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Bosque JR, Gómez-Nieto R, Hormigo S, Herrero-Turrión MJ, Díaz-Casado E, Sancho C, López DE. Molecular tools for the characterization of seizure susceptibility in genetic rodent models of epilepsy. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 121:106594. [PMID: 31685382 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.106594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by abnormal neuronal activity that arises from imbalances between excitatory and inhibitory synapses, which are highly correlated to functional and structural changes in specific brain regions. The difference between the normal and the epileptic brain may harbor genetic alterations, gene expression changes, and/or protein alterations in the epileptogenic nucleus. It is becoming increasingly clear that such differences contribute to the development of distinct epilepsy phenotypes. The current major challenges in epilepsy research include understanding the disease progression and clarifying epilepsy classifications by searching for novel molecular biomarkers. Thus, the application of molecular techniques to carry out comprehensive studies at deoxyribonucleic acid, messenger ribonucleic acid, and protein levels is of utmost importance to elucidate molecular dysregulations in the epileptic brain. The present review focused on the great diversity of technical approaches available and new research methodology, which are already being used to study molecular alterations underlying epilepsy. We have grouped the different techniques according to each step in the flow of information from DNA to RNA to proteins, and illustrated with specific examples in animal models of epilepsy, some of which are our own. Separately and collectively, the genomic and proteomic techniques, each with its own strengths and limitations, provide valuable information on molecular mechanisms underlying seizure susceptibility and regulation of neuronal excitability. Determining the molecular differences between genetic rodent models of epilepsy and their wild-type counterparts might be a key in determining mechanisms of seizure susceptibility and epileptogenesis as well as the discovery and development of novel antiepileptic agents. This article is part of the Special Issue "NEWroscience 2018".
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Affiliation(s)
- José Ramón Bosque
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Ricardo Gómez-Nieto
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States of America
| | - Sebastián Hormigo
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - M Javier Herrero-Turrión
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; INCYL Neurological Tissue Bank (BTN-INCYL), Spain
| | - Elena Díaz-Casado
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Consuelo Sancho
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain
| | - Dolores E López
- Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain; Salamanca Institute for Biomedical Research (IBSAL), Spain; Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, United States of America.
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Fletcher PA, Sherman A, Stojilkovic SS. Common and diverse elements of ion channels and receptors underlying electrical activity in endocrine pituitary cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2018; 463:23-36. [PMID: 28652171 PMCID: PMC5742314 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary gland contains six types of endocrine cells defined by hormones they secrete: corticotrophs, melanotrophs, gonadotrophs, thyrotrophs, somatotrophs, and lactotrophs. All these cell types are electrically excitable, and voltage-gated calcium influx is the major trigger for their hormone secretion. Along with hormone intracellular content, G-protein-coupled receptor and ion channel expression can also be considered as defining cell type identity. While many aspects of the developmental and activity dependent regulation of hormone and G-protein-coupled receptor expression have been elucidated, much less is known about the regulation of the ion channels needed for excitation-secretion coupling in these cells. We compare the spontaneous and receptor-controlled patterns of electrical signaling among endocrine pituitary cell types, including insights gained from mathematical modeling. We argue that a common set of ionic currents unites these cells, while differential expression of another subset of ionic currents could underlie cell type-specific patterns. We demonstrate these ideas using a generic mathematical model, showing that it reproduces many observed features of pituitary electrical signaling. Mapping these observations to the developmental lineage suggests possible modes of regulation that may give rise to mature pituitary cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick A Fletcher
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Arthur Sherman
- Laboratory of Biological Modeling, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Section on Cellular Signaling, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Pradotto L, Mencarelli M, Bigoni M, Milesi A, Di Blasio A, Mauro A. Episodic ataxia and SCA6 within the same family due to the D302N CACNA1A gene mutation. J Neurol Sci 2016; 371:81-84. [PMID: 27871455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Several dominant mutations of CACNA1A gene were associated with at least three different allelic disorders: spino-cerebellar ataxia type 6 (SCA6), episodic ataxia type 2 (EA2), and familial hemiplegic migraine-1 (FHM1). It is generally thought that loss-of-function mutations are associated with EA2, gain-of-function missense mutations with FHM1, and abnormal CAG expansions with SCA6. But, overlapping features, atypical symptoms and co-occurrence of distinct phenotypes within the same family were reported. We describe a four generation family showing different phenotypes ranging from EA2 to SCA6 and carrying the p.D302N CACNA1A gene mutation. In our family the phenotypes maintained separate and gender differences corresponding to different phenotypes were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Pradotto
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy.
| | - Monica Mencarelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy
| | - Matteo Bigoni
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Milesi
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy
| | - Anna Di Blasio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Italy; Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Italy
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4
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Duncan PJ, Tabak J, Ruth P, Bertram R, Shipston MJ. Glucocorticoids Inhibit CRH/AVP-Evoked Bursting Activity of Male Murine Anterior Pituitary Corticotrophs. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3108-21. [PMID: 27254001 PMCID: PMC4967125 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Corticotroph cells from the anterior pituitary are an integral component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which governs the neuroendocrine response to stress. Corticotrophs are electrically excitable and fire spontaneous single-spike action potentials and also display secretagogue-induced bursting behavior. The HPA axis function is dependent on effective negative feedback in which elevated plasma glucocorticoids result in inhibition at the level of both the pituitary and the hypothalamus. In this study, we have used an electrophysiological approach coupled with mathematical modeling to investigate the regulation of spontaneous and CRH/arginine vasopressin-induced activity of corticotrophs by glucocorticoids. We reveal that pretreatment of corticotrophs with 100 nM corticosterone (CORT; 90 and 150 min) reduces spontaneous activity and prevents a transition from spiking to bursting after CRH/arginine vasopressin stimulation. In addition, previous studies have identified a role for large-conductance calcium- and voltage-activated potassium (BK) channels in the generation of secretagogue-induced bursting in corticotrophs. Using the dynamic clamp technique, we demonstrated that CRH-induced bursting can be switched to spiking by subtracting a fast BK current, whereas the addition of a fast BK current can induce bursting in CORT-treated cells. In addition, recordings from BK knockout mice (BK(-/-)) revealed that CORT can also inhibit excitability through BK-independent mechanisms to control spike frequency. Thus, we have established that glucocorticoids can modulate multiple properties of corticotroph electrical excitability through both BK-dependent and BK-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Duncan
- Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.J.D., M.J.S.), College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom; Biomedical Neuroscience Research Group (J.T.), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 4PL, United Kingdom; Division of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacy (P.R.), Institute for Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Mathematics and Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics (R.B.), Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Joël Tabak
- Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.J.D., M.J.S.), College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom; Biomedical Neuroscience Research Group (J.T.), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 4PL, United Kingdom; Division of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacy (P.R.), Institute for Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Mathematics and Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics (R.B.), Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Peter Ruth
- Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.J.D., M.J.S.), College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom; Biomedical Neuroscience Research Group (J.T.), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 4PL, United Kingdom; Division of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacy (P.R.), Institute for Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Mathematics and Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics (R.B.), Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Richard Bertram
- Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.J.D., M.J.S.), College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom; Biomedical Neuroscience Research Group (J.T.), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 4PL, United Kingdom; Division of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacy (P.R.), Institute for Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Mathematics and Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics (R.B.), Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
| | - Michael J Shipston
- Centre for Integrative Physiology (P.J.D., M.J.S.), College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, United Kingdom; Biomedical Neuroscience Research Group (J.T.), University of Exeter Medical School, Exeter EX4 4PL, United Kingdom; Division of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Clinical Pharmacy (P.R.), Institute for Pharmacy, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany; and Department of Mathematics and Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular Biophysics (R.B.), Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306
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Sosial E, Nussinovitch I. Multiple Ca2+ channel-dependent components in growth hormone secretion from rat anterior pituitary somatotrophs. J Neuroendocrinol 2015; 27:166-76. [PMID: 25442738 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of L-type Ca(2+) channels in both 'basal' and 'stimulated' growth hormone (GH) secretion is well established; however, knowledge regarding the involvement of non-L-type Ca(2+) channels is lacking. We investigated whether non-L-type Ca(2+) channels regulate GH secretion from anterior pituitary (AP) cells. To this end, GH secretion was monitored from dissociated AP cells, which were incubated for 15 min with 2 mm K(+) ('basal' secretion) or 60 mm K(+) ('stimulated' secretion). The role of non-L-type Ca(2+) influx was investigated using specific channel blockers, including ω-agatoxin-IVA, ω-conotoxin GVIA or SNX-482, to block P/Q-, N- or R-type Ca(2+) channels, respectively. Our results demonstrate that P/Q-, N- and R-type Ca(2+) channels contributed 21.2 ± 1.9%, 20.2 ± 7.6% and 11.4 ± 1.8%, respectively, to 'basal' GH secretion and 18.3 ± 1.0%, 24.4 ± 5.4% and 14.2 ± 4.8%, respectively, to 'stimulated' GH secretion. After treatment with a 'cocktail' that comprised the previously described non-L-type blockers, non-L-type Ca(2+) channels contributed 50.9 ± 0.4% and 45.5 ± 2.0% to 'basal' and 'stimulated' GH secretion, respectively. Similarly, based on the effects of nifedipine (10 μM), L-type Ca(2+) channels contributed 34.2 ± 3.7% and 54.7 ± 4.1% to 'basal' and 'stimulated' GH secretion, respectively. Interestingly, the relative contributions of L-type/non-L-type Ca(2+) channels to 'stimulated' GH secretion were well correlated with the relative contributions of L-type/non-L-type Ca(2+) channels to voltage-gated Ca(2+) influx in AP cells. Finally, we demonstrated that compartmentalisation of Ca(2+) channels is important for GH secretion. Lipid raft disruption (methyl-β-cyclodextrin, 10 mm) abrogated the compartmentalisation of Ca(2+) channels and substantially reduced 'basal' and 'stimulated' GH secretion by 43.2 ± 3.4% and 58.4 ± 4.0%, respectively. In summary, we have demonstrated that multiple Ca(2+) channel-dependent pathways regulate GH secretion. The proper function of these pathways depends on their compartmentalisation within AP cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sosial
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Brain protein expression changes in WAG/Rij rats, a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy after peripheral lipopolysaccharide treatment. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 35:86-95. [PMID: 24021561 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) facilitates 8-10Hz spike-wave discharges (SWD) characterizing absence epilepsy in WAG/Rij rats. It is unknown however, whether peripherally administered LPS is able to alter the generator areas of epileptic activity at the molecular level. We injected 1mg/kg dose of LPS intraperitoneally into WAG/Rij rats, recorded the body temperature and EEG, and examined the protein expression changes of the proteome 12h after injection in the fronto-parietal cortex and thalamus. We used fluorescent two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis to investigate the expression profile. We found 16 differentially expressed proteins in the fronto-parietal cortex and 35 proteins in the thalamus. It is known that SWD genesis correlates with the transitional state of sleep-wake cycle thus we performed meta-analysis of the altered proteins in relation to inflammation, epilepsy as well as sleep. The analysis revealed that all categories are highly represented by the altered proteins and these protein-sets have considerable overlap. Protein network modeling suggested that the alterations in the proteome were largely induced by the immune response, which invokes the NFkB signaling pathway. The proteomics and computational analysis verified the known functional interplay between inflammation, epilepsy and sleep and highlighted proteins that are involved in their common synaptic mechanisms. Our physiological findings support the phenomenon that high dose of peripheral LPS injection increases SWD-number, modifies its duration as well as the sleep-wake stages and decreases body temperature.
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7
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Tzour A, Sosial E, Meir T, Canello T, Naveh-Many T, Gabizon R, Nussinovitch I. Multiple pathways for high voltage-activated ca(2+) influx in anterior pituitary lactotrophs and somatotrophs. J Neuroendocrinol 2013; 25:76-86. [PMID: 22882461 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02372.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that a significant proportion of high voltage-activated (HVA) Ca(2+) influx in native rat anterior pituitary cells is carried through non-L-type Ca(2+) channels. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and specific Ca(2+) channel toxin blockers, we show that approximately 35% of the HVA Ca(2+) influx in somatotrophs and lactotrophs is carried through Ca(v) 2.1, Ca(v) 2.2 and Ca(v) 2.3 channels, and that somatotrophs and lactotrophs share similar proportions of these non-L-type Ca(2+) channels. Furthermore, experiments on mixed populations of native anterior pituitary cells revealed that the fraction of HVA Ca(2+) influx carried through these non-L-type Ca(2+) channels might even be higher (approximately 46%), suggesting that non-L-type channels exist in the majority of native anterior pituitary cells. Using western blotting, immunoblots for α(1C) , α(1D) , α(1A) , α(1B) and α(1E) Ca(2+) channel subunits were identified in native rat anterior pituitary cells. Additionally, using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, cDNA transcripts for α(1C) , α(1D) , α(1A) and α(1B) Ca(2+) channel subunits were identified. Transcripts for α(1E) were nonspecific and transcripts for α(1S) were not detected at all (control). Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate the existence of multiple HVA Ca(2+) channels in the membrane of rat native anterior pituitary cells. Whether these channels are segregated among different membrane compartments was investigated further in flotation assays, demonstrating that Ca(v) 2.1, Ca(v) 1.2 and caveolin-1 were mostly localised in light fractions of Nycodenz gradients (i.e. in lipid raft domains). Ca(v) 1.3 channels were distributed among both light and heavy fractions of the gradients (i.e. among raft and nonraft domains), whereas Ca(v) 2.2 and Ca(v) 2.3 channels were distributed mostly among nonraft domains. In summary, in the present study, we demonstrate multiple pathways for HVA Ca(2+) influx through L-type and non-L-type Ca(2+) channels in the membrane of native anterior pituitary cells. The compartmentalisation of these channels among raft and nonraft membrane domains might be essential for their proper regulation by separate receptors and signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tzour
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Hebrew University Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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Stojilkovic SS, Kretschmannova K, Tomić M, Stratakis CA. Dependence of the excitability of pituitary cells on cyclic nucleotides. J Neuroendocrinol 2012; 24:1183-200. [PMID: 22564128 PMCID: PMC3421050 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2012.02335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic 3',5'-adenosine monophosphate and cyclic 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate are intracellular (second) messengers that are produced from the nucleotide triphosphates by a family of enzymes consisting of adenylyl and guanylyl cyclases. These enzymes are involved in a broad array of signal transduction pathways mediated by the cyclic nucleotide monophosphates and their kinases, which control multiple aspects of cell function through the phosphorylation of protein substrates. We review the findings and working hypotheses on the role of the cyclic nucleotides and their kinases in the control of electrical activity of the endocrine pituitary cells and the plasma membrane channels involved in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Stojilkovic
- Sections on Cellular Signalling and Endocrinology and Genetics, The Eunice Kennedy Shiver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Diaz D, Galina CS, Fiordelisio T, Rubio I, Alarcon MA, Rodriguez AD, Orihuela A. Relationship between growth of the preovulatory follicle and its steroidogenic activity on the onset and expression of estrus behavior in CIDR-treated Bos indicus cows: an observational study. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:262-70. [PMID: 22842198 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Estrus synchronization induces cows to gather in sexually active groups (SAGs) composed of females displaying mounting activity. Although this technique promotes the enhancement of sexual behavior, there are cows in estrus (CE) that delay estrus expression and also cows not displaying estrus (CNDE) even in the presence of a preovulatory follicle (PF). To elucidate the physiological mechanisms of the delay in the onset of estrus or absence of estrus behavior, an observational study was undertaken in 17 Bos indicus cows treated with exogenous progesterone (CIDR) to synchronize estrus and to monitor follicular growth and its steroidogenic activity. After SAGs formation, cows were ovariectomized at 24, 48, and 72 h post-CIDR. Among ovariectomized groups there were only 9 CE which: 1) showed differences in the onset of estrus; 2) displayed distinctive follicular growth patterns; and 3) at 72 h produced the highest intrafollicular estradiol concentration, and showed a linear trend to increase expression of P450scc and P450arom. Comparison of CE vs. CNDE showed that: 1) both groups had progesterone levels indicative of cyclic activity, and a PF which grew at a similar rate and size; 2) CE showed a stronger association between time and growth; and 3) CE produced more intrafollicular estradiol and progesterone, together with the expression of higher levels of P450arom. Results suggest that pending on the pattern of growth of the PF and its steroidogenic potential to produce estradiol, the onset and expression of estrus behavior may be delayed probably until the establishment of the appropriate conditions to ensure ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Diaz
- Departamento de Reproducción, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria 04510, México, DF, Mexico.
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Abstract
Endocrine pituitary cells are neuronlike; they express numerous voltage-gated sodium, calcium, potassium, and chloride channels and fire action potentials spontaneously, accompanied by a rise in intracellular calcium. In some cells, spontaneous electrical activity is sufficient to drive the intracellular calcium concentration above the threshold for stimulus-secretion and stimulus-transcription coupling. In others, the function of these action potentials is to maintain the cells in a responsive state with cytosolic calcium near, but below, the threshold level. Some pituitary cells also express gap junction channels, which could be used for intercellular Ca(2+) signaling in these cells. Endocrine cells also express extracellular ligand-gated ion channels, and their activation by hypothalamic and intrapituitary hormones leads to amplification of the pacemaking activity and facilitation of calcium influx and hormone release. These cells also express numerous G protein-coupled receptors, which can stimulate or silence electrical activity and action potential-dependent calcium influx and hormone release. Other members of this receptor family can activate calcium channels in the endoplasmic reticulum, leading to a cell type-specific modulation of electrical activity. This review summarizes recent findings in this field and our current understanding of the complex relationship between voltage-gated ion channels, ligand-gated ion channels, gap junction channels, and G protein-coupled receptors in pituitary cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanko S Stojilkovic
- Program in Developmental Neuroscience, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Building 49, Room 6A-36, 49 Convent Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4510, USA.
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Eikermann-Haerter K, Dileköz E, Kudo C, Savitz SI, Waeber C, Baum MJ, Ferrari MD, van den Maagdenberg AM, Moskowitz MA, Ayata C. Genetic and hormonal factors modulate spreading depression and transient hemiparesis in mouse models of familial hemiplegic migraine type 1. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:99-109. [PMID: 19104150 PMCID: PMC2613474 DOI: 10.1172/jci36059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hemiplegic migraine type 1 (FHM1) is an autosomal dominant subtype of migraine with aura that is associated with hemiparesis. As with other types of migraine, it affects women more frequently than men. FHM1 is caused by mutations in the CACNA1A gene, which encodes the alpha1A subunit of Cav2.1 channels; the R192Q mutation in CACNA1A causes a mild form of FHM1, whereas the S218L mutation causes a severe, often lethal phenotype. Spreading depression (SD), a slowly propagating neuronal and glial cell depolarization that leads to depression of neuronal activity, is the most likely cause of migraine aura. Here, we have shown that transgenic mice expressing R192Q or S218L FHM1 mutations have increased SD frequency and propagation speed; enhanced corticostriatal propagation; and, similar to the human FHM1 phenotype, more severe and prolonged post-SD neurological deficits. The susceptibility to SD and neurological deficits is affected by allele dosage and is higher in S218L than R192Q mutants. Further, female S218L and R192Q mutant mice were more susceptible to SD and neurological deficits than males. This sex difference was abrogated by ovariectomy and senescence and was partially restored by estrogen replacement, implicating ovarian hormones in the observed sex differences in humans with FHM1. These findings demonstrate that genetic and hormonal factors modulate susceptibility to SD and neurological deficits in FHM1 mutant mice, providing a potential mechanism for the phenotypic diversity of human migraine and aura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Eikermann-Haerter
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ergin Dileköz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chiho Kudo
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sean I. Savitz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christian Waeber
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael J. Baum
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michel D. Ferrari
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Arn M.J.M. van den Maagdenberg
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A. Moskowitz
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Stroke and Neurovascular Regulation Laboratory, Department of Radiology,
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA.
Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen,
Germany. Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical School at
Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biology, Boston University,
Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Department of Neurology and
Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden,
The Netherlands. Stroke Service and Neuroscience Intensive Care Unit,
Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
Massachusetts, USA
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