1
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Parry HA, Willingham TB, Giordano KA, Kim Y, Qazi S, Knutson JR, Combs CA, Glancy B. Impact of capillary and sarcolemmal proximity on mitochondrial structure and energetic function in skeletal muscle. J Physiol 2024; 602:1967-1986. [PMID: 38564214 PMCID: PMC11068488 DOI: 10.1113/jp286246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria within skeletal muscle cells are located either between the muscle contractile apparatus (interfibrillar mitochondria, IFM) or beneath the cell membrane (subsarcolemmal mitochondria, SSM), with several structural and functional differences reported between IFM and SSM. However, recent 3D imaging studies demonstrate that mitochondria are particularly concentrated in the proximity of capillaries embedded in sarcolemmal grooves rather than in proximity to the sarcolemma itself (paravascular mitochondria, PVM). To evaluate the impact of capillary vs. sarcolemmal proximity, we compared the structure and function of skeletal muscle mitochondria located either lateral to embedded capillaries (PVM), adjacent to the sarcolemma but not in PVM pools (SSM) or interspersed between sarcomeres (IFM). Mitochondrial morphology and interactions were assessed by 3D electron microscopy coupled with machine learning segmentation, whereas mitochondrial energy conversion was assessed by two-photon microscopy of mitochondrial membrane potential, content, calcium, NADH redox and flux in live, intact cells. Structurally, although PVM and SSM were similarly larger than IFM, PVM were larger, rounder and had more physical connections to neighbouring mitochondria compared to both IFM and SSM. Functionally, PVM had similar or greater basal NADH flux compared to SSM and IFM, respectively, despite a more oxidized NADH pool and a greater membrane potential, signifying a greater activation of the electron transport chain in PVM. Together, these data indicate that proximity to capillaries has a greater impact on resting mitochondrial energy conversion and distribution in skeletal muscle than the sarcolemma alone. KEY POINTS: Capillaries have a greater impact on mitochondrial energy conversion in skeletal muscle than the sarcolemma. Paravascular mitochondria are larger, and the outer mitochondrial membrane is more connected with neighbouring mitochondria. Interfibrillar mitochondria are longer and have greater contact sites with other organelles (i.e. sarcoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets). Paravascular mitochondria have greater activation of oxidative phosphorylation than interfibrillar mitochondria at rest, although this is not regulated by calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey A. Parry
- National Lung, Blood, and Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - T. Bradley Willingham
- National Lung, Blood, and Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Shephard Center’s Virginia C. Crawford Research Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Yuho Kim
- National Lung, Blood, and Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA,USA
| | - Shureed Qazi
- National Lung, Blood, and Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay R. Knutson
- National Lung, Blood, and Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christian A. Combs
- National Lung, Blood, and Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brian Glancy
- National Lung, Blood, and Heart Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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2
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Yang R, Liao H, Ma W, Li J, Wang S. A Compact High-Speed Image-Based Method for Measuring the Longitudinal Motion of Living Tissues. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20164573. [PMID: 32824066 PMCID: PMC7472052 DOI: 10.3390/s20164573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intraoperative imaging of living tissue at the cell level by endomicroscopy might help surgeons optimize surgical procedures and provide individualized treatments. However, the resolution of the microscopic image is limited by the motion of living tissue caused by heartbeat and respiration. An active motion compensation (AMC) strategy has been recognized as an effective way to reduce, or even eliminate, the influence of tissue movement for intravital fluorescence microscopy (IVM). To realize the AMC system, a high-speed sensor for measuring the motion of tissues is needed. At present, state-of-the-art commercialized displacement sensors are not suitable to apply in minimally invasive imaging instruments to measure the motion of living tissues because of the size problem, range of measurement or the update rate. In this study, a compact high-speed image-based method for measuring the longitudinal motion of living tissues is proposed. The complexity of the proposed method is the same as that of the traditional wide-field fluorescent microscopy (WFFM) system, which makes it easy to be miniaturized and integrated into a minimally invasive imaging instrument. Experimental results reveal that the maximum indication error, range of measurement and the sensitivity of the laboratory-built experimental prototype is 150 μm, 6 mm and −211.46 mm−1 respectively. Experimental results indicate that the proposed optical method is expected to be used in minimally invasive imaging instruments to build an AMC system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruilin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (R.Y.); (W.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Heqin Liao
- National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin 300112, China;
| | - Weng Ma
- Key Laboratory for Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (R.Y.); (W.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Jinhua Li
- Key Laboratory for Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (R.Y.); (W.M.); (J.L.)
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Key Laboratory for Mechanism Theory and Equipment Design of Ministry of Education, School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; (R.Y.); (W.M.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence:
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3
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Soulet D, Lamontagne-Proulx J, Aubé B, Davalos D. Multiphoton intravital microscopy in small animals: motion artefact challenges and technical solutions. J Microsc 2020; 278:3-17. [PMID: 32072642 PMCID: PMC7187339 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Since its invention 29 years ago, two‐photon laser‐scanning microscopy has evolved from a promising imaging technique, to an established widely available imaging modality used throughout the biomedical research community. The establishment of two‐photon microscopy as the preferred method for imaging fluorescently labelled cells and structures in living animals can be attributed to the biophysical mechanism by which the generation of fluorescence is accomplished. The use of powerful lasers capable of delivering infrared light pulses within femtosecond intervals, facilitates the nonlinear excitation of fluorescent molecules only at the focal plane and determines by objective lens position. This offers numerous benefits for studies of biological samples at high spatial and temporal resolutions with limited photo‐damage and superior tissue penetration. Indeed, these attributes have established two‐photon microscopy as the ideal method for live‐animal imaging in several areas of biology and have led to a whole new field of study dedicated to imaging biological phenomena in intact tissues and living organisms. However, despite its appealing features, two‐photon intravital microscopy is inherently limited by tissue motion from heartbeat, respiratory cycles, peristalsis, muscle/vascular tone and physiological functions that change tissue geometry. Because these movements impede temporal and spatial resolution, they must be properly addressed to harness the full potential of two‐photon intravital microscopy and enable accurate data analysis and interpretation. In addition, the sources and features of these motion artefacts are varied, sometimes unpredictable and unique to specific organs and multiple complex strategies have previously been devised to address them. This review will discuss these motion artefacts requirement and technical solutions for their correction and after intravital two‐photon microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Soulet
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Lamontagne-Proulx
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - B Aubé
- Centre de recherche du CHUL, Department of Neurosciences, Quebec, Canada
| | - D Davalos
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A
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4
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Willingham TB, Zhang Y, Andreoni A, Knutson JR, Lee DY, Glancy B. MitoRACE: evaluating mitochondrial function in vivo and in single cells with subcellular resolution using multiphoton NADH autofluorescence. J Physiol 2019; 597:5411-5428. [PMID: 31490555 DOI: 10.1113/jp278611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We developed a novel metabolic imaging approach that provides direct measures of the rate of mitochondrial energy conversion with single-cell and subcellular resolution by evaluating NADH autofluorescence kinetics during the mitochondrial redox after cyanide experiment (mitoRACE). Measures of mitochondrial NADH flux by mitoRACE are sensitive to physiological and pharmacological perturbations in vivo. Metabolic imaging with mitoRACE provides a highly adaptable platform for evaluating mitochondrial function in vivo and in single cells with potential for broad applications in the study of energy metabolism. ABSTRACT Mitochondria play a critical role in numerous cell types and diseases, and structure and function of mitochondria can vary greatly among cells or within different regions of the same cell. However, there are currently limited methodologies that provide direct assessments of mitochondrial function in vivo, and contemporary measures of mitochondrial energy conversion lack the spatial resolution necessary to address cellular and subcellular heterogeneity. Here, we describe a novel metabolic imaging approach that provides direct measures of mitochondrial energy conversion with single-cell and subcellular resolution by evaluating NADH autofluorescence kinetics during the mitochondrial redox after cyanide experiment (mitoRACE). MitoRACE measures the rate of NADH flux through the steady-state mitochondrial NADH pool by rapidly inhibiting mitochondrial energetic flux, resulting in an immediate, linear increase in NADH fluorescence proportional to the steady-state NADH flux rate, thereby providing a direct measure of mitochondrial NADH flux. The experiments presented here demonstrate the sensitivity of this technique to detect physiological and pharmacological changes in mitochondrial flux within tissues of living animals and reveal the unique capability of this technique to evaluate mitochondrial function with single-cell and subcellular resolution in different cell types in vivo and in cell culture. Furthermore, we highlight the potential applications of mitoRACE by showing that within single neurons, mitochondria in neurites have higher energetic flux rates than mitochondria in the cell body. Metabolic imaging with mitoRACE provides a highly adaptable platform for evaluating mitochondrial function in vivo and in single cells, with potential for broad applications in the study of energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yingfan Zhang
- Muscle Energetics Laboratory, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Alessio Andreoni
- Laboratory of Advanced Microscopy and Biophotonics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jay R Knutson
- Laboratory of Advanced Microscopy and Biophotonics, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Duck-Yeon Lee
- Biochemistry Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Brian Glancy
- Muscle Energetics Laboratory, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.,NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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5
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Sherlock B, Warren SC, Alexandrov Y, Yu F, Stone J, Knight J, Neil MAA, Paterson C, French PMW, Dunsby C. In vivo multiphoton microscopy using a handheld scanner with lateral and axial motion compensation. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2018; 11:e201700131. [PMID: 28858435 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201700131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a handheld multiphoton fluorescence microscope designed for clinical imaging that incorporates axial motion compensation and lateral image stabilization. Spectral domain optical coherence tomography is employed to track the axial position of the skin surface, and lateral motion compensation is realised by imaging the speckle pattern arising from the optical coherence tomography beam illuminating the sample. Our system is able to correct lateral sample velocities of up to approximately 65 μm s-1 . Combined with the use of negative curvature microstructured optical fibre to deliver tunable ultrafast radiation to the handheld multiphoton scanner without the need of a dispersion compensation unit, this instrument has potential for a range of clinical applications. The system is used to compensate for both lateral and axial motion of the sample when imaging human skin in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sherlock
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sean C Warren
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fei Yu
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - James Stone
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Mark A A Neil
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Carl Paterson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chris Dunsby
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Centre for Pathology, Imperial College London, London, UK
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6
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Lee S, Courties G, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R, Vinegoni C. Motion characterization scheme to minimize motion artifacts in intravital microscopy. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:36005. [PMID: 28253383 PMCID: PMC5333764 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.3.036005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory- and cardiac-induced motion artifacts pose a major challenge for in vivo optical imaging, limiting the temporal and spatial imaging resolution in fluorescence laser scanning microscopy. Here, we present an imaging platform developed for in vivo characterization of physiologically induced axial motion. The motion characterization system can be straightforwardly implemented on any conventional laser scanning microscope and can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of different motion stabilization schemes. This method is particularly useful to improve the design of novel tissue stabilizers and to facilitate stabilizer positioning in real time, therefore facilitating optimal tissue immobilization and minimizing motion induced artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungon Lee
- Hanyang University, School of Electrical Engineering, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Gabriel Courties
- Richard B. Simches Research Center, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Richard B. Simches Research Center, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Richard B. Simches Research Center, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Claudio Vinegoni
- Richard B. Simches Research Center, Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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7
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Glancy B, Hsu LY, Dao L, Bakalar M, French S, Chess DJ, Taylor JL, Picard M, Aponte A, Daniels MP, Esfahani S, Cushman S, Balaban RS. In vivo microscopy reveals extensive embedding of capillaries within the sarcolemma of skeletal muscle fibers. Microcirculation 2015; 21:131-47. [PMID: 25279425 DOI: 10.1111/micc.12098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide insight into mitochondrial function in vivo, we evaluated the 3D spatial relationship between capillaries, mitochondria, and muscle fibers in live mice. METHODS 3D volumes of in vivo murine TA muscles were imaged by MPM. Muscle fiber type, mitochondrial distribution, number of capillaries, and capillary-to-fiber contact were assessed. The role of Mb-facilitated diffusion was examined in Mb KO mice. Distribution of GLUT4 was also evaluated in the context of the capillary and mitochondrial network. RESULTS MPM revealed that 43.6 ± 3.3% of oxidative fiber capillaries had ≥50% of their circumference embedded in a groove in the sarcolemma, in vivo. Embedded capillaries were tightly associated with dense mitochondrial populations lateral to capillary grooves and nearly absent below the groove. Mitochondrial distribution, number of embedded capillaries, and capillary-to-fiber contact were proportional to fiber oxidative capacity and unaffected by Mb KO. GLUT4 did not preferentially localize to embedded capillaries. CONCLUSIONS Embedding capillaries in the sarcolemma may provide a regulatory mechanism to optimize delivery of oxygen to heterogeneous groups of muscle fibers. We hypothesize that mitochondria locate to PV regions due to myofibril voids created by embedded capillaries, not to enhance the delivery of oxygen to the mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Glancy
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, NHLBI, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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8
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Glancy B, Hartnell LM, Malide D, Yu ZX, Combs CA, Connelly PS, Subramaniam S, Balaban RS. Mitochondrial reticulum for cellular energy distribution in muscle. Nature 2015. [PMID: 26223627 DOI: 10.1038/nature14614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular energy distribution has attracted much interest and has been proposed to occur in skeletal muscle via metabolite-facilitated diffusion; however, genetic evidence suggests that facilitated diffusion is not critical for normal function. We hypothesized that mitochondrial structure minimizes metabolite diffusion distances in skeletal muscle. Here we demonstrate a mitochondrial reticulum providing a conductive pathway for energy distribution, in the form of the proton-motive force, throughout the mouse skeletal muscle cell. Within this reticulum, we find proteins associated with mitochondrial proton-motive force production preferentially in the cell periphery and proteins that use the proton-motive force for ATP production in the cell interior near contractile and transport ATPases. Furthermore, we show a rapid, coordinated depolarization of the membrane potential component of the proton-motive force throughout the cell in response to spatially controlled uncoupling of the cell interior. We propose that membrane potential conduction via the mitochondrial reticulum is the dominant pathway for skeletal muscle energy distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Glancy
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Lisa M Hartnell
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Daniela Malide
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Christian A Combs
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Patricia S Connelly
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Sriram Subramaniam
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Robert S Balaban
- National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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9
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Dao L, Glancy B, Lucotte B, Chang LC, Balaban RS, Hsu LY. A Model-based approach for microvasculature structure distortion correction in two-photon fluorescence microscopy images. J Microsc 2015. [PMID: 26224257 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates a postprocessing approach to correct spatial distortion in two-photon fluorescence microscopy images for vascular network reconstruction. It is aimed at in vivo imaging of large field-of-view, deep-tissue studies of vascular structures. Based on simple geometric modelling of the object-of-interest, a distortion function is directly estimated from the image volume by deconvolution analysis. Such distortion function is then applied to subvolumes of the image stack to adaptively adjust for spatially varying distortion and reduce the image blurring through blind deconvolution. The proposed technique was first evaluated in phantom imaging of fluorescent microspheres that are comparable in size to the underlying capillary vascular structures. The effectiveness of restoring three-dimensional (3D) spherical geometry of the microspheres using the estimated distortion function was compared with empirically measured point-spread function. Next, the proposed approach was applied to in vivo vascular imaging of mouse skeletal muscle to reduce the image distortion of the capillary structures. We show that the proposed method effectively improve the image quality and reduce spatially varying distortion that occurs in large field-of-view deep-tissue vascular dataset. The proposed method will help in qualitative interpretation and quantitative analysis of vascular structures from fluorescence microscopy images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lam Dao
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A
| | - Brian Glancy
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Bertrand Lucotte
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Lin-Ching Chang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, Washington, District of Columbia, U.S.A
| | - Robert S Balaban
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - Li-Yueh Hsu
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
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10
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Vinegoni C, Lee S, Aguirre AD, Weissleder R. New techniques for motion-artifact-free in vivo cardiac microscopy. Front Physiol 2015; 6:147. [PMID: 26029116 PMCID: PMC4428079 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravital imaging microscopy (i.e., imaging in live animals at microscopic resolution) has become an indispensable tool for studying the cellular micro-dynamics in cancer, immunology and neurobiology. High spatial and temporal resolution, combined with large penetration depth and multi-reporter visualization capability make fluorescence intravital microscopy compelling for heart imaging. However, tissue motion caused by cardiac contraction and respiration critically limits its use. As a result, in vitro cell preparations or non-contracting explanted heart models are more commonly employed. Unfortunately, these approaches fall short of understanding the more complex host physiology that may be dynamic and occur over longer periods of time. In this review, we report on novel technologies, which have been recently developed by our group and others, aimed at overcoming motion-induced artifacts and capable of providing in vivo subcellular resolution imaging in the beating mouse heart. The methods are based on mechanical stabilization, image processing algorithms, gated/triggered acquisition schemes or a combination of both. We expect that in the immediate future all these methodologies will have considerable applications in expanding our understanding of the cardiac biology, elucidating cardiomyocyte function and interactions within the organism in vivo, and ultimately improving the treatment of cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sungon Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA ; School of Electrical Engineering, Hanyang University Ansan, South Korea
| | - Aaron D Aguirre
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Sherlock B, Warren S, Stone J, Neil M, Paterson C, Knight J, French P, Dunsby C. Fibre-coupled multiphoton microscope with adaptive motion compensation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:1876-1884. [PMID: 26137387 PMCID: PMC4467716 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.001876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To address the challenge of sample motion during in vivo imaging, we present a fibre-coupled multiphoton microscope with active axial motion compensation. The position of the sample surface is measured using optical coherence tomography and fed back to a piezo actuator that adjusts the axial location of the objective to compensate for sample motion. We characterise the system's performance and demonstrate that it can compensate for axial sample velocities up to 700 µm/s. Finally we illustrate the impact of motion compensation when imaging multiphoton excited autofluorescence in ex vivo mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Sherlock
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Sean Warren
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - James Stone
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY,
UK
| | - Mark Neil
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Carl Paterson
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Jonathan Knight
- Department of Physics, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY,
UK
| | - Paul French
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
| | - Chris Dunsby
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
- Centre for Histopathology, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ,
UK
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12
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Lucotte B, Balaban RS. Motion compensation for in vivo subcellular optical microscopy. J Microsc 2014; 254:9-12. [PMID: 24673143 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we focus on the impact of tissue motion on attempting to conduct subcellular resolution optical microscopy, in vivo. Our position is that tissue motion is one of the major barriers in conducting these studies along with light induced damage, optical probe loading as well as absorbing and scattering effects on the excitation point spread function and collection of emitted light. Recent developments in the speed of image acquisition have reached the limit, in most cases, where the signal from a subcellular voxel limits the speed and not the scanning rate of the microscope. Different schemes for compensating for tissue displacements due to rigid body and deformation are presented from tissue restriction, gating, adaptive gating and active tissue tracking. We argue that methods that minimally impact the natural physiological motion of the tissue are desirable because the major reason to perform in vivo studies is to evaluate normal physiological functions. Towards this goal, active tracking using the optical imaging data itself to monitor tissue displacement and either prospectively or retrospectively correct for the motion without affecting physiological processes is desirable. Critical for this development was the implementation of near real time image processing in conjunction with the control of the microscope imaging parameters. Clearly, the continuing development of methods of motion compensation as well as significant technological solutions to the other barriers to tissue subcellular optical imaging in vivo, including optical aberrations and overall signal-to-noise ratio, will make major contributions to the understanding of cell biology within the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lucotte
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
| | - R S Balaban
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, Systems Biology Center, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A
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13
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Dao L, Lucotte B, Glancy B, Chang LC, Hsu LY, Balaban RS. Use of independent component analysis to improve signal-to-noise ratio in multi-probe fluorescence microscopy. J Microsc 2014; 256:133-44. [PMID: 25159193 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In conventional multi-probe fluorescence microscopy, narrow bandwidth filters on detectors are used to avoid bleed-through artefacts between probes. The limited bandwidth reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of the detection, often severely compromising one or more channels. Herein, we describe a process of using independent component analysis to discriminate the position of different probes using only a dichroic mirror to differentiate the signals directed to the detectors. Independent component analysis was particularly effective in samples where the spatial overlap between the probes is minimal, a very common case in cellular microscopy. This imaging scheme collects nearly all of the emitted light, significantly improving the image signal-to-noise ratio. In this study, we focused on the detection of two fluorescence probes used in vivo, NAD(P)H and ANEPPS. The optimal dichroic mirror cutoff frequency was determined with simulations using the probes spectral emissions. A quality factor, defined as the cross-channel contrast-to-noise ratio, was optimized to maximize signals while maintaining spatial discrimination between the probes after independent component analysis post-processing. Simulations indicate that a ∼3 fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio using the independent component analysis approach can be achieved over the conventional narrow-band filtering approach without loss of spatial discrimination. We confirmed this predicted performance from experimental imaging of NAD(P)H and ANEPPS in mouse skeletal muscle, in vivo. For many multi-probe studies, the increased sensitivity of this 'full bandwidth' approach will lead to improved image quality and/or reduced excitation power requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dao
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, U.S.A.; Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC, U.S.A
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14
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Vinegoni C, Lee S, Feruglio PF, Weissleder R. Advanced Motion Compensation Methods for Intravital Optical Microscopy. IEEE JOURNAL OF SELECTED TOPICS IN QUANTUM ELECTRONICS : A PUBLICATION OF THE IEEE LASERS AND ELECTRO-OPTICS SOCIETY 2014; 20:10.1109/JSTQE.2013.2279314. [PMID: 24273405 PMCID: PMC3832946 DOI: 10.1109/jstqe.2013.2279314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Intravital microscopy has emerged in the recent decade as an indispensible imaging modality for the study of the micro-dynamics of biological processes in live animals. Technical advancements in imaging techniques and hardware components, combined with the development of novel targeted probes and new mice models, have enabled us to address long-standing questions in several biology areas such as oncology, cell biology, immunology and neuroscience. As the instrument resolution has increased, physiological motion activities have become a major obstacle that prevents imaging live animals at resolutions analogue to the ones obtained in vitro. Motion compensation techniques aim at reducing this gap and can effectively increase the in vivo resolution. This paper provides a technical review of some of the latest developments in motion compensation methods, providing organ specific solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Vinegoni
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
| | - Sungon Lee
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA. He is now with Interaction and Robotics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seoul 136-791 Korea
| | - Paolo Fumene Feruglio
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA and with the Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 8, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for System Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Richard B. Simches Research Center, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston 02114, USA
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15
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Combs CA, Smirnov A, Glancy B, Karamzadeh NS, Gandjbakhche AH, Redford G, Kilborn K, Knutson JR, Balaban RS. Compact non-contact total emission detection for in vivo multiphoton excitation microscopy. J Microsc 2013; 253:83-92. [PMID: 24251437 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe a compact, non-contact design for a total emission detection (c-TED) system for intra-vital multiphoton imaging. To conform to a standard upright two-photon microscope design, this system uses a parabolic mirror surrounding a standard microscope objective in concert with an optical path that does not interfere with normal microscope operation. The non-contact design of this device allows for maximal light collection without disrupting the physiology of the specimen being examined. Tests were conducted on exposed tissues in live animals to examine the emission collection enhancement of the c-TED device compared to heavily optimized objective-based emission collection. The best light collection enhancement was seen from murine fat (5×-2× gains as a function of depth), whereas murine skeletal muscle and rat kidney showed gains of over two and just under twofold near the surface, respectively. Gains decreased with imaging depth (particularly in the kidney). Zebrafish imaging on a reflective substrate showed close to a twofold gain throughout the entire volume of an intact embryo (approximately 150 μm deep). Direct measurement of bleaching rates confirmed that the lower laser powers, enabled by greater light collection efficiency, yielded reduced photobleaching in vivo. The potential benefits of increased light collection in terms of speed of imaging and reduced photo-damage, as well as the applicability of this device to other multiphoton imaging methods is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Combs
- NHLBI Light Microscopy Facility, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061
| | - Aleksandr Smirnov
- NHLBI Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061
| | - Brian Glancy
- NHLBI Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061
| | - Nader S Karamzadeh
- NICHD Section on Biomedical Stochastic Physics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061
| | - Amir H Gandjbakhche
- NICHD Section on Biomedical Stochastic Physics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061
| | - Glen Redford
- Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Inc., Denver, CO 80216
| | - Karl Kilborn
- Intelligent Imaging Innovations, Inc., Denver, CO 80216
| | - Jay R Knutson
- NHLBI Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061
| | - Robert S Balaban
- NHLBI Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1061
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