Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, 2010

MDM2 inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy: Current status and perspective

Murine double minute 2 (MDM2) plays an essential role in the cell cycle, apoptosis, DNA repair, and oncogene activation through p53-dependent and p53-independent signaling pathways. Several preclinical studies have shown that MDM2 is involved in tumor immune evasion. Therefore, MDM2-based regulation of tumor cell-intrinsic immunoregulation and the immune microenvironment has attracted increasing research attention. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting PD-1/PD-L1 have been widely used in the clinic. However, the effectiveness of a single agent is only approximately 20%-40%, which may be related to primary and secondary drug resistance caused by the dysregulation of oncoproteins. Here, we reviewed the role of MDM2 in regulating the immune microenvironment, tumor immune evasion, and hyperprogression during immunotherapy. In addition, we summarized preclinical and clinical findings on the use of MDM2 inhibitors in combination with immunotherapy in tumors with MDM2 overexpression or amplification. The results reveal that the inhibition of MDM2 could be a promising strategy for enhancing immunotherapy.

HLA-B*07:510, a novel HLA-B allele identified in two not relative individuals

HLA-B*07:510, a novel HLA-B allele with one exonic mutation identified in two Russian individuals.

Discovery of the novel HLA-B*35:611 allele, a variant of the HLA-B*35:64:01 allele

Five nucleotide substitutions in exon 3 of HLA-B*35:64:01 results in the novel allele, HLA-B*35:611.

Identification of the novel HLA-B*49:01:01:22 allele in an Indian renal transplant donor by next generation sequencing

HLA-B*49:01:01:22 differs from HLA-B*49:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide C->G change in intron 5 at gDNA 2451.

The novel HLA-A*32 allele, HLA-A*32:01:56, identified by next generation sequencing

HLA-A*32:01:56 differs from HLA-A-32:01:01 by a single nucleotide variation in Exon 5, codon 313.3.

Characterisation of the novel HLA-DQB1*05:305 allele using next-generation sequencing

HLA-DQB1*05:305 shows one single nucleotide substitution at position 664 compared with HLA-DQB1*05:03:01:01.

The novel HLA class I allele HLA-C*07:02:81 differs from HLA-C*07:02:01:01 by a synonymous mutation

HLA-C*07:02:81 differs from HLA-C*07:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 465 (C→A) in exon 3.

Identification of nine novel HLA alleles by next-generation sequencing in individuals from India

Nine novel HLA alleles were identified when HLA typing individuals from the Indian population.

Identification of the novel HLA-DPB1*21:01:02 allele using nanopore sequencing technology

HLA-DPB1*21:01:02 differs from HLA-DPB1*21:01:01 by one single nucleotide substitution at position 435 C>T in exon 3.

Discovery of potential recombinant alleles HLA-DRB3*02:171 and HLA-DRB5*01:140

Two novel alleles that appear to be generated from recombination between exons 2 and 3.

HLA-DQA1*05:115, the first DQA1 allele described with an alanine at position 59 of alpha-1 domain

HLA-DQA1*05:115 shows an alanine at position 59 not described previously.

Characterisation of the novel HLA-B*18:37:03 allele, first identified in a Brazilian individual

The novel HLA-B*18:37:03 allele, first described in a potential bone marrow donor from Brazil.

Seven new HLA alleles characterised by next-generation sequencing

Identification of seven new HLA alleles by next-generation sequencing.

Characterisation of two novel HLA-B alleles, B*13:194 and B*15:694 in individuals from Lithuania

Two novel Class I HLA-B alleles HLA-B*13:194 and HLA-B*15:694 are described.

Association Between HLA Polymorphisms and Sympathetic Ophthalmia in Han Chinese

PURPOSE

Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is considered as an autoimmune disease with unclear mechanisms. This study investigated the relationship between HLA polymorphisms and SO.

METHODS

HLA typing was performed using the LABType reverse SSO DNA typing method. The allele and haplotype frequencies were assessed using the PyPop software. Statistical significance of genotype distributions between 116 patients and 84 healthy individuals (control) was determined using Fisher's exact test or Pearson's chi-squared test.

RESULTS

The SO group had a higher frequency of HLA-DRB1 * 04:05, HLA-DQB1 * 04:01, DRB1 * 04:05-DQB1 * 04:01 haplotype   as compared to the control group (Pc < 0.001 for all).

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that DRB1 * 04:05 and DQB1 * 04:01 alleles, as well as DRB1 * 04:05-DQB1 * 04:01 haplotye could be potential risk factors for SO.

Characterisation of the novel HLA-DPB1*04:02:24 allele by next-generation sequencing

HLA-DPB1*04:02:24 differs from HLA-DPB1*04:02:01:01 by a single synonmous nucleotide substitution at position 639 G>A.

A novel null HLA-B allele, B*40:510N, due to a single nucleotide deletion in exon 2

One nucleotide deletion in codon 15 of HLA-B*40:01:02:01 results in a novel null allele, HLA-B*40:510N.

The novel HLA-A*24:393 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Taiwanese individual

HLA-A*24:393 differs from HLA-A*24:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution at position 376 (G → A) in exon 3.

Identification of six new HLA-C variants with nucleotide changes in non-coding regions

Six novel HLA-C variants with nucleotide changes in non-coding regions: HLA-C*04:32:01:02, -C*07:01:01:142, -C*08:04:01:05, -C*12:03:01:68, -C*12:03:01:69 and -C*16:01:01:41.

Characterisation of two new HLA-DPA1 alleles: HLA-DPA1*02:139 and -DPA1*02:140N

HLA-DPA1*02:139 and -DPA1*02:140N, two novel HLA-DPA1 alleles detected by next-generation sequencing.

The novel HLA-A*23:140 allele was identified in a Brazilian bone marrow volunteer donor

The HLA-A*23:140 allele differs from HLA-A*23:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution (G > A), position 1968 in exon 5.

Identification of the novel HLA-C*08:291 allele by next-generation sequencing

HLA-C*08:291, a novel HLA class I allele detected by next-generation sequencing.

The novel non-classical HLA-G*01:55 identified in a Chinese individual

The non-classical HLA-G*01:55 allele differs from G*01:01:12 at one position in exon 4.

Genomic full-length sequence of the novel HLA-B*40:540N allele

The coding sequence of HLA-B*40:540N differs from HLA-B*40:02:01:01 by a non-synonymous nucleotide substitution in exon 3.

Characterisation of the novel HLA-DRB1*08:126 allele by sequencing-based typing

HLA-DRB1*08:126 differs from HLA-DRB1*08:04:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 152 in exon 3.

Description of three new HLA-B alleles: HLA-B*15:689, HLA-B*35:603 and HLA-B*49:01:25

HLA-B*15:689, HLA-B*35:603 and HLA-B*49:01:25, three novel HLA class I alleles detected by next-generation sequencing.

Identification of the novel HLA-B*51:360 allele in a Chinese individual

HLA-B*51:360 differs from HLA-B*51:01:01:01 by a single nucleotide substitution at position 955 G > A in exon 5.

The newly characterised HLA-B*41:84 allele, found in a prospective liver transplant candidate

HLA-B*41:84 has a single base substitution in exon 2, altering glutamic acid to glutamine'.

Two novel HLA class II alleles identified by next-generation sequencing

Two novel HLA class II, HLA-DRB1*13:357 and HLA-DQB1*03:525, characterised in Russian individuals.

Full genomic sequence of the HLA-DQB1*06:18:01 allele identified by next-generation sequencing

Full-length sequence of HLA-DQB1*06:18:01 covers the 5'-untranslated region (UTR), all introns and exons, and the 3' UTR.

Identification of the novel allele HLA-DQB1*06:02:61 by next-generation sequencing

HLA-DQB1*06:02:61 differs from HLA-DQB1*06:02:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in exon 4-5512 G>A.

Identification of 43 novel HLA alleles by PacBio single molecule real-time sequencing in haematopoietic cell donors

A total of 43 novel HLA alleles detected in haematopoietic cell donors using single molecule real-time DNA sequencing.

Characterisation of the novel HLA-DQB1*06:02:62 allele using short- and long-read sequencing technologies

The novel HLA-DQB1*06:02:62 allele, first described in an individual from Brazil.

The novel HLA-A*24:617 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual

HLA-A*24:617 differs from HLA-A*24:02:01:01 by one nucleotide in exon 4.

Eight new variants of HLA-DQB1*03 identified by next-generation sequencing

Genomic sequence of HLA-DQB1*03:01:01:60, -DQB1*03:01:01:61, -DQB1*03:01:01:62, -DQB1*03:01:01:63, -DQB1*03:02:01:23, -DQB1*03:02:01:24, -DQB1*03:02:01:25 and -DQB1*03:03:02:14 alleles in Spanish individuals.

The full-length genomic sequence of the HLA-G*01:19 allele

Full genomic sequence shows HLA-G*01:19 differs from HLA-G*01:04:01:01 only at position 99 in exon 2.

Characterisation of a novel HLA-A*33:33:02 allele in two members of a North Indian family

HLA-A*33:33:02 differs from HLA-A*33:33:01 by one synonymous nucleotide change C>T in exon 3 (TCC>TCT).

The novel HLA-C*15:279 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual

The novel HLA-C*15:279 allele differs from HLA-C*15:02:01:01 by five nucleotide substitutions in exons 4 and 5.

Identification of the novel HLA-C*07:1132 allele by next-generation sequencing

The novel HLA-C*07:1132 allele differs from HLA-C*07:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in Exon 5.

A novel HLA-C*18 variant allele, HLA-C*18:20, identified by next-generation sequencing

A missense nucleotide substitution at codon 95 of HLA-C*18:01:01:01 creates a novel allele HLA-C*18:20.

Two novel HLA-DQB1 alleles identified by next generation sequencing

Two novel HLA-DQB1 alleles, HLA-DQB1*05:01:50 and HLA-DQB1*06:486, characterised in bone marrow volunteers.

Characterisation of the novel HLA-A*24:630 allele by sequencing-based typing

HLA-A*24:630 differs from HLA-A*24:20:01:01 by one nucleotide substitution in codon 131 in exon 3.

Identification of the novel allele, HLA-DQB1*03:517, in a Saudi individual

The novel allele, HLA-DQB1*03:517, differs by a single nucleotide substitution in exon 3 to HLA-DQB1*03:02:01:02.

Identification of novel HLA-C*17:78 allele in North Indian individuals

HLA-C*17:78 differs from HLA-C*17:03:01:03 by one nucleotide change C>T in exon 3 (GCG>GTG).

The novel HLA allele, HLA-DQB1*02:211, identified in a Brazilian bone marrow donor

HLA-DQB1*02:211 allele differs from DQB1*02:02:01:02 by change of C → A in exon 2.

MICB*002:06, a novel exonic variant of MICB (MHC class I chain-related gene B)

MICB*002:06 differs from MICB*002:01:01 by one nucleotide change at nucleotide 33 in exon 1 from C to T.

Identification of the novel HLA-DRB3*03:69 allele by next-generation sequencing

The new HLA-DRB3*03:69 allele differs from DRB3*03:01:01:03 by change of C → G in exon 3.

The novel HLA-A*02:1146 allele, identified by Sanger dideoxy nucleotide sequencing in a Chinese individual

HLA-A*02:1146 differs from HLA-A*02:01:01:01 by one nucleotide in exon 1.