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Ben-Mahmoud A, Kishikawa S, Gupta V, Leach NT, Shen Y, Moldovan O, Goel H, Hopper B, Ranguin K, Gruchy N, Maas SM, Lacassie Y, Kim SH, Kim WY, Quade BJ, Morton CC, Kim CH, Layman LC, Kim HG. A cryptic microdeletion del(12)(p11.21p11.23) within an unbalanced translocation t(7;12)(q21.13;q23.1) implicates new candidate loci for intellectual disability and Kallmann syndrome. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12984. [PMID: 37563198 PMCID: PMC10415337 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40037-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In a patient diagnosed with both Kallmann syndrome (KS) and intellectual disability (ID), who carried an apparently balanced translocation t(7;12)(q22;q24)dn, array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) disclosed a cryptic heterozygous 4.7 Mb deletion del(12)(p11.21p11.23), unrelated to the translocation breakpoint. This novel discovery prompted us to consider the possibility that the combination of KS and neurological disorder in this patient could be attributed to gene(s) within this specific deletion at 12p11.21-12p11.23, rather than disrupted or dysregulated genes at the translocation breakpoints. To further support this hypothesis, we expanded our study by screening five candidate genes at both breakpoints of the chromosomal translocation in a cohort of 48 KS patients. However, no mutations were found, thus reinforcing our supposition. In order to delve deeper into the characterization of the 12p11.21-12p11.23 region, we enlisted six additional patients with small copy number variations (CNVs) and analyzed eight individuals carrying small CNVs in this region from the DECIPHER database. Our investigation utilized a combination of complementary approaches. Firstly, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic-genotypic comparison of reported CNV cases. Additionally, we reviewed knockout animal models that exhibit phenotypic similarities to human conditions. Moreover, we analyzed reported variants in candidate genes and explored their association with corresponding phenotypes. Lastly, we examined the interacting genes associated with these phenotypes to gain further insights. As a result, we identified a dozen candidate genes: TSPAN11 as a potential KS candidate gene, TM7SF3, STK38L, ARNTL2, ERGIC2, TMTC1, DENND5B, and ETFBKMT as candidate genes for the neurodevelopmental disorder, and INTS13, REP15, PPFIBP1, and FAR2 as candidate genes for KS with ID. Notably, the high-level expression pattern of these genes in relevant human tissues further supported their candidacy. Based on our findings, we propose that dosage alterations of these candidate genes may contribute to sexual and/or cognitive impairments observed in patients with KS and/or ID. However, the confirmation of their causal roles necessitates further identification of point mutations in these candidate genes through next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afif Ben-Mahmoud
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Shotaro Kishikawa
- Gene Engineering Division, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Vijay Gupta
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Natalia T Leach
- Integrated Genetics, Laboratory Corporation of America Holdings, 3400 Computer Drive, Westborough, MA, 01581, USA
| | - Yiping Shen
- Division of Genetics and Genomics at Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Oana Moldovan
- Medical Genetics Service, Pediatric Department, Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Himanshu Goel
- Hunter Genetics, Waratah, NSW, 2298, Australia
- University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Bruce Hopper
- Forster Genetics-Hunter New England Local Health District, Forster, NSW, 2428, Australia
| | - Kara Ranguin
- Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Developmental anomalies and polymalformative syndrome, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Gruchy
- Department of Genetics, Reference Center for Rare Diseases of Developmental anomalies and polymalformative syndrome, CHU de Caen Normandie, Caen, France
| | - Saskia M Maas
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Reproduction and Development Research Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Yves Lacassie
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, LA, 70118, USA
| | - Soo-Hyun Kim
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - Woo-Yang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, 44242, USA
| | - Bradley J Quade
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cynthia C Morton
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology and of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Manchester Centre for Audiology and Deafness, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Korea
| | - Lawrence C Layman
- Section of Reproductive Endocrinology, Infertility and Genetics, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Hyung-Goo Kim
- Neurological Disorders Research Center, Qatar Biomedical Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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2
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Ben-Mahmoud A, Kishikawa S, Gupta V, Leach NT, Shen Y, Moldovan O, Goel H, Hopper B, Ranguin K, Gruchy N, Maas SM, Lacassie Y, Kim SH, Kim WY, Quade BJ, Morton CC, Kim CH, Layman LC, Kim HG. A microdeletion del(12)(p11.21p11.23) with a cryptic unbalanced translocation t(7;12)(q21.13;q23.1) implicates new candidate loci for intellectual disability and Kallmann syndrome. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2572736. [PMID: 37034680 PMCID: PMC10081357 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2572736/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
In an apparently balanced translocation t(7;12)(q22;q24)dn exhibiting both Kallmann syndrome (KS) and intellectual disability (ID), we detected a cryptic heterozygous 4.7 Mb del(12)(p11.21p11.23) unrelated to the translocation breakpoint. This new finding raised the possibility that KS combined with neurological disorder in this patient could be caused by gene(s) within this deletion at 12p11.21-12p11.23 instead of disrupted or dysregulated genes at the genomic breakpoints. Screening of five candidate genes at both breakpoints in 48 KS patients we recruited found no mutation, corroborating our supposition. To substantiate this hypothesis further, we recruited six additional subjects with small CNVs and analyzed eight individuals carrying small CNVs in this region from DECIPHER to dissect 12p11.21-12p11.23. We used multiple complementary approaches including a phenotypic-genotypic comparison of reported cases, a review of knockout animal models recapitulating the human phenotypes, and analyses of reported variants in the interacting genes with corresponding phenotypes. The results identified one potential KS candidate gene ( TSPAN11 ), seven candidate genes for the neurodevelopmental disorder ( TM7SF3 , STK38L , ARNTL2 , ERGIC2 , TMTC1 , DENND5B , and ETFBKMT ), and four candidate genes for KS with ID ( INTS13 , REP15 , PPFIBP1 , and FAR2 ). The high-level expression pattern in the relevant human tissues further suggested the candidacy of these genes. We propose that the dosage alterations of the candidate genes may contribute to sexual and/or cognitive impairment in patients with KS and/or ID. Further identification of point mutations through next generation sequencing will be necessary to confirm their causal roles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Oana Moldovan
- Hospital Santa Maria, Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte
| | | | - Bruce Hopper
- Forster Genetics-Hunter New England Local Health District
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3
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Stamou MI, Brand H, Wang M, Wong I, Lippincott MF, Plummer L, Crowley WF, Talkowski M, Seminara S, Balasubramanian R. Prevalence and Phenotypic Effects of Copy Number Variants in Isolated Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:2228-2242. [PMID: 35574646 PMCID: PMC9282252 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT The genetic architecture of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) has not been completely defined. OBJECTIVE To determine the role of copy number variants (CNVs) in IHH pathogenicity and define their phenotypic spectrum. METHODS Exome sequencing (ES) data in IHH probands (n = 1394) (Kallmann syndrome [IHH with anosmia; KS], n = 706; normosmic IHH [nIHH], n = 688) and family members (n = 1092) at the Reproductive Endocrine Unit and the Center for Genomic Medicine of Massachusetts General Hospital were analyzed for CNVs and single nucleotide variants (SNVs)/indels in 62 known IHH genes. IHH subjects without SNVs/indels in known genes were considered "unsolved." Phenotypes associated with CNVs were evaluated through review of patient medical records. A total of 29 CNVs in 13 genes were detected (overall IHH cohort prevalence: ~2%). Almost all (28/29) CNVs occurred in unsolved IHH cases. While some genes (eg, ANOS1 and FGFR1) frequently harbor both CNVs and SNVs/indels, the mutational spectrum of others (eg, CHD7) was restricted to SNVs/indels. Syndromic phenotypes were seen in 83% and 63% of IHH subjects with multigenic and single gene CNVs, respectively. CONCLUSION CNVs in known genes contribute to ~2% of IHH pathogenesis. Predictably, multigenic contiguous CNVs resulted in syndromic phenotypes. Syndromic phenotypes resulting from single gene CNVs validate pleiotropy of some IHH genes. Genome sequencing approaches are now needed to identify novel genes and/or other elusive variants (eg, noncoding/complex structural variants) that may explain the remaining missing etiology of IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Stamou
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Harrison Brand
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
- Pediatric Surgical Research Laboratories, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Mei Wang
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Isaac Wong
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Margaret F Lippincott
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - William F Crowley
- Endocrine Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Michael Talkowski
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02141, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Stephanie Seminara
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and the Center for Reproductive Medicine, Boston, MA 02141, USA
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Schierz IAM, Giuffrè M, Cimador M, D'Alessandro MM, Serra G, Favata F, Antona V, Piro E, Corsello G. Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis masked by kidney failure in a male infant with a contiguous gene deletion syndrome at Xp22.31 involving the steroid sulfatase gene: case report. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:19. [PMID: 35115028 PMCID: PMC8812169 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Contiguous gene deletion syndrome at Xp22.3 resulting in nullisomy in males or Turner syndrome patients typically encompasses the steroid sulfatase gene (STS) and contiguously located other genes expanding the phenotype. In large deletions, that encompass also the Kallmann syndrome 1 gene (KAL1), occasionally infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) and congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) have been reported. Patient presentation We report on a male newborn with family history in maternal uncle of renal abnormalities and short stature still without ichthyosiform dermatosis. The baby presented CAKUT with kidney failure and progressive vomiting. Renal bicarbonate loss masked hypochloremic and hypokalemic metabolic alkalosis classically present in IHPS and delayed its diagnosis. Antropyloric ultrasound examination and cystourethrography were diagnostic. After Fredet-Ramstedt extramucosal pyloromyotomy feeding and growing was regular and he was discharged home. Comparative whole-genome hybridization detected a maternal inherited interstitial deletion of 1.56 Mb on Xp22.31(6,552,712_8,115,153) × 0 involving the STS gene, but not the KAL1 gene. Conclusions Aberrant cholesterol sulfate storage due to STS deletion as the underlying pathomechanism is not limited to oculocutaneous phenotypes but could also lead to co-occurrence of both IHPS and kidney abnormalities, as we report. Thus, although these two latter pathologies have a high incidence in the neonatal age, their simultaneous association in our patient is resembling not a chance but a real correlation expanding the clinical spectrum associated with Xp22.31 deletions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Anne Mandy Schierz
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Mario Giuffrè
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Cimador
- Pediatric Surgery Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Gregorio Serra
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Federico Favata
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Antona
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ettore Piro
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corsello
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Mother-Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties "G. D'Alessandro", University Hospital "P. Giaccone", Via Alfonso Giordano n. 3, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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5
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Deller M, Gellrich J, Lohrer EC, Schriever VA. Genetics of congenital olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review of the literature. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6847567. [PMID: 36433800 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, as one of our 5 senses, plays an important role in our daily lives. It is connected to proper nutrition, social interaction, and protection mechanisms. Disorders affecting this sense consequently also affect the patients' general quality of life. Because the underlying genetics of congenital olfactory disorders (COD) have not been thoroughly investigated yet, this systematic review aimed at providing information on genes that have previously been reported to be mutated in patients suffering from COD. This was achieved by systematically reviewing existing literature on 3 databases, namely PubMed, Ovid Medline, and ISI Web of Science. Genes and the type of disorder, that is, isolated and/or syndromic COD were included in this study, as were the patients' associated abnormal features, which were categorized according to the affected organ(-system). Our research yielded 82 candidate genes/chromosome loci for isolated and/or syndromic COD. Our results revealed that the majority of these are implicated in syndromic COD, a few accounted for syndromic and isolated COD, and the least underly isolated COD. Most commonly, structures of the central nervous system displayed abnormalities. This study is meant to assist clinicians in determining the type of COD and detecting potentially abnormal features in patients with confirmed genetic variations. Future research will hopefully expand this list and thereby further improve our understanding of COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Deller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth C Lohrer
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany.,Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany
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6
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Ma W, Mao J, Wang X, Duan L, Song Y, Lian X, Zheng J, Liu Z, Nie M, Wu X. Novel Microdeletion in the X Chromosome Leads to Kallmann Syndrome, Ichthyosis, Obesity, and Strabismus. Front Genet 2020; 11:596. [PMID: 32670353 PMCID: PMC7327112 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A large deletion in Xp22.3 can result in contiguous gene syndromes, including X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) and Kallmann syndrome (KS), presenting with short stature, chondrodysplasia punctata, intellectual disability, and strabismus. XLI and KS are caused by the deletion of STS and ANOS1, respectively. Method Two KS patients with XLI were screened to identify possible pathogenic mutations using whole exome sequencing. The clinical characteristics, molecular genetics, treatment outcomes, and genotype–phenotype association for each patient were analyzed. Results We identified a novel 3,923 kb deletion within the Xp22.31 region (chrX: 5810838–9733877) containing STS, ANOS1, GPR143, NLGN4X, VCX-A, PUDP, and PNPLA4 in patient 1, who presented with KS, XLI, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and strabismus. We identified a novel 5,807 kb deletion within the Xp22.31-p22.33 regions (chrX: 2700083–8507807) containing STS, ANOS1, and other 24 genes in patient 2, who presented with KS, XLI, obesity, and strabismus. No developmental delay, abnormal speech development, or autistic behavior were noticed in either patient. Conclusion We identified two novel microdeletions in the X chromosome leading to KS and XLI. These findings contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive contiguous gene syndromes. Our research confirmed that the Kallmann-Ichthyosis phenotype is caused by microdeletions at the chromosome level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanlu Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Mao
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lian Duan
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuwen Song
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaolan Lian
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junjie Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Nie
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xueyan Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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7
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Papoulidis I, Vetro A, Paspaliaris V, Ziegler M, Kreskowski K, Daskalakis G, Papadopoulos V, Dagklis T, Liehr T, Thomaidis L, Manolakos E. A Girl with 10 Mb Distal Xp Deletion Arising from Maternal Pericentric Inversion: Clinical Data and Molecular Characterization. Curr Genomics 2018; 19:240-246. [PMID: 29606911 PMCID: PMC5850512 DOI: 10.2174/1389202918666170725102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Short arm deletions of the X-chromosome are challenging issues for genetic counseling due to their low penetrance in population. Female carriers of these deletions have milder phenotype than male ones, considering the intellectual ability and social skills, probably because of the X-chromosome inactivation phenomenon. Case report: A female patient with a 10Mb distal Xp deletion and an Xq duplication, showing mild intellectual disability, is described in this report. While the deletion arose from a maternal pericentric inversion, the duplication was directly transmitted from the mother who is phenotypically normal. Conclusion: This report underlines the usefulness of molecular cytogenetic technics in postnatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Papoulidis
- Access to Genome P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Athens-Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Annalisa Vetro
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Vassilis Paspaliaris
- Access to Genome P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Athens-Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Monika Ziegler
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743Jena, Germany
| | - Katharina Kreskowski
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743Jena, Germany
| | - George Daskalakis
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, "Alexandra" Hospital, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Themistoklis Dagklis
- 3 Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinic, Ippokrateion Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Thomas Liehr
- Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Institute of Human Genetics, Kollegiengasse 10, D-07743Jena, Germany
| | - Loretta Thomaidis
- Developmental Assessment Unit, 2 Department of Pediatrics, P. & A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanouil Manolakos
- Access to Genome P.C., Clinical Laboratory Genetics, Athens-Thessaloniki, Greece.,Developmental Assessment Unit, 2 Department of Pediatrics, P. & A. Kyriakou Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of Cagliari, Binaghi Hospital, Cagliari, Italy
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8
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Niu Y, Zhou C, Xu H, Wang D, Chen Y, Li Z, Wang T, Pokhrel G, Wang DW, Liu J. Novel interstitial deletion in Xp22.3 in a typical X-linked recessive family with Kallmann syndrome. Andrologia 2018; 50:e12961. [PMID: 29441621 DOI: 10.1111/and.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous condition characterised by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia or hyposmia. More than nineteen genes causing KS have been reported to date. KAL1, first identified to causing the X-linked form of KS, accounts for 10%-20% of KS patients. In this study, we designed a panel including 17 known genes causing KS for genetic diagnosis and research and report a typical and rare family of which three generations had been affected by KS. A novel CNV in Xp22.3 was identified through targeted next-sequencing technology and high-resolution microarray. The breakpoint (chrX:8536480 and chrX:8730416) was defined, and the size of deletion is about 0.24 Mb. The CNV including KAL1 and FAM9A had a negative effect on the expression of KAL1, resulting in decreased level of KAL1 mRNA in whole blood. In addition, the proband had significant improvement in testicular volumes and secondary sex characters except spermatogenesis after regular treatment, which indicates the CNV may have a negative effect on spermatogenesis. Our study expands the genotypic spectrum of KAL1 mutations associated with KS and provides a practical pipeline for genetic diagnosis or research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Niu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - C Zhou
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Genetic Diagnosis Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - H Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - D Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Y Chen
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Z Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Genetic Diagnosis Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - T Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - G Pokhrel
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - D W Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine and Genetic Diagnosis Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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9
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Berges-Raso I, Giménez-Palop O, Gabau E, Capel I, Caixàs A, Rigla M. Kallmann syndrome and ichthyosis: a case of contiguous gene deletion syndrome. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2017; 2017:EDM170083. [PMID: 30352392 DOI: 10.1530/edm-17-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism caused by gonadotropin-releasing hormone deficiency and characterized by anosmia or hyposmia due to hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs; osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome can develop due to longstanding untreated hypogonadism. Kallmann syndrome affects 1 in 10 000 men and 1 in 50 000 women. Defects in 17 genes, including KAL1, have been implicated. Kallmann syndrome can be associated with X-linked ichthyosis, a skin disorder characterized by early onset dark, dry, irregular scales affecting the limb and trunk, caused by a defect of the steroid sulfatase gene (STS). Both KAL1 and STS are located in the Xp22.3 region; therefore, deletions in this region cause a contiguous gene syndrome. We report the case of a 32-year-old man with ichthyosis referred for evaluation of excessive height (2.07 m) and weight (BMI: 29.6 kg/m2), microgenitalia and absence of secondary sex characteristics. We diagnosed Kallmann syndrome with ichthyosis due to a deletion in Xp22.3, a rare phenomenon. Learning points: Kallmann syndrome is a genetically heterogeneous disease characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia or hyposmia associated with defects in the production or action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and hypoplasia of the olfactory bulbs. Several genes have been implicated in Kallmann syndrome, including KAL1, located in the Xp22.3 region, which is responsible for X-linked Kallmann syndrome. KAL1 encodes the protein anosmin-1. X-linked ichthyosis is caused by deficiency of the steroid sulfatase enzyme, encoded by STS, which is also located in the Xp22.3 region. Deletions involving this region can affect both genes and result in contiguous gene syndromes. Phenotype can guide clinicians toward suspicion of a specific genetic mutation. KAL1 mutations are mostly related to microgenitalia, unilateral renal agenesis and synkinesia, although patients need not present all these abnormalities. Longstanding untreated hypogonadism is associated with poor sexual health, osteoporosis and metabolic syndrome with the concomitant risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity. Treatment aims to promote the development of secondary sex characteristics, build and sustain normal bone and muscle mass and restore fertility. Treatment can also help minimize some psychological consequences. Treatments available for patients with congenital GnRH deficiency such as Kallmann syndrome include gonadal steroid hormones, human gonadotropins and GnRH. The choice of therapy depends on the goal or goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Berges-Raso
- Endocrinology Department, Parc Taulí University Hospital, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Giménez-Palop
- Endocrinology Department, Parc Taulí University Hospital, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabeth Gabau
- Endocrinology Department, Parc Taulí University Hospital, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ismael Capel
- Endocrinology Department, Parc Taulí University Hospital, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Assumpta Caixàs
- Endocrinology Department, Parc Taulí University Hospital, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Rigla
- Endocrinology Department, Parc Taulí University Hospital, Sabadell, Barcelona, Spain
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10
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Xu H, Li Z, Wang T, Wang S, Liu J, Wang DW. Novel homozygous deletion of segmentalKAL1and entireSTScause Kallmann syndrome and X-linked ichthyosis in a Chinese family. Andrologia 2015; 47:1160-5. [PMID: 25597551 DOI: 10.1111/and.12397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- H. Xu
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - Z. Li
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - T. Wang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - S. Wang
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - J. Liu
- Department of Urology; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
| | - D. W. Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gene Therapy Center; Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College; Huazhong University of Science and Technology; Wuhan China
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11
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Abstract
Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (IHPS) is a common condition in neonates that is characterized by an acquired narrowing of the pylorus. The aetiology of isolated IHPS is still largely unknown. Classic genetic studies have demonstrated an increased risk in families of affected infants. Several genetic studies in groups of individuals with isolated IHPS have identified chromosomal regions linked to the condition; however, these associations could usually not be confirmed in subsequent cohorts, suggesting considerable genetic heterogeneity. IHPS is associated with many clinical syndromes that have known causative mutations. Patients with syndromes associated with IHPS can be considered as having an extreme phenotype of IHPS and studying these patients will be instrumental in finding causes of isolated IHPS. Possible pathways in syndromic IHPS include: (neuro)muscular disorders; connective tissue disorders; metabolic disorders; intracellular signalling pathway disturbances; intercellular communication disturbances; ciliopathies; DNA-repair disturbances; transcription regulation disorders; MAPK-pathway disturbances; lymphatic abnormalities; and environmental factors. Future research should focus on linkage analysis and next-generation molecular techniques in well-defined families with multiple affected members. Studies will have an increased chance of success if detailed phenotyping is applied and if knowledge about the various possible causative pathways is used in evaluating results.
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12
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Engelstad H, Carney G, S'aulis D, Rise J, Sanger WG, Rudd MK, Richard G, Carr CW, Abdul-Rahman OA, Rizzo WB. Large contiguous gene deletions in Sjögren-Larsson syndrome. Mol Genet Metab 2011; 104:356-61. [PMID: 21684788 PMCID: PMC3196763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2011.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 05/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sjögren-Larsson syndrome (SLS) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by ichthyosis, mental retardation, spasticity and mutations in the ALDH3A2 gene for fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase, an enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of fatty aldehyde to fatty acid. More than 70 mutations have been identified in SLS patients, including small deletions or insertions, missense mutations, splicing defects and complex nucleotide changes. We now describe 2 SLS patients whose disease is caused by large contiguous gene deletions of the ALDH3A2 locus on 17p11.2. The deletions were defined using long distance inverse PCR and microarray-based comparative genomic hybridization. A 24-year-old SLS female was homozygous for a 352-kb deletion involving ALDH3A2 and 4 contiguous genes including ALDH3A1, which codes for the major soluble protein in cornea. Although lacking corneal disease, she showed severe symptoms of SLS with uncommon deterioration in oral motor function and loss of ambulation. The other 19-month-old female patient was a compound heterozygote for a 1.44-Mb contiguous gene deletion and a missense mutation (c.407C>T, P136L) in ALDH3A2. These studies suggest that large gene deletions may account for up to 5% of the mutant alleles in SLS. Geneticists should consider the possibility of compound heterozygosity for large deletions in patients with SLS and other inborn errors of metabolism, which has implications for carrier testing and prenatal diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Engelstad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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13
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Bouvattier C, Maione L, Bouligand J, Dodé C, Guiochon-Mantel A, Young J. Neonatal gonadotropin therapy in male congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 8:172-82. [PMID: 22009162 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) causes pubertal failure and infertility in both women and men due to partial or total secretory failure of the two pituitary gonadotropins lutropin (LH) and follitropin (FSH) during periods of physiological activation of the gonadotropic axis. Men and women with CHH frequently seek treatment for infertility after hypogonadism therapy. Some etiologies, such as autosomal dominant or X-linked Kallmann syndrome, raise the question of hereditary transmission, leading to increasing demands for genetic counseling and monitoring of medically assisted pregnancies. Diagnosis and treatment of newborn boys is, therefore, becoming an increasingly important issue. In male individuals with complete forms of CHH, the antenatal and neonatal gonadotropin deficit leads to formation of a micropenis and cryptorchidism, which could undermine future sexual and reproductive functions. Standard treatments, usually started after the age of puberty, often only partially correct the genital abnormalities and spermatogenesis. The aim of this Review is to examine the possible additional benefits of neonatal gonadotropin therapy in male patients with CHH. Encouraging results of neonatal therapy, together with a few reports of prepubertal treatment, support the use of this novel therapeutic strategy aimed at improving sexual and reproductive functions in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Bouvattier
- Departement de Pédiatrie Endocrinienne, Hôpital Bicêtre-University Paris-Sud, 78 Rue du Général Leclerc, F-94275 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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14
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Langlois S, Armstrong L, Gall K, Hulait G, Livingston J, Nelson T, Power P, Pugash D, Siciliano D, Steinraths M, Mattman A. Steroid sulfatase deficiency and contiguous gene deletion syndrome amongst pregnant patients with low serum unconjugated estriols. Prenat Diagn 2009; 29:966-74. [PMID: 19609942 DOI: 10.1002/pd.2326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To ascertain all prenatally diagnosed cases of Steroid Sulfatase (STS) deficiency in British Columbia between August 2002 and July 2007 to determine the incidence of this condition, the clinical and laboratory findings, and the risk of a contiguous gene deletion syndrome. METHODS We reviewed the medical records of these patients to obtain detailed information about the maternal serum screening results, family history, investigations performed, and outcome of the pregnancy. RESULTS Thirty pregnant patients were found to have a male fetus/infant with STS deficiency, giving a minimal estimated incidence of this condition of approximately 1 in 1513 males. In twenty nine cases, this condition was isolated. One patient was found to have a contiguous gene deletion syndrome. In cases of sporadic STS deficiency diagnosed prenatally, the frequency of contiguous gene deletion syndrome in this study was 1 out of 12 (8.3%). CONCLUSION The clinical, cytogenetic and molecular data on this series of prenatally diagnosed cases of STS deficiency indicates that this is a common condition and in cases with no family history, the risk of contiguous gene deletion syndrome is significant, and warrants additional molecular genetic investigations of the mother and/or fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Langlois
- Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
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15
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Shinawi M, Patel A, Panichkul P, Zascavage R, Peters SU, Scaglia F. The Xp contiguous deletion syndrome and autism. Am J Med Genet A 2009; 149A:1138-48. [PMID: 19441126 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.32833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Xp22 nullisomy in males causes a phenotype consistent with the loss of one or more of the genes located in this chromosomal region. Females with similar Xp deletions rarely manifest the same phenotype. Here we describe a 10-year-old girl with a de novo interstitial deletion encompassing Xp22.2p22.32 who presented with autism, moderate mental retardation, and some dysmorphic features. The deletion was delineated by FISH and STR analyses, and the breakpoints were determined using the Agilent 244 K oligonucleotide array. We found that the 5.5 Mb deletion is located on the paternal X chromosome and encompasses 18 genes. Further molecular and cytogenetic analyses showed unfavorable skewing of X-inactivation of the maternal (intact) chromosome. The phenotype of our patient was compared with previously reported female patients with deletions encompassing the same chromosomal region. We discuss the potential role of the genes in the deleted region and X chromosome inactivation in the pathogenesis of the phenotypic abnormalities seen in our patient. Our findings suggest that the severity and the variability of the clinical findings are determined by the size and the parental origin of the deletions as well as the X-inactivation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwan Shinawi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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16
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Bhagavath B, Xu N, Ozata M, Rosenfield RL, Bick DP, Sherins RJ, Layman LC. KAL1 mutations are not a common cause of idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism in humans. Mol Hum Reprod 2007; 13:165-70. [PMID: 17213338 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gal108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism results in the absence of puberty and if left untreated leads to infertility. Mutations in KAL1 are known to account for some of the cases of Kallmann syndrome. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of KAL1 mutations in a large number of patients with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (IHH). One hundred and thirty eight patients (109 males and 29 females) with IHH were studied for mutations in KAL1. DNA from these patients was subjected to denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis or single strand conformation polymorphism to identify mutations. Sequencing was performed to confirm mutations detected. Four mutations were found in 109 males (3.7%). All four mutations were in anosmic/hyposmic men making the prevalence 4/63 (6.3%) in this group of patients. No mutations were found in the 29 female patients. KAL1 mutations are an uncommon cause of Kallmann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Bhagavath
- Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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17
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Deletion of distal promoter of VCXA in a patient with X-linked ichthyosis associated with borderline mental retardation. J Dermatol Sci 2006; 45:31-6. [PMID: 17113756 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2006.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is caused by deficiency of steroid sulfatase (STS) activity. About 90% XLI patients have large deletions involving the entire STS gene and flanking regions. Recently, VCXA, which is located approximately 0.7Mb telomeric to the STS gene, was reported as a candidate gene for mental retardation (MR) in patients with XLI. OBJECTIVE To delineate the X-chromosomal deletion of a XLI patient with borderline mental retardation. METHODS We carried out FISH analysis to show that the whole STS gene is deleted, and PCR analysis for fine-scale deletion mapping. RESULTS The deleted segment is approximately 1.6Mb in size, and includes the entire STS and VCXB1 genes. VCXA itself is intact, but its promoter is deleted. CONCLUSION A deletion that includes the VCXA promoter is associated with borderline mental retardation in a patient with XLI.
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18
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Lesca G, Sinilnikova O, Theuil G, Blanc J, Edery P, Till M. Xp22.3 microdeletion including VCX-A and VCX-B1 genes in an X-linked ichthyosis family: no difference in deletion size for patients with and without mental retardation. Clin Genet 2005; 67:367-8. [PMID: 15733277 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2005.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Van Esch H, Hollanders K, Badisco L, Melotte C, Van Hummelen P, Vermeesch JR, Devriendt K, Fryns JP, Marynen P, Froyen G. Deletion of VCX-A due to NAHR plays a major role in the occurrence of mental retardation in patients with X-linked ichthyosis. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:1795-803. [PMID: 15888481 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) is often associated with a recurrent microdeletion at Xp22.31 due to non-allelic homologous recombination between the CRI-S232 low-copy repeat regions flanking the STS gene. The clinical features of these patients may include mental retardation (MR) and the VCX-A gene has been proposed as the candidate MR gene. Analysis of DNA from four XLI patients with MR by array-comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) on a 150 kb resolution X chromosome-specific array revealed a 1.5 Mb interstitial microdeletion with breakpoints in the CRI-S232 repeat sequences, each of which harbors a VCX gene. We demonstrate that the recombination sites in all four cases are situated in the 1 kb repeat unit 2 region present at the 3' ends of the VCX-A and VCX-B genes thereby deleting VCX-A and VCX-B1 but not VCX-B and VCX-C. Array-CGH with DNA of an XLI patient with MR and an inherited t(X;Y)(p22.31;q11.2) showed an Xpter deletion of 8.0 Mb resulting in the deletion of all four VCX genes and duplication of both VCY homologs. These data confirm the role of VCX-A in the occurrence of MR in XLI patients. Moreover, we propose a VCX/Y teamwork-dependent mechanism for the incidence of mental impairment in XLI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Van Esch
- Department of Human Genetics, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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20
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Trarbach EB, Monlleo IL, Porciuncula CGG, Fontes MIB, Baptista MTM, Hackel C. Similar interstitial deletions of the KAL-1 gene in two Brazilian families with X-linked Kallmann Syndrome. Genet Mol Biol 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572004000300006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine Hackel
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil
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21
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Moreno García M, Fernández Martínez FJ, Barreiro Miranda E. Repercusión clínica de las anomalías cromosómicas. An Pediatr (Barc) 2004; 61:236-41. [PMID: 15469808 DOI: 10.1016/s1695-4033(04)78803-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chromosome anomalies in newborn infants is 0.7-0.8 %. The phenotypic manifestations of chromosomal abnormalities are highly diverse. These anomalies may be present in phenotypically normal individuals in whom they can increase the risk of recurrent miscarriage and birth defects and/or mental retardation. It is important to determine this risk to provide patients with appropriate genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Moreno García
- Servicio de Genética, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Trarbach EB, Baptista MT, Maciel-Guerra AT, Hackel C. Cytogenetic analysis and detection of KAL-1 gene deletion with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in patients with Kallmann syndrome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-27302001000600008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a disease clinically characterized by the association of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia or hyposmia, for which three modes of transmission have been described: X-linked, autosomal recessive and autosomal dominant. The KAL-1 gene, responsible for the X-linked form of the disease, has been isolated and its intron-exon organization determined. In this study, two families with X-linked KS and four sporadic male patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia were cytogenetically investigated with high-resolution techniques and FISH. Chromosomal analysis did not reveal any rearrangements or deletions. Deletion of the KAL-1 gene was detected by FISH in only one sporadic patient, with the typical features of KS and a high palate. Among the familial cases renal abnormalities and pes cavus deformity were observed.
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23
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Vassal H, Medeira A, Cordeiro I, Santos HG, Castedo S, Saraiva C, da Silva PM, Monteiro C. Terminal deletion of Xp22.3 associated with contiguous gene syndrome: Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, developmental delay, and ichthyosis. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS 2001; 99:331-4. [PMID: 11252003 DOI: 10.1002/1096-8628(20010401)99:4<331::aid-ajmg1175>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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24
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Seidel J, Schiller S, Kelbova C, Beensen V, Orth U, Vogt S, Claussen U, Zintl F, Rappold GA. Brachytelephalangic dwarfism due to the loss of ARSE and SHOX genes resulting from an X;Y translocation. Clin Genet 2001; 59:115-21. [PMID: 11260213 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-0004.2001.590209.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Here we report an 8-year-old male patient who had mesomelic shortening of forearms and legs, brachytelephalangia and ichthyotic skin lesions. Chromosomal analysis showed an X;Y translocation involving the short arm of the X chromosome (Xp). Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and molecular studies localized the breakpoints on Xp22.3 in the immediate vicinity of the KAL gene demonstrating deletions of steroid sulfatase (STS), arylsulfatase E (ARSE), and short stature homeo box (SHOX) genes. It was suspected that the patient was suffering from chondrodysplasia punctata because of a loss of the arylsulfatase E (ARSE) gene. However, no stippled epiphyses were to be seen in the neonatal radiograph. Interestingly, this patient is the first case with a proven loss of the ARSE gene without chondrodysplasia punctata, assuming that chondrodysplasia punctata is not an obligatory sign of ARSE gene loss. Brachytelephalangia was the only result of ARSE gene deletion in this case. The patient's mother also had dwarfism and showed Madelung deformity of the forearms. She was detected as a carrier of the same aberrant X chromosome. The male patient did not show Madelung deformity, demonstrating that Lerri-Weill syndrome phenotype may be still incomplete in children with SHOX gene deletion. The wide clinical spectrum in the male and the Leri-Weill phenotype in his mother are the results of both a deletion involving several sulfatase genes in Xp22.3 and the SHOX gene located in the pseudoautosomal region. Nevertheless, there is no explanation for the absence of chondrodysplasia punctata despite the total loss of the ARSE gene. Further studies are necessary to investigate genotype/phenotype correlation in cases with translocations or microdeletions on Xp22.3, including the ARSE and the SHOX gene loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Seidel
- Department of Pediatrics, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Kochstrasse 2, D-07740 Jena, Germany.
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25
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Fukami M, Kirsch S, Schiller S, Richter A, Benes V, Franco B, Muroya K, Rao E, Merker S, Niesler B, Ballabio A, Ansorge W, Ogata T, Rappold GA. A member of a gene family on Xp22.3, VCX-A, is deleted in patients with X-linked nonspecific mental retardation. Am J Hum Genet 2000; 67:563-73. [PMID: 10903929 PMCID: PMC1287516 DOI: 10.1086/303047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2000] [Accepted: 06/23/2000] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked nonspecific mental retardation (MRX) has a frequency of 0.15% in the male population and is caused by defects in several different genes on the human X chromosome. Genotype-phenotype correlations in male patients with a partial nullisomy of the X chromosome have suggested that at least one locus involved in MRX is on Xp22.3. Previous deletion mapping has shown that this gene resides between markers DXS1060 and DXS1139, a region encompassing approximately 1.5 Mb of DNA. Analyzing the DNA of 15 males with Xp deletions, we were able to narrow this MRX critical interval to approximately 15 kb of DNA. Only one gene, VCX-A (variably charged, X chromosome mRNA on CRI-S232A), was shown to reside in this interval. Because of a variable number of tandem 30-bp repeats in the VCX-A gene, the size of the predicted protein is 186-226 amino acids. VCX-A belongs to a gene family containing at least four nearly identical paralogues on Xp22.3 (VCX-A, -B, -B1, and -C) and two on Yq11.2 (VCY-D, VCY-E), suggesting that the X and Y copies were created by duplication events. We have found that VCX-A is retained in all patients with normal intelligence and is deleted in all patients with mental retardation. There is no correlation between the presence or absence of VCX-B1, -B, and VCX-C and mental status in our patients. These results suggest that VCX-A is sufficient to maintain normal mental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Fukami
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Stefan Kirsch
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Simone Schiller
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Alexandra Richter
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Vladimir Benes
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Brunella Franco
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Koji Muroya
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Ercole Rao
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Sabine Merker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Beate Niesler
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Wilhelm Ansorge
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
| | - Gudrun A. Rappold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Heidelberg, and European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Milan; and Department of Pediatrics, Keio University, Tokyo
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26
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Bhasin S, Mallidis C, Ma K. The genetic basis of infertility in men. BAILLIERE'S BEST PRACTICE & RESEARCH. CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGY & METABOLISM 2000; 14:363-88. [PMID: 11097781 DOI: 10.1053/beem.2000.0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Subfertility in men is a heterogeneous syndrome, its pathophysiology remaining unknown in the majority of affected men. A large number of genes and loci are associated with sterility in experimental animals, but the human homologues of most of these genes have not been characterized. A British study suggested that, in a large proportion of men with idiopathic infertility, the disorder is inherited as an autosomal recessive trait; this provocative hypothesis needs confirmation. Because normal germ cell development requires the temporally and spatially co-ordinated expression of a number of gene products at the hypothalamic, pituitary and testicular levels, it is safe to predict that a large number of autosomal, as well as X- and Y-linked, genes will probably be implicated in different subsets of male subfertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bhasin
- UCLA School of Medicine, CA 90059, USA
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Aviram-Goldring A, Goldman B, Netanelov-Shapira I, Chen-Shtoyerman R, Zvulunov A, Tal O, Ilan T, Peleg L. Deletion patterns of the STS gene and flanking sequences in Israeli X-linked ichthyosis patients and carriers: analysis by polymerase chain reaction and fluorescence in situ hybridization techniques. Int J Dermatol 2000; 39:182-7. [PMID: 10759956 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-4362.2000.00915.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deletion of the entire steroid sulfatase (STS) gene is the most common molecular defect in X-linked ichthyosis (XLI) patients. Usually, additional flanking sequences are also missing. The aim of this study was to estimate the extent of deletions in an ethnically heterogeneous population of Israeli XLI patients. METHODS Multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques were applied in the analysis of blood samples of 24 patients and amniotic cells of seven affected fetuses from 22 unrelated families. RESULTS In 19 families, a large deletion of the 2-3 megabase was found. It included the whole STS gene and spanned adjacent areas up- and downstream between the loci DXS 1139 and DXS 1132. Two unrelated families of Iraqi ancestry had a partial deletion of the gene and its centromeric adjacent sequence. In another family, the telomeric end of the extragenic segment was only partially missing. Application of FISH on metaphase blood cells and interphase amniotic cells confirmed the diagnosis of XLI in all patients, except the three with partial intragenic deletion. In those cases, the remaining fraction of the gene was sufficient to provide a false negative result. Diagnosis of carriers and prenatal diagnosis in uncultured cells was applicable only by FISH. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed a remarkable heterogeneity in the deletion pattern among Israeli patients with XLI. This heterogeneity could not be attributed to specific ethnic groups because of the small size of the study group. More studies involving patients of various ancestries should be carried out. In addition, this study demonstrated the usefulness of the FISH technique in the prenatal diagnosis of fetuses with suspected XLI.
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