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Kausar G, Chauhan SB, Roy R, Kumar S, Engwerda C, Nylen S, Kumar R, Wilson ME, Sundar S. Apolipoprotein E Is Upregulated in Blood and Circulating Monocytes of Indian Patients With Visceral Leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13036. [PMID: 38720445 PMCID: PMC11141729 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been associated with several diseases including Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's and multiple sclerosis. ApoE also has documented immunomodulatory functions. We investigated gene expression in circulating monocytes and in bone marrows of patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) living in an endemic area in Bihar, India, and contrasted these with control healthy subjects or other diagnostic bone marrows from individuals in the same region. Samples from VL patients were obtained prior to initiating treatment. Our study revealed significant upregulated expression of the apoE transcript in patients with VL. Furthermore, the levels of ApoE protein were elevated in serum samples of subjects with VL compared with healthy endemic controls. These observations may provide clues regarding the complex interactions between lipid metabolism and immunoregulation of infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulafsha Kausar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| | - Shashi Bhushan Chauhan
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Tropical Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, The George Washington University, Washington D.C. 20052, USA
| | - Ritirupa Roy
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| | - Christian Engwerda
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Susanne Nylen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine & Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
| | - Mary E. Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology & Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
- Veterans’ Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, UP, India
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2
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Leroux M, Luquain-Costaz C, Lawton P, Azzouz-Maache S, Delton I. Fatty Acid Composition and Metabolism in Leishmania Parasite Species: Potential Biomarkers or Drug Targets for Leishmaniasis? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054702. [PMID: 36902138 PMCID: PMC10003364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have received growing interest in Leishmania biology with the characterization of the enzymes allowing the complete fatty acid synthesis of this trypanosomatid parasite. This review presents a comparative analysis of the fatty acid profiles of the major classes of lipids and phospholipids in different species of Leishmania with cutaneous or visceral tropism. Specificities relating to the parasite forms, resistance to antileishmanial drugs, and host/parasite interactions are described as well as comparisons with other trypanosomatids. Emphasis is placed on polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolic and functional specificities, in particular, their conversion into oxygenated metabolites that are inflammatory mediators able to modulate metacyclogenesis and parasite infectivity. The impact of lipid status on the development of leishmaniasis and the potential of fatty acids as therapeutic targets or candidates for nutritional interventions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Leroux
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Céline Luquain-Costaz
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Philippe Lawton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Samira Azzouz-Maache
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Isabelle Delton
- CNRS 5007, LAGEPP, Université of Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Department of Biosciences, INSA Lyon, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Correspondence:
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3
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Andrade-Neto VV, Manso PPDA, Pereira MG, de Cicco NNT, Atella GC, Pelajo-Machado M, Menna-Barreto RFS, Torres-Santos EC. Host cholesterol influences the activity of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in Leishmania amazonensis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220407. [PMID: 35384972 PMCID: PMC8979231 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant percentage of exogenous cholesterol was found in promastigotes and amastigotes of all studied species of Leishmania, suggesting a biological role for this molecule. Previous studies have shown that promastigotes of Leishmania uptake more low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles under pharmacological pressure and are more susceptible to ergosterol inhibition in the absence of exogenous sources of cholesterol. This work shows that the host’s LDL is available to intracellular amastigotes and that the absence of exogenous cholesterol enhances the potency of sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in infected macrophages. A complete understanding of cholesterol transport to the parasitophorous vacuole can guide the development of a new drug class to be used in combination with sterol biosynthesis inhibitors for the treatment of leishmaniases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valter Viana Andrade-Neto
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Pedro Paulo de Abreu Manso
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Miria Gomes Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Georgia Corrêa Atella
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Pelajo-Machado
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Patologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Eduardo Caio Torres-Santos
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Bioquímica de Tripanossomatídeos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Pant J, Samanovic M, Nelson MT, Keceli MK, Verdi J, Beverley SM, Raper J. Interplay of Trypanosome Lytic Factor and innate immune cells in the resolution of cutaneous Leishmania infection. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008768. [PMID: 34559857 PMCID: PMC8494325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosome Lytic Factor (TLF) is a primate-specific high-density lipoprotein (HDL) complex that, through the cation channel-forming protein apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1), provides innate immunity to select kinetoplastid parasites. The immunoprotective effects of TLF have been extensively investigated in the context of its interaction with the extracellular protozoan Trypanosoma brucei brucei, to which it confers sterile immunity. We previously showed that TLF could act against an intracellular pathogen Leishmania, and here we dissected the role of TLF and its synergy with host-immune cells. Leishmania major is transmitted by Phlebotomine sand flies, which deposit the parasite intradermally into mammalian hosts, where neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes recruited to the site of infection. Once in the host, the parasites are phagocytosed and shed their surface glycoconjugates during differentiation to the mammalian-resident amastigote stage. Our data show that mice producing TLF have reduced parasite burdens when infected intradermally with metacyclic promastigotes of L. major, the infective, fly-transmitted stage. This TLF-mediated reduction in parasite burden was lost in neutrophil-depleted mice, suggesting that early recruitment of neutrophils is required for TLF-mediated killing of L. major. In vitro we find that only metacyclic promastigotes co-incubated with TLF in an acidic milieu were lysed. However, amastigotes were not killed by TLF at any pH. These findings correlated with binding experiments, revealing that labeled TLF binds specifically to the surface of metacyclic promastigotes, but not to amastigotes. Metacyclic promastigotes of L. major deficient in the synthesis of surface glycoconjugates LPG and/or PPG (lpg1- and lpg5A-/lpg5B- respectively) whose absence mimics the amastigote surface, were resistant to TLF-mediated lysis. We propose that TLF binds to the outer surface glycoconjugates of metacyclic promastigotes, whereupon it kills the parasite in the acidic phagosome of phagocytes. We hypothesize that resistance to TLF requires shedding of the surface glycoconjugates, which occurs several hours after phagocytosis by immune cells, creating a relatively short-lived but effective window for TLF to act against Leishmania. Leishmaniasis, the disease caused by parasites of the genus Leishmania, can be divided into cutaneous, muco-cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis depending on the parasite species and the clinical outcome of the disease. Of the three, cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form, which is usually characterized by a localized lesion due to the infection of immune cells, primarily dermal and lymph node-resident macrophages. The time between infection and lesion appearance ranges from weeks to years, while some individuals never develop lesions. The length of this subclinical stage of leishmaniasis depends on a variety of factors: parasite virulence, infectious dose, and the host immune response. Therefore, it remains crucial to develop our understanding of each component of the host-parasite interface and assess the role that each component plays in the clinical outcome. Here, we analyze the interaction between L. major, a cutaneous strain, and the host innate immune factor Trypanosome Lytic Factor (TLF), a sub-class of circulating High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL). TLF provides sterile immunity to most extracellular African Trypanosomes by osmotically lysing the parasites. Lysis is driven by the primate specific protein apolipoprotein L-1 (APOL1), a cation channel-forming protein that is activated by a series of pH-dependent conformational changes. APOL1 inserts into cellular membranes at acidic pH and forms a closed ion channel that subsequently opens when re-exposed to neutral pH, resulting in ion flux. Using transgenic mice producing primate TLF, we show that both human and baboon TLFs ameliorate cutaneous Leishmania major infection and that this reduction in parasite burden correlates with: 1. infectious dose of metacyclic promastigotes 2. the concentration of circulating TLF in plasma and 3. early recruitment of neutrophils at the site of infection. Our results show that the acidification step is essential for TLF-mediated lysis of axenic metacyclic promastigotes of Leishmania in vitro. The susceptibility of metacyclic promastigotes to TLF-mediated lysis is governed by the surface glycoconjugates of Leishmania. We find that surface glycoconjugate-deficient Leishmania are resistant to TLF-mediated killing. Based on these data, we conclude that the shedding of surface glycoconjugates while transitioning from metacyclic promastigotes to amastigotes, results in parasite resistance to TLF-mediated lysis. Whether TLF is effective at killing metacyclic promastigotes of other experimentally tractable Leishmania sp., such as L. infantum and L. donovani, which have different surface glycoconjugate structures is yet to be tested. Our data raise the possibility that TLF may have lytic activity against a broader range of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites with surface glycoconjugates that transit through intracellular acidic compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Pant
- Department of Biology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JP); (JR)
| | - Marie Samanovic
- Medical Parasitology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria T. Nelson
- Department of Biology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mert K. Keceli
- Department of Biology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph Verdi
- Department of Biology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jayne Raper
- Department of Biology, Hunter College, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental biology, The Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JP); (JR)
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Xie X, Jiang Y, Miao R, Huang J, Zhou L, Kong J, Yin F. The gill transcriptome reveals unique antimicrobial features that protect Nibea albiflora from Cryptocaryon irritans infection. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1215-1227. [PMID: 33913520 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cryptocaryonosis is the greatest threat to most teleost species among all parasitic diseases, causing mass loss to the marine aquaculture industry. Epidemiological investigation of teleost susceptibility to Cryptocaryon irritans infection revealed that yellow drum (Nibea albiflora) is highly resistant. In order to further understand the activation of the immune system in the gill, which is one of the main mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues and a target of parasites, transcriptome analysis of the yellow drum gill was performed. Gill samples were collected from fish challenged after 24 hr and 72 hr with theronts at a median death rate (2050 theronts per gram fish). Gene expression profiles showed that TLR5 was the only receptor that activated the downstream immune response. The infection activated complement cascade through alternative pathway and increased the expression of C5a anaphylatoxin chemotactic receptor 1. In addition, possible antimicrobial molecules, including lipoprotein and haptoglobin, which are responsible for trypanolysis in humans, were among the top significantly upregulated genes at 24 hr. After 72 hr, the expression of secreted immunoglobulin T-related genes was induced. These results suggested a rapid innate and adaptive immune response at the mucosal level. In conclusion, the results provide new perspectives on mucosal immune resistance in yellow drum against cryptocaryonosis and provide the possibility of mining resistance genes for future therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yunyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Rujiang Miao
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiashuang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Liyao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jindong Kong
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Fei Yin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education; Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Tesfanchal B, Gebremichail G, Belay G, Gebremariam G, Teklehaimanot G, Haileslasie H, Kahsu G, Gebrewahd A, Mardu F, Adhanom G, Berhe B, Teame H, Tsegaye A, Wolde M. Alteration of Clinical Chemistry Parameters Among Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients in Western Tigrai, Ethiopia, 2018/2019: A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study. Infect Drug Resist 2020; 13:3055-3062. [PMID: 32943889 PMCID: PMC7467734 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s261698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis causes alterations of lipid metabolism and it is associated with hypocholesterolemia and severe hypertriglyceridemia. Hepatic dysfunction and life-threatening hepatitis are associated with visceral leishmaniasis. Kidney damage is frequently associated with increased morbidity and mortality in visceral leishmaniasis patients. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out to assess the alterations of clinical chemistry parameters among visceral leishmaniasis patients attending Kahsay Abera and Mearg hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia. A total of 100 visceral leishmaniasis patients and 100 healthy controls without visceral leishmaniasis were selected by using convenient sampling techniques. Data were entered and analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 23. RESULTS Results were showed that the mean value of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, total bilirubin, and triglyceride was significantly higher in visceral leishmaniasis patients than in apparently healthy controls, but the mean value of serum urea and total cholesterol was significantly lower in visceral leishmaniasis patients than healthy controls. CONCLUSION The finding of this study concluded that visceral leishmaniasis causes significant alterations of clinical chemistry tests like liver and lipid profile tests compared to healthy controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brhane Tesfanchal
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Gebremedhin Gebremichail
- Unit of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Belay
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Gebreslassie Gebremariam
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Gebreyohannes Teklehaimanot
- Unit of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Hagos Haileslasie
- Unit of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Getachew Kahsu
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Aderajew Gebrewahd
- Unit of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Fitsum Mardu
- Unit of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Gebre Adhanom
- Unit of Medical Microbiology, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Brhane Berhe
- Unit of Medical Parasitology and Entomology, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine and Health Science, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Hirut Teame
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Adigrat University, Adigrat, Ethiopia
| | - Aster Tsegaye
- Unit of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Mistire Wolde
- Unit of Clinical Chemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Naing A, Wong DJ, Infante JR, Korn WM, Aljumaily R, Papadopoulos KP, Autio KA, Pant S, Bauer TM, Drakaki A, Daver NG, Hung A, Ratti N, McCauley S, Van Vlasselaer P, Verma R, Ferry D, Oft M, Diab A, Garon EB, Tannir NM. Pegilodecakin combined with pembrolizumab or nivolumab for patients with advanced solid tumours (IVY): a multicentre, multicohort, open-label, phase 1b trial. Lancet Oncol 2019; 20:1544-1555. [PMID: 31563517 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(19)30514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IL-10 has anti-inflammatory and CD8+ T-cell stimulating activities. Pegilodecakin (pegylated IL-10) is a first-in-class, long-acting IL-10 receptor agonist that induces oligoclonal T-cell expansion and has single-agent activity in advanced solid tumours. We assessed the safety and activity of pegilodecakin with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody inhibitors in patients with advanced solid tumours. METHODS We did a multicentre, multicohort, open-label, phase 1b trial (IVY) at 12 cancer research centres in the USA. Patients were assigned sequentially into cohorts. Here, we report on all enrolled patients from two cohorts treated with pegilodecakin combined with anti-PD-1 inhibitors. Eligible patients were aged at least 18 years with histologically or cytologically confirmed advanced malignant solid tumours refractory to previous therapies, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0 or 1. Patients with uncontrolled infectious diseases were excluded. Pegilodecakin was provided in single-use 3 mL vials and was self-administered subcutaneously by injection at home at 10 μg/kg or 20 μg/kg once per day in combination with pembrolizumab (2 mg/kg every 3 weeks or 200 mg every 3 weeks) or nivolumab (3 mg/kg every 2 weeks or 240 mg every 2 weeks or 480 mg every 4 weeks at the approved dosing), both of which were given intravenously at the study site. Patients received pembrolizumab or nivolumab with pegilodecakin until disease progression, toxicity necessitating treatment discontinuation, patient withdrawal of consent, or study end. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability, assessed in all patients enrolled in the study who received any amount of study medication including at least one dose of pegilodecakin, and pharmacokinetics (previously published). Secondary endpoints included objective response by immune-related response criteria in all patients who were treated and had evaluable measurements. The study is active but no longer recruiting, and is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02009449. FINDINGS Between Feb 13, 2015, and Sept 12, 2017, 111 patients were enrolled in the two cohorts. 53 received pegilodecakin plus pembrolizumab, and 58 received pegilodecakin plus nivolumab. 34 (31%) of 111 patients had non-small-cell lung cancer, 37 (33%) had melanoma, and 38 (34%) had renal cell carcinoma; one (<1%) patient had triple-negative breast cancer and one (<1%) had bladder cancer. Data cutoff was July 1, 2018. Median follow-up was 26·9 months (IQR 22·3-31·5) for patients with non-small-cell lung cancer, 33·0 months (29·2-35·1) for those with melanoma, and 22·7 months (20·9-27·0) for those with renal cell carcinoma. At least one treatment-related adverse event occurred in 103 (93%) of 111 patients. Grade 3 or 4 events occurred in 73 (66%) of 111 patients (35 [66%] of 53 in the pembrolizumab group and 38 [66%] of 58 in the nivolumab group), the most common of which were anaemia (12 [23%] in the pembrolizumab group and 16 [28%] in the nivolumab group), thrombocytopenia (14 [26%] in the pembrolizumab group and 12 [21%] in the nivolumab group), fatigue (11 [21%] in the pembrolizumab group and 6 [10%] in the nivolumab group) and hypertriglyceridaemia (three [6%] in the pembrolizumab group and eight [14%] in the nivolumab group). There were no fatal adverse events determined to be related to the study treatments. Of the patients evaluable for response, objective responses were 12 (43%) of 28 (non-small-cell lung cancer), three (10%) of 31 (melanoma), and 14 (40%) of 35 (renal cell carcinoma). INTERPRETATION In this patient population, pegilodecakin with anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibodies had a manageable toxicity profile and preliminary antitumour activity. Pegilodecakin with pembrolizumab or nivolumab could provide a new therapeutic opportunity for previously treated patients with renal cell carcinoma and non-small-cell carcinoma. FUNDING ARMO BioSciences, a wholly owned subsidiary of Eli Lilly and Company.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aung Naing
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Deborah J Wong
- David Geffen School of Medicine, TRIO-US, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Infante
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - W Michael Korn
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raid Aljumaily
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Karen A Autio
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shubham Pant
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Stephenson Cancer Center at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Todd M Bauer
- Sarah Cannon Research Institute/Tennessee Oncology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Alexandra Drakaki
- David Geffen School of Medicine, TRIO-US, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Navneet Ratti
- ARMO BioSciences, Redwood City, CA, USA; Synthkine, Menlo Park, USA
| | - Scott McCauley
- ARMO BioSciences, Redwood City, CA, USA; Synthkine, Menlo Park, USA
| | | | | | - David Ferry
- Eli Lilly and Company, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Martin Oft
- ARMO BioSciences, Redwood City, CA, USA; Synthkine, Menlo Park, USA
| | - Adi Diab
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Edward B Garon
- David Geffen School of Medicine, TRIO-US, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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8
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Canine visceral leishmaniosis: the relationship of blood serum thyroid hormones, lipids, and lipoproteins with clinical status. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3761-3765. [PMID: 30264326 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of thyroid hormones and lipid profile in development and outcome of canine visceral leishmaniosis (CVL). We therefore studied the relationships between blood serum thyroid hormones [total T4, free T4, total T3, and free T3], lipids, and lipoproteins [total cholesterol, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C)] and clinical status in dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum. Two groups of Leishmania-infected dogs [with no clinical signs (NCS; n = 15), and with clinical signs (CS; n = 16)] were assessed and compared with a group of healthy control dogs (n = 15). A significant decrease in serum total T4 (p < 0.05) concentration in the CS group was observed when compared to the NCS and control groups. The dogs in CS group revealed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in free T4 concentration in comparison to the control group. The CS group presented a significant decrease in HDL-C (p < 0.01) concentrations, when compared to NCS and control groups. The observed findings in the present study suggested that thyroid hormone and lipoprotein alterations may have a role in susceptibility of dogs with Leishmania infection.
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Sera from Visceral Leishmaniasis Patients Display Oxidative Activity and Affect the TNF- α Production by Macrophages In Vitro. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5861453. [PMID: 29230410 PMCID: PMC5694613 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5861453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian protection against leishmanial infection depends on the development of an effective immune response. Zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) patients are usually unable to mount an effective immune response against the parasite and indeed appear to be severely immunosuppressed. This suppression has strong nonspecific and specific components mediated by serum factors and leishmanicidal activity of infected macrophages, respectively. The lipid profile has been shown to be altered in ZVL patients' sera. This work aimed at (i) determining the HDL, Apo A1, LDL, and VLDL concentrations in ZVL patients' sera; (ii) investigating the oxidative effect of ZVL patients' sera on the β-carotene matrix; (iii) measuring IL-10, IL-6, IL-12p40, and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in the macrophage cultures, to which 10% of ZVL patients' serum had been added. Levels of HDL, LDL fraction, and apolipoprotein A1 in ZVL patients' sera were lower than those of healthy individuals' sera, except for the mean level of VLDL. The matrix of β-carotene and linoleic acid system was oxidized in the presence of ZLV patients' sera. The presence of ZVL patients' sera did not modify the cytokine production of IL-6, IL-12p40, and IL-10 by human macrophages in vitro but TNF-α production was altered, probably due to lack of macrophage stimulation by lipoprotein.
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Semini G, Paape D, Paterou A, Schroeder J, Barrios‐Llerena M, Aebischer T. Changes to cholesterol trafficking in macrophages by Leishmania parasites infection. Microbiologyopen 2017; 6:e00469. [PMID: 28349644 PMCID: PMC5552908 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania spp. are protozoan parasites that are transmitted by sandfly vectors during blood sucking to vertebrate hosts and cause a spectrum of diseases called leishmaniases. It has been demonstrated that host cholesterol plays an important role during Leishmania infection. Nevertheless, little is known about the intracellular distribution of this lipid early after internalization of the parasite. Here, pulse-chase experiments with radiolabeled cholesteryl esterified to fatty acids bound to low-density lipoproteins indicated that retention of this source of cholesterol is increased in parasite-containing subcellular fractions, while uptake is unaffected. This is correlated with a reduction or absence of detectable NPC1 (Niemann-Pick disease, type C1), a protein responsible for cholesterol efflux from endocytic compartments, in the Leishmania mexicana habitat and infected cells. Filipin staining revealed a halo around parasites within parasitophorous vacuoles (PV) likely representing free cholesterol accumulation. Labeling of host cell membranous cholesterol by fluorescent cholesterol species before infection revealed that this pool is also trafficked to the PV but becomes incorporated into the parasites' membranes and seems not to contribute to the halo detected by filipin. This cholesterol sequestration happened early after infection and was functionally significant as it correlated with the upregulation of mRNA-encoding proteins required for cholesterol biosynthesis. Thus, sequestration of cholesterol by Leishmania amastigotes early after infection provides a basis to understand perturbation of cholesterol-dependent processes in macrophages that were shown previously by others to be necessary for their proper function in innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geo Semini
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and MycobacteriaDepartment of Infectious DiseasesRobert Koch‐InstituteBerlinGermany
| | - Daniel Paape
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Present address:
Welcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Institute of Infection Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Athina Paterou
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Juliane Schroeder
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Present address:
Welcome Trust Centre for Molecular Parasitology and Institute of Infection Immunity and InflammationCollege of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Martin Barrios‐Llerena
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Present address:
Centre for Cardiovascular SciencesQueen's Medical Research Institute University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Toni Aebischer
- Mycotic and Parasitic Agents and MycobacteriaDepartment of Infectious DiseasesRobert Koch‐InstituteBerlinGermany
- Institute of Immunology and Infection ResearchThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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de Jesus Inês E, Sampaio Silva ML, de Souza JN, Galvão AA, Aquino Teixeira MC, Soares NM. Alterations in serum paraoxonase-1 activity and lipid profile in chronic alcoholic patients infected with Strongyloides stercoralis. Acta Trop 2017; 166:1-6. [PMID: 27771420 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 10/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate paraoxonase-1 (PON1) activity, cortisol levels, and the lipid profile in the sera of alcoholic and non-alcoholic Strongyloides stercoralis-infected and uninfected individuals in a sample of 276 individuals attended at the National Health System in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The activity of PON1 was measured by the Beltowski method, serum lipids, and cortisol levels using commercial kits. PON1 activity was low in both alcoholic and non-alcoholic individuals infected with S. stercoralis. A positive correlation was observed between PON1 activity and cortisol concentration in alcoholic individuals who were not infected with S. stercoralis; whereas a negative correlation occurred in S. stercoralis-infected nonalcoholic individuals. The levels of triglycerides, LDL-C, and VLDL-C in S. stercoralis-infected alcoholic individuals were significantly lower than in uninfected alcoholic individuals. The high level of HDL-C and the low level of LDL-C, VLDL, triglycerides and PON1 activity in alcoholic patients infected with S. stercoralis evidenced an anti-atherogenic pattern.
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Escribano D, Tvarijonaviciute A, Kocaturk M, Cerón JJ, Pardo-Marín L, Torrecillas A, Yilmaz Z, Martínez-Subiela S. Serum apolipoprotein-A1 as a possible biomarker for monitoring treatment of canine leishmaniosis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 49:82-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Lamour SD, Gomez-Romero M, Vorkas PA, Alibu VP, Saric J, Holmes E, Sternberg JM. Discovery of Infection Associated Metabolic Markers in Human African Trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004200. [PMID: 26505639 PMCID: PMC4624234 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a major neglected tropical disease in Sub-Saharan Africa. As clinical symptoms are usually non-specific, new diagnostic and prognostic markers are urgently needed to enhance the number of identified cases and optimise treatment. This is particularly important for disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, where indirect immunodiagnostic approaches have to date been unsuccessful. We have conducted global metabolic profiling of plasma from T.b.rhodesiense HAT patients and endemic controls, using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and ultra-performance liquid chromatography, coupled with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) and identified differences in the lipid, amino acid and metabolite profiles. Altogether 16 significantly disease discriminatory metabolite markers were found using NMR, and a further 37 lipid markers via UPLC-MS. These included significantly higher levels of phenylalanine, formate, creatinine, N-acetylated glycoprotein and triglycerides in patients relative to controls. HAT patients also displayed lower concentrations of histidine, sphingomyelins, lysophosphatidylcholines, and several polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholines. While the disease metabolite profile was partially consistent with previous data published in experimental rodent infection, we also found unique lipid and amino acid profile markers highlighting subtle but important differences between the host response to trypanosome infections between animal models and natural human infections. Our results demonstrate the potential of metabolic profiling in the identification of novel diagnostic biomarkers and the elucidation of pathogenetic mechanisms in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina D. Lamour
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Gomez-Romero
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis A. Vorkas
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent P. Alibu
- Section of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmina Saric
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Section of Biomolecular Medicine, Division of Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M. Sternberg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University Of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Hypertriglyceridemia: a possible diagnostic marker of disease severity in visceral leishmaniasis. Infection 2015; 44:39-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0811-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ibba F, Rossi G, Meazzi S, Giordano A, Paltrinieri S. Serum concentration of high density lipoproteins (HDLs) in leishmaniotic dogs. Res Vet Sci 2015; 98:89-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Moraitis AG, Freeman LA, Shamburek RD, Wesley R, Wilson W, Grant CM, Price S, Demosky S, Thacker SG, Zarzour A, Hornung RL, Pucino F, Csako G, Yarboro C, McInnes IB, Kuroiwa T, Boumpas D, Rao VK, Illei GG, Remaley AT. Elevated interleukin-10: a new cause of dyslipidemia leading to severe HDL deficiency. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:81-90. [PMID: 25670364 PMCID: PMC5513489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) is a risk factor for coronary artery disease. Investigating mechanisms underlying acquired severe HDL deficiency in noncritically ill patients ("disappearing HDL syndrome") could provide new insights into HDL metabolism. OBJECTIVE To determine the cause of low HDL-C in patients with severe acquired HDL deficiency. METHODS AND RESULTS Patients with intravascular large B-cell lymphoma (n = 2), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (n = 1), and autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (n = 1) presenting with markedly decreased HDL-C, low low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and elevated triglycerides were identified. The abnormal lipoprotein profile returned to normal after therapy in all 4 patients. All patients were found to have markedly elevated serum interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels that also normalized after therapy. In a cohort of autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome patients (n = 93), IL-10 showed a strong inverse correlation with HDL-C (R(2) = 0.3720, P < .0001). A direct causal role for increased serum IL-10 in inducing the observed changes in lipoproteins was established in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of recombinant human IL-10 in psoriatic arthritis patients (n = 18). Within a week of initiating subcutaneous recombinant human IL-10 injections, HDL-C precipitously decreased to near-undetectable levels. LDL-C also decreased by more than 50% (P < .0001) and triglycerides increased by approximately 2-fold (P < .005). All values returned to baseline after discontinuing IL-10 therapy. CONCLUSION Increased IL-10 causes severe HDL-C deficiency, low LDL-C, and elevated triglycerides. IL-10 is thus a potent modulator of lipoprotein levels, a potential new biomarker for B-cell disorders, and a novel cause of disappearing HDL syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Moraitis
- Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, Endocrine Oncology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert D Shamburek
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert Wesley
- Hospital Epidemiology, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wyndham Wilson
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cliona M Grant
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan Price
- ALPS Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen Demosky
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Seth G Thacker
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdalrahman Zarzour
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ronald L Hornung
- Clinical Services Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Frank Pucino
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gyorgy Csako
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cheryl Yarboro
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Iain B McInnes
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Takashi Kuroiwa
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dimitrios Boumpas
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Medical School University of Athens, Affiliate Member IMBB, Heraklion and BRFAA Athens, Greece
| | - V Koneti Rao
- ALPS Unit, Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabor G Illei
- National Institutes of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Lipoprotein lipase and PPAR alpha gene polymorphisms, increased very-low-density lipoprotein levels, and decreased high-density lipoprotein levels as risk markers for the development of visceral leishmaniasis by Leishmania infantum. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:230129. [PMID: 25242866 PMCID: PMC4163308 DOI: 10.1155/2014/230129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In visceral leishmaniasis (VL) endemic areas, a minority of infected individuals progress to disease since most of them develop protective immunity. Therefore, we investigated the risk markers of VL within nonimmune sector. Analyzing infected symptomatic and, asymptomatic, and noninfected individuals, VL patients presented with reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), elevated triacylglycerol (TAG), and elevated very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels. A polymorphism analysis of the lipoprotein lipase (LPL) gene using HindIII restriction digestion (N = 156 samples) (H+ = the presence and H− = the absence of mutation) revealed an increased adjusted odds ratio (OR) of VL versus noninfected individuals when the H+/H+ was compared with the H−/H− genotype (OR = 21.3; 95% CI = 2.32–3335.3; P = 0.003). The H+/H+ genotype and the H+ allele were associated with elevated VLDL-C and TAG levels (P < 0.05) and reduced HDL-C levels (P < 0.05). An analysis of the L162V polymorphism in the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) gene (n = 248) revealed an increased adjusted OR when the Leu/Val was compared with the Leu/Leu genotype (OR = 8.77; 95% CI = 1.41–78.70; P = 0.014). High TAG (P = 0.021) and VLDL-C (P = 0.023) levels were associated with susceptibility to VL, whereas low HDL (P = 0.006) levels with resistance to infection. The mutated LPL and the PPARα Leu/Val genotypes may be considered risk markers for the development of VL.
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Liberopoulos EN, Apostolou F, Gazi IF, Kostara C, Bairaktari ET, Tselepis AD, Elisaf M. Visceral leishmaniasis is associated with marked changes in serum lipid profile. Eur J Clin Invest 2014; 44:719-27. [PMID: 24920396 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection is often accompanied by lipid profile alterations. The aim of this study was to evaluate the lipid profile changes in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL). MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 15 patients [10 men, aged 50 (24-82) years old] with VL and 15 age- and sex-matched controls. The parameters estimated at diagnosis and 4 months after VL resolution were total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TGs), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), apolipoproteins (apo) A-Ι, B, E, C-II, C-III, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], activities of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2), HDL-Lp-PLA2, PON1 (paraoxonase 1) and cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP), cytokines (interleukins 1β and 6 and tumour necrosis factor α), as well as LDL subfraction profile. RESULTS Patients with VL at diagnosis had lower levels of TC, LDL-C, apoΒ and Lp(a), and higher TG and apoE concentrations compared with 4 months after VL resolution. The activities of Lp-PLA2, HDL-Lp-PLA2 and ΡΟΝ1 were reduced at diagnosis compared with post-treatment values. VL patients had decreased levels of both large and sdLDL-C at diagnosis; no effect on mean LDL particle size was observed. Patients with VL at diagnosis had decreased HDL-C and apoA-I concentrations; these increased 4 months after VL resolution, but remained lower compared with controls. The activities of HDL-Lp-PLA2 and PON1 remained lower in patients after VL resolution compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS Patients with VL exhibit increased TG levels and decreased cholesterol subclasses at diagnosis. HDL-C, apoA-I and associated enzymes remain lower 4 months after VL resolution compared with controls.
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Gatto M, de Abreu MM, Tasca KI, Simão JC, Fortaleza CMCB, Pereira PCM, Calvi SA. Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of patients with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment with leishmanicidal drugs. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 46:735-40. [PMID: 24474015 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0198-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani complex. VL may be asymptomatic or progressive and is characterized by fever, anemia, weight loss and the enlargement of the spleen and liver. The nutritional status of the patients with VL is a major determinant of the progression, severity and mortality of the disease, as it affects the clinical progression of the disease. Changes in lipoproteins and plasma proteins may have major impacts in the host during infection. Thus, our goal was evaluate the serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein levels, as well as the body composition, of VL patients before and after treatment. METHODS Nutritional evaluation was performed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess body composition. Biochemical data on the serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein were collected from the medical charts of the patients. RESULTS BIA indicated that both pre-treatment and post-treatment patients exhibited decreased phase angles compared to the controls, which is indicative of disease. Prior to treatment, the patients exhibited lower levels of total body water compared to the controls. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, patients with active VL exhibited lower levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and albumin and higher triglyceride levels compared to patients after treatment and the controls. Treatment increased the levels of albumin and lipoproteins and decreased the triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that patients with active VL present biochemical and nutritional changes that are reversed by treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gatto
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
| | - Mariana Miziara de Abreu
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
| | - Karen Ingrid Tasca
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
| | | | | | - Paulo Câmara Marques Pereira
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
| | - Sueli Aparecida Calvi
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
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Karmakar S, Paul J, De T. Leishmania donovani glycosphingolipid facilitates antigen presentation by inducing relocation of CD1d into lipid rafts in infected macrophages. Eur J Immunol 2011; 41:1376-87. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201040981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Revised: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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