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Xu C, Li S, Cai Y, Lu J, Teng Y, Yang X, Wang J. Generation of Slco1a4-CreERT2-tdTomato Knock-in Mice for Specific Cerebrovascular Endothelial Cell Targeting. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4666. [PMID: 38731886 PMCID: PMC11083393 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The cerebrovascular endothelial cells with distinct characteristics line cerebrovascular blood vessels and are the fundamental structure of the blood-brain barrier, which is important for the development and homeostatic maintenance of the central nervous system. Cre-LoxP system-based spatial gene manipulation in mice is critical for investigating the physiological functions of key factors or signaling pathways in cerebrovascular endothelial cells. However, there is a lack of Cre recombinase mouse lines that specifically target cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Here, using a publicly available single-cell RNAseq database, we screened the solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1a4 (Slco1a4) as a candidate marker of cerebrovascular endothelial cells. Then, we generated an inducible Cre mouse line in which a CreERT2-T2A-tdTomato cassette was placed after the initiation codon ATG of the Slco1a4 locus. We found that tdTomato, which can indicate the endogenous Slco1a4 expression, was expressed in almost all cerebrovascular endothelial cells but not in any other non-endothelial cell types in the brain, including neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, pericytes, smooth muscle cells, and microglial cells, as well as in other organs. Consistently, when crossing the ROSA26LSL-EYFP Cre reporter mouse, EYFP also specifically labeled almost all cerebrovascular endothelial cells upon tamoxifen induction. Overall, we generated a new inducible Cre line that specifically targets cerebrovascular endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengfang Xu
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (C.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Shounian Li
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (C.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.)
- College of Life Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Yunting Cai
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (C.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Jinjin Lu
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (C.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.)
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yan Teng
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (C.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Xiao Yang
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (C.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; (C.X.); (Y.C.); (Y.T.)
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2
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Li T, Li D, Wei Q, Shi M, Xiang J, Gao R, Chen C, Xu ZX. Dissecting the neurovascular unit in physiology and Alzheimer's disease: Functions, imaging tools and genetic mouse models. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 181:106114. [PMID: 37023830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) plays an essential role in regulating neurovascular coupling, which refers to the communication between neurons, glia, and vascular cells to control the supply of oxygen and nutrients in response to neural activity. Cellular elements of the NVU coordinate to establish an anatomical barrier to separate the central nervous system from the milieu of the periphery system, restricting the free movement of substances from the blood to the brain parenchyma and maintaining central nervous system homeostasis. In Alzheimer's disease, amyloid-β deposition impairs the normal functions of NVU cellular elements, thus accelerating the disease progression. Here, we aim to describe the current knowledge of the NVU cellular elements, including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes, and microglia, in regulating the blood-brain barrier integrity and functions in physiology as well as alterations encountered in Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, the NVU functions as a whole, therefore specific labeling and targeting NVU components in vivo enable us to understand the mechanism mediating cellular communication. We review approaches including commonly used fluorescent dyes, genetic mouse models, and adeno-associated virus vectors for imaging and targeting NVU cellular elements in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Dianyi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minghong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiakun Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Neonatal Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Xiang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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3
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Andreassen SN, Toft-Bertelsen TL, Wardman JH, Villadsen R, MacAulay N. Transcriptional profiling of transport mechanisms and regulatory pathways in rat choroid plexus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2022; 19:44. [PMID: 35659263 PMCID: PMC9166438 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of brain fluid homeostasis associates with brain pathologies in which fluid accumulation leads to elevated intracranial pressure. Surgical intervention remains standard care, since specific and efficient pharmacological treatment options are limited for pathologies with disturbed brain fluid homeostasis. Such lack of therapeutic targets originates, in part, from the incomplete map of the molecular mechanisms underlying cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion by the choroid plexus. METHODS The transcriptomic profile of rat choroid plexus was generated by RNA Sequencing (RNAseq) of whole tissue and epithelial cells captured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS), and compared to proximal tubules. The bioinformatic analysis comprised mapping to reference genome followed by filtering for type, location, and association with alias and protein function. The transporters and associated regulatory modules were arranged in discovery tables according to their transcriptional abundance and tied together in association network analysis. RESULTS The transcriptomic profile of choroid plexus displays high similarity between sex and species (human, rat, and mouse) and lesser similarity to another high-capacity fluid-transporting epithelium, the proximal tubules. The discovery tables provide lists of transport mechanisms that could participate in CSF secretion and suggest regulatory candidates. CONCLUSIONS With quantification of the transport protein transcript abundance in choroid plexus and their potentially linked regulatory modules, we envision a molecular tool to devise rational hypotheses regarding future delineation of choroidal transport proteins involved in CSF secretion and their regulation. Our vision is to obtain future pharmaceutical targets towards modulation of CSF production in pathologies involving disturbed brain water dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren N Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine L Toft-Bertelsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonathan H Wardman
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Mayerl S, Alcaide Martin A, Bauer R, Schwaninger M, Heuer H, ffrench-Constant C. Distinct Actions of the Thyroid Hormone Transporters Mct8 and Oatp1c1 in Murine Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis. Cells 2022; 11:524. [PMID: 35159334 PMCID: PMC8834272 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inactivating mutations in the thyroid hormone (TH) transporter monocarboxylate transporter 8 (MCT8) result in Allan-Herndon-Dudley Syndrome, a severe form of psychomotor retardation, while inactivating mutations in another TH transporter, organic anion transporting polypeptide 1c1 (OATP1C1), are linked to juvenile neurodegeneration. These diseases point to essential roles for TH transporters in CNS function. We recently defined the presence of Mct8 in adult hippocampal progenitors and mature granule cell neurons and unraveled cell-autonomous and indirect requirements for Mct8 in adult hippocampal neurogenesis. Here, we investigated whether Oatp1c1 is involved in the hippocampal neurogenic process in concert with Mct8. We detected Oatp1c1 gene expression activity and transcripts in subsets of progenitors, neurons and niche cells in the dentate gyrus. Absence of Oatp1c1 resulted in increased neuroblast and reduced immature neuron numbers in 6-month-old Oatp1c1ko and Mct8/Oatp1c1 double knockout (M/Odko) mice. Reduced EdU-label retention in Mct8ko and M/Odko mice confirmed the impact of Mct8 on neuron formation. In contrast, no significant effect of Oatp1c1 loss on granule cell neuron production and anxiety-like behavior in the open field arena were seen. Together, our results reinforce that distinct actions of each TH transporter are required at multiple stages to ensure proper adult hippocampal neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mayerl
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.A.M.); (H.H.)
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
| | - Andrea Alcaide Martin
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.A.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Reinhard Bauer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany;
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany;
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany; (A.A.M.); (H.H.)
| | - Charles ffrench-Constant
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK;
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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5
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Gaouaoui-Azouaou H, L'Homme B, Benadjaoud MA, Sache-Aloui A, Granger R, Voyer F, Lestaevel P, Gruel G, Caire-Maurisier F, Crambes C, Dare-Doyen S, Benderitter M, Souidi M. Protection and safety of a repeated dosage of KI for iodine thyroid blocking during pregnancy. JOURNAL OF RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION 2022; 42:011512. [PMID: 34700314 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6498/ac336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In case of nuclear power plant accidents resulting in the release of radioactive iodine (131I) in large amounts, a single intake of stable iodine is recommended in order to prevent131I fixation to the thyroid gland. However, in situations of prolonged exposure to131I (e.g. Fukushima-Daiichi natural and nuclear disaster), repetitive administration of iodine may be necessary to ensure adequate protection, with acceptable safety in vulnerable populations including pregnant women. Here we conducted toxicological studies on adult rats progeny following prolonged exposure to potassium iodide (KI)in utero. Pregnant Wistar rats were treated with 1 mg kg d-1KI or saline water for 2 or 4 d either between gestation days gestational day (GD) GD 9-12, or GD13-16. Plasma samples from the progeny were tested 30 d post-weaning for clinical biochemistry, thyroid hormones, and anti-thyroid antibody levels. Thyroid and brain were collected for gene expression analysis. The hormonal status was similar for the mothers in all experimental conditions. In the offspring, while thyroid-stimulating hormone and anti-thyroid peroxidase (anti-TPO) antibody levels were similar in all groups, a significant increase of FT3 and FT4 levels was observed in GD9-GD10 and in GD13-GD14 animals treated for 2 d, respectively. In addition, FT4 levels were mildly decreased in 4 d treated GD13-16 individuals. Moreover, a significant decrease in the expression level of thyroid genes involved in iodide metabolism, TPO and apical iodide transporter, was observed in GD13-GD14 animals treated for 2 d. We conclude that repeated KI administration for 2-4 d during gestation did not induce strong thyroid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayat Gaouaoui-Azouaou
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Bruno L'Homme
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mohamed Amine Benadjaoud
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Amandine Sache-Aloui
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Romain Granger
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Frederic Voyer
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Philippe Lestaevel
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Gaëtan Gruel
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - François Caire-Maurisier
- Pharmacie Centrale des Armées, Direction des Approvisionnement en produits de santé des armées, 45404 Fleury-les Aubrais, France
| | - Caroline Crambes
- Pharmacie Centrale des Armées, Direction des Approvisionnement en produits de santé des armées, 45404 Fleury-les Aubrais, France
| | - Stephanie Dare-Doyen
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marc Benderitter
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Maâmar Souidi
- Institut de radioprotection et de sûreté Nucléaire (IRSN), PSE-SANTE, 92290 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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6
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Brain Perivascular Macrophages Do Not Mediate Interleukin-1-Induced Sickness Behavior in Rats. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14101030. [PMID: 34681254 PMCID: PMC8541198 DOI: 10.3390/ph14101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior, characterized by on overall reduction in behavioral activity, is commonly observed after bacterial infection. Sickness behavior can also be induced by the peripheral administration of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), a pro-inflammatory cytokine released by LPS-activated macrophages. In addition to the microglia, the brain contains perivascular macrophages, which express the IL-1 type 1 receptor (IL-1R1). In the present study, we assessed the role of brain perivascular macrophages in mediating IL-1β-induced sickness behavior in rats. To do so, we used intracerebroventricular (icv) administration of an IL-1β-saporin conjugate, known to eliminate IL-R1-expressing brain cells, prior to systemic or central IL-1β injection. Icv IL-1β-saporin administration resulted in a reduction in brain perivascular macrophages, without altering subsequent icv or ip IL-1β-induced reductions in food intake, locomotor activity, and social interactions. In conclusion, the present work shows that icv IL-1β-saporin administration is an efficient way to target brain perivascular macrophages, and to determine whether these cells are involved in IL-1β-induced sickness behavior.
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Hong CC, Tang AT, Detter MR, Choi JP, Wang R, Yang X, Guerrero AA, Wittig CF, Hobson N, Girard R, Lightle R, Moore T, Shenkar R, Polster SP, Goddard LM, Ren AA, Leu NA, Sterling S, Yang J, Li L, Chen M, Mericko-Ishizuka P, Dow LE, Watanabe H, Schwaninger M, Min W, Marchuk DA, Zheng X, Awad IA, Kahn ML. Cerebral cavernous malformations are driven by ADAMTS5 proteolysis of versican. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151938. [PMID: 32648916 PMCID: PMC7537394 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20200140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) form following loss of the CCM protein complex in brain endothelial cells due to increased endothelial MEKK3 signaling and KLF2/4 transcription factor expression, but the downstream events that drive lesion formation remain undefined. Recent studies have revealed that CCM lesions expand by incorporating neighboring wild-type endothelial cells, indicative of a cell nonautonomous mechanism. Here we find that endothelial loss of ADAMTS5 reduced CCM formation in the neonatal mouse model. Conversely, endothelial gain of ADAMTS5 conferred early lesion genesis in the absence of increased KLF2/4 expression and synergized with KRIT1 loss of function to create large malformations. Lowering versican expression reduced CCM burden, indicating that versican is the relevant ADAMTS5 substrate and that lesion formation requires proteolysis but not loss of this extracellular matrix protein. These findings identify endothelial secretion of ADAMTS5 and cleavage of versican as downstream mechanisms of CCM pathogenesis and provide a basis for the participation of wild-type endothelial cells in lesion formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Hong
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Alan T Tang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Matthew R Detter
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Jaesung P Choi
- Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjian Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjian Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Andrea A Guerrero
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Carl F Wittig
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Nicholas Hobson
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Romuald Girard
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Rhonda Lightle
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Thomas Moore
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Robert Shenkar
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Sean P Polster
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Lauren M Goddard
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Aileen A Ren
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - N Adrian Leu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Stephanie Sterling
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Li Li
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Mei Chen
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Lukas E Dow
- Department of Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Hideto Watanabe
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lubeck, Lubeck, Germany
| | - Wang Min
- Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Therapeutics, Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Douglas A Marchuk
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC
| | - Xiangjian Zheng
- Centenary Institute, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjian Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Issam A Awad
- Neurovascular Surgery Program, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, The University of Chicago School of Medicine and Biological Sciences, Chicago, IL
| | - Mark L Kahn
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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8
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Pardridge WM. The Isolated Brain Microvessel: A Versatile Experimental Model of the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Physiol 2020; 11:398. [PMID: 32457645 PMCID: PMC7221163 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A versatile experimental model for the investigation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), including the neuro-vascular unit, is the isolated brain microvessel preparation. Brain microvessels are primarily comprised of endothelial cells, but also include pericytes, pre-capillary arteriolar smooth muscle cells, astrocyte foot processes, and occasional nerve endings. These microvessels can be isolated from brain with a 3 h procedure, and the microvessels are free of brain parenchyma. Brain microvessels have been isolated from fresh animal brain, fresh human brain obtained at neurosurgery, as well as fresh or frozen autopsy human brain. Brain microvessels are the starting point for isolation of brain microvessel RNA, which then enables the production of BBB cDNA libraries and a genomics analysis of the brain microvasculature. Brain microvessels, combined with quantitative targeted absolute proteomics, allow for the quantitation of specific transporters or receptors expressed at the brain microvasculature. Brain microvessels, combined with specific antibodies and immune labeling of isolated capillaries, allow for the cellular location of proteins expressed within the neuro-vascular unit. Isolated brain microvessels can be used as an “in vitro” preparation of the BBB for the study of the kinetic parameters of BBB carrier-mediated transport (CMT) systems, or for the determination of dissociation constants of peptide binding to BBB receptor-mediated transport (RMT) systems expressed at either the animal or the human BBB. This review will discuss how the isolated brain microvessel model system has advanced our understanding of the organization and functional properties of the BBB, and highlight recent renewed interest in this 50 year old model of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Pardridge
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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9
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Groeneweg S, van Geest FS, Peeters RP, Heuer H, Visser WE. Thyroid Hormone Transporters. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:5637505. [PMID: 31754699 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1C1, and SLC17A4 are currently known as transporters displaying the highest specificity toward thyroid hormones. Structure-function studies using homology modeling and mutational screens have led to better understanding of the molecular basis of thyroid hormone transport. Mutations in MCT8 and in OATP1C1 have been associated with clinical disorders. Different animal models have provided insight into the functional role of thyroid hormone transporters, in particular MCT8. Different treatment strategies for MCT8 deficiency have been explored, of which thyroid hormone analogue therapy is currently applied in patients. Future studies may reveal the identity of as-yet-undiscovered thyroid hormone transporters. Complementary studies employing animal and human models will provide further insight into the role of transporters in health and disease. (Endocrine Reviews 41: 1 - 55, 2020).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Groeneweg
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ferdy S van Geest
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robin P Peeters
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heike Heuer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - W Edward Visser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Gross CC, Meyer C, Bhatia U, Yshii L, Kleffner I, Bauer J, Tröscher AR, Schulte-Mecklenbeck A, Herich S, Schneider-Hohendorf T, Plate H, Kuhlmann T, Schwaninger M, Brück W, Pawlitzki M, Laplaud DA, Loussouarn D, Parratt J, Barnett M, Buckland ME, Hardy TA, Reddel SW, Ringelstein M, Dörr J, Wildemann B, Kraemer M, Lassmann H, Höftberger R, Beltrán E, Dornmair K, Schwab N, Klotz L, Meuth SG, Martin-Blondel G, Wiendl H, Liblau R. CD8 + T cell-mediated endotheliopathy is a targetable mechanism of neuro-inflammation in Susac syndrome. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5779. [PMID: 31852955 PMCID: PMC6920411 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13593-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is often associated with blood-brain-barrier dysfunction, which contributes to neurological tissue damage. Here, we reveal the pathophysiology of Susac syndrome (SuS), an enigmatic neuroinflammatory disease with central nervous system (CNS) endotheliopathy. By investigating immune cells from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and CNS of SuS patients, we demonstrate oligoclonal expansion of terminally differentiated activated cytotoxic CD8+ T cells (CTLs). Neuropathological data derived from both SuS patients and a newly-developed transgenic mouse model recapitulating the disease indicate that CTLs adhere to CNS microvessels in distinct areas and polarize granzyme B, which most likely results in the observed endothelial cell injury and microhemorrhages. Blocking T-cell adhesion by anti-α4 integrin-intervention ameliorates the disease in the preclinical model. Similarly, disease severity decreases in four SuS patients treated with natalizumab along with other therapy. Our study identifies CD8+ T-cell-mediated endotheliopathy as a key disease mechanism in SuS and highlights therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catharina C Gross
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Céline Meyer
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, CHU Purpan - BP 3028 - 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Urvashi Bhatia
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lidia Yshii
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, CHU Purpan - BP 3028 - 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, Toulouse, France
| | - Ilka Kleffner
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Knappschaftskrankenhaus Bochum, Ruhr University Bochum, In der Schornau 23-25, 44892, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jan Bauer
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna R Tröscher
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Schulte-Mecklenbeck
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Herich
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tilman Schneider-Hohendorf
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Henrike Plate
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Pottkamp 2, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Brück
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Straße 40, 37099, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc Pawlitzki
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - David-Axel Laplaud
- UMR 1064, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, Université de Nantes, CHU Nantes - Hôtel Dieu Bd Jean Monnet, 44093, Nantes Cedex 01, France
- Service Neurologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Delphine Loussouarn
- Service d'Anatomo-Pathologie, CHU Nantes, Hôtel-Dieu, rez-de-jardin, 44093, Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - John Parratt
- Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Australia Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Reserve Road, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia
| | - Michael Barnett
- Brain and Mind Centre, Medical Faculty, University of Sydney, Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Michael E Buckland
- Brain and Mind Centre, Medical Faculty, University of Sydney, Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Department of Neuropathology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, 94, Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Todd A Hardy
- Brain and Mind Centre, Medical Faculty, University of Sydney, Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - Stephen W Reddel
- Brain and Mind Centre, Medical Faculty, University of Sydney, Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
- Department of Neurology, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2139, Australia
| | - Marius Ringelstein
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Center of Neurology und Neuropsychiatry, LVR-Klinikum, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Bergische Landstraße 2, 40629, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jan Dörr
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, NeuroCure, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Brigitte Wildemann
- Molecular Neuroimmunology Group, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Markus Kraemer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Alfried Krupp Hospital, Alfried-Krupp-Strasse 21, 45130, Essen, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Romana Höftberger
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eduardo Beltrán
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 9, Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Biomedical Center and Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Großhaderner Straße 9, Martinsried, 82152, Munich, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Nicholas Schwab
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Cells in Motion (CiM), Münster, Germany
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, CHU Purpan - BP 3028 - 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, Toulouse, France
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Toulouse University Hospital, Toulouse, France
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Münster, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Australia Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, Reserve Road, St Leonards, Sydney, NSW, 2065, Australia.
- Cells in Motion (CiM), Münster, Germany.
| | - Roland Liblau
- Centre de Physiopathologie Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Inserm, UPS, CHU Purpan - BP 3028 - 31024, Toulouse Cedex 3, Toulouse, France.
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11
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Wirth EK, Meyer F. Neuronal effects of thyroid hormone metabolites. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 458:136-142. [PMID: 28088465 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones and their metabolites are active regulators of gene expression, mitochondrial function and various other physiological actions in different organs and tissues. These actions are mediated by a spatio-temporal regulation of thyroid hormones and metabolites within a target cell. This spatio-temporal resolution as well as classical and non-classical actions of thyroid hormones and metabolites is accomplished and regulated on multiple levels as uptake, local activation and signaling of thyroid hormones. In this review, we will give an overview of the systems involved in regulating the presence and activity of thyroid hormones and their metabolites within the brain, specifically in neurons. While a wealth of data on thyroxin (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) in the brain has been generated, research into the presence of action of other thyroid hormone metabolites is still sparse and requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva K Wirth
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Meyer
- Institut für Experimentelle Endokrinologie, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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12
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Storck SE, Pietrzik CU. Endothelial LRP1 - A Potential Target for the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease : Theme: Drug Discovery, Development and Delivery in Alzheimer's Disease Guest Editor: Davide Brambilla. Pharm Res 2017; 34:2637-2651. [PMID: 28948494 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-017-2267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The accumulation of the neurotoxin beta-amyloid (Aβ) is a major hallmark in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ homeostasis in the brain is governed by its production and various clearance mechanisms. Both pathways are influenced by the ubiquitously expressed low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). In cerebral blood vessels, LRP1 is an important mediator for the rapid removal of Aβ from brain via transport across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we summarize recent findings on LRP1 function and discuss the targeting of LRP1 as a modulator for AD pathology and drug delivery into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E Storck
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Duesbergweg 6, 55099, Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Hülsmann S, Hagos L, Heuer H, Schnell C. Limitations of Sulforhodamine 101 for Brain Imaging. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:44. [PMID: 28293173 PMCID: PMC5328990 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2004, the red fluorescent dye Sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) has been boosting the functional analysis of astrocytes in a functional environment in an unprecedented way. However, two major limitations have been challenging the usefulness of this tool for cellular imaging: (i) SR101 is not as specific for astrocytes as previously reported; and (ii) discoveries of severe excitatory side effects of SR101 are bearing the risk of unwanted alteration of the system of interest. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge about SR101-labeling protocols and discuss the problems that arise from varying of the staining protocols. Furthermore, we provide a testable hypothesis for the observed hyper-excitability that can be observed when using SR101.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swen Hülsmann
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Hospital GöttingenGöttingen, Germany; DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liya Hagos
- Clinic for Anesthesiology, University Hospital GöttingenGöttingen, Germany; DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB)Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Heuer
- Leibniz-Institut für Umweltmedizinische Forschung GmbH Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Schnell
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB) Göttingen, Germany
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14
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Nizamutdinov D, DeMorrow S, McMillin M, Kain J, Mukherjee S, Zeitouni S, Frampton G, Bricker PCS, Hurst J, Shapiro LA. Hepatic alterations are accompanied by changes to bile acid transporter-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus after traumatic brain injury. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40112. [PMID: 28106051 PMCID: PMC5247752 DOI: 10.1038/srep40112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Annually, there are over 2 million incidents of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and treatment options are non-existent. While many TBI studies have focused on the brain, peripheral contributions involving the digestive and immune systems are emerging as factors involved in the various symptomology associated with TBI. We hypothesized that TBI would alter hepatic function, including bile acid system machinery in the liver and brain. The results show activation of the hepatic acute phase response by 2 hours after TBI, hepatic inflammation by 6 hours after TBI and a decrease in hepatic transcription factors, Gli 1, Gli 2, Gli 3 at 2 and 24 hrs after TBI. Bile acid receptors and transporters were decreased as early as 2 hrs after TBI until at least 24 hrs after TBI. Quantification of bile acid transporter, ASBT-expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, revealed a significant decrease following TBI. These results are the first to show such changes following a TBI, and are compatible with previous studies of the bile acid system in stroke models. The data support the emerging idea of a systemic influence to neurological disorders and point to the need for future studies to better define specific mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Nizamutdinov
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Institute, Baylor Scott &White Health, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Matthew McMillin
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Sanjib Mukherjee
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Suzanne Zeitouni
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Departent of Internal Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Paul Clint S Bricker
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Jacob Hurst
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
| | - Lee A Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Research Institute, Baylor Scott &White Health, Temple, Texas, 76504, USA
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15
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Assmann JC, Körbelin J, Schwaninger M. Genetic manipulation of brain endothelial cells in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1862:381-94. [PMID: 26454206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Assmann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jakob Körbelin
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hubertus Wald Cancer Center, Department of Oncology and Hematology, Martinistr. 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.
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16
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Mayerl S, Müller J, Bauer R, Richert S, Kassmann CM, Darras VM, Buder K, Boelen A, Visser TJ, Heuer H. Transporters MCT8 and OATP1C1 maintain murine brain thyroid hormone homeostasis. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:1987-99. [PMID: 24691440 DOI: 10.1172/jci70324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome (AHDS), a severe form of psychomotor retardation with abnormal thyroid hormone (TH) parameters, is linked to mutations in the TH-specific monocarboxylate transporter MCT8. In mice, deletion of Mct8 (Mct8 KO) faithfully replicates AHDS-associated endocrine abnormalities; however, unlike patients, these animals do not exhibit neurological impairments. While transport of the active form of TH (T3) across the blood-brain barrier is strongly diminished in Mct8 KO animals, prohormone (T4) can still enter the brain, possibly due to the presence of T4-selective organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP1C1). Here, we characterized mice deficient for both TH transporters, MCT8 and OATP1C1 (Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO). Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO mice exhibited alterations in peripheral TH homeostasis that were similar to those in Mct8 KO mice; however, uptake of both T3 and T4 into the brains of Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO mice was strongly reduced. Evidence of TH deprivation in the CNS of Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO mice included highly decreased brain TH content as well as altered deiodinase activities and TH target gene expression. Consistent with delayed cerebellar development and reduced myelination, Mct8/Oatp1c1 DKO mice displayed pronounced locomotor abnormalities. Intriguingly, differentiation of GABAergic interneurons in the cerebral cortex was highly compromised. Our findings underscore the importance of TH transporters for proper brain development and provide a basis to study the pathogenic mechanisms underlying AHDS.
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17
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Ruud J, Wilhelms DB, Nilsson A, Eskilsson A, Tang YJ, Ströhle P, Caesar R, Schwaninger M, Wunderlich T, Bäckhed F, Engblom D, Blomqvist A. Inflammation- and tumor-induced anorexia and weight loss require MyD88 in hematopoietic/myeloid cells but not in brain endothelial or neural cells. FASEB J 2013; 27:1973-80. [PMID: 23395911 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-225433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Loss of appetite is a hallmark of inflammatory diseases. The underlying mechanisms remain undefined, but it is known that myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), an adaptor protein critical for Toll-like and IL-1 receptor family signaling, is involved. Here we addressed the question of determining in which cells the MyD88 signaling that results in anorexia development occurs by using chimeric mice and animals with cell-specific deletions. We found that MyD88-knockout mice, which are resistant to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced anorexia, displayed anorexia when transplanted with wild-type bone marrow cells. Furthermore, mice with a targeted deletion of MyD88 in hematopoietic or myeloid cells were largely protected against LPS-induced anorexia and displayed attenuated weight loss, whereas mice with MyD88 deletion in hepatocytes or in neural cells or the cerebrovascular endothelium developed anorexia and weight loss of similar magnitude as wild-type mice. Furthermore, in a model for cancer-induced anorexia-cachexia, deletion of MyD88 in hematopoietic cells attenuated the anorexia and protected against body weight loss. These findings demonstrate that MyD88-dependent signaling within the brain is not required for eliciting inflammation-induced anorexia. Instead, we identify MyD88 signaling in hematopoietic/myeloid cells as a critical component for acute inflammatory-driven anorexia, as well as for chronic anorexia and weight loss associated with malignant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ruud
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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18
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Shyam K Sharan KB, Sharan SK. Manipulating the Mouse Genome Using Recombineering. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2013; 2. [PMID: 31404315 DOI: 10.4172/2169-0111.1000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered mouse models are indispensable for understanding the biological function of genes, understanding the genetic basis of human diseases and for preclinical testing of novel therapies. Generation of such mouse models has been possible because of our ability to manipulate the mouse genome. Recombineering is a highly efficient recombination-based method of genetic engineering that has revolutionized our ability to generate mouse models. Since recombineering technology is not dependent on the availability of restriction enzyme recognition sites, it allows us to modify the genome with great precision. It requires homology arms as short as 40 bases for recombination, which makes it relatively easy to generate targeting constructs to insert, change or delete either a single nucleotide or a DNA fragment several kb in size; insert selectable markers, reporter genes or add epitope tags to any gene of interest. In this review, we focus on the development of recombineering technology and its application in the generation of transgenic and knockout or knock-in mouse models. High throughput generation of gene targeting vectors, used to construct knockout alleles in mouse embryonic stem cells, is now feasible because of this technology. The challenge now is to use the "designer" mice to develop novel therapies to prevent, cure or effectively manage some the most debilitating human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shyam K Sharan
- Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702
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19
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Kunze R, Zhou W, Veltkamp R, Wielockx B, Breier G, Marti HH. Neuron-specific prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain 2 knockout reduces brain injury after transient cerebral ischemia. Stroke 2012; 43:2748-56. [PMID: 22933585 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.669598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Numerous factors involved in the adaptive response to hypoxia, including erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor are transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). During normoxia, prolyl-4-hydroxylase domain (PHD) proteins hydroxylate HIF-α subunits, resulting in their degradation. We investigated the effect of neuronal deletion of PHD2, the most abundant isoform in brain, for stroke outcome. METHODS We generated neuron-specific Phd2 knockout mice and subjected animals to systemic hypoxia or transient middle cerebral artery occlusion. Infarct volume and cell death were determined by histology. HIF-1α, HIF-2α, and HIF target genes were analyzed by immunoblotting and real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively. RESULTS Neuron-specific ablation of Phd2 significantly increased protein stability of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in the forebrain and enhanced expression of the neuroprotective HIF target genes erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor as well as glucose transporter and glycolysis-related enzymes under hypoxic and ischemic conditions. Mice with Phd2-deficient neurons subjected to transient cerebral ischemia exhibited a strong reduction in infarct size, and cell death of hippocampal CA1 neurons located in the peri-infarct region was dramatically reduced in these mice. Vessel density in forebrain subregions, except for caudate-putamen, was not altered in Phd2-deficient animals. CONCLUSIONS Our findings denote that the endogenous adaptive response on hypoxic-ischemic insults in the brain is at least partly dependent on the activity of HIFs and identify PHD2 as the key regulator for the protective hypoxia response. The results suggest that specific inhibition of PHD2 may provide a useful therapeutic strategy to protect brain tissue from ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiner Kunze
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 326, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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Ho HTB, Dahlin A, Wang J. Expression Profiling of Solute Carrier Gene Families at the Blood-CSF Barrier. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:154. [PMID: 22936914 PMCID: PMC3426838 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus (CP) is a highly vascularized tissue in the brain ventricles and acts as the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier (BCSFB). A main function of the CP is to secrete CSF, which is accomplished by active transport of small ions and water from the blood side to the CSF side. The CP also supplies the brain with certain nutrients, hormones, and metal ions, while removing metabolites and xenobiotics from the CSF. Numerous membrane transporters are expressed in the CP in order to facilitate the solute exchange between the blood and the CSF. The solute carrier (SLC) superfamily represents a major class of transporters in the CP that constitutes the molecular mechanisms for CP function. Recently, we systematically and quantitatively examined Slc gene expression in 20 anatomically comprehensive brain areas in the adult mouse brain using high-quality in situ hybridization data generated by the Allen Brain Atlas. Here we focus our analysis on Slc gene expression at the BCSFB using previously obtained data. Of the 252 Slc genes present in the mouse brain, 202 Slc genes were found at detectable levels in the CP. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis showed that the CP Slc gene expression pattern is substantially different from the other 19 analyzed brain regions. The majority of the Slc genes in the CP are expressed at low to moderate levels, whereas 28 Slc genes are present in the CP at the highest levels. These highly expressed Slc genes encode transporters involved in CSF secretion, energy production, and transport of nutrients, hormones, neurotransmitters, sulfate, and metal ions. In this review, the functional characteristics and potential importance of these Slc transporters in the CP are discussed, with particular emphasis on their localization and physiological functions at the BCSFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horace T B Ho
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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Heuer H, Visser TJ. The pathophysiological consequences of thyroid hormone transporter deficiencies: Insights from mouse models. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:3974-8. [PMID: 22543196 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/04/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a prerequisite for thyroid hormone (TH) metabolism and action TH has to be transported into cells where TH deiodinases and receptors are located. The trans-membrane passage of TH is facilitated by TH transporters of which the monocarboxylate transporter MCT8 has been most intensively studied. Inactivating mutations in the gene encoding MCT8 are associated with a severe form of psychomotor retardation and abnormal serum TH levels (Allan-Herndon-Dudley syndrome). In order to define the underlying pathogenic mechanisms, Mct8 knockout mice have been generated and intensively studied. Most surprisingly, Mct8 ko mice do not show any neurological symptoms but fully replicate the abnormal serum thyroid state. SCOPE OF REVIEW We will summarize the findings of these mouse studies that shed light on various aspects of Mct8 deficiency and unambiguously demonstrated the pivotal role of Mct8 in mediating TH transport in various tissues. These studies have also revealed the presence of the complex interplay between different pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the generation of the abnormal TH serum profile. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Most importantly, studies of Mct8 ko mice indicated the presence of additional TH transporters that act in concert with Mct8. Interesting candidates for such a function are the L-type amino acid transporters Lat1 and Lat2 as well as the organic anion transporting polypeptide Oatp1c1. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Overall, the analysis of Mct8 deficient mice has greatly expanded our knowledge about the (patho-) physiological function of this transporter and established a sound basis for the characterization of additional TH transporter candidates. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Thyroid hormone signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heike Heuer
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research/Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany.
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Ridder DA, Lang MF, Salinin S, Röderer JP, Struss M, Maser-Gluth C, Schwaninger M. TAK1 in brain endothelial cells mediates fever and lethargy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:2615-23. [PMID: 22143887 PMCID: PMC3244031 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20110398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Expression of the MAP kinase kinase kinase TAK1 in brain endothelial cells is needed for production of prostaglandin E2, and for induction of fever and sickness behavior, in response to peripheral inflammation. Systemic inflammation affects the brain, resulting in fever, anorexia, lethargy, and activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. How peripheral inflammatory signals reach the brain is still a matter of debate. One possibility is that, in response to inflammatory stimuli, brain endothelial cells in proximity to the thermoregulatory centers produce cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and release prostaglandin E2, causing fever and sickness behavior. We show that expression of the MAP kinase kinase kinase TAK1 in brain endothelial cells is needed for interleukin 1β (IL-1β)–induced COX-2 production. Exploiting the selective expression of the thyroxine transporter Slco1c1 in brain endothelial cells, we generated a mouse line allowing inducible deletion of Tak1 specifically in brain endothelium. Mice lacking the Tak1 gene in brain endothelial cells showed a blunted fever response and reduced lethargy upon intravenous injection of the endogenous pyrogen IL-1β. In conclusion, we demonstrate that TAK1 in brain endothelial cells induces COX-2, most likely by activating p38 MAPK and c-Jun, and is necessary for fever and sickness behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk A Ridder
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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