1
|
Perez-Limón S, Li M, Cintora-Martinez GC, Aguilar-Rangel MR, Salazar-Vidal MN, González-Segovia E, Blöcher-Juárez K, Guerrero-Zavala A, Barrales-Gamez B, Carcaño-Macias J, Costich DE, Nieto-Sotelo J, Martinez de la Vega O, Simpson J, Hufford MB, Ross-Ibarra J, Flint-Garcia S, Diaz-Garcia L, Rellán-Álvarez R, Sawers RJH. A B73×Palomero Toluqueño mapping population reveals local adaptation in Mexican highland maize. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkab447. [PMID: 35100386 PMCID: PMC8896015 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Generations of farmer selection in the central Mexican highlands have produced unique maize varieties adapted to the challenges of the local environment. In addition to possessing great agronomic and cultural value, Mexican highland maize represents a good system for the study of local adaptation and acquisition of adaptive phenotypes under cultivation. In this study, we characterize a recombinant inbred line population derived from the B73 reference line and the Mexican highland maize variety Palomero Toluqueño. B73 and Palomero Toluqueño showed classic rank-changing differences in performance between lowland and highland field sites, indicative of local adaptation. Quantitative trait mapping identified genomic regions linked to effects on yield components that were conditionally expressed depending on the environment. For the principal genomic regions associated with ear weight and total kernel number, the Palomero Toluqueño allele conferred an advantage specifically in the highland site, consistent with local adaptation. We identified Palomero Toluqueño alleles associated with expression of characteristic highland traits, including reduced tassel branching, increased sheath pigmentation and the presence of sheath macrohairs. The oligogenic architecture of these three morphological traits supports their role in adaptation, suggesting they have arisen from consistent directional selection acting at distinct points across the genome. We discuss these results in the context of the origin of phenotypic novelty during selection, commenting on the role of de novo mutation and the acquisition of adaptive variation by gene flow from endemic wild relatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Perez-Limón
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - G Carolina Cintora-Martinez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - M Rocio Aguilar-Rangel
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - M Nancy Salazar-Vidal
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, UC Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Eric González-Segovia
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Karla Blöcher-Juárez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Alejandro Guerrero-Zavala
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Benjamin Barrales-Gamez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Jessica Carcaño-Macias
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Denise E Costich
- International Center for Maize and Wheat Improvement (CIMMyT), De México 56237, México
| | - Jorge Nieto-Sotelo
- Jardín Botánico, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Octavio Martinez de la Vega
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - June Simpson
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
| | - Matthew B Hufford
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Jeffrey Ross-Ibarra
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, UC Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Center for Population Biology, and Genome Center, UC Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sherry Flint-Garcia
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Plant Genetics Research Unit, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Luis Diaz-Garcia
- Campo Experimental Pabellón-INIFAP. Carretera Aguascalientes-Zacatecas, Aguascalientes, CP 20660, México
| | - Rubén Rellán-Álvarez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Ruairidh J H Sawers
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad/Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV-IPN), Irapuato, Guanajuato 36821, México
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Al Borki AES, Alzerbi AK, Kabiel HF, Hegazy AK. ‘Variations in phenological and functional traits in
Thapsia garganica
populations in Al Jebel Al Akhdar, Libya’. Afr J Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/aje.12734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hanan F. Kabiel
- Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
| | - Ahmad K. Hegazy
- Department of Botany and Microbiology Faculty of Science Cairo University Giza Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Price N, Lopez L, Platts AE, Lasky JR. In the presence of population structure: From genomics to candidate genes underlying local adaptation. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:1889-1904. [PMID: 32128123 PMCID: PMC7042746 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the genomic signatures, genes, and traits underlying local adaptation of organisms to heterogeneous environments is of central importance to the field evolutionary biology. To identify loci underlying local adaptation, models that combine allelic and environmental variation while controlling for the effects of population structure have emerged as the method of choice. Despite being evaluated in simulation studies, there has not been a thorough investigation of empirical evidence supporting local adaptation across these alleles. To evaluate these methods, we use 875 Arabidopsis thaliana Eurasian accessions and two mixed models (GEMMA and LFMM) to identify candidate SNPs underlying local adaptation to climate. Subsequently, to assess evidence of local adaptation and function among significant SNPs, we examine allele frequency differentiation and recent selection across Eurasian populations, in addition to their distribution along quantitative trait loci (QTL) explaining fitness variation between Italy and Sweden populations and cis-regulatory/nonsynonymous sites showing significant selective constraint. Our results indicate that significant LFMM/GEMMA SNPs show low allele frequency differentiation and linkage disequilibrium across locally adapted Italy and Sweden populations, in addition to a poor association with fitness QTL peaks (highest logarithm of odds score). Furthermore, when examining derived allele frequencies across the Eurasian range, we find that these SNPs are enriched in low-frequency variants that show very large climatic differentiation but low levels of linkage disequilibrium. These results suggest that their enrichment along putative functional sites most likely represents deleterious variation that is independent of local adaptation. Among all the genomic signatures examined, only SNPs showing high absolute allele frequency differentiation (AFD) and linkage disequilibrium (LD) between Italy and Sweden populations showed a strong association with fitness QTL peaks and were enriched along selectively constrained cis-regulatory/nonsynonymous sites. Using these SNPs, we find strong evidence linking flowering time, freezing tolerance, and the abscisic-acid pathway to local adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Price
- Department of Bioagricultural Sciences & Pest ManagementColorado State UniversityFort CollinsCOUSA
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversity of CyprusNicosiaCyprus
| | - Lua Lopez
- Department of BiologyBinghamton University (State University of New York)BinghamtonNYUSA
| | - Adrian E. Platts
- Simons Center for Quantitative BiologyCold Spring Harbor LaboratoryCold Spring HarborNYUSA
- Department of BiologyCenter for Genomics and Systems BiologyNew York UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Jesse R. Lasky
- Department of BiologyPennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
QTL × environment interactions underlie adaptive divergence in switchgrass across a large latitudinal gradient. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12933-12941. [PMID: 31182579 PMCID: PMC6600931 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821543116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how individual genetic loci contribute to trait variation across geographic space is of fundamental importance for understanding evolutionary adaptations. Our study demonstrates that most loci underlying locally adaptive trait variation have beneficial effects in some geographic regions while conferring little or no detectable cost in other parts of the geographic range of switchgrass over two field seasons of study. Thus, loci that contribute to local adaptation vary in the degree to which they are costly in alternative environments but typically confer greater benefits than costs. Further, our study suggests that breeding locally adapted varieties of switchgrass will be a boon to the biofuel industry, as locally adaptive loci could be combined to increase local yields in switchgrass. Local adaptation is the process by which natural selection drives adaptive phenotypic divergence across environmental gradients. Theory suggests that local adaptation results from genetic trade-offs at individual genetic loci, where adaptation to one set of environmental conditions results in a cost to fitness in alternative environments. However, the degree to which there are costs associated with local adaptation is poorly understood because most of these experiments rely on two-site reciprocal transplant experiments. Here, we quantify the benefits and costs of locally adaptive loci across 17° of latitude in a four-grandparent outbred mapping population in outcrossing switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.), an emerging biofuel crop and dominant tallgrass species. We conducted quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping across 10 sites, ranging from Texas to South Dakota. This analysis revealed that beneficial biomass (fitness) QTL generally incur minimal costs when transplanted to other field sites distributed over a large climatic gradient over the 2 y of our study. Therefore, locally advantageous alleles could potentially be combined across multiple loci through breeding to create high-yielding regionally adapted cultivars.
Collapse
|
5
|
Rubin MJ, Schmid KM, Friedman J. Assortative mating by flowering time and its effect on correlated traits in variable environments. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:471-481. [PMID: 30680129 PMCID: PMC6342113 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive timing is a key life-history trait that impacts the pool of available mates, the environment experienced during flowering, and the expression of other traits through genetic covariation. Selection on phenology, and its consequences on other life-history traits, has considerable implications in the context of ongoing climate change and shifting growing seasons. To test this, we grew field-collected seed from the wildflower Mimulus guttatus in a greenhouse to assess the standing genetic variation for flowering time and covariation with other traits. We then created full-sib families through phenological assortative mating and grew offspring in three photoperiod treatments representing seasonal variation in daylength. We find substantial quantitative genetic variation for the onset of flowering time, which covaried with vegetative traits. The assortatively-mated offspring varied in their critical photoperiod by over two hours, so that families differed in their probability of flowering across treatments Allocation to flowering and vegetative growth changed across the daylength treatments, with consistent direction and magnitude of covariation among flowering time and other traits. Our results suggest that future studies of flowering time evolution should consider the joint evolution of correlated traits and shifting seasonal selection to understand how environmental variation influences life histories.
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu L, Wu Y, Liao Z, Xiong J, Wu F, Xu J, Lan H, Tang Q, Zhou S, Liu Y, Lu Y. Evolutionary conservation and functional divergence of the LFK gene family play important roles in the photoperiodic flowering pathway of land plants. Heredity (Edinb) 2017; 120:310-328. [PMID: 29225355 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-017-0006-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ZEITLUPE (ZTL), LOV KELCH PROTEIN 2 (LKP2), and FLAVIN-BINDING KELCH REPEAT F-BOX 1 (FKF1)-blue-light photoreceptors-play important roles in regulating the circadian clock and photoperiodic flowering pathway in plants. In this study, phylogenetic analysis revealed that the LOV (Light, Oxygen, or Voltage) and Kelch repeat-containing F-box (LFK) gene family can be classified into two clades, ZTL/LKP2 and FKF1, with clear differentiation between monocots and dicots within each clade. The LFK family genes underwent strong purifying selection; however, signatures of positive selection to adapt to local conditions still existed in 18 specific codons. In 87 diverse maize inbred lines, significant differences were identified (P ≤ 0.01) for days to female flowering between the haplotypes consisting of eight positive selection sites at ZmFKF1b corresponding to tropical and temperate maize groups of the phylogenetic tree, indicating a key role of ZmFKF1b in maize adaptive evolution. In addition, positive coevolution was detected in the domains of the LFK family for long-term cooperation to targets. The Type-I and Type-II functional divergence analysis revealed subfunctionalization or neofunctionalization of the LFKs, and the ZTL subfamily is most likely to maintain the ancestral function of LFKs. Over 50% of critical amino acid sites involved in the functional divergence were identified in the Kelch repeat domain, resulting in the distinction of substrates for ubiquitination and degradation. These results suggest that evolutionary conservation contributes to the maintenance of critical physiological functions, whereas functional divergence after duplication helps to generate diverse molecular regulation mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yuanqi Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Zhengqiao Liao
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jing Xiong
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Jie Xu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Hai Lan
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Qiling Tang
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Shufeng Zhou
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China
| | - Yaxi Liu
- Triticeae Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanli Lu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, 611130, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bellon MR, Dulloo E, Sardos J, Thormann I, Burdon JJ. In situ conservation-harnessing natural and human-derived evolutionary forces to ensure future crop adaptation. Evol Appl 2017; 10:965-977. [PMID: 29151853 PMCID: PMC5680627 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ensuring the availability of the broadest possible germplasm base for agriculture in the face of increasingly uncertain and variable patterns of biotic and abiotic change is fundamental for the world's future food supply. While ex situ conservation plays a major role in the conservation and availability of crop germplasm, it may be insufficient to ensure this. In situ conservation aims to maintain target species and the collective genotypes they represent under evolution. A major rationale for this view is based on the likelihood that continued exposure to changing selective forces will generate and favor new genetic variation and an increased likelihood that rare alleles that may be of value to future agriculture are maintained. However, the evidence that underpins this key rationale remains fragmented and has not been examined systematically, thereby decreasing the perceived value and support for in situ conservation for agriculture and food systems and limiting the conservation options available. This study reviews evidence regarding the likelihood and rate of evolutionary change in both biotic and abiotic traits for crops and their wild relatives, placing these processes in a realistic context in which smallholder farming operates and crop wild relatives continue to exist. It identifies areas of research that would contribute to a deeper understanding of these processes as the basis for making them more useful for future crop adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio R. Bellon
- Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad (CONABIO)México CityMéxico
| | | | | | | | - Jeremy J. Burdon
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation Agriculture & Food (CSIRO)CanberraACTAustralia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lewandowska-Sabat AM, Fjellheim S, Olsen JE, Rognli OA. Local Populations of Arabidopsis thaliana Show Clear Relationship between Photoperiodic Sensitivity of Flowering Time and Altitude. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1046. [PMID: 28659966 PMCID: PMC5469908 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation of plants to local conditions that vary substantially within their geographic range is essential for seasonal timing of flowering, a major determinant of plant reproductive success. This study investigates photoperiodic responses in natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana from high northern latitudes and their significance for local adaptation. Thirty lineages from ten local A. thaliana populations, representing different locations across an altitudinal gradient (2-850 m a.s.l.) in Norway, were grown under uniform controlled conditions, and used to screen for responses to five different photoperiods. We studied relationships between variation in photoperiodic sensitivity of flowering time, altitude, and climatic factors associated with the sites of origin. We found that variation in response to photoperiod is significantly correlated with altitude and climatic variables associated with the sites of origin of the populations. Populations originating from lower altitudes showed stronger photoperiodic sensitivity than populations from higher altitudes. Our results indicate that the altitudinal climatic gradient generates clinal variation in adaptive traits in A. thaliana.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wadgymar SM, Lowry DB, Gould BA, Byron CN, Mactavish RM, Anderson JT. Identifying targets and agents of selection: innovative methods to evaluate the processes that contribute to local adaptation. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susana M. Wadgymar
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - David B. Lowry
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Plant Resilience Institute Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Billie A. Gould
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Caitlyn N. Byron
- Department of Plant Biology Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology, and Behavior Michigan State University East Lansing MI 48824 USA
| | - Rachel M. Mactavish
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| | - Jill T. Anderson
- Department of Genetics and Odum School of Ecology University of Georgia Athens GA 30602 USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bono LM, Smith LB, Pfennig DW, Burch CL. The emergence of performance trade‐offs during local adaptation: insights from experimental evolution. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:1720-1733. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Bono
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB# 3280 Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Leno B. Smith
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB# 3280 Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - David W. Pfennig
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB# 3280 Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| | - Christina L. Burch
- Department of Biology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill CB# 3280 Chapel Hill NC 27599 USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Burgarella C, Chantret N, Gay L, Prosperi J, Bonhomme M, Tiffin P, Young ND, Ronfort J. Adaptation to climate through flowering phenology: a case study in
Medicago truncatula. Mol Ecol 2016; 25:3397-415. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.13683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Burgarella
- UMR 232 DIADE/DYNADIV Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) 911 avenue Agropolis BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier France
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Nathalie Chantret
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Laurène Gay
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Jean‐Marie Prosperi
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| | - Maxime Bonhomme
- UPS Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales Université de Toulouse BP42617, Auzeville F‐31326 Castanet‐Tolosan France
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Sciences Végétales CNRS BP42617, Auzeville F‐31326 Castanet‐Tolosan France
| | - Peter Tiffin
- Department of Plant Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Nevin D. Young
- Department of Plant Biology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
- Department of Plant Pathology University of Minnesota St. Paul MN 55108 USA
| | - Joelle Ronfort
- UMR AGAP, Equipe Génomique évolutive et gestion des populations Institut national de Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 34060 Montpellier France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
It is increasingly important to improve our understanding of the genetic basis of local adaptation because of its relevance to climate change, crop and animal production, and conservation of genetic resources. Phenotypic patterns that are generated by spatially varying selection have long been observed, and both genetic mapping and field experiments provided initial insights into the genetic architecture of adaptive traits. Genomic tools are now allowing genome-wide studies, and recent theoretical advances can help to design research strategies that combine genomics and field experiments to examine the genetics of local adaptation. These advances are also allowing research in non-model species, the adaptation patterns of which may differ from those of traditional model species.
Collapse
|
13
|
Friedman J, Willis JH. Major QTLs for critical photoperiod and vernalization underlie extensive variation in flowering in the Mimulus guttatus species complex. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 199:571-583. [PMID: 23600522 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Species with extensive ranges experience highly variable environments with respect to temperature, light and soil moisture. Synchronizing the transition from vegetative to floral growth is important to employ favorable conditions for reproduction. Optimal timing of this transition might be different for semelparous annual plants and iteroparous perennial plants. We studied variation in the critical photoperiod necessary for floral induction and the requirement for a period of cold-chilling (vernalization) in 46 populations of annuals and perennials in the Mimulus guttatus species complex. We then examined critical photoperiod and vernalization QTLs in growth chambers using F(2) progeny from annual and perennial parents that differed in their requirements for flowering. We identify extensive variation in critical photoperiod, with most annual populations requiring substantially shorter day lengths to initiate flowering than perennial populations. We discover a novel type of vernalization requirement in perennial populations that is contingent on plants experiencing short days first. QTL analyses identify two large-effect QTLs which influence critical photoperiod. In two separate vernalization experiments we discover each set of crosses contain different large-effect QTLs for vernalization. Mimulus guttatus harbors extensive variation in critical photoperiod and vernalization that may be a consequence of local adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jannice Friedman
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 110 College Place, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA
| | - John H Willis
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Box 90338, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- David B Lowry
- Section of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, 1 University Station C0930, Austin, TX 78712, USA (tel +1 908 7233534; email )
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Anderson JT, Lee CR, Rushworth CA, Colautti RI, Mitchell-Olds T. Genetic trade-offs and conditional neutrality contribute to local adaptation. Mol Ecol 2012; 22:699-708. [PMID: 22420446 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2012.05522.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Divergent natural selection promotes local adaptation and can lead to reproductive isolation of populations in contrasting environments; however, the genetic basis of local adaptation remains largely unresolved in natural populations. Local adaptation might result from antagonistic pleiotropy, where alternate alleles are favoured in distinct habitats, and polymorphism is maintained by selection. Alternatively, under conditional neutrality some alleles may be favoured in one environment but neutral at other locations. Antagonistic pleiotropy maintains genetic variation across the landscape; however, there is a systematic bias against discovery of antagonistic pleiotropy because the fitness benefits of local alleles need to be significant in at least two environments. Here, we develop a generally applicable method to investigate polygenic local adaptation and identify loci that are the targets of selection. This approach evaluates allele frequency changes after selection at loci across the genome to distinguish antagonistic pleiotropy from conditional neutrality and deleterious variation. We investigate local adaptation at the qualitative trait loci (QTL) level in field experiments, in which we expose 177 F(6) recombinant inbred lines and parental lines of Boechera stricta (Brassicaceae) to their parental environments over two seasons. We demonstrate polygenic selection for native alleles in both environments, with 2.8% of the genome exhibiting antagonistic pleiotropy and 8% displaying conditional neutrality. Our study strongly supports antagonistic pleiotropy at one large-effect flowering phenology QTL (nFT): native homozygotes had significantly greater probabilities of flowering than foreign homozygotes in both parental environments. Such large-scale field studies are essential to elucidate the genetic basis of adaptation in natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill T Anderson
- Department of Biology, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Barrett RDH, Hoekstra HE. Molecular spandrels: tests of adaptation at the genetic level. Nat Rev Genet 2011; 12:767-80. [PMID: 22005986 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although much progress has been made in identifying the genes (and, in rare cases, mutations) that contribute to phenotypic variation, less is known about the effects that these genes have on fitness. Nonetheless, genes are commonly labelled as 'adaptive' if an allele has been shown to affect a phenotype with known or suspected functional importance or if patterns of nucleotide variation at the locus are consistent with positive selection. In these cases, the 'adaptive' designation may be premature and may lead to incorrect conclusions about the relationships between gene function and fitness. Experiments to test targets and agents of natural selection within a genomic context are necessary for identifying the adaptive consequences of individual alleles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rowan D H Barrett
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 26 Oxford Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Anderson JT, Willis JH, Mitchell-Olds T. Evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation. Trends Genet 2011; 27:258-66. [PMID: 21550682 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2011.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Plants provide unique opportunities to study the mechanistic basis and evolutionary processes of adaptation to diverse environmental conditions. Complementary laboratory and field experiments are important for testing hypotheses reflecting long-term ecological and evolutionary history. For example, these approaches can infer whether local adaptation results from genetic tradeoffs (antagonistic pleiotropy), where native alleles are best adapted to local conditions, or if local adaptation is caused by conditional neutrality at many loci, where alleles show fitness differences in one environment, but not in a contrasting environment. Ecological genetics in natural populations of perennial or outcrossing plants can also differ substantially from model systems. In this review of the evolutionary genetics of plant adaptation, we emphasize the importance of field studies for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of model and nonmodel systems, highlight a key life history trait (flowering time) and discuss emerging conservation issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill T Anderson
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Department of Biology, Duke University, P.O. Box 90338, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Russell J, Dawson IK, Flavell AJ, Steffenson B, Weltzien E, Booth A, Ceccarelli S, Grando S, Waugh R. Analysis of >1000 single nucleotide polymorphisms in geographically matched samples of landrace and wild barley indicates secondary contact and chromosome-level differences in diversity around domestication genes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2011; 191:564-578. [PMID: 21443695 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03704.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Barley is a model species for the investigation of the evolution, adaptation and spread of the world's important crops. In this article, we describe the first application of an oligonucleotide pool assay single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) platform to assess the evolution of barley in a portion of the Fertile Crescent, a key region in the development of farming. A large collection of >1000 genetically mapped, genome-wide SNPs was assayed in geographically matched landrace and wild barley accessions (N=448) from Jordan and Syria. Landrace and wild barley categories were clearly genetically differentiated, but a limited degree of secondary contact was evident. Significant chromosome-level differences in diversity between barley types were observed around genes known to be involved in the evolution of cultivars. The region of Jordan and southern Syria, compared with the north of Syria, was supported by SNP data as a more likely domestication origin. Our data provide evidence for hybridization as a possible mechanism for the continued adaptation of landrace barley under cultivation, indicate regions of the genome that may be subject to selection processes and suggest limited origins for the development of the cultivated crop.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptation, Physiological
- Chromosomes, Plant/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Genome, Plant/genetics
- Geography
- Hordeum/genetics
- Hybridization, Genetic
- Jordan
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Syria
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Russell
- Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Ian K Dawson
- Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | | | - Brian Steffenson
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Eva Weltzien
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Mali Regional Office, B.P. 320, Bamako, Mali
| | - Allan Booth
- Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Salvatore Ceccarelli
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Stefania Grando
- International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA), P.O. Box 5466, Aleppo, Syria
| | - Robbie Waugh
- Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Anderson JT, Lee CR, Mitchell-Olds T. Life-history QTLS and natural selection on flowering time in Boechera stricta, a perennial relative of Arabidopsis. Evolution 2011; 65:771-87. [PMID: 21083662 PMCID: PMC3155413 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2010.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Plants must precisely time flowering to capitalize on favorable conditions. Although we know a great deal about the genetic basis of flowering phenology in model species under controlled conditions, the genetic architecture of this ecologically important trait is poorly understood in nonmodel organisms. Here, we evaluated the transition from vegetative growth to flowering in Boechera stricta, a perennial relative of Arabidopsis thaliana. We examined flowering time QTLs using 7920 recombinant inbred individuals, across seven laboratory and field environments differing in vernalization, temperature, and photoperiod. Genetic and environmental factors strongly influenced the transition to reproduction. We found directional selection for earlier flowering in the field. In the growth chamber experiment, longer winters accelerated flowering, whereas elevated ambient temperatures delayed flowering. Our analyses identified one large effect QTL (nFT), which influenced flowering time in the laboratory and the probability of flowering in the field. In Montana, homozygotes for the native allele at nFT showed a selective advantage of 6.6%. Nevertheless, we found relatively low correlations between flowering times in the field and the growth chambers. Additionally, we detected flowering-related QTLs in the field that were absent across the full range of laboratory conditions, thus emphasizing the need to conduct experiments in natural environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jill T. Anderson
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy Department of Biology Duke University P.O. Box 90338 Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Cheng-Ruei Lee
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy Department of Biology Duke University P.O. Box 90338 Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| | - Thomas Mitchell-Olds
- Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy Department of Biology Duke University P.O. Box 90338 Durham, North Carolina 27708 USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lowry DB, Willis JH. A widespread chromosomal inversion polymorphism contributes to a major life-history transition, local adaptation, and reproductive isolation. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000500. [PMID: 20927411 PMCID: PMC2946948 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/18/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of chromosomal inversions in adaptation and speciation is controversial. Historically, inversions were thought to contribute to these processes either by directly causing hybrid sterility or by facilitating the maintenance of co-adapted gene complexes. Because inversions suppress recombination when heterozygous, a recently proposed local adaptation mechanism predicts that they will spread if they capture alleles at multiple loci involved in divergent adaptation to contrasting environments. Many empirical studies have found inversion polymorphisms linked to putatively adaptive phenotypes or distributed along environmental clines. However, direct involvement of an inversion in local adaptation and consequent ecological reproductive isolation has not to our knowledge been demonstrated in nature. In this study, we discovered that a chromosomal inversion polymorphism is geographically widespread, and we test the extent to which it contributes to adaptation and reproductive isolation under natural field conditions. Replicated crosses between the prezygotically reproductively isolated annual and perennial ecotypes of the yellow monkeyflower, Mimulus guttatus, revealed that alternative chromosomal inversion arrangements are associated with life-history divergence over thousands of kilometers across North America. The inversion polymorphism affected adaptive flowering time divergence and other morphological traits in all replicated crosses between four pairs of annual and perennial populations. To determine if the inversion contributes to adaptation and reproductive isolation in natural populations, we conducted a novel reciprocal transplant experiment involving outbred lines, where alternative arrangements of the inversion were reciprocally introgressed into the genetic backgrounds of each ecotype. Our results demonstrate for the first time in nature the contribution of an inversion to adaptation, an annual/perennial life-history shift, and multiple reproductive isolating barriers. These results are consistent with the local adaptation mechanism being responsible for the distribution of the two inversion arrangements across the geographic range of M. guttatus and that locally adaptive inversion effects contribute directly to reproductive isolation. Such a mechanism may be partially responsible for the observation that closely related species often differ by multiple chromosomal rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Lowry
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America.
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tarka M, Akesson M, Beraldi D, Hernández-Sánchez J, Hasselquist D, Bensch S, Hansson B. A strong quantitative trait locus for wing length on chromosome 2 in a wild population of great reed warblers. Proc Biol Sci 2010; 277:2361-9. [PMID: 20335216 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2010.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wing length is a key character for essential behaviours related to bird flight such as migration and foraging. In the present study, we initiate the search for the genes underlying wing length in birds by studying a long-distance migrant, the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). In this species wing length is an evolutionary interesting trait with pronounced latitudinal gradient and sex-specific selection regimes in local populations. We performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) scan for wing length in great reed warblers using phenotypic, genotypic, pedigree and linkage map data from our long-term study population in Sweden. We applied the linkage analysis mapping method implemented in GridQTL (a new web-based software) and detected a genome-wide significant QTL for wing length on chromosome 2, to our knowledge, the first detected QTL in wild birds. The QTL extended over 25 cM and accounted for a substantial part (37%) of the phenotypic variance of the trait. A genome scan for tarsus length (a body-size-related trait) did not show any signal, implying that the wing-length QTL on chromosome 2 was not associated with body size. Our results provide a first important step into understanding the genetic architecture of avian wing length, and give opportunities to study the evolutionary dynamics of wing length at the locus level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Tarka
- Section for Animal Ecology, Department of Biology, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lowry DB, Hall MC, Salt DE, Willis JH. Genetic and physiological basis of adaptive salt tolerance divergence between coastal and inland Mimulus guttatus. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:776-788. [PMID: 19549130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02901.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Local adaptation is a well-established phenomenon whereby habitat-mediated natural selection drives the differentiation of populations. However, little is known about how specific traits and loci combine to cause local adaptation. Here, we conducted a set of experiments to determine which physiological mechanisms contribute to locally adaptive divergence in salt tolerance between coastal perennial and inland annual ecotypes of Mimulus guttatus. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping was used to discover loci involved in salt spray tolerance and leaf sodium (Na(+)) concentration. To determine whether these QTLs confer fitness in the field, we examined their effects in reciprocal transplant experiments using recombinant inbred lines (RILs). Coastal plants had constitutively higher leaf Na(+) concentrations and greater levels of tissue tolerance, but no difference in osmotic stress tolerance. Three QTLs contributed to salt spray tolerance and two QTLs to leaf Na(+) concentration. All three salt-spray tolerance QTLs had a significant fitness effects at the coastal field site but no effects inland. Leaf Na(+) QTLs had no detectable fitness effects in the field. * Physiological results are consistent with adaptation of coastal populations to salt spray and soil salinity. Field results suggest that there may not be trade-offs across habitats for alleles involved in local salt spray adaptations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David B Lowry
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Box 3565 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham NC 27708, USA
| | - Megan C Hall
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, 100 Washington Square East, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - David E Salt
- Horticultural and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Bindley Bioscience Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - John H Willis
- University Program in Genetics and Genomics, Box 3565 Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Department of Biology, Box 90338, Duke University, Durham NC 27708, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kover PX, Rowntree JK, Scarcelli N, Savriama Y, Eldridge T, Schaal BA. Pleiotropic effects of environment-specific adaptation in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:816-825. [PMID: 19594694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02943.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Local adaptation may be important for the preservation of genetic diversity and the promotion of speciation. However, local adaptation may also constrain establishment in different environments. The consequences of local adaptation depend strongly on the pleiotropic effects of the genes involved in adaptation. Here, we investigated the pleiotropic effects of the genetic response to selection in outbred lines of Arabidopsis artificially selected to flower earlier under both winter- and spring-annual simulated conditions. The consequences of adaptation were evaluated by reciprocally transplanting selected and control lines between the two conditions. Selected lines always flower earlier than their controls, independent of growing conditions. However, selected lines, growing in the same condition in which they were selected, flower earlier than plants selected in the alternative environment. Plants selected to flower earlier in spring produce more fruits than controls when growing in the spring, and less fruits when growing in the winter; indicating that local adaptation has negative pleiotropic effects in another environment. Our results indicate that local adaptation can arise even when selection targets the same trait in the same direction. Furthermore, it suggests that adaptation under the two different environments can generate fitness trade-offs that can maintain genetic variation for flowering time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P X Kover
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - J K Rowntree
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - N Scarcelli
- IRD Montpellier, 911, Avenue Agropolis, F-34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Y Savriama
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - T Eldridge
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - B A Schaal
- Department of Biology, Washington University, St. Louis, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| |
Collapse
|