1
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Rodrigues DB, Reis RL, Pirraco RP. Modelling the complex nature of the tumor microenvironment: 3D tumor spheroids as an evolving tool. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:13. [PMID: 38254117 PMCID: PMC10804490 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-00997-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a serious burden in society and while the pace in the development of novel and more effective therapeutics is increasing, testing platforms that faithfully mimic the tumor microenvironment are lacking. With a clear shift from animal models to more complex in vitro 3D systems, spheroids emerge as strong options in this regard. Years of development have allowed spheroid-based models to better reproduce the biomechanical cues that are observed in the tumor-associated extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular interactions that occur in both a cell-cell and cell-ECM manner. Here, we summarize some of the key cellular interactions that drive tumor development, progression and invasion, and how successfully are these interactions recapitulated in 3D spheroid models currently in use in the field. We finish by speculating on future advancements in the field and on how these can shape the relevance of spherical 3D models for tumor modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Rodrigues
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L Reis
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rogério P Pirraco
- 3B's Research Group, I3Bs, Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence On Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, 4805-017, Guimarães, Portugal.
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2
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Ishizaki T, Takeuchi Y, Ishibashi K, Gotoh N, Hirata E, Kuroda K. Cryopreservation of tissues by slow-freezing using an emerging zwitterionic cryoprotectant. Sci Rep 2023; 13:37. [PMID: 36593263 PMCID: PMC9807565 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryopreservation of tissues is a tough challenge. Cryopreservation is categorized into slow-freezing and vitrification, and vitrification has recently been recognized as a suitable method for tissue cryopreservation. On the contrary, some researchers have reported that slow-freezing also has potential for tissue cryopreservation. Although conventional cryoprotectants have been studied well, some novel ones may efficiently cryopreserve tissues via slow-freezing. In this study, we used aqueous solutions of an emerging cryoprotectant, an artificial zwitterion supplemented with a conventional cryoprotectant, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), for cell spheroids. The zwitterion/DMSO aqueous solutions produced a better cryoprotective effect on cell spheroids, which are the smallest units of tissues, compared to that of a commercial cryoprotectant. Cryopreservation with the zwitterion/DMSO solutions not only exhibited better cell recovery but also maintained the functions of the spheroids effectively. The optimized composition of the solution was 10 wt% zwitterion, 15 wt% DMSO, and 75 wt% water. The zwitterion/DMSO solution gave a higher number of living cells for the cryopreservation of mouse tumor tissues than a commercial cryoprotectant. The zwitterion/DMSO solution was also able to cryopreserve human tumor tissue, a patient-derived xenograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeru Ishizaki
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Yasuto Takeuchi
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Kojiro Ishibashi
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Noriko Gotoh
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Eishu Hirata
- Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Kosuke Kuroda
- Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
- NanoMaterials Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-Machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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3
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Ukidve A, Cu K, Kumbhojkar N, Lahann J, Mitragotri S. Overcoming biological barriers to improve solid tumor immunotherapy. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2021; 11:2276-2301. [PMID: 33611770 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-021-00923-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has been at the forefront of therapeutic interventions for many different tumor types over the last decade. While the discovery of immunotherapeutics continues to occur at an accelerated rate, their translation is often hindered by a lack of strategies to deliver them specifically into solid tumors. Accordingly, significant scientific efforts have been dedicated to understanding the underlying mechanisms that govern their delivery into tumors and the subsequent immune modulation. In this review, we aim to summarize the efforts focused on overcoming tumor-associated biological barriers and enhancing the potency of immunotherapy. We summarize the current understanding of biological barriers that limit the entry of intravascularly administered immunotherapies into the tumors, in vitro techniques developed to investigate the underlying transport processes, and delivery strategies developed to overcome the barriers. Overall, we aim to provide the reader with a framework that guides the rational development of technologies for improved solid tumor immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anvay Ukidve
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Katharina Cu
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ninad Kumbhojkar
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Material Science & Engineering, Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- John A Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
- Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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4
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Habanjar O, Diab-Assaf M, Caldefie-Chezet F, Delort L. 3D Cell Culture Systems: Tumor Application, Advantages, and Disadvantages. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12200. [PMID: 34830082 PMCID: PMC8618305 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical trials to ideally represent physiological conditions. This culture cannot mimic the natural tumor microenvironment due to the lack of cellular communication (cell-cell) and interaction (cell-cell and cell-matrix). To overcome these limitations, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems are increasingly developed in research and have become essential for tumor research, tissue engineering, and basic biology research. 3D culture has received much attention in the field of biomedicine due to its ability to mimic tissue structure and function. The 3D matrix presents a highly dynamic framework where its components are deposited, degraded, or modified to delineate functions and provide a platform where cells attach to perform their specific functions, including adhesion, proliferation, communication, and apoptosis. So far, various types of models belong to this culture: either the culture based on natural or synthetic adherent matrices used to design 3D scaffolds as biomaterials to form a 3D matrix or based on non-adherent and/or matrix-free matrices to form the spheroids. In this review, we first summarize a comparison between 2D and 3D cultures. Then, we focus on the different components of the natural extracellular matrix that can be used as supports in 3D culture. Then we detail different types of natural supports such as matrigel, hydrogels, hard supports, and different synthetic strategies of 3D matrices such as lyophilization, electrospiding, stereolithography, microfluid by citing the advantages and disadvantages of each of them. Finally, we summarize the different methods of generating normal and tumor spheroids, citing their respective advantages and disadvantages in order to obtain an ideal 3D model (matrix) that retains the following characteristics: better biocompatibility, good mechanical properties corresponding to the tumor tissue, degradability, controllable microstructure and chemical components like the tumor tissue, favorable nutrient exchange and easy separation of the cells from the matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Habanjar
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
| | - Mona Diab-Assaf
- Equipe Tumorigénèse Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Anticancéreuse, Faculté des Sciences II, Université Libanaise Fanar, Beyrouth 1500, Liban;
| | - Florence Caldefie-Chezet
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
| | - Laetitia Delort
- Université Clermont-Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, CRNH-Auvergne, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France; (O.H.); (F.C.-C.)
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5
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Bojic S, Murray A, Bentley BL, Spindler R, Pawlik P, Cordeiro JL, Bauer R, de Magalhães JP. Winter is coming: the future of cryopreservation. BMC Biol 2021; 19:56. [PMID: 33761937 PMCID: PMC7989039 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00976-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The preservative effects of low temperature on biological materials have been long recognised, and cryopreservation is now widely used in biomedicine, including in organ transplantation, regenerative medicine and drug discovery. The lack of organs for transplantation constitutes a major medical challenge, stemming largely from the inability to preserve donated organs until a suitable recipient is found. Here, we review the latest cryopreservation methods and applications. We describe the main challenges-scaling up to large volumes and complex tissues, preventing ice formation and mitigating cryoprotectant toxicity-discuss advantages and disadvantages of current methods and outline prospects for the future of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Bojic
- School of Computing, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.,Department of Genetics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Alex Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Barry L Bentley
- Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,Magdalene College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Piotr Pawlik
- Cancer Genome Evolution Research Group, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Roman Bauer
- Department of Computer Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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6
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Daunys S, Janonienė A, Januškevičienė I, Paškevičiūtė M, Petrikaitė V. 3D Tumor Spheroid Models for In Vitro Therapeutic Screening of Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1295:243-270. [PMID: 33543463 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-58174-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer activity of compounds and nanoparticles is most often determined in the cell monolayer. However, three-dimensional (3D) systems, such as tumor spheroids, are more representing the natural tumor microenvironment. They have been shown to have higher invasiveness and resistance to cytotoxic agents and radiotherapy compared to cells growing in 2D monolayer. Furthermore, to improve the prediction of clinical efficacy of drugs, in the past decades, even more sophisticated systems, such as multicellular 3D cultures, closely representing natural tumor microenvironment have been developed. Those cultures are formed from either cell lines or patient-derived tumor cells. Such models are very attractive and could improve the selection of tested materials for clinical trials avoiding unnecessary expensive tests in vivo. The microenvironment in tumor spheroids is different, and those differences or the interaction between several cell populations may contribute to different tumor response to the treatment. Also, different types of nanoparticles may have different behavior in 3D models, depending on their nature, physicochemical properties, the presence of targeting ligands on the surface, etc. Therefore, it is very important to understand in which cases which type of tumor spheroid is more suitable for testing specific types of nanoparticles, which conditions should be used, and which analytical method should be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simonas Daunys
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Agnė Janonienė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Indrė Januškevičienė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Miglė Paškevičiūtė
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Vilma Petrikaitė
- Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
- Institute of Physiology and Pharmacology, Academy of Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania.
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7
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Eini L, Naseri M, Karimi-Busheri F, Bozorgmehr M, Ghods R, Madjd Z. Primary colonospheres maintain stem cell-like key features after cryopreservation. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:2452-2463. [PMID: 31578720 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient and repeatable protocols for biobanking and prolonged storage of cancer stem cells (CSCs), with minimum alterations in biological function, is valuable and desired, particularly for retrospective analysis and clinical applications. In particular, data regarding the effect of cryopreservation on CSCs's functional features is scarce. In this regard, few studies have been shown that 3D spheroid structures, which enriched for CSCs, can keep their biological phenotype and genetic profiles. Here, for the first time, we present data on cryopreservation of CT-26 colonospheres, with the focus on essential stem cell-like properties after thawing. Tumor biopsy-derived colonospheres were frozen in standard freezing media (90% fetal bovine serum + 10% dimethyl sulfoxide) and stored in liquid nitrogen for 10 months. Then, cryopreservation effect on preservation of CSCs-related features was verified using real-time polymerase chain reaction for evaluation of stemness genes and flow cytometry for the putative colorectal CSC surface biomarkers. The self-renewal capacity of thawed spheres was also compared with their fresh counterparts using serial formation assay. Finally, tumorigenic capacity of both groups was evaluated in immunocompetence mouse model. Our data indicated that postthawed colonospheres had high viability without drastic alteration in biological and structural features and maintained self-renewal potential after sequential passages. Real-time analysis showed that both fresh and frozen colonospheres displayed similar expression pattern for key stemness genes: SOX2 and OCT4. Cryopreserved spheroids expressed CD133, CD166, and DCLK1 CSCs surface biomarkers at elevated levels when compared with parental as non-cryopreserved counterparts. Our electron scanning microscopy micrographs clearly demonstrated that postthawed colonospheres retain their integrity and cell surface morphology and characteristics. We also found that both fresh and frozen spheroids were equally tumorigenic. This study represented an effective strategy for reliable storage of intact CT-26 colonospheres; this can provide researchers with a functionally reliable repository of murine colorectal CSCs for their future CSCs projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Eini
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Basic Science, Faculty of Veterinary, Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Naseri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahmood Bozorgmehr
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Ghods
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Madjd
- Oncopathology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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8
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Akbarzadeh M, Maroufi NF, Tazehkand AP, Akbarzadeh M, Bastani S, Safdari R, Farzane A, Fattahi A, Nejabati HR, Nouri M, Samadi N. Current approaches in identification and isolation of cancer stem cells. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14759-14772. [PMID: 30741412 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are tumor cells with initiating ability, self-renewal potential, and intrinsic resistance to conventional therapeutics. Efficient isolation and characterization of CSCs pave the way for more comprehensive knowledge about tumorigenesis, heterogeneity, and chemoresistance. Also a better understanding of CSCs will lead to novel era of both basic and clinical cancer research, reclassification of human tumors, and development of innovative therapeutic strategies. Finding novel diagnostic and effective therapeutic strategies also enhance the success of treatment in cancer patients. There are various methods based on the characteristics of the CSCs to detect and isolate these cells, some of which have recently developed. This review summarized current techniques for effective isolation and characterization of CSCs with a focus on advantages and limitations of each method with clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Akbarzadeh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Fathi Maroufi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Pirpour Tazehkand
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Moloud Akbarzadeh
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Science, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sepideh Bastani
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Safdari
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Farzane
- Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Fattahi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Reproductive Biology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Nejabati
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nasser Samadi
- Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Larsen CJ. [Spheroids: A reference model for in vitro culture of solid tumors?]. Bull Cancer 2017; 105:25-34. [PMID: 29224886 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The recognition that solid tumors are complex entities composed of the tumor cell mass itself and a stromal micro-environnement providing a variety of cells from the host (fibroblasts, endothelial cells, immune cells) led to recognize that this heterogeneity could not be recapitulated in vitro by conventional bidimensional (2-D) cultures. This justified numerous attempts to develop tridimensional (3-D) cultures that provided better tools for approaching tumor complexity and more convincing drug testing systems. Among various 3-D technologies, tumor spheroids are more likely suited to provide in vitro platforms for apprehending specific aspects of different processes specifically defining each tumor category as well as testing drug delivery systems. This review summarizes current features of multicellular tumor spheroids and their suitability for studying different aspects of cancer cell biology, patient-specific therapies and drug treatment.
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10
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Lenting K, Verhaak R, Ter Laan M, Wesseling P, Leenders W. Glioma: experimental models and reality. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:263-282. [PMID: 28074274 PMCID: PMC5250671 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1671-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In theory, in vitro and in vivo models for human gliomas have great potential to not only enhance our understanding of glioma biology, but also to facilitate the development of novel treatment strategies for these tumors. For reliable prediction and validation of the effects of different therapeutic modalities, however, glioma models need to comply with specific and more strict demands than other models of cancer, and these demands are directly related to the combination of genetic aberrations and the specific brain micro-environment gliomas grow in. This review starts with a brief introduction on the pathological and molecular characteristics of gliomas, followed by an overview of the models that have been used in the last decades in glioma research. Next, we will discuss how these models may play a role in better understanding glioma development and especially in how they can aid in the design and optimization of novel therapies. The strengths and weaknesses of the different models will be discussed in light of genotypic, phenotypic and metabolic characteristics of human gliomas. The last part of this review provides some examples of how therapy experiments using glioma models can lead to deceptive results when such characteristics are not properly taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krissie Lenting
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roel Verhaak
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Mark Ter Laan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Wesseling
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology and University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - William Leenders
- Department of Pathology, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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11
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Niklasson M, Maddalo G, Sramkova Z, Mutlu E, Wee S, Sekyrova P, Schmidt L, Fritz N, Dehnisch I, Kyriatzis G, Krafcikova M, Carson BB, Feenstra JM, Marinescu VD, Segerman A, Haraldsson M, Gustavsson AL, Hammarström LG, Jenmalm Jensen A, Uhrbom L, Altelaar AM, Linnarsson S, Uhlén P, Trantirek L, Vincent CT, Nelander S, Enger PØ, Andäng M. Membrane-Depolarizing Channel Blockers Induce Selective Glioma Cell Death by Impairing Nutrient Transport and Unfolded Protein/Amino Acid Responses. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1741-1752. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Ciezka M, Acosta M, Herranz C, Canals JM, Pumarola M, Candiota AP, Arús C. Development of a transplantable glioma tumour model from genetically engineered mice: MRI/MRS/MRSI characterisation. J Neurooncol 2016; 129:67-76. [PMID: 27324642 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-016-2164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The initial aim of this study was to generate a transplantable glial tumour model of low-intermediate grade by disaggregation of a spontaneous tumour mass from genetically engineered models (GEM). This should result in an increased tumour incidence in comparison to GEM animals. An anaplastic oligoastrocytoma (OA) tumour of World Health Organization (WHO) grade III was obtained from a female GEM mouse with the S100β-v-erbB/inK4a-Arf (+/-) genotype maintained in the C57BL/6 background. The tumour tissue was disaggregated; tumour cells from it were grown in aggregates and stereotactically injected into C57BL/6 mice. Tumour development was followed using Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), while changes in the metabolomics pattern of the masses were evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy/Spectroscopic Imaging (MRS/MRSI). Final tumour grade was evaluated by histopathological analysis. The total number of tumours generated from GEM cells from disaggregated tumour (CDT) was 67 with up to 100 % penetrance, as compared to 16 % in the local GEM model, with an average survival time of 66 ± 55 days, up to 4.3-fold significantly higher than the standard GL261 glioblastoma (GBM) tumour model. Tumours produced by transplantation of cells freshly obtained from disaggregated GEM tumour were diagnosed as WHO grade III anaplastic oligodendroglioma (ODG) and OA, while tumours produced from a previously frozen sample were diagnosed as WHO grade IV GBM. We successfully grew CDT and generated tumours from a grade III GEM glial tumour. Freezing and cell culture protocols produced progression to grade IV GBM, which makes the developed transplantable model qualify as potential secondary GBM model in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ciezka
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Milena Acosta
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Cristina Herranz
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, Cell Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Josep M Canals
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Research and Development Unit, Cell Therapy Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Martí Pumarola
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Edifici V, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ana Paula Candiota
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain.
| | - Carles Arús
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Biociències, Edifici Cs, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
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13
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Stadler M, Walter S, Walzl A, Kramer N, Unger C, Scherzer M, Unterleuthner D, Hengstschläger M, Krupitza G, Dolznig H. Increased complexity in carcinomas: Analyzing and modeling the interaction of human cancer cells with their microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35:107-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Weiswald LB, Bellet D, Dangles-Marie V. Spherical cancer models in tumor biology. Neoplasia 2015; 17:1-15. [PMID: 25622895 PMCID: PMC4309685 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 765] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) in vitro models have been used in cancer research as an intermediate model between in vitro cancer cell line cultures and in vivo tumor. Spherical cancer models represent major 3D in vitro models that have been described over the past 4 decades. These models have gained popularity in cancer stem cell research using tumorospheres. Thus, it is crucial to define and clarify the different spherical cancer models thus far described. Here, we focus on in vitro multicellular spheres used in cancer research. All these spherelike structures are characterized by their well-rounded shape, the presence of cancer cells, and their capacity to be maintained as free-floating cultures. We propose a rational classification of the four most commonly used spherical cancer models in cancer research based on culture methods for obtaining them and on subsequent differences in sphere biology: the multicellular tumor spheroid model, first described in the early 70s and obtained by culture of cancer cell lines under nonadherent conditions; tumorospheres, a model of cancer stem cell expansion established in a serum-free medium supplemented with growth factors; tissue-derived tumor spheres and organotypic multicellular spheroids, obtained by tumor tissue mechanical dissociation and cutting. In addition, we describe their applications to and interest in cancer research; in particular, we describe their contribution to chemoresistance, radioresistance, tumorigenicity, and invasion and migration studies. Although these models share a common 3D conformation, each displays its own intrinsic properties. Therefore, the most relevant spherical cancer model must be carefully selected, as a function of the study aim and cancer type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis-Bastien Weiswald
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Michael Smith Genome Sciences Center, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Hôpital René Huguenin, Institut Curie, St Cloud, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| | - Dominique Bellet
- Laboratoire d'Oncobiologie, Hôpital René Huguenin, Institut Curie, St Cloud, France; Université Paris Descartes, Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, UMR 8151 CNRS-U1022 Inserm, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Dangles-Marie
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Recherche Translationnelle, Research Center, Institut Curie, Paris, France.
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15
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Lao Z, Kelly CJ, Yang XY, Jenkins WT, Toorens E, Ganguly T, Evans SM, Koch CJ. Improved Methods to Generate Spheroid Cultures from Tumor Cells, Tumor Cells & Fibroblasts or Tumor-Fragments: Microenvironment, Microvesicles and MiRNA. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26208323 PMCID: PMC4514828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic and prognostic indicators are key components to achieve the goal of personalized cancer therapy. Two distinct approaches to this goal include predicting response by genetic analysis and direct testing of possible therapies using cultures derived from biopsy specimens. Optimally, the latter method requires a rapid assessment, but growing xenograft tumors or developing patient-derived cell lines can involve a great deal of time and expense. Furthermore, tumor cells have much different responses when grown in 2D versus 3D tissue environments. Using a modification of existing methods, we show that it is possible to make tumor-fragment (TF) spheroids in only 2–3 days. TF spheroids appear to closely model characteristics of the original tumor and may be used to assess critical therapy-modulating features of the microenvironment such as hypoxia. A similar method allows the reproducible development of spheroids from mixed tumor cells and fibroblasts (mixed-cell spheroids). Prior literature reports have shown highly variable development and properties of mixed-cell spheroids and this has hampered the detailed study of how individual tumor-cell components interact. In this study, we illustrate this approach and describe similarities and differences using two tumor models (U87 glioma and SQ20B squamous-cell carcinoma) with supporting data from additional cell lines. We show that U87 and SQ20B spheroids predict a key microenvironmental factor in tumors (hypoxia) and that SQ20B cells and spheroids generate similar numbers of microvesicles. We also present pilot data for miRNA expression under conditions of cells, tumors, and TF spheroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Lao
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Dept Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Fudan University, Eye & ENT Hospital, Dept Radiation Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Catherine J. Kelly
- Oxford University, Gray Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Xiang-Yang Yang
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Dept Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - W. Timothy Jenkins
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Dept Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erik Toorens
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Genomics Analysis Core, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tapan Ganguly
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Penn Genomics Analysis Core, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sydney M. Evans
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Dept Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cameron J. Koch
- University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Dept Radiation Oncology, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Sakai S, Inamoto K, Ashida T, Takamura R, Taya M. Cancer stem cell marker-expressing cell-rich spheroid fabrication from PANC-1 cells using alginate microcapsules with spherical cavities templated by gelatin microparticles. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1071-6. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Sakai
- Div. of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Kazuya Inamoto
- Div. of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Tomoaki Ashida
- Div. of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Ryo Takamura
- Div. of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masahito Taya
- Div. of Chemical Engineering, Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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17
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Del Pino A, Ligero G, López MB, Navarro H, Carrillo JA, Pantoll SC, Díaz de la Guardia R. Morphology, cell viability, karyotype, expression of surface markers and plasticity of three human primary cell line cultures before and after the cryostorage in LN2 and GN2. Cryobiology 2014; 70:1-8. [PMID: 25445570 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Primary cell line cultures from human skin biopsies, adipose tissue and tumor tissue are valuable samples for research and therapy. In this regard, their derivation, culture, storage, transport and thawing are important steps to be studied. Towards this end, we wanted to establish the derivation, and identify the culture characteristics and the loss of viability of three human primary cell line cultures (human adult dermal fibroblasts (hADFs), human adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), and primary culture of tumor cells from lung adenocarcinoma (PCTCLA)). Compared to fresh hADFs, hMSCs and PCTCLA, thawed cells stored in a cryogenic Dewar tanks with liquid nitrogen (LN2), displayed 98.20% ± 0.99, 95.40% ± 1.41 and 93.31% ± 3.83 of cell viability, respectively. Thawed cells stored in a Dry Vapor Shipper container with gas phase (GN2), for 20 days, in addition displayed 4.61% ± 2.78, 3.70% ± 4.09 and 9.13% ± 3.51 of average loss of cells viability, respectively, showing strong correlation between the loss of viability in hADFs and the number of post-freezing days in the Dry Vapor Shipper. No significant changes in morphological characteristics or in the expression of surface markers (being hADFs, hMSCs and PCTCLA characterized by positive markers CD73+; CD90+; CD105+; and negative markers CD14-; CD20-; CD34-; and CD45-; n=2) were found. Chromosome abnormalities in the karyotype were not found. In addition, under the right conditions hMSCs were differentiated into adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic lineages in vitro. In this paper, we have shown the characteristics of three human primary cell line cultures when they are stored in LN2 and GN2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Del Pino
- Biobanco del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía (BBSSPA), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejería de Salud - Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gertrudis Ligero
- Biobanco del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía (BBSSPA), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejería de Salud - Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - María B López
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Héctor Navarro
- Biobanco del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía (BBSSPA), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejería de Salud - Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jose A Carrillo
- Biobanco del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía (BBSSPA), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejería de Salud - Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Siobhan C Pantoll
- Biobanco del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía (BBSSPA), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejería de Salud - Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael Díaz de la Guardia
- Biobanco del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía (BBSSPA), Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Consejería de Salud - Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain.
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18
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Wang J, Daphu I, Pedersen PH, Miletic H, Hovland R, Mørk S, Bjerkvig R, Tiron C, McCormack E, Micklem D, Lorens JB, Immervoll H, Thorsen F. A novel brain metastases model developed in immunodeficient rats closely mimics the growth of metastatic brain tumours in patients. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2011; 37:189-205. [PMID: 20819169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2010.01119.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS brain metastasis is a common cause of mortality in cancer patients, and associated with poor prognosis. Our objective was to develop a clinically relevant animal model by transplanting human biopsy spheroids derived from metastatic lesions into brains of immunodeficient rats. METHODS nine different patient brain metastases from four different primary cancers were implanted into brains of immunodeficient rats. The xenografts were compared with patient tumours by magnetic resonance imaging, histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and DNA copy number analysis. RESULTS after transplantation, tumour growth was achieved in seven out of nine human brain metastases. Spheroids derived from four of the metastases initiated in the rat brains were further serially transplanted into new animals and a 100% tumour take was observed during second passage. Three of the biopsies were implanted subcutaneously, where no tumour take was observed. The animal brain metastases exhibited similar radiological features as observed clinically. Histological comparisons between the primary tumours from the patients, the patient brain metastases and the derived xenografts showed striking similarities in histology and growth patterns. Also, immunohistochemistry showed a strong marker expression similarity between the patient tumours and the corresponding xenografts. DNA copy number analysis between the brain metastases, and the corresponding xenografts revealed strong similarities in gains and losses of chromosomal content. CONCLUSION we have developed a representative in vivo model for studying the growth of human metastatic brain cancers. The model described represents an important tool to assess responses to new treatment modalities and for studying mechanisms behind metastatic growth in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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19
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Mao XG, Guo G, Wang P, Zhang X, Xue XY, Zhang W, Fei Z, Jiang XF, Yan M. Maintenance of critical properties of brain tumor stem-like cells after cryopreservation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 30:775-86. [PMID: 20155395 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-010-9505-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It would be very useful to be able to classify brain tumor stem cells (BTSCs) by certain criteria to afford the design of specific or individualized treatment. Here, we studied two BTSC lines with differing biological and molecular features and whose respective features were well preserved after cryopreservation as single cells in SFM or 90% serum with 10% DMSO, a method not previously reported. The resuscitated BTSCs shared properties indistinguishable from their respective parental cells, including tumor sphere forming potentials, growth and differentiation properties, and tumorigenesis in vivo. The two cell lines also had differing molecule profiles, which can be well preserved after cryopreservation, similar to that of their respective primary tumors. Therefore, BTSCs from different patients, that have their own properties, were well retained by the present cryopreservation method, which might be a useful and reliable method for preserving BTSCs for long-term studies, such as classification and specific therapy design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-gang Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710032, People's Republic of China
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