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Trigui H, Paquet VE, Charette SJ, Faucher SP. Packaging of Campylobacter jejuni into Multilamellar Bodies by the Ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:2783-90. [PMID: 26921427 PMCID: PMC4836424 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03921-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuniis the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. Transmission to humans occurs through consumption of contaminated food or water. The conditions affecting the persistence of C. jejuniin the environment are poorly understood. Some protozoa package and excrete bacteria into multilamellar bodies (MLBs). Packaged bacteria are protected from deleterious conditions, which increases their survival. We hypothesized that C. jejuni could be packaged under aerobic conditions by the amoeba Acanthamoeba castellanii or the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis, both of which are able to package other pathogenic bacteria.A. castellanii did not produce MLBs containing C. jejuni In contrast, when incubated with T. pyriformis,C. jejuni was ingested, packaged in MLBs, and then expelled into the milieu. The viability of the bacteria inside MLBs was confirmed by microscopic analyses. The kinetics of C. jejuni culturability showed that packaging increased the survival of C. jejuniup to 60 h, in contrast to the strong survival defect seen in ciliate-free culture. This study suggests that T. pyriformis may increase the risk of persistence of C. jejuniin the environment and its possible transmission between different reservoirs in food and potable water through packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Trigui
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Valérie E Paquet
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Quebec City, QC, Canada Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie, et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Steve J Charette
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Pavillon Charles-Eugène-Marchand, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (Hôpital Laval), Quebec City, QC, Canada Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie, et de Bio-informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie, Université Laval, Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien P Faucher
- McGill University, Department of Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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Ghaffar NM, Connerton PL, Connerton IF. Filamentation of Campylobacter in broth cultures. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:657. [PMID: 26175723 PMCID: PMC4485223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The transition from rod to filamentous cell morphology has been identified as a response to stressful conditions in many bacterial species and has been ascribed to confer certain survival advantages. Filamentation of Campylobacter jejuni was demonstrated to occur spontaneously on entry in to stationary phase distinguishing it from many other bacteria where a reduction in size is more common. The aim of this study was to investigate the cues that give rise to filamentation of C. jejuni and C. coli and gain insights into the process. Using minimal medium, augmentation of filamentation occurred and it was observed that this morphological change was wide spread amongst C. jejuni strains tested but was not universal in C. coli strains. Filamentation did not appear to be due to release of diffusible molecules, toxic metabolites, or be in response to oxidative stress in the medium. Separated filaments exhibited greater intracellular ATP contents (2.66 to 17.4 fg) than spiral forms (0.99 to 1.7 fg) and showed enhanced survival in water at 4 and 37°C compared to spiral cells. These observations support the conclusion that the filaments are adapted to survive extra-intestinal environments. Differences in cell morphology and physiology need to be considered in the context of the design of experimental studies and the methods adopted for the isolation of campylobacters from food, clinical, and environmental sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nacheervan M Ghaffar
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough UK
| | - Phillippa L Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough UK
| | - Ian F Connerton
- Division of Food Sciences, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Loughborough UK
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Kim TS, Yoo JH, Kim SY, Pan CH, Kalia VC, Kang YC, Lee JK. Screening and characterization of an Agrobacterium tumefaciens mutant strain producing high level of coenzyme Q10. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2014.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bronowski C, James CE, Winstanley C. Role of environmental survival in transmission of Campylobacter jejuni. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2014; 356:8-19. [PMID: 24888326 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter species are the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with C. jejuni responsible for the majority of these cases. Although it is clear that livestock, and particularly poultry, are the most common source, it is likely that the natural environment (soil and water) plays a key role in transmission, either directly to humans or indirectly via farm animals. It has been shown using multilocus sequence typing that some clonal complexes (such as ST-45) are more frequently isolated from environmental sources such as water, suggesting that strains vary in their ability to survive in the environment. Although C. jejuni are fastidious microaerophiles generally unable to grow in atmospheric levels of oxygen, C. jejuni can adapt to survival in the environment, exhibiting aerotolerance and starvation survival. Biofilm formation, the viable but nonculturable state, and interactions with other microorganisms can all contribute to survival outside the host. By exploiting high-throughput technologies such as genome sequencing and RNA Seq, we are well placed to decipher the mechanisms underlying the variations in survival between strains in environments such as soil and water and to better understand the role of environmental persistence in the transmission of C. jejuni directly or indirectly to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Bronowski
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Ikeda N, Karlyshev AV. Putative mechanisms and biological role of coccoid form formation in Campylobacter jejuni. Eur J Microbiol Immunol (Bp) 2012; 2:41-9. [PMID: 24611120 DOI: 10.1556/eujmi.2.2012.1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In certain conditions Campylobacter jejuni cells are capable of changing their cell shape from a typically spiral to a coccoid form (CF). By similarity to other bacteria, the latter was initially considered to be a viable but non-culturable form capable of survival in unfavourable conditions. However, subsequent studies with C. jejuni and closely related bacteria Helicobacter pylori suggested that CF represents a non-viable, degenerative form. Until now, the issue on whether the CF of C. jejuni is viable and infective is highly controversial. Despite some preliminary experiments on characterization of CF cells, neither biochemical mechanisms nor genetic determinants involved in C. jejuni cell shape changes have been characterized. In this review, we highlight known molecular mechanisms and genes involved in CF formation in other bacteria. Since orthologous genes are also present in C. jejuni, we suggest that CF formation in these bacteria is also a regulated and genetically determined process. A possible significance of CF in the lifestyle of this important bacterial pathogen is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ikeda
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon Thames, KT1 2EE UK
| | - A V Karlyshev
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Computing, Kingston University Penrhyn Road, Kingston-upon Thames, KT1 2EE UK
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Thomas C, Gibson H, Hill DJ, Mabey M. Campylobacter epidemiology: an aquatic perspective. J Appl Microbiol 2011; 85 Suppl 1:168S-177S. [PMID: 21182706 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1998.tb05296.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Members of the genus Campylobacter have established themselves as the most common human gastro-enteric pathogens throughout much of the developed world. The ubiquitous distribution of Campylobacter spp. in animal reservoirs and food products derived thereof make such vehicles primary risk factors in contracting campylobacteriosis. The contamination rates, identification of common pathogenic serotypes and extended survival of Campylobacter in surface waters illustrates the potential, but yet to be quantified, campylobacteriosis risk associated with untreated water. The existence and potential pathogenicity of viable but nonculturable forms of Campylobacter remains a contentious subject. Furthermore, the role of such forms in the epidemiology of Campylobacter related disease and their involvement in the large number of waterborne gastroenteritis outbreaks from which a disease agent cannot be isolated remains to be fully clarified. This article presents a survey of current perspectives with regard to the survival and epidemiology of Campylobacter spp. in natural water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thomas
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, West Midlands, UK.
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Senior NJ, Bagnall MC, Champion OL, Reynolds SE, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ, Salguero FJ, Titball RW. Galleria mellonella as an infection model for Campylobacter jejuni virulence. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:661-669. [PMID: 21233296 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.026658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of Galleria mellonella (Greater Wax Moth) have been shown to be susceptible to Campylobacter jejuni infection and our study characterizes this infection model. Following infection with C. jejuni human isolates, bacteria were visible in the haemocoel and gut of challenged larvae, and there was extensive damage to the gut. Bacteria were found in the extracellular and cell-associated fraction in the haemocoel, and it was shown that C. jejuni can survive in insect cells. Finally, we have used the model to screen a further 67 C. jejuni isolates belonging to different MLST types. Isolates belonging to ST257 were the most virulent in the Galleria model, whereas those belonging to ST21 were the least virulent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola J Senior
- School of BioSciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Mary C Bagnall
- Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, UK
| | - Olivia L Champion
- School of BioSciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Stuart E Reynolds
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Woodham Lane, Addlestone, UK
| | | | | | - Richard W Titball
- School of BioSciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter, UK
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Qiao HY, Xu SH, Jiang HX. 1-Diphenyl-methyl-4-ethyl-piperazine-1,4-diium dichloride. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2010; 66:o1861. [PMID: 21588058 PMCID: PMC3007029 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536810024530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Accepted: 06/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the title compound, C19H26N22+·2Cl−, the piperazinediium ring exhibits a chair conformation. The dihedral angle between the two benzene ring planes is 76.45 (13)°. Both amine-group H atoms participate in hydrogen bonding with the two Cl atoms.
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The Dienes phenomenon: competition and territoriality in Swarming Proteus mirabilis. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:3892-900. [PMID: 19251852 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00975-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When two different strains of swarming Proteus mirabilis encounter one another on an agar plate, swarming ceases and a visible line of demarcation forms. This boundary region is known as the Dienes line and is associated with the formation of rounded cells. While the Dienes line appears to be the product of distinction between self and nonself, many aspects of its formation and function are unclear. In this work, we studied Dienes line formation using clinical isolates labeled with fluorescent proteins. We show that round cells in the Dienes line originate exclusively from one of the swarms involved and that these round cells have decreased viability. In this sense one of the swarms involved is dominant over the other. Close cell proximity is required for Dienes line formation, and when strains initiate swarming in close proximity, the dominant Dienes type has a significant competitive advantage. When one strain is killed by UV irradiation, a Dienes line does not form. Killing of the dominant strain limits the induction of round cells. We suggest that both strains are actively involved in boundary formation and that round cell formation is the result of a short-range killing mechanism that mediates a competitive advantage, an advantage highly specific to the swarming state. Dienes line formation has implications for the physiology of swarming and social recognition in bacteria.
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Levin RE. Campylobacter jejuni: A Review of its Characteristics, Pathogenicity, Ecology, Distribution, Subspecies Characterization and Molecular Methods of Detection. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430701536565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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11
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Corcoran AT, Moran AP. Influence of growth conditions on diverse polysaccharide production byCampylobacter jejuni. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 49:124-32. [PMID: 17266718 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2006.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is the leading bacterial cause of gastroenteritis worldwide. The present study was undertaken to determine the forms of polysaccharide-related compounds (PRCs) produced by C. jejuni and the culture conditions influencing their production. Expression of polysaccharides by C. jejuni was influenced by culture medium composition and growth phase. In addition to the production of lipooligosaccharide and capsular polysaccharide, a previously undescribed polysaccharide, not related to capsular polysaccharide, was shown to occur in C. jejuni in batch liquid and chemostat cultures. Thus, a variety of PRCs are produced by C. jejuni, and this should be considered when growing the bacterium in vitro for pathogenesis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian T Corcoran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
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12
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Reeser RJ, Medler RT, Billington SJ, Jost BH, Joens LA. Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni biofilms under defined growth conditions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:1908-13. [PMID: 17259368 PMCID: PMC1828834 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00740-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of human diarrheal disease in many industrialized countries and is a source of public health and economic burden. C. jejuni, present as normal flora in the intestinal tract of commercial broiler chickens and other livestock, is probably the main source of human infections. The presence of C. jejuni in biofilms found in animal production watering systems may play a role in the colonization of these animals. We have determined that C. jejuni can form biofilms on a variety of abiotic surfaces commonly used in watering systems, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polyvinyl chloride plastics. Furthermore, C. jejuni biofilm formation was inhibited by growth in nutrient-rich media or high osmolarity, and thermophilic and microaerophilic conditions enhanced biofilm formation. Thus, nutritional and environmental conditions affect the formation of C. jejuni biofilms. Both flagella and quorum sensing appear to be required for maximal biofilm formation, as C. jejuni flaAB and luxS mutants were significantly reduced in their ability to form biofilms compared to the wild-type strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Reeser
- Department of Veterinary Science and Microbiology, University of Arizona, 1117 East Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Klancnik A, Botteldoorn N, Herman L, Mozina SS. Survival and stress induced expression of groEL and rpoD of Campylobacter jejuni from different growth phases. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 112:200-7. [PMID: 16782221 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Although Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial diarrhoeal disease in humans worldwide, its potential to adapt to the stressful conditions and survive in extra-intestinal environment is still poorly understood. We tested the effect of heat shock (55 degrees C, 3 min) and oxidative stress (3 mM H2O2 for 10 min or prolonged incubation at atmosphere oxygen concentration) on non-starved and starved cells of Campylobacter jejuni from different growth phases. Viability as assessed with the Bacterial Viability Kit LIVE/DEAD BacLighttrade mark dying before fluorescent microscopy and culturability of the cells (CFU ml(-1)) from both growth phases showed that starvation increased heat but not oxidative resistance. High temperature and oxidative stress invoked quick transformation from culturable spiral shaped to nonculturable spiral and coccoid cells. Despite physiological changes of the cells we were not able to document clear differences in the expression of heat shock and starvation genes (dnaK, htpG, groEL), oxidative (ahpC, sodB), virulence (flaA) and housekeeping genes (16S rRNA, rpoD) after heat treatment (55 degrees C, 3 min) or oxidative stresses applied. When starving, no induction of expression of any of these genes was noticed, chloramphenicol had no influence on their gene expression. Quantitative real-time PCR analyses showed that at least 10-20 min of heat shock was necessary to evidently increase the amount of groEL and rpoD transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Klancnik
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Technology, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1111 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Reilly S, Alonso L, Gillil S. Influence of Gaseous Atmosphere on Morphology and Cellular Fatty Acid Composition of Campylobacter jejuni. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2004.tb11001.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mouwen DJM, Weijtens MJBM, Capita R, Alonso-Calleja C, Prieto M. Discrimination of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR types of Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:4318-24. [PMID: 16085819 PMCID: PMC1183312 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.8.4318-4324.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) has been used together with pattern recognition methodology to study isolates belonging to the species Campylobacter coli and Campylobacter jejuni and to compare FT-IR typing schemes with established genomic profiles based on enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR (ERIC-PCR). Seventeen isolates were cultivated under standardized conditions for 2, 3, and 4 days to study variability and improve reproducibility. ERIC-PCR profiles and FT-IR spectra were obtained from strains belonging to the species Campylobacter coli and C. jejuni, normalized, and explored by hierarchical clustering and stepwise discriminant analysis. Strains could be differentiated by using mainly the first-derivative FT-IR spectral range, 1,200 to 900 cm(-1) (described as the carbohydrate region). The reproducibility index varied depending on the ages of the cultures and on the spectral ranges investigated. Classification obtained by FT-IR spectroscopy provided valuable taxonomic information and was mostly in agreement with data from the genotypic method, ERIC-PCR. The classification functions obtained from the discriminant analysis allowed the identification of 98.72% of isolates from the validation set. FT-IR can serve as a valuable tool in the classification, identification, and typing of thermophilic Campylobacter isolates, and a number of types can be differentiated by means of FT-IR spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J M Mouwen
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, University of León, E-24071 León, Spain
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Hudock JF, Borger AC, Kaspar CW. Temperature-Dependent Genome Degradation in the Coccoid Form of Campylobacter jejuni. Curr Microbiol 2005; 50:110-3. [PMID: 15742237 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-004-4400-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Accepted: 09/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni undergoes a dramatic morphological transformation from a corkscrew-shaped rod to a coccoid form in response to unfavorable conditions. It has been speculated that the coccoid plays an important role in the survival and dissemination of C. jejuni but questions still remain regarding the viability of coccoid cells. Characterization of the genome of coccoid cells found that newly formed coccoid cells (i.e., 1-3 days) had a SmaI-digestion profile identical to that of spiral-shaped cells; however, there was a progressive degradation of the DNA with continued incubation at 37 degrees C. Concomitant with genome degradation was the detection of DNA in supernatants of coccoid cells. In contrast, cells incubated at 4 degrees C retained a spiral shape and their SmaI-digestion profile for 8 weeks and released little DNA into the medium. Thus, low temperature inhibited both coccoid formation and genome degradation. Collectively, these data support the theory that the coccoid form of C. jejuni is a manifestation of cellular degradation and spiral-shaped cells, or possibly coccoid cells formed at low temperature, are the most probable candidates for a viable but nonculturable form of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith F Hudock
- Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, 1925 Willow Drive, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706-1187, USA
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Keener K, Bashor M, Curtis P, Sheldon B, Kathariou S. Comprehensive Review of Campylobacter and Poultry Processing. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2004; 3:105-116. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Mills A, Phillips CA. Campylobacter jejuniand the human food chain: a possible source. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1108/00346650310499703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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YAMASAKI M, IGIMI S, KATAYAMA Y, YAMAMOTO S, AMANO F. Effects of Anaerobic Preculture on Aerobic Stress Responses of Campylobacter jejuni. Biosci Microflora 2003. [DOI: 10.12938/bifidus1996.22.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Carcanague D, Shue YK, Wuonola MA, Uria-Nickelsen M, Joubran C, Abedi JK, Jones J, Kühler TC. Novel structures derived from 2-[[(2-pyridyl)methyl]thio]-1H-benzimidazole as anti-Helicobacter pylori agents, Part 2. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4300-9. [PMID: 12213071 DOI: 10.1021/jm020868v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A parallel chemistry expansion of the 2-([3-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]-phenyl]sulfanyl)-1-ethanol scaffold (2) successfully provided a set of 2-([3-[(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl]-2-methylphenyl]sulfanyl)ethyl carbamates with the generic structure 12, which displayed potent and selective activities against the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. A prototype carbamate 12a was studied further and found to meet several significant in vitro microbiological criteria required for a novel anti-H. pylori agent. The compound displayed low minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) values against a panel of 27 different clinically relevant H. pylori strains (MIC(90) = 0.25 microg/mL), including strains resistant to either metronidazole or clarithromycin or both. Additionally, 12a was almost inactive against a wide range of commensal or pathogenic microorganisms comprising panels of 25 aerobic bacterial strains including two strains of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MIC(90) = >64 microg/mL) and 18 anaerobic bacterial strains (MIC(90) = >64 microg/mL). The measured rate of resistance development against 12a was found to be less than 10(-9), a clinically acceptable level, and pharmacokinetic studies revealed in vivo exposure levels comparable with those established for antimicrobials currently used in H. pylori triple regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Carcanague
- Department of Chemistry, AstraZeneca R&D Boston, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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Trachoo N, Frank JF, Stern NJ. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni in biofilms isolated from chicken houses. J Food Prot 2002; 65:1110-6. [PMID: 12117243 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-65.7.1110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni is a thermophilic and microaerophilic enteric pathogen associated with poultry. Biofilms may be a source of C. jejuni in poultry house water systems since they can protect constituent microorganisms from environmental stress. In this study, the viability of C. jejuni in biofilms of gram-positive chicken house isolates (P1, Y1, and W1) and a Pseudomonas sp. was determined using a cultural method (modified brucella agar) and direct viable count (DVC). Two-day biofilms grown on polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coupons in R2A broth at 12 and 23 degrees C were incubated with C. jejuni for a 6-h attachment period. Media were then refreshed every 24 h for 7 days to allow biofilm growth. Two-day biofilms of P1, Y1, and Pseudomonas spp. enhanced attachment (P < 0.01) of C. jejuni (4.74, 4.62, and 4.78 log cells/cm2, respectively) compared to W1 and controls without preexisting biofilm (4.31 and 4.22 log cells/cm2, respectively). On day 7, isolates P1 and Y1 and Pseudomonas biofilms covered 5.4, 7.0, and 21.5% of the surface, respectively, compared to 4.9% by W1. Viable C. jejuni on the surface decreased (P < 0.05) with time, with the greatest reduction occurring on surfaces without a preexisting biofilm. The number of viable C. jejuni determined by DVC was greater than that determined by the cultural method, indicating that C. jejuni may form a viable but nonculturable state within the biofilm. Both DVC and the cultural method indicate that biofilms enhance (P < 0.01) the survival of C. jejuni during incubation at 12 and 23 degrees C over a 7-day period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Trachoo
- Center for Food Safety, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Georgia, Athens 30605-2106, USA
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Chun HJ, Park DK, Park CH, Park JH, Jeen YT, Um SH, Lee SW, Choi JH, Kim CD, Ryu HS, Hyun JH, Chae YS, Uhm CS. Electron microscopic evaluation of adhesion of Helicobacter pylori to the gastric epithelial cells in chronic gastritis. Korean J Intern Med 2002; 17:45-50. [PMID: 12014212 PMCID: PMC4531657 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2002.17.1.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The adhesion of H. pylori to the gastric epithelial cells may be an essential step for the pathophysiology of various H. pylori-induced gastrointestinal diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural relation of H. pylori and gastric epithelial cells in their adhesion. METHODS Endoscopic biopsy of gastric antrum and body was performed from 15 patients (9 men, 6 women) with chronic gastritis and H. pylori infection. The specimens were processed for electron microscopy and observed with a transmission electron microscope (Hitachi H-600). RESULTS On the basis of morphological appearances, the adhesions of H. pylori to the gastric epithelial cells were categorized into three types; filamentous connection, adhesion pedestals and membrane fusion. Coccoid and undetermined forms adhered mainly by the filamentous connection, whereas the bacillary forms adhered primarily by the adhesion pedestals and membrane fusion. CONCLUSION Various types of adhesion were associated with H. pylori and gastric epithelium. Further studies are needed to evaluate the influence of different types of adhesion to the pathophysiology of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoon Jai Chun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Taneera J, Moran AP, Hynes SO, Nilsson HO, Al-Soud WA, Wadström T. Influence of activated charcoal, porcine gastric mucin and beta-cyclodextrin on the morphology and growth of intestinal and gastric Helicobacter spp. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2002; 148:677-684. [PMID: 11882701 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-148-3-677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Bile-tolerant Helicobacter spp. are emerging human and animal pathogens. However, due to their fastidious nature, which requires nutrient-rich complex media to grow, infection with these bacteria may be underestimated. The accumulation of toxic metabolites in cultures may be one of the main obstacles for successful culture of these organisms. The present study examined various potential growth-enhancing substances for Helicobacter spp. and, furthermore, how they may affect spiral to coccoid conversion. Five Helicobacter spp. were cultured on agar and in broth media supplemented with activated charcoal, beta-cyclodextrin, or porcine gastric mucin. Growth was determined by estimating the numbers of colony-forming units and colony diameter, as well as bacterial cell mass. Coccoid transformation was estimated every 24 h by both Gram and acridine-orange staining. Activated charcoal was superior in supporting growth and increased cell mass on agar and in broth media. beta-Cyclodextrin delayed spiral to coccoid conversion by Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter canis, whereas activated charcoal delayed the conversion to coccoid forms of Helicobacter hepaticus and Helicobacter bilis. The progression to coccoid forms by Helicobacter pullorum on agar media was not influenced by any growth supplement. The spiral to coccoid conversion was more rapid in broth media than on agar media. The growth enhancement observed is probably related to the capacity of activated charcoal to remove toxic compounds in culture media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Taneera
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund Sölvegatan 23,SE-22362, Sweden1
| | - Anthony P Moran
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland2
| | - Sean O Hynes
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund Sölvegatan 23,SE-22362, Sweden1
| | - Hans-Olof Nilsson
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund Sölvegatan 23,SE-22362, Sweden1
| | - Waleed Abu Al-Soud
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund Sölvegatan 23,SE-22362, Sweden1
| | - Torkel Wadström
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Dermatology and Infection, Lund University, Lund Sölvegatan 23,SE-22362, Sweden1
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Kelly AF, Park SF, Bovill R, Mackey BM. Survival of Campylobacter jejuni during stationary phase: evidence for the absence of a phenotypic stationary-phase response. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:2248-54. [PMID: 11319108 PMCID: PMC92863 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.5.2248-2254.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
When Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11351 was grown microaerobically in rich medium at 39 degrees C, entry into stationary phase was followed by a rapid decline in viable numbers to leave a residual population of 1% of the maximum number or less. Loss of viability was preceded by sublethal injury, which was seen as a loss of the ability to grow on media containing 0.1% sodium deoxycholate or 1% sodium chloride. Resistance of cells to mild heat stress (50 degrees C) or aeration was greatest in exponential phase and declined during early stationary phase. These results show that C. jejuni does not mount the normal phenotypic stationary-phase response which results in enhanced stress resistance. This conclusion is consistent with the absence of rpoS homologues in the recently reported genome sequence of this species and their probable absence from strain NCTC 11351. During prolonged incubation of C. jejuni NCTC 11351 in stationary phase, an unusual pattern of decreasing and increasing heat resistance was observed that coincided with fluctuations in the viable count. During stationary phase of Campylobacter coli UA585, nonmotile variants and those with impaired ability to form coccoid cells were isolated at high frequency. Taken together, these observations suggest that stationary-phase cultures of campylobacters are dynamic populations and that this may be a strategy to promote survival in at least some strains. Investigation of two spontaneously arising variants (NM3 and SC4) of C. coli UA585 showed that a reduced ability to form coccoid cells did not affect survival under nongrowth conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Kelly
- School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6BZ, United Kingdom
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Thomas C, Hill DJ, Mabey M. Evaluation of the effect of temperature and nutrients on the survival of Campylobacter spp. in water microcosms. J Appl Microbiol 1999; 86:1024-32. [PMID: 10389249 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00789.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Batch microcosms containing various water types (de-ionized and river water with or without sediment), incubated at a range of temperatures (5-37 degrees C), were used to facilitate a comparative evaluation of the significance of such variables and their interactions upon the collective and individual survival of four species of thermophilic Campylobacter. All variables significantly influenced (P < = 0.031) population decay rates. Minimal decay for the group was identified at low temperatures (5 degrees C) in river water, i.e. nutrient-containing microcosms. Collective decay rates within river water microcosms were significantly decreased (P = 0.03) from those observed in de-ionized water, particularly at environmental temperatures (5 and 15 degrees C). However, the increased nutrient levels observed in sediment-containing microcosms did not significantly (P = 0.41) reduce population decay rates. Overall, Camp. jejuni populations demonstrated the most resilience to the environmental stressors evaluated, with the exception of 15 degrees C where Camp. lari was the most persistent. Campylobacter coli and Camp. upsaliensis demonstrated comparable survival characteristics but were less resilient than Camp. jejuni and Camp. lari. These observations identify the suitability of water systems as a reservoir and medium for Campylobacter infection, and potentially identifies Camp. jejuni and Camp. lari as the main protagonists of water-mediated campylobacteriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thomas
- Microbiology Department, School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marais
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux 2, France
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30
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Thomas C, Hill DJ, Mabey M. Morphological changes of synchronized Campylobacter jejuni populations during growth in single phase liquid culture. Lett Appl Microbiol 1999; 28:194-8. [PMID: 10196767 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2672.1999.00504.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni strains demonstrate a variety of growth phase-linked distinct morphological forms when grown in liquid culture. The typical spiral form of the organism, evident during logarithmic phase, undergoes elongation during stationary phase before becoming coccoid via the formation of membrane blebs and budded forms in decline phase. Cellular elongation and coccoid formation occurred despite the inhibition of protein synthesis and without a detectable change in the protein components of the inner and outer cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Thomas
- School of Applied Sciences, University of Wolverhampton, UK.
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31
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Reezal A, McNeil B, Anderson JG. Effect of low-osmolality nutrient media on growth and culturability of Campylobacter species. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:4643-9. [PMID: 9835543 PMCID: PMC90903 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.12.4643-4649.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/1998] [Accepted: 09/22/1998] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and culturability of Campylobacter jejuni NCTC 11351 and other campylobacters were examined in media having different osmolalities at a range of temperatures (4, 25, and 42 degreesC). The medium osmolalities used ranged from the osmolality of full-strength nutrient medium (modified campylobacter broth having an osmolality of around 254 mosmol) down to 96 mosmol. The following two methods were used to produce media having different osmolalities: dilution of the nutrient medium with distilled water and reformulation of the medium such that the concentrations of various osmolytes were altered while the nutrient content of the medium was unchanged. The results obtained with the two experimental methods were similar, indicating that there was an osmotic threshold effect, such that none of the campylobacters examined (C. jejuni NCTC 11351 and ATCC 33291, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli) grew in media having osmolalities around 130 mosmol and at temperatures below at 42 degreesC. Conversely, growth occurred in media having osmolalities of around 175 mosmol and above. Osmolar concentrations can be expressed in terms of osmolarity or osmolality. Osmolality is easier to evaluate, is the more commonly used term, and was used in the current study. In nutrient media having low osmolalities (i.e., 130 mosmol and below), the number of CFUs per milliliter declined rapidly regardless of the temperature, and no cells were recovered after 24 h. However, at nongrowth temperatures (25 and 4 degreesC) in higher-osmolality media (175 mosmol and above) a significant population was recovered throughout the experiment (up to 96 h). In low-osmolality nutrient media, the cellular morphology was principally coccoid, while in the early stages of growth in full-strength media the morphology was predominantly rodlike. We propose that the formation of coccoid cells in these experiments was the result of osmotic stress in low-osmolality media. This osmotic effect was apparent regardless of the osmolyte used to reformulate the medium (NaCl, KCl, Na2SO4, NH4Cl, and glucose were used).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Reezal
- Strathclyde Fermentation Centre, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XW, Scotland, United Kingdom
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Höller C, Witthuhn D, Janzen-Blunck B. Effect of low temperatures on growth, structure, and metabolism of Campylobacter coli SP10. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:581-7. [PMID: 9464397 PMCID: PMC106086 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.2.581-587.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of low temperatures on the survival, structure, and metabolism of Campylobacter coli SP10, a virulent strain, was investigated. C. coli became nonculturable rapidly at 20 and 10 degree C and slightly later at 4 degrees C. Incubation in a microaerobic atmosphere improved survival, but after day 8, campylobacters were detectable by direct-count procedures only. The increase in the number of coccoid cells was most pronounced at 37 degrees C but also was noticeable at 20 and 10 degrees C. Two forms of coccoid cells were seen electron microscopically, but only one (20 and 10 degrees C) seemed to be a degenerative form. The flagella were shorter at 20 and 10 degrees C, a result which correlates well with the observed slight changes in the 62-kDa protein band. The fatty acid composition of bacterial cells was influenced significantly by low temperatures. An increase in the short-chain and unsaturated acids was noted; above all, a drastic increase in C19:0 cyc at 20 degrees C with a concomitant decrease in C18:1 trans9,cis11 was seen. The concentrations of excreted metabolites were analyzed to obtain information on metabolic activity. Depending on the magnitude of the temperature downshift, the production of organic acids decreased, but it was always observable after a temperature-specific lag phase and regardless of ability to be cultured. Under optimal conditions, succinate, lactate, and acetate were the main metabolites, other acids being of less importance. The pattern changed significantly at lower temperatures. Succinate was never detected at 20 degrees C and was only occasionally detected at 10 and 4 degrees C. At the same time, fumarate concentrations, which are normally not detectable at 37 degrees C, were highest at 20 degrees C and reduced at 10 and 4 degrees C. Inactivation of fumarate reductase was considered to be a possible explanation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Höller
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Germany.
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Kusters JG, Gerrits MM, Van Strijp JA, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM. Coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori are the morphologic manifestation of cell death. Infect Immun 1997; 65:3672-9. [PMID: 9284136 PMCID: PMC175523 DOI: 10.1128/iai.65.9.3672-3679.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori can transform from its normal helical bacillary morphology to a coccoid morphology. Since this coccoid form cannot be cultured in vitro, it has been speculated that it is a dormant form potentially involved in the transmission of H. pylori and in a patient's relapse after antibiotic therapy. In this study we determined the effects of aging, temperature, aerobiosis, starvation, and antibiotics on the morphologic conversion rate and culturability of H. pylori. Aerobiosis and the addition of a bactericidal antibiotic to the culture medium resulted in the highest conversion rate. During the conversion to coccoid forms, the cultures always lost culturability at the stage where 50% of the organisms were still in bacillary form; this result indicated that culturability and coccoid morphology are two separate but related entities. Independent of the conditions used to induce the conversion into coccoids, the morphological conversion was accompanied by several marked antigenic and ultrastructural changes. Also, both the total amounts and the integrity of RNA and DNA were significantly reduced in coccoid forms. With the potential-sensitive probe diOC(5)-3, a clear loss of membrane potential in coccoid forms was observed. Inhibition of protein or RNA synthesis by the addition of bacteriostatic antibiotics did not prevent the conversion to coccoid forms but resulted in an increased conversion rate. Hence, we conclude that conversion of H. pylori from the bacillary to the coccoid form is a passive process that does not require protein synthesis. Our data suggest that the coccoid form of H. pylori is the morphologic manifestation of bacterial cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Kusters
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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34
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Narikawa S, Kawai S, Aoshima H, Kawamata O, Kawaguchi R, Hikiji K, Kato M, Iino S, Mizushima Y. Comparison of the nucleic acids of helical and coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 4:285-90. [PMID: 9144365 PMCID: PMC170520 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.3.285-290.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The nucleic acids of the helical and coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori were studied to determine if the coccoid forms are "viable (capable of growing) but nonculturable." Using a reference strain (NCTC 11638) and five clinical strains, the nucleic acid contents, DNA integrity, and results of PCR and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) were compared for helical H. pylori and coccoid forms induced using glycochenodeoxycholic acid or bismuth citrate. The DNA and RNA contents of the coccoid forms were respectively 6.8- and 8.1-fold lower than those of helical H. pylori after 3 days of induction and 11.5- and 14.7-fold lower after 7 days. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA extracted from the coccoid forms after 3 days of induction showed a smear pattern indicating DNA cleavage, whereas DNA from helical H. pylori showed a single band with a high molecular mass. After 12 days of induction, all RNA samples from 100% coccoid cultures were negative for the mRNA of urease A or the 26-kDa species-specific protein by RT-PCR. However, most RNA samples obtained after 3 or 7 days of induction were positive at low levels despite the lack of recovery from these cultures. These results suggest that the coccoid form of H. pylori has impaired genomic DNA and is in the process of cellular degeneration, thus being still alive but nonincreasable.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Narikawa
- Institute of Medical Science and Department of Internal and Laboratory Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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35
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Benaissa M, Babin P, Quellard N, Pezennec L, Cenatiempo Y, Fauchère JL. Changes in Helicobacter pylori ultrastructure and antigens during conversion from the bacillary to the coccoid form. Infect Immun 1996; 64:2331-5. [PMID: 8675345 PMCID: PMC174074 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.6.2331-2335.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro, Helicobacter pylori converts from a bacillary to a full coccoid form via an intermediate U-shaped form. Organisms with a full coccoid form keep a double membrane system, a polar membrane, and invagination structures. Western blots (immunoblots) of sera from colonized patients show that some high-molecular-mass antigenic fractions are expressed only in coccoids. Conversely, fractions of 30 and 94 kDa were more intensively detected in the bacillary forms. These results suggest that (i) coccoid conversion is not a degenerative transformation and (ii) antigens specific to the coccoid forms are expressed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Benaissa
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie A, Centre Hospitalier Regional Universitaire-La Miletrie, Poitiers, France
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36
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Sörberg M, Nilsson M, Hanberger H, Nilsson LE. Morphologic conversion of Helicobacter pylori from bacillary to coccoid form. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1996; 15:216-9. [PMID: 8740856 DOI: 10.1007/bf01591357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The morphologic conversion of Helicobacter pylori from bacillary to coccoid form was studied by microscopy, viable count on agar plates, and bioluminescence assay of bacterial ATP. When morphologic conversion from bacillary to coccoid form was detected by microscopy, the viable counts and the bacterial ATP decreased. No viable count was found after nine days of incubation, but bacterial ATP was still present. In these cultures in which only the coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori was present, there was no accumulation of extracellular ATP, indicating no leaky cells. During the transition phase from the bacillary to the coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori, the addition of fresh medium increased the intracellular ATP 26-fold. The coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori had a 1000-fold lower ATP level per cell compared to the bacillary form, which indicates a decreased metabolic activity in the coccoid form. Addition of fresh medium to the coccoid cultures from days 9 and 10 increased the ATP level twofold. However, no conversion from coccoid to bacillary form was found in these cultures during prolonged incubation in fresh broth for four weeks. Such conversion needs to be demonstrated before it is proven that the coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori is responsible for transmission and relapse of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sörberg
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Danderyd Hospital, Sweden
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Hazeleger WC, Janse JD, Koenraad PM, Beumer RR, Rombouts FM, Abee T. Temperature-dependent membrane fatty acid and cell physiology changes in coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni. Appl Environ Microbiol 1995; 61:2713-9. [PMID: 7618883 PMCID: PMC167543 DOI: 10.1128/aem.61.7.2713-2719.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of temperature and the availability of nutrients on the transition of spiral Campylobacter jejuni cells to coccoid forms was investigated. Ageing of spiral C. jejuni cells in either nutrient-poor or nutrient-rich environments resulted in the formation of nonculturable coccoid cells at 4, 12, and 25 degrees C after different periods, with the cells incubated at 4 degrees C in nutrient-deficient media remaining culturable the longest. To study the phenomenon, ATP levels, protein profiles, and fatty acid compositions were monitored under conditions where the transition from spiral to coccoid cells occurred. During storage, the levels of intracellular ATP were highest in cells incubated at low temperatures (4 and 12 degrees C) and remained constant after a small initial decrease. During the transformation from spiral to coccoid forms, no alteration in protein profiles could be detected; indeed, inhibition of protein synthesis by chloramphenicol did not influence the transition. Furthermore, DNA damage by gamma irradiation had no effect on the process. Membrane fatty acid composition of cocci formed at low temperatures was found to be almost identical to that of spiral cells, whereas that of cocci formed at 25 degrees C was clearly different. Combining these results, it is concluded that the formation of cocci is not an active process. However, distinctions between cocci formed at different temperatures were observed. Cocci formed at 4 degrees C show characteristics comparable to those of spirals, and these cocci may well play a role in the contamination cycle of C. jejuni.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Hazeleger
- Department of Food Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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Hazeleger W, Arkesteijn C, Toorop-Bouma A, Beumer R. Detection of the coccoid form of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken products with the use of the polymerase chain reaction. Int J Food Microbiol 1994; 24:273-81. [PMID: 7703020 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1605(94)90125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Detection of the coccoid form of Campylobacter jejuni with the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was examined. Coccoid cells of this pathogen, formed at different temperatures, showed different detection characteristics in the PCR. For spirals and cocci formed at 4 degrees C and 12 degrees C, the detection limit was about 2 x 10(3) cells/PCR. However, for detection of coccoid cells formed at 25 degrees C and 37 degrees C, at least 2 x 10(4) cells per PCR were needed. PCR was also performed on homogenates in peptone saline solution and enrichment broths of chicken meat and chicken liver that were artificially contaminated with cocci formed at 4 degrees C. PCR-products of these samples could not be demonstrated clearly.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Hazeleger
- Department of Food Science, Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
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39
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Cellini L, Allocati N, Angelucci D, Iezzi T, Di Campli E, Marzio L, Dainelli B. Coccoid Helicobacter pylori not culturable in vitro reverts in mice. Microbiol Immunol 1994; 38:843-50. [PMID: 7898382 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb02136.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An experimental rodent model was used to demonstrate the viability of the coccoid form of Helicobacter pylori. Concentrated suspensions were prepared for the two different morphologies: at 2 days incubation for the bacillary forms and at 20 days incubation for the "dormant" forms. The strains used for incubation were two fresh isolates from humans with duodenal ulceration, and two collection strains. Five hundred microliters of culture (OD550 = 5 Mc Farland) of Helicobacter pylori with bacillary (2-5 x 10(9) CFU/ml) and coccoid (0 CFU/ml) morphology were inoculated intragastrically in BALB/c mice. The gastric mucosa of the mice was colonized by Helicobacter pylori with the administration of fresh bacillary and coccoid cultures and not with the established cultures. Helicobacter pylori was isolated at 1 week after inoculation with the administration of fresh bacillary cultures, while fresh coccoid Helicobacter pylori was recovered in mice stomachs after 2 weeks of inoculation. After colonization, histopathologic changes occurred after 1 month from inoculation; all colonized mice showed a systemic antibody response to Helicobacter pylori. These results support the thesis of the viability of coccoid Helicobacter pylori non-culturable in vitro and confirm that concentrated bacterial suspensions are able to colonize and to produce gastric alterations in this suitable animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cellini
- Istituto di Medicina Sperimentale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università G.D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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Boucher SN, Slater ER, Chamberlain AH, Adams MR. Production and viability of coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1994; 77:303-7. [PMID: 7989256 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1994.tb03078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted into the formation and physiological state of coccoid cells of a strain of the human and animal pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. It was found that growth phase and the presence of chloramphenicol did not affect the rate of shape transformation from spiral to coccoid, while nutrient limitation, aeration of the medium and the presence of free-radical scavengers had profound effects. Coccoid cells were found to reduce the tetrazolium salts INT (2-(p-iodophenyl)-3-(p-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl tetrazolium chloride) and CTC (5-cyano-2,3-ditolyl tetrazolium chloride) to their respective formazans and this was linked to cellular respiration. However, respiring coccoid cells could not sustain their existence in prolonged adverse conditions, and it was concluded that they represent a degenerative stage rather than a dormant state of the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S N Boucher
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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41
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Abstract
The morphologic changes from bacillary to coccoid forms of Helicobacter pylori were studied. These form changes were analyzed by bacterial growth in Brucella broth plus 2% fetal calf serum. The coccoid forms were observed at five days of incubation and a rapid decrease of CFU/ml was recorded. At two weeks of microaerophilic incubation, all coccoid forms observed were not culturable in vitro. The coccoid morphology was observed earlier when the culture of H. pylori was incubated in aerobic conditions and with subinhibitory concentrations of omeprazole and roxithromycin. To evaluate the possibility of resistance of coccal forms, before plating, the cultures were heated to 80 C for 10 min and sonicated. In the absence of these treatments the cultures did not show growth in vitro. The proteic patterns of the same strains of two different morphologies were studied revealing significant differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cellini
- Istituto di Medicina Sperimentale, Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università G. D'Annunzio, Chieti, Italy
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42
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Nilius M, Ströhle A, Bode G, Malfertheiner P. Coccoid like forms (CLF) of Helicobacter pylori. Enzyme activity and antigenicity. ZENTRALBLATT FUR BAKTERIOLOGIE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1993; 280:259-72. [PMID: 8280950 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8840(11)80964-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this study we attempted to transform "helical" forms of Helicobacter pylori to "coccoid like forms" (CLF) by induction with the following substances in vitro: bismuth subcitrate, bismuth subsalicylate, ampicillin, amoxicillin, erythromycin, ursodeoxycholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid. Some liquid cultures were incubated for 24 days to induce CLF by aging. Changes in the protein pattern, urease enzyme activity and in the serological response against specific antigens were investigated. In all strains a significant but strain-variable rate of CLF was detected by induction of the tested substances. Beta-lactams and erythromycin generated a population of nearly 100% CLF, including many "spheroblasts". Relative induction rates by these substances were in the following order: beta-lactams and erythromycin > bismuth subcitrate > bismuth subsalicylate > bile acids. Strain variable reaction also was true for both inhibition of urease activity and influence on immunological response. Urease activity was lost in CLF induced by aging and was inhibited by bismuth salts. CLF induced by aging showed a loss of reactivity bands in the immunoblot. They always lost a 160 kD band and depending on the strain, 115 kD, 108 kD, 100 kD and 95 kD bands. Immunological response to the 120 kD band was reduced. Ultrastructural studies showed great degenerative changes of the cell wall in CLF induced by antibiotics but only few in CLF induced by bismuth salts and bile acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nilius
- Dept. of Internal Medicine, University of Bonn, Germany
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43
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Jacob J, Martin W, Höller C. Characterization of viable but nonculturable stage of C. coli, characterized with respect to electron microscopic findings, whole cell protein and lipooligosaccharide (LOS) patterns. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0232-4393(11)80073-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hazeleger WC, Beumer R, Rombouts F. The use of latex agglutination tests for determining Campylobacter species. Lett Appl Microbiol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.1992.tb00679.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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45
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Abstract
The behaviour of Campylobacter jejuni in the environment is poorly documented. Rapid loss of viability on culture media is reported. This phenomenon is associated with the development of so-called coccoid cells. It has been suggested that these cells can be infective to animals and man. Results obtained with ATP-measurements of coccoid cells and Direct Viable Count (DVC) support this hypothesis. Introduction of coccoid cells into simulated gastric, ileal and colon environments did not result in the presence of culturable cells. Oral administration to laboratory animals and volunteers caused no typical symptoms of campylobacteriosis. Until 30 days after uptake of the cells antibodies against C. jejuni could not be detected in the blood, and the presence of this microorganism in stool samples could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Beumer
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Agricultural University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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46
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Catrenich CE, Makin KM. Characterization of the morphologic conversion of Helicobacter pylori from bacillary to coccoid forms. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 1991. [PMID: 1866596 DOI: 10.3109/00365529109093209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Growth studies of Helicobacter pylori were performed involving analysis of the bacterium and its microenvironment, to lend insight into the factors responsible for the morphologic conversion phenomenon. H. pylori converted from bacillary to coccoid forms in broth culture after incubation for 5 days under microaerobic conditions with agitation. This morphologic conversion was paralleled by a dramatic decrease in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/ml) and a significant endogenous increase in the pH of the broth culture. In addition, removal of broth cultures from microaerobic conditions after 3 days of incubation resulted in a rapid increase in culture pH, a morphologic conversion, and a concomitant decrease of CFU/ml. These observations suggest an inhibitory effect of basic pH, endogenously produced, on the growth of H. pylori in vitro. Experiments designed to identify the reason for the endogenous increase in culture pH demonstrated that the urease enzyme of H. pylori is not primarily responsible for this phenomenon. Rather, H. pylori appears to produce a deaminase enzyme that is likely responsible for the generation of ammonia, which results in the increase in culture pH, the morphologic conversion, and the loss of culturability observed in vitro. Also indicated is the need for a buffering component (for example, bicarbonate) to maintain pH conditions favorable to the growth of H. pylori.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Catrenich
- Miami Valley Laboratories, Procter and Gamble Company, Cincinnati, Ohio 45239-8707
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47
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Moran AP, Upton ME. Factors affecting production of coccoid forms by Campylobacter jejuni on solid media during incubation. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1987; 62:527-37. [PMID: 3624106 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02685.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Conditions influencing the conversion of oxygen into toxic derivatives in media were investigated for their effects on production of coccoid forms in cultures of the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Compared with stored media, production of coccoid forms was less on freshly prepared media. Whether freshly prepared or stored before use, brucella agar media produced the fewest coccoid forms under the test conditions. Addition of supplements used as detoxifying agents minimized production of these forms on media but antibiotic formulations used in selective media did not influence production of coccoid forms. Furthermore, the type of incubation atmosphere and the strain of C. jejuni influenced the proportions of coccoid forms in cultures. It was deduced from electron microscopy observations during prolonged incubation of cultures that the process of conversion to coccoid forms involves a loss of spiral morphology, a shortening of the cell and retraction of the cytoplasm towards a cell terminal region. Coccoid forms and some intermediate forms in thin sections were found to lack cell integrity. It is concluded that coccoid form production in cultures is a degenerate response to toxic oxygen derivatives in cultures.
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48
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Moran AP, Upton ME. Effect of medium supplements, illumination and superoxide dismutase on the production of coccoid forms of Campylobacter jejuni ATCC 29428. THE JOURNAL OF APPLIED BACTERIOLOGY 1987; 62:43-51. [PMID: 3571033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1987.tb02379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Factors influencing the production of coccoid forms in cultures and suspensions of a strain of the enteric pathogen Campylobacter jejuni during storage in air were investigated. Addition of blood or a supplement containing ferrous sulphate, sodium metabisulphite and sodium pyruvate minimized conversion of rods to coccoid forms in cultures. Exposure of cultures to light during storage in air increased the rate of production of coccoid forms. Ultraviolet radiation was shown to effect the viability of cells in suspensions but the increase in production of coccoid forms was low after irradiation. The presence of hydrogen peroxide and its dissociation products in bacterial suspensions increased conversion to coccoid forms. Addition of active superoxide dismutase, a superoxide anion scavenging enzyme, minimized production of coccoid forms in suspensions stored in air. Coccoid forms contained a lower level of superoxide dismutase than rods. It is deduced that a decreased level of the enzyme in cells is linked with production of coccoid forms.
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