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Liu L, Budnjo A, Jokela J, Haug BE, Fewer DP, Wahlsten M, Rouhiainen L, Permi P, Fossen T, Sivonen K. Pseudoaeruginosins, nonribosomal peptides in Nodularia spumigena. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:725-33. [PMID: 25419633 DOI: 10.1021/cb5004306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nodularia spumigena is a filamentous cyanobacterium that forms toxic blooms in brackish waters around the world through the production of the pentapeptide toxin nodularin. This cyanobacterium also produces large amounts of protease inhibitors belonging to the aeruginosin and spumigin families. Here we report the discovery of previously unknown protease inhibitors, pseudoaeruginosins NS1 (1) and NS2 (2), from 33 strains of N. spumigena isolated from the Baltic Sea. Pseudoaeruginosin NS1 (1) and NS2 (2) contain hexanoic acid, tyrosine, 4-methylproline, and argininal/argininol. The chemical structure of the two pseudoaeruginosins was verified by thorough comparison of the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analyses of the extracts from the N. spumigena strains with synthetic peptides. The structures of the synthetic pseudoaeruginosins were confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Surprisingly, the structure of pseudoaeruginosin NS1 (1) and NS2 (2) combines features of both aeruginosins and spumigins, suggesting that they have been produced through the joint action of both the spumigin and aeruginosin biosynthesis pathways. We screened with polymerase chain reaction and LC-MS 68 N. spumigena strains from the Baltic Sea and Australia. Pseudoaeruginosins were present in half of the Baltic Sea strains but were not found from the Australian strains. The production of pseudoaeruginosin seems to be coupled to the production of aeruginosins and 4-methylproline-containing spumigins. Pseudoaeruginosin NS1 was found to be as potent trypsin inhibitor as the most potent aeruginosins and spumigins with an IC50 of 0.19 ± 0.04 μM. This finding suggests that cooperation between the spumigin and aeruginosin biosynthetic pathways results in hybrid pseudoaeruginosin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Liu
- Food and
Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Adnan Budnjo
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Food and
Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Bengt Erik Haug
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - David P. Fewer
- Food and
Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Food and
Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Leo Rouhiainen
- Food and
Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Perttu Permi
- Program in Structural
Biology and Biophysics, Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Torgils Fossen
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Pharmacy, University of Bergen, Allégaten 41, 5007 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Food and
Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Murar CE, Thuaud F, Bode JW. KAHA Ligations That Form Aspartyl Aldehyde Residues as Synthetic Handles for Protein Modification and Purification. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:18140-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ja511231f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E. Murar
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH−Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Thuaud
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH−Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Jeffrey W. Bode
- Laboratorium
für Organische Chemie, Department of Chemistry and Applied
Biosciences, ETH−Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute
of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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Abstract
The functionalization of peptides and proteins by aldehyde groups has become the subject of intensive research since the discovery of the inhibition properties of peptide aldehydes towards various enzymes. Furthermore, peptide aldehydes are of great interest for peptide backbone modification or ligation reactions. This review focuses upon their synthesis, which has been developed following two main strategies. The first strategy consists of prior synthesis of the peptide, followed by the introduction of the aldehyde function. The second possible strategy uses alpha-amino aldehydes as starting materials. After protection of the aldehyde, peptide elongation occurs. At the end of the synthesis, the aldehyde function can be unmasked.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Moulin
- Laboratoire des Amino-Acides, Peptides et Protéines, UMR 5810, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 avenue Charles Flahault, BP 1441, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Lynas JF, Martin SL, Walker B. Synthesis and kinetic evaluation of peptide alpha-keto-beta-aldehyde-based inhibitors of trypsin-like serine proteases. J Pharm Pharmacol 2001; 53:473-80. [PMID: 11341363 DOI: 10.1211/0022357011775767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
New, synthetic peptide analogues bearing a C-terminal basic alpha-keto-beta-aldehyde moiety were prepared as novel inhibitors of the trypsin-like serine proteases. The compounds, Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-COCHO, Ac-Arg-Gln-Arg-COCHO and Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-COCHO were evaluated kinetically against trypsin and three other trypsin-like serine proteases, tryptase, plasmin and thrombin, all of which are implicated as mediators of important disease processes. Results illustrate that alpha-keto-beta-aldehydes are potent inhibitors, with similar potency to comparable peptide aldehydes, and intriguingly, appearto act, in some instances, by a novel mechanism of action. Ac-Leu-Leu-Arg-COCHO, an analogue of the natural product leupeptin, is a potent, tight-binding inhibitor of trypsin (Ki(final) = 1.9 microM), plasmin (Ki(final) = 4.9 microM) and tryptase (Ki(final) = 1.2 microM) and an irreversible inactivator of thrombin (k2nd 4,500 M(-1).min(-1)). Boc-Val-Leu-Lys-COCHO was found to be a tight-binding inhibitor of its target protease plasmin (Ki(final) = 3.1 microM) and was inactive against thrombin. Ac-Arg-Gln-Arg-COCHO was a slow-binding inhibitor of tryptase (Ki(final) = 1.6 microM) and also irreversibly inactivated trypsin (k2nd = 8,920 M(-1) min(-1)). Peptides or peptidomimetics with a C-terminal basic alpha-keto-beta-aldehyde function thus provide a useful new molecular template for the development of new therapeutic agents against a wide range of disorders, such as coagulopathies and asthma, which may be mediated by the aberrant activity of trypsin-like serine proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Lynas
- Division of Biomedicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Medical Biology Centre, The Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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