality based on two different land system management attributes: management strategy and a combination of reduced stand management and biomass removal at a catchment-scale projection. To understand the potential impacts of NBPs, the Simojoki catchment in northern Finland was chosen, as the catchment mainly covered peatland forestry. The analysis integrated a stakeholder-driven questionnaire, the Finnish Forest dynamics model, and Soil and Water Assessment Tool to build NBP scenarios, including Greenhouse gas emission pathways, for multiple management attributes to simulate flows, nutrients, and suspended solids (SS). For the catchment management strategy, an annual decrease in nutrients was observed for sustainability and business-as-usual scenarios. Reduced stand management and biomass removal also led to decreased export of nutrients and SS for the same scenarios, whereas, in other NBPs, the export of nutrients and SS increased with decreased evapotranspiration. Although the study was investigated at a local scale, based on the current political and socioeconomic situation, the approach used in this study can be outscaled to assess the use of forest and other bioresources in similar catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Bhattacharjee
- Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 4300, 90014, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Hannu Marttila
- Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 4300, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Eugenio Molina Navarro
- Geology, Geography and Environment Department, University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Artti Juutinen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Anne Tolvanen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Arto Haara
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Yliopistokatu 6 B, 80100, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Jouni Karhu
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (LUKE), Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Bjørn Kløve
- Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering Research Unit, University of Oulu, PO Box 4300, 90014, Oulu, Finland
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3
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Pschenyckyj C, Donahue T, Kelly-Quinn M, O’Driscoll C, Renou-Wilson F. An examination of the influence of drained peatlands on regional stream water chemistry. HYDROBIOLOGIA 2023; 850:3313-3339. [PMID: 37397166 PMCID: PMC10307720 DOI: 10.1007/s10750-023-05188-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Currently, 50% of Irish rivers do not meet water quality standards, with many declining due to numerous pressures, including peatland degradation. This study examines stream water quality in the Irish midlands, a region where raised bogs have been all historically disturbed to various extent and the majority drained for industrial or domestic peat extraction. For the first time, we provide in-depth analysis of stream water chemistry within a heavily modified bog landscape. Small streams from degraded bogs exhibited greater levels of pollutants, in particular: total dissolved nitrogen (0.48 mg/l) and sulphate (18.49 mg/l) as well as higher electrical conductivity (mean: 334 μS/cm) compared to similar bog streams in near-natural bogs. Except for site-specific nitrogen pollution in certain streams surrounding degraded peatlands, the chemical composition of the receiving streams did not significantly differ between near-natural and degraded sites, reflecting the spatio-temporal scales of disturbance in this complex peat-scape. Dissolved organic carbon concentrations in all the receiving streams were high (27.2 mg/l) compared to other Irish streams, even within other peatland catchments. The region is experiencing overall a widespread loss of fluvial nitrogen and carbon calling for (a) the development of management instruments at site-level (water treatment) and landscape-level (rewetting) to assist with meeting water quality standards in the region, and (b) the routine monitoring of water chemistry as part of current and future peatland management activities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10750-023-05188-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharine Pschenyckyj
- School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Thomas Donahue
- School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Mary Kelly-Quinn
- School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | | | - Florence Renou-Wilson
- School of Biology & Environmental Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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4
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Assessing Conservation and Mitigation Banking Practices and Associated Gains and Losses in the United States. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14116652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conservation and mitigation banks allow their proponents to buy credits to offset the negative residual impacts of their development projects with the goal of no net loss (NNL) in the ecosystem function and habitat area. However, little is known about the extent to which these bank transactions achieve NNL. We synthesized and reviewed 12,756 transactions in the United States which were related to meeting area and ecological equivalence (n = 4331) between the approved negative impact and offset. While most of these transactions provided an offset that was equal to or greater than the impacted area, approximately one quarter of the transactions, especially those targeting wetlands, did not meet ecological equivalence between the impact and offset. This missing ecological equivalence was often due to the significantly increasing use of preservation, enhancement, and rehabilitation over creating new ecosystems through establishment and re-establishment. Stream transactions seldom added new ecosystem area through creation but mainly used rehabilitation in order to add offset benefits, in many cases leading to a net loss of area. Our results suggest that best practice guidance on habitat creation as well as the incentivization of habitat creation must increase in the future to avoid net loss through bank transactions and to meet the ever-accelerating global changes in land use and the increased pressure of climate change.
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5
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Fu H, Gaüzère P, García Molinos J, Zhang P, Zhang H, Zhang M, Niu Y, Yu H, Brown LE, Xu J. Mitigation of urbanization effects on aquatic ecosystems by synchronous ecological restoration. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 204:117587. [PMID: 34482096 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem degradation and biodiversity loss have been caused by economic booms in developing countries over recent decades. In response, ecosystem restoration projects have been advanced in some countries but the effectiveness of different approaches and indicators at large spatio-temporal scales (i.e., whole catchments) remains poorly understood. This study assessed the effectiveness of a diverse array of 440 aquatic restoration projects including wastewater treatment, constructed wetlands, plant/algae salvage and dredging of contaminated sediments implemented and maintained from 2007 to 2017 across more than 2000 km2 of the northwest Taihu basin (Yixing, China). Synchronized investigations of water quality and invertebrate communities were conducted before and after restoration. Our analysis showed that even though there was rapid urbanization at this time, nutrient concentrations (NH4+-N, TN, TP) and biological indices of benthic invertebrate (taxonomic richness, Shannon diversity, sensitive taxon density) improved significantly across most of the study area. Improvements were associated with the type of restoration project, with projects targeting pollution-sources leading to the clearest ecosystem responses compared with those remediating pollution sinks. However, in some locations, the recovery of biotic communities appears to lag behind nutrients (e.g., nitrogen and phosphorus), likely reflecting long-distance re-colonization routes for invertebrates given the level of pre-restoration degradation of the catchment. Overall, the study suggests that ecological damage caused by recent rapid economic development in China could potentially be mitigated by massive restoration investments synchronized across whole catchments, although these effects could be expected to be enhanced if urbanization rates were reduced at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Pierre Gaüzère
- Macrosystems ecology lab, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Phoenix, United States
| | - Jorge García Molinos
- Arctic Research Centre, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan; Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Peiyu Zhang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Centre of Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.
| | - Yuan Niu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Institute of Lake Environment and Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Hui Yu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Institute of Lake Environment and Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, PR China
| | - Lee E Brown
- School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; Water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jun Xu
- Donghu Experimental Station of Lake Ecosystems, State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology of China, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.7 Donghu South Road, Wuhan 430072, PR China; State Key laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Hainan University, Haikou, PR China.
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6
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Rajakallio M, Jyväsjärvi J, Muotka T, Aroviita J. Blue consequences of the green bioeconomy: Clear‐cutting intensifies the harmful impacts of land drainage on stream invertebrate biodiversity. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rajakallio
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Jussi Jyväsjärvi
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Timo Muotka
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Jukka Aroviita
- Freshwater Centre Finnish Environment Institute Oulu Finland
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Howson T, Chapman PJ, Shah N, Anderson R, Holden J. A comparison of porewater chemistry between intact, afforested and restored raised and blanket bogs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144496. [PMID: 33421775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Afforestation is a significant cause of global peatland degradation. In some regions, afforested bogs are now undergoing clear-felling and restoration, often known as forest-to-bog restoration. We studied differences in water-table depth (WTD) and porewater chemistry between intact, afforested, and restored bogs at a raised bog and blanket bog location. Solute concentrations and principal component analysis suggested that water-table drawdown and higher electrical conductivity (EC) and ammonium (NH4-N) concentrations were associated with afforestation. In contrast, higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and phosphate (PO4-P) concentrations were associated with deforestation. Drying-rewetting cycles influenced seasonal variability in solute concentrations, particularly in shallower porewater at the raised bog location. WTD was significantly deeper in the oldest raised bog restoration site (~9 years post-restoration) than the intact bog (mean difference = 6.2 cm). However, WTD in the oldest blanket bog restoration site (~17 years post-restoration), where furrows had been blocked, was comparable to the intact bog (mean difference = 1.2 cm). When averaged for all porewater depths, NH4-N concentrations were significantly higher in the afforested than the intact sites (mean difference = 0.77 mg L-1) whereas significant differences between the oldest restoration sites and the intact sites included higher PO4-P (mean difference = 70 μg L-1) in the raised bog and higher DOC (mean difference = 5.6 mg L-1), EC (mean difference = 19 μS cm-1) and lower SUVA254 (mean difference = 0.13 L mg-1 m-1) in the blanket bog. Results indicate felled waste (brash) may be a significant source of soluble C and PO4-P. Mean porewater PO4-P concentrations were between two and five times higher in furrows and drains in which brash had accumulated compared to other locations in the same sites where brash had not accumulated. Creating and maintaining brash-free buffer zones may therefore minimise freshwater impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Howson
- water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - P J Chapman
- water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - N Shah
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9SY, UK
| | - R Anderson
- Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, EH25 9SY, UK
| | - J Holden
- water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Market Dependency as Prohibitive of Agroecology and Food Sovereignty—A Case Study of the Agrarian Transition in the Scottish Highlands. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13041927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While there have been calls amongst the more ‘political’ or ‘radical’ agroecology and food sovereignty advocates for a break from capitalist food systems, conceptualisations of capitalism, and thus counter-capitalism, vary widely. The movements have largely presented small-scale producers and peasants as alternatives to industrial food systems, and have focused on reducing input dependency as a path towards autonomy of producers and the realisation of agroecological food systems. An alternative to this approach is presented here through applying Ellen M. Wood’s conceptualisation of capitalism as characterised by ‘market dependency’ to the case of the agrarian transition in the Scottish Highlands. This article demonstrates the specific ways in which market dependency, including for agricultural outputs, not just inputs, leads to a divergence from agroecological food systems. It argues that identifying ‘market dependency’ as a defining characteristic of capitalism could strengthen and refine the focus of agroecology and food sovereignty movements.
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9
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Brown LE, Aspray KL, Ledger ME, Mainstone C, Palmer SM, Wilkes M, Holden J. Sediment deposition from eroding peatlands alters headwater invertebrate biodiversity. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:602-619. [PMID: 30414307 PMCID: PMC7380017 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Land use and climate change are driving widespread modifications to the biodiverse and functionally unique headwaters of rivers. In temperate and boreal regions, many headwaters drain peatlands where land management and climate change can cause significant soil erosion and peat deposition in rivers. However, effects of peat deposition in river ecosystems remain poorly understood. We provide two lines of evidence-derived from sediment deposition gradients in experimental mesocosms (0-7.5 g/m2 ) and headwaters (0.82-9.67 g/m2 )-for the adverse impact of peat deposition on invertebrate community biodiversity. We found a consistent negative effect of sediment deposition across both the experiment and survey; at the community level, decreases in density (1956 to 56 individuals per m2 in headwaters; mean 823 ± 129 (SE) to 288 ± 115 individuals per m2 in mesocosms) and richness (mean 12 ± 1 to 6 ± 2 taxa in mesocosms) were observed. Sedimentation increased beta diversity amongst experimental replicates and headwaters, reflecting increasing stochasticity amongst tolerant groups in sedimented habitats. With increasing sedimentation, the density of the most common species, Leuctra inermis, declined from 290 ± 60 to 70 ± 30 individuals/m2 on average in mesocosms and >800 individuals/m2 to 0 in the field survey. Traits analysis of mesocosm assemblages suggested biodiversity loss was driven by decreasing abundance of invertebrates with trait combinations sensitive to sedimentation (longer life cycles, active aquatic dispersal of larvae, fixed aquatic eggs, shredding feeding habit). Functional diversity metrics reinforced the idea of more stochastic community assembly under higher sedimentation rates. While mesocosm assemblages showed some compositional differences to surveyed headwaters, ecological responses were consistent across these spatial scales. Our results suggest short-term, small-scale stressor experiments can inform understanding of "real-world" peatland river ecosystems. As climate change and land-use change are expected to enhance peatland erosion, significant alterations to invertebrate biodiversity can be expected where these eroded soils are deposited in rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E. Brown
- Water@Leeds, School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | | | - Mark E. Ledger
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental ScienceUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | | | - Martin Wilkes
- Centre for Agroecology, Water and ResilienceCoventry UniversityCoventryUK
| | - Joseph Holden
- Water@Leeds, School of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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Pravia A, andersen R, Artz RE, Pakeman RJ, Littlewood NA. Restoration trajectory of carabid functional traits in a formerly afforested blanket bog. ACTA ZOOL ACAD SCI H 2019. [DOI: 10.17109/azh.65.suppl.33.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Nugent KA, Strachan IB, Strack M, Roulet NT, Rochefort L. Multi-year net ecosystem carbon balance of a restored peatland reveals a return to carbon sink. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:5751-5768. [PMID: 30225998 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands after drainage and extraction are large sources of carbon (C) to the atmosphere. Restoration, through re-wetting and revegetation, aims to return the C sink function by re-establishing conditions similar to that of an undrained peatland. However, the time needed to re-establish C sequestration is not well constrained due to the lack of multi-year measurements. We measured over 3 years the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (NEE), methane ( F CH 4 ), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at a restored post-extraction peatland (RES) in southeast Canada (restored 14 years prior to the start of the study) and compared our observations to the C balance of an intact reference peatland (REF) that has a long-term continuous flux record and is in the same climate zone. Small but significant differences in winter respiration driven by temperature were mainly responsible for differences in cumulative NEE between years. Low growing season inter-annual variability was linked to constancy of the initial spring water table position, controlled by the blocked drainage ditches and the presence of water storage structures (bunds and pools). Half-hour F CH 4 at RES was small except when Typha latifolia-invaded drainage ditches were in the tower footprint; this effect at the ecosystem level was small as ditches represent a minor fraction of RES. The restored peatland was an annual sink for CO2 (-90 ± 18 g C m-2 year-1 ), a source of CH4 (4.4 ± 0.2 g C m-2 year-1 ), and a source of DOC (6.9 ± 2.2 g C m-2 year-1 ), resulting in mean net ecosystem uptake of 78 ± 17 g C m-2 year-1 . Annual NEE at RES was most similar to wetter, more productive years at REF. Integrating structures to increase water retention, alongside re-establishing key species, have been effective at re-establishing the net C sink rate to that of an intact peatland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Nugent
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Ian B Strachan
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada
| | - Maria Strack
- Department of Geography and Environmental Management, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nigel T Roulet
- Department of Geography, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Line Rochefort
- Department of Plant Sciences, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
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Turunen J, Aroviita J, Marttila H, Louhi P, Laamanen T, Tolkkinen M, Luhta PL, Kløve B, Muotka T. Differential responses by stream and riparian biodiversity to in-stream restoration of forestry-impacted streams. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jarno Turunen
- Finnish Environment Institute; Freshwater Centre; PO Box 413 Oulu 90014 Finland
- Department of Ecology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 Oulu 90014 Finland
| | - Jukka Aroviita
- Finnish Environment Institute; Freshwater Centre; PO Box 413 Oulu 90014 Finland
| | - Hannu Marttila
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research Unit; University of Oulu; PO Box 4300 Oulu 90014 Finland
| | - Pauliina Louhi
- Department of Ecology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 Oulu 90014 Finland
- Metsähallitus, Parks & Wildlife Finland; Veteraanikatu 5 Oulu 90100 Finland
| | - Tiina Laamanen
- Finnish Environment Institute; Freshwater Centre; PO Box 413 Oulu 90014 Finland
| | | | - Pirkko-Liisa Luhta
- Metsähallitus, Parks & Wildlife Finland; Karhukunnaantie 2 Pudasjärvi 93100 Finland
| | - Bjørn Kløve
- Water Resources and Environmental Engineering Research Unit; University of Oulu; PO Box 4300 Oulu 90014 Finland
| | - Timo Muotka
- Department of Ecology; University of Oulu; PO Box 3000 Oulu 90014 Finland
- Finnish Environment Institute; Natural Environment Centre; PO Box 413 Oulu 90014 Finland
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Wilson D, Farrell CA, Fallon D, Moser G, Müller C, Renou-Wilson F. Multiyear greenhouse gas balances at a rewetted temperate peatland. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:4080-4095. [PMID: 27099183 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Drained peat soils are a significant source of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to the atmosphere. Rewetting these soils is considered an important climate change mitigation tool to reduce emissions and create suitable conditions for carbon sequestration. Long-term monitoring is essential to capture interannual variations in GHG emissions and associated environmental variables and to reduce the uncertainty linked with GHG emission factor calculations. In this study, we present GHG balances: carbon dioxide (CO2 ), methane (CH4 ) and nitrous oxide (N2 O) calculated for a 5-year period at a rewetted industrial cutaway peatland in Ireland (rewetted 7 years prior to the start of the study); and compare the results with an adjacent drained area (2-year data set), and with ten long-term data sets from intact (i.e. undrained) peatlands in temperate and boreal regions. In the rewetted site, CO2 exchange (or net ecosystem exchange (NEE)) was strongly influenced by ecosystem respiration (Reco ) rather than gross primary production (GPP). CH4 emissions were related to soil temperature and either water table level or plant biomass. N2 O emissions were not detected in either drained or rewetted sites. Rewetting reduced CO2 emissions in unvegetated areas by approximately 50%. When upscaled to the ecosystem level, the emission factors (calculated as 5-year mean of annual balances) for the rewetted site were (±SD) -104 ± 80 g CO2 -C m-2 yr-1 (i.e. CO2 sink) and 9 ± 2 g CH4 -C m-2 yr-1 (i.e. CH4 source). Nearly a decade after rewetting, the GHG balance (100-year global warming potential) had reduced noticeably (i.e. less warming) in comparison with the drained site but was still higher than comparative intact sites. Our results indicate that rewetted sites may be more sensitive to interannual changes in weather conditions than their more resilient intact counterparts and may switch from an annual CO2 sink to a source if triggered by slightly drier conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wilson
- Earthy Matters Environmental Consultants, Glenvar, Co. Donegal, F92 HX03, Ireland
| | | | | | - Gerald Moser
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Ludwigstraße 23, 35390, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christoph Müller
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Ludwigstraße 23, 35390, Giessen, Germany
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, D04 V1W8, Ireland
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Brown LE, Ramchunder SJ, Beadle JM, Holden J. Macroinvertebrate community assembly in pools created during peatland restoration. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 569-570:361-372. [PMID: 27348701 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many degraded ecosystems are subject to restoration attempts, providing new opportunities to unravel the processes of ecological community assembly. Restoration of previously drained northern peatlands, primarily to promote peat and carbon accumulation, has created hundreds of thousands of new open water pools. We assessed the potential benefits of this wetland restoration for aquatic biodiversity, and how communities reassemble, by comparing pool ecosystems in regions of the UK Pennines on intact (never drained) versus restored (blocked drainage-ditches) peatland. We also evaluated the conceptual idea that comparing reference ecosystems in terms of their compositional similarity to null assemblages (and thus the relative importance of stochastic versus deterministic assembly) can guide evaluations of restoration success better than analyses of community composition or diversity. Community composition data highlighted some differences in the macroinvertebrate composition of restored pools compared to undisturbed peatland pools, which could be used to suggest that alternative end-points to restoration were influenced by stochastic processes. However, widely used diversity metrics indicated no differences between undisturbed and restored pools. Novel evaluations of restoration using null models confirmed the similarity of deterministic assembly processes from the national species pool across all pools. Stochastic elements were important drivers of between-pool differences at the regional-scale but the scale of these effects was also similar across most of the pools studied. The amalgamation of assembly theory into ecosystem restoration monitoring allows us to conclude with more certainty that restoration has been successful from an ecological perspective in these systems. Evaluation of these UK findings compared to those from peatlands across Europe and North America further suggests that restoring peatland pools delivers significant benefits for aquatic fauna by providing extensive new habitat that is largely equivalent to natural pools. More generally, we suggest that assembly theory could provide new benchmarks for planning and evaluating ecological restoration success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E Brown
- water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.
| | | | - Jeannie M Beadle
- water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Joseph Holden
- water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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O'Driscoll C, O'Connor M, Asam ZUZ, de Eyto E, Brown LE, Xiao L. Forest clearfelling effects on dissolved oxygen and metabolism in peatland streams. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 166:250-259. [PMID: 26513323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Peatlands cover ∼3% of the world's landmass and large expanses have been altered significantly as a consequence of land use change. Forestry activities are a key pressure on these catchments increasing suspended sediment and nutrient export to receiving waters. The aim of this study was to investigate stream dissolved oxygen (DO) and metabolic activity response following clearfelling of a 39-year-old lodgepole pine and Sitka spruce forestry in an upland peat catchment. Significant effects of clearfelling on water temperature, flows, DO and stream metabolic (photosynthesis, respiration) rates were revealed. Stream temperature and discharge significantly increased in the study stream following clearfelling. Instream ecosystem respiration increased significantly following clearfelling, indicating an increase in the net consumption of organic carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie O'Driscoll
- Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mark O'Connor
- Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zaki-Ul-Zaman Asam
- Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland; Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | - Lee E Brown
- School of Geography/water@Leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Liwen Xiao
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Palmer MA, Hondula KL, Koch BJ. Ecological Restoration of Streams and Rivers: Shifting Strategies and Shifting Goals. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2014. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-120213-091935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ecological restoration has grown rapidly and now encompasses not only classic ecological theory but also utilitarian concerns, such as preparedness for climate change and provisioning of ecosystem services. Three dominant perspectives compete to influence the science and practice of river restoration. A strong focus on channel morphology has led to approaches that involve major Earth-moving activities, such as channel reconfiguration with the unmet assumption that ecological recovery will follow. Functional perspectives of river restoration aim to regain the full suite of biogeochemical, ecological, and hydrogeomorphic processes that make up a healthy river, and though there is well-accepted theory to support this, research on methods to implement and assess functional restoration projects is in its infancy. A plethora of new studies worldwide provide data on why and how rivers are being restored as well as the project outcomes. Measurable improvements postrestoration vary by restoration method and measure of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret A. Palmer
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, Maryland 21401
| | - Kelly L. Hondula
- National Socio-Environmental Synthesis Center, University of Maryland, Annapolis, Maryland 21401
| | - Benjamin J. Koch
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Solomons, Maryland 20688
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona 86011
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Parry LE, Holden J, Chapman PJ. Restoration of blanket peatlands. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2014; 133:193-205. [PMID: 24384281 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is concern that ecosystem services provided by blanket peatlands have come under threat due to increasing degradation. Blanket peatlands are subject to a wide range of drivers of degradation and are topographically variable. As a result, many degradation forms can develop, including those resulting from eroding artificial drainage, incising gullies and areas of bare peat. Many degraded blanket peatlands have undergone restoration measures since the turn of the century. However, there has been little formal communication of the techniques used and their success. Using practitioner knowledge and a review of the available literature, this paper discusses the methodologies used for restoring sloping blanket peatlands. It then considers current understanding of the impact of restoration on blanket peatland ecosystem services. There is a paucity of research investigating impacts of several common restoration techniques and much more is needed if informed management decisions are to be made and funding is to be appropriately spent. Where data are available we find that restoration is largely beneficial to many ecosystem services, with improvements being observed in water quality and ecology. However, the same restoration technique does not always result in the same outcomes in all locations. The difference in response is predominantly due to the spatial and temporal heterogeneity inherent in all blanket peatlands. Peatland practitioners must take this variability into account when designing restoration strategies and monitoring impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Parry
- Water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Joseph Holden
- Water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Pippa J Chapman
- Water@leeds, School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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Brown LE, Johnston K, Palmer SM, Aspray KL, Holden J. River ecosystem response to prescribed vegetation burning on Blanket Peatland. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81023. [PMID: 24278367 PMCID: PMC3836983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Catchment-scale land-use change is recognised as a major threat to aquatic biodiversity and ecosystem functioning globally. In the UK uplands rotational vegetation burning is practised widely to boost production of recreational game birds, and while some recent studies have suggested burning can alter river water quality there has been minimal attention paid to effects on aquatic biota. We studied ten rivers across the north of England between March 2010 and October 2011, five of which drained burned catchments and five from unburned catchments. There were significant effects of burning, season and their interaction on river macroinvertebrate communities, with rivers draining burned catchments having significantly lower taxonomic richness and Simpson’s diversity. ANOSIM revealed a significant effect of burning on macroinvertebrate community composition, with typically reduced Ephemeroptera abundance and diversity and greater abundance of Chironomidae and Nemouridae. Grazer and collector-gatherer feeding groups were also significantly less abundant in rivers draining burned catchments. These biotic changes were associated with lower pH and higher Si, Mn, Fe and Al in burned systems. Vegetation burning on peatland therefore has effects beyond the terrestrial part of the system where the management intervention is being practiced. Similar responses of river macroinvertebrate communities have been observed in peatlands disturbed by forestry activity across northern Europe. Finally we found river ecosystem changes similar to those observed in studies of wild and prescribed forest fires across North America and South Africa, illustrating some potentially generic effects of fire on aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee E. Brown
- School of Geography and water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Kerrylyn Johnston
- School of Geography and water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Sheila M. Palmer
- School of Geography and water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Katie L. Aspray
- School of Geography and water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Holden
- School of Geography and water@leeds, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Ramchunder SJ, Brown LE, Holden J. Rotational vegetation burning effects on peatland stream ecosystems. J Appl Ecol 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee E. Brown
- School of Geography/water@leeds; University of Leeds; Leeds; LS2 9JT; UK
| | - Joseph Holden
- School of Geography/water@leeds; University of Leeds; Leeds; LS2 9JT; UK
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