1
|
Goerlinger A, Develay C, Balourdet A, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Infection risk by oral contamination does not induce immune priming in the mealworm beetle ( Tenebrio molitor) but triggers behavioral and physiological responses. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1354046. [PMID: 38404577 PMCID: PMC10885348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1354046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In invertebrates, immune priming is the ability of individuals to enhance their immune response based on prior immunological experiences. This adaptive-like immunity likely evolved due to the risk of repeated infections by parasites in the host's natural habitat. The expression of immune priming varies across host and pathogen species, as well as infection routes (oral or wounds), reflecting finely tuned evolutionary adjustments. Evidence from the mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) suggests that Gram-positive bacterial pathogens play a significant role in immune priming after systemic infection. Despite the likelihood of oral infections by natural bacterial pathogens in T. molitor, it remains debated whether ingestion of contaminated food leads to systemic infection, and whether oral immune priming is possible is currently unknown. We first attempted to induce immune priming in both T. molitor larvae and adults by exposing them to food contaminated with living or dead Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. We found that oral ingestion of living bacteria did not kill them, but septic wounds caused rapid mortality. Intriguingly, the consumption of either dead or living bacteria did not protect against reinfection, contrasting with injury-induced priming. We further examined the effects of infecting food with various living bacterial pathogens on variables such as food consumption, mass gain, and feces production in larvae. We found that larvae exposed to Gram-positive bacteria in their food ingested less food, gained less mass and/or produced more feces than larvae exposed to contaminated food with Gram-negative bacteria or control food. This suggests that oral contamination with Gram-positive bacteria induced both behavioral responses and peristalsis defense mechanisms, even though no immune priming was observed here. Considering that the oral route of infection neither caused the death of the insects nor induced priming, we propose that immune priming in T. molitor may have primarily evolved as a response to the infection risk associated with wounds rather than oral ingestion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yannick Moret
- CNRS UMR 6282 Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Crosland A, Rigaud T, Develay C, Moret Y. Growth and longevity modulation through larval environment mediate immunosenescence and immune strategy of Tenebrio molitor. Immun Ageing 2024; 21:7. [PMID: 38212729 PMCID: PMC10785379 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-023-00409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Disposable Soma Theory of aging suggests a trade-off between energy allocation for growth, reproduction and somatic maintenance, including immunity. While trade-offs between reproduction and immunity are well documented, those involving growth remain under-explored. Rapid growth might deplete resources, reducing investment in maintenance, potentially leading to earlier or faster senescence and a shorter lifespan. However, rapid growth could limit exposure to parasitism before reaching adulthood, decreasing immunity needs. The insect immunity's components (cellular, enzymatic, and antibacterial) vary in cost, effectiveness, and duration. Despite overall immunity decline (immunosenescence), its components seem to age differently. We hypothesize that investment in these immune components is adjusted based on the resource cost of growth, longevity, and the associated risk of parasitism. RESULTS We tested this hypothesis using the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor as our experimental subject. By manipulating the larval environment, including three different temperatures and three relative humidity levels, we achieved a wide range of growth durations and longevities. Our main focus was on the relationship between growth duration, longevity, and specific immune components: hemocyte count, phenoloxidase activity, and antibacterial activity. We measured these immune parameters both before and after exposing the individuals to a standard bacterial immune challenge, enabling us to assess immune responses. These measurements were taken in both young and older adult beetles. Upon altering growth duration and longevity by modifying larval temperature, we observed a more pronounced investment in cellular and antibacterial defenses among individuals with slow growth and extended lifespans. Intriguingly, slower-growing and long-lived beetles exhibited reduced enzymatic activity. Similar results were found when manipulating larval growth duration and adult longevity through variations in relative humidity, with a particular focus on antibacterial activity. CONCLUSION The impact of growth manipulation on immune senescence varies by the specific immune parameter under consideration. Yet, in slow-growing T. molitor, a clear decline in cellular and antibacterial immune responses with age was observed. This decline can be linked to their initially stronger immune response in early life. Furthermore, our study suggests an immune strategy favoring enhanced antibacterial activity among slow-growing and long-lived T. molitor individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Crosland
- Biogéosciences (UMR-CNRS 6282), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France.
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Biogéosciences (UMR-CNRS 6282), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Charlène Develay
- Biogéosciences (UMR-CNRS 6282), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- Biogéosciences (UMR-CNRS 6282), Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jehan C, Sabarly C, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Senescence of the immune defences and reproductive trade-offs in females of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19747. [PMID: 36396809 PMCID: PMC9671880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the theory of ageing, it has been assumed that ageing is associated with a decline in somatic defences, including the immune system, as a consequence of a trade-off with reproduction. While overall immunity suffers from age-related deterioration (immune senescence), the different components of the immune response appear to age differently. It is also likely that investment among the many arms of the immune system and reproduction with age is finely adjusted to the organisms' reproductive strategy. We investigated this possibility in females of Tenebrio molitor, a species of long-lived insect with reproductive strategies similar to those of long-lived mammals. We specifically tested the effects of immunological challenges imposed early or late in adult life on immune pathway activation as well as fertility early and late in life. We found complex patterns of changes in immune defences with age and age-specific immune challenges with contrasted relationships with female reproduction. While cellular and enzymatic defences showed signs of ageing, they did not trade-off with reproduction. By contrast, the induced antibacterial immune response was found to be unaffected by age and to be highly connected to female fecundity. These findings suggest that these immunological pathways have different functions with regard to female ageing in this insect species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charly Jehan
- Laboratoire BioGéoSciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Camille Sabarly
- Laboratoire BioGéoSciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- Laboratoire BioGéoSciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- Laboratoire BioGéoSciences, UMR CNRS 6282, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prigot-Maurice C, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Why and how do protective symbionts impact immune priming with pathogens in invertebrates? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104245. [PMID: 34453995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that invertebrates display adaptive-like immune abilities, commonly known as "immune priming". Immune priming is a process by which a host improves its immune defences following an initial pathogenic exposure, leading to better protection after a subsequent infection with the same - or different - pathogens. Nevertheless, beneficial symbionts can enhance similar immune priming processes in hosts, such as when they face repeated infections with pathogens. This "symbiotic immune priming" protects the host against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, or eukaryotic parasites. In this review, we explore the extent to which protective symbionts interfere and impact immune priming against pathogens from both a mechanical (proximal) and an evolutionary (ultimate) point of view. We highlight that the immune priming of invertebrates is the cornerstone of the tripartite interaction of hosts/symbionts/pathogens. The main shared mechanism of immune priming (induced by symbionts or pathogens) is the sustained immune response at the beginning of host-microbial interactions. However, the evolutionary outcome of immune priming leads to a specific discrimination, which provides enhanced tolerance or resistance depending on the type of microbe. Based on several studies testing immune priming against pathogens in the presence or absence of protective symbionts, we observed that both types of immune priming could overlap and affect each other inside the same hosts. As protective symbionts could be an evolutionary force that influences immune priming, they may help us to better understand the heterogeneity of pathogenic immune priming across invertebrate populations and species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France.
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Prigot-Maurice C, de Cerqueira De Araujo A, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Immune priming depends on age, sex and Wolbachia in the interaction between Armadillidium vulgare and Salmonella. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:256-269. [PMID: 33108676 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protection conferred by a first infection upon a second pathogenic exposure (i.e. immune priming) is an emergent research topic in the field of invertebrate immunity. Immune priming has been demonstrated in various species, but little is known about the intrinsic factors that may influence this immune process. In this study, we tested whether age, gender and the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia affect the protection resulting from immune priming in A. vulgare against S. enterica. We firstly primed young and old, symbiotic and asymbiotic males and females, either with a non-lethal low dose of S. enterica, LB broth or without injection (control). Seven days post-injection, we performed a LD50 injection of S. enterica in all individuals and we monitored their survival rates. We demonstrated that survival capacities depend on these three factors: young and old asymbiotic individuals (males and females) expressed immune priming (S. enterica-primed individuals survived better than LB-primed and non-primed), with a general decline in the strength of protection in old females, but not in old males, compared to young. When Wolbachia is present, the immune priming protection was observed in old, but not in young symbiotic individuals, even if the Wolbachia load on entire individuals is equivalent regardless to age. Our overall results showed that the immune priming protection in A. vulgare depends on individuals' states, highlighting the need to consider these factors both in mechanistical and evolutionary studies focusing on invertebrate's immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Alexandra de Cerqueira De Araujo
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte - UMR CNRS 7261, Université François-Rabelais - UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jehan C, Sabarly C, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Late-life reproduction in an insect: Terminal investment, reproductive restraint or senescence. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:282-297. [PMID: 33051872 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The terminal investment, reproductive restraint or senescence theories may explain individual late-life patterns of reproduction. The terminal investment hypothesis predicts that individuals increase reproductive allocation late in life as prospects for future survival decrease. The other two hypotheses predict reduced reproduction late in life, but for different reasons. Under the Reproductive Restraint hypothesis, individuals restrain their reproductive effort to sustain future survival and gain more time for reproducing, whereas under the Senescence process, reproduction is constrained because of somatic deterioration. While these hypotheses imply that reproduction is costly, they should have contrasted implications in terms of survival after late reproduction and somatic maintenance. Testing these hypotheses requires proper consideration of the effects of age-dependent reproductive effort on post-reproduction survival and age-related somatic functions. We experimentally tested these three hypotheses in females of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, an iteroparous and income breeder insect. We manipulated their age-specific allocation into reproduction and observed the effects of this manipulation on their late-life fecundity, post-reproduction survival and immunocompetence as a measurement of somatic protection. We found that females exhibit age-related decline in fecundity and that this reproductive senescence is accelerated by a cost of early reproduction. The cost of reproduction had no significant effect on female longevity and their ability to survive a bacterial infection, despite that some immune cells were depleted by reproduction. We found that female post-infection survival deteriorated with age, which could be partly explained by a decline in some immune parameters. Importantly, females did not increase their reproductive effort late in life at the expense of their late-life post-reproduction survival. Late-life reproduction in T. molitor females is senescing and not consistent with a terminal investment strategy. Rather, our results suggest that females allocate resources according to a priority scheme favouring longevity at the expense of reproduction, which is in line with the reproductive restraint hypothesis. Such a priority scheme also shows that a relatively short-lived insect can evolve life-history strategies hitherto known only in long-lived animals. This puts in perspective the role of longevity in the evolution of life-history strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charly Jehan
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Camille Sabarly
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jehan C, Chogne M, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Sex-specific patterns of senescence in artificial insect populations varying in sex-ratio to manipulate reproductive effort. BMC Evol Biol 2020; 20:18. [PMID: 32013878 PMCID: PMC6998128 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-020-1586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disposable soma theory of ageing assumes that organisms optimally trade-off limited resources between reproduction and longevity to maximize fitness. Early reproduction should especially trade-off against late reproduction and longevity because of reduced investment into somatic protection, including immunity. Moreover, as optimal reproductive strategies of males and females differ, sexually dimorphic patterns of senescence may evolve. In particular, as males gain fitness through mating success, sexual competition should be a major factor accelerating male senescence. In a single experiment, we examined these possibilities by establishing artificial populations of the mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, in which we manipulated the sex-ratio to generate variable levels of investment into reproductive effort and sexual competition in males and females. RESULTS As predicted, variation in sex-ratio affected male and female reproductive efforts, with contrasted sex-specific trade-offs between lifetime reproduction, survival and immunity. High effort of reproduction accelerated mortality in females, without affecting immunity, but high early reproductive success was observed only in balanced sex-ratio condition. Male reproduction was costly on longevity and immunity, mainly because of their investment into copulations rather than in sexual competition. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that T. molitor males, like females, maximize fitness through enhanced longevity, partly explaining their comparable longevity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charly Jehan
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.
| | - Manon Chogne
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Krams IA, Kecko S, Jõers P, Trakimas G, Elferts D, Krams R, Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Inashkina I, Gudrā D, Fridmanis D, Contreras-Garduño J, Grantiņa-Ieviņa L, Krama T. Microbiome symbionts and diet diversity incur costs on the immune system of insect larvae. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 220:4204-4212. [PMID: 28939559 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.169227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Communities of symbiotic microorganisms that colonize the gastrointestinal tract play an important role in food digestion and protection against opportunistic microbes. Diet diversity increases the number of symbionts in the intestines, a benefit that is considered to impose no cost for the host organism. However, less is known about the possible immunological investments that hosts have to make in order to control the infections caused by symbiont populations that increase because of diet diversity. Using taxonomical composition analysis of the 16S rRNA V3 region, we show that enterococci are the dominating group of bacteria in the midgut of the larvae of the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella). We found that the number of colony-forming units of enterococci and expressions of certain immunity-related antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes such as Gallerimycin, Gloverin, 6-tox, Cecropin-D and Galiomicin increased in response to a more diverse diet, which in turn decreased the encapsulation response of the larvae. Treatment with antibiotics significantly lowered the expression of all AMP genes. Diet and antibiotic treatment interaction did not affect the expression of Gloverin and Galiomicin AMP genes, but significantly influenced the expression of Gallerimycin, 6-tox and Cecropin-D Taken together, our results suggest that diet diversity influences microbiome diversity and AMP gene expression, ultimately affecting an organism's capacity to mount an immune response. Elevated basal levels of immunity-related genes (Gloverin and Galiomicin) might act as a prophylactic against opportunistic infections and as a mechanism that controls the gut symbionts. This would indicate that a diverse diet imposes higher immunity costs on organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis A Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia .,Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Rīga, Latvia.,University of Tennessee, Department of Psychology, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Priit Jõers
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia.,Institute of Biosciences, Vilnius University, 10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Didzis Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Latvia, 1004 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - Inna Inashkina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1067 Riga, Latvia
| | - Dita Gudrā
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1067 Riga, Latvia
| | | | - Jorge Contreras-Garduño
- Ecuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores Unidad Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Morelia 58190, Mexico
| | | | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, 5401 Daugavpils, Latvia.,Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kecko S, Mihailova A, Kangassalo K, Elferts D, Krama T, Krams R, Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Krams IA. Sex-specific compensatory growth in the larvae of the greater wax mothGalleria mellonella. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:1910-1918. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Kecko
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - A. Mihailova
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - K. Kangassalo
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - D. Elferts
- Department of Botany and Ecology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
| | - T. Krama
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
- Department of Plant Protection; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Science; Tartu Estonia
| | - R. Krams
- Department of Biotechnology; Institute of Life Sciences and Technology; Daugavpils University; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - S. Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies; School of Psychology; University of Auckland; Auckland New Zealand
| | - M. J. Rantala
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - I. A. Krams
- Department of Zoology and Animal Ecology; University of Latvia; Rīga Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fisher JJ, Castrillo LA, Donzelli BGG, Hajek AE. Starvation and Imidacloprid Exposure Influence Immune Response by Anoplophora glabripennis (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to a Fungal Pathogen. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 110:1451-1459. [PMID: 28482047 DOI: 10.1093/jee/tox124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In several insect systems, fungal entomopathogens synergize with neonicotinoid insecticides which results in accelerated host death. Using the Asian longhorned beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis (Motschulsky), an invasive woodborer inadvertently introduced into North America and Europe, we investigated potential mechanisms in the synergy between the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium brunneum Petch and the insecticide imidacloprid. A potential mechanism underlying this synergy could be imidacloprid's ability to prevent feeding shortly after administration. We investigated whether starvation would have an impact similar to imidacloprid exposure on the mortality of fungal-inoculated beetles. Using real-time PCR to quantify fungal load in inoculated beetles, we determined how starvation and pesticide exposure impacted beetles' ability to tolerate or resist a fungal infection. The effect of starvation and pesticide exposure on the encapsulation and melanization immune responses of the beetles was also quantified. Starvation had a similar impact on the survival of M. brunneum-inoculated beetles compared to imidacloprid exposure. The synergy, however, was not completely due to starvation, as imidacloprid reduced the beetles' melanotic encapsulation response and capsule area, while starvation did not significantly reduce these immune responses. Our results suggest that there are multiple interacting mechanisms involved in the synergy between M. brunneum and imidacloprid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna J Fisher
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601
| | | | - Bruno G G Donzelli
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-5904
| | - Ann E Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-2601
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Khan I, Prakash A, Agashe D. Divergent immune priming responses across flour beetle life stages and populations. Ecol Evol 2016; 6:7847-7855. [PMID: 30128134 PMCID: PMC6093166 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing evidence shows that low doses of pathogens may prime the immune response in many insects, conferring subsequent protection against infection in the same developmental stage (within‐life stage priming), across life stages (ontogenic priming), or to offspring (transgenerational priming). Recent work also suggests that immune priming is a costly response. Thus, depending on host and pathogen ecology and evolutionary history, tradeoffs with other fitness components may constrain the evolution of priming. However, the relative impacts of priming at different life stages and across natural populations remain unknown. We quantified immune priming responses of 10 natural populations of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, primed and infected with the natural insect pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis. We found that priming responses were highly variable both across life stages and populations, ranging from no detectable response to a 13‐fold survival benefit. Comparing across stages, we found that ontogenic immune priming at the larval stage conferred maximum protection against infection. Finally, we found that various forms of priming showed sex‐specific associations that may represent tradeoffs or shared mechanisms. These results indicate the importance of sex‐, life stage‐, and population‐specific selective pressures that can cause substantial divergence in priming responses even within a species. Our work highlights the necessity of further work to understand the mechanistic basis of this variability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Imroze Khan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Arun Prakash
- National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| | - Deepa Agashe
- National Centre for Biological Sciences Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Bangalore India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Córdoba-Aguilar A, Nava-Sánchez A, González-Tokman DM, Munguía-Steyer R, Gutiérrez-Cabrera AE. Immune Priming, Fat Reserves, Muscle Mass and Body Weight of the House Cricket is Affected by Diet Composition. NEOTROPICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 45:404-410. [PMID: 27037705 DOI: 10.1007/s13744-016-0391-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Some insect species are capable of producing an enhanced immune response after a first pathogenic encounter, a process called immune priming. However, whether and how such ability is driven by particular diet components (protein/carbohydrate) have not been explored. Such questions are sound given that, in general, immune response is dietary dependent. We have used adults of the house cricket Acheta domesticus L. (Orthoptera: Gryllidae) and exposed them to the bacteria Serratia marcescens. We first addressed whether survival rate after priming and nonpriming treatments is dietary dependent based on access/no access to proteins and carbohydrates. Second, we investigated how these dietary components affected fat reserves, muscle mass, and body weight, three key traits in insect fitness. Thus, we exposed adult house crickets to either a protein or a carbohydrate diet and measured the three traits. After being provided with protein, primed animals survived longer compared to the other diet treatments. Interestingly, this effect was also sex dependent with primed males having a higher survival than primed females when protein was supplemented. For the second experiment, protein-fed animals had more fat, muscle mass, and body weight than carbohydrate-fed animals. Although we are not aware of the immune component underlying immune priming, our results suggest that its energetic demand for its functioning and/or consequent survival requires a higher demand of protein with respect to carbohydrate. Thus, protein shortage can impair key survival-related traits related to immune and energetic condition. Further studies varying nutrient ratios should verify our results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Córdoba-Aguilar
- Depto de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Univ Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D.F., Mexico.
| | - A Nava-Sánchez
- Depto de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Univ Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
| | - D M González-Tokman
- Depto de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Univ Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
- CONACyT Research Fellow, Instituto de Ecología, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - R Munguía-Steyer
- Unidad de Morfología y Función, Fac de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Univ Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - A E Gutiérrez-Cabrera
- CONACyT Research Fellow, Centro de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Krams I, Burghardt GM, Krams R, Trakimas G, Kaasik A, Luoto S, Rantala MJ, Krama T. A dark cuticle allows higher investment in immunity, longevity and fecundity in a beetle upon a simulated parasite attack. Oecologia 2016; 182:99-109. [PMID: 27245343 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cuticle melanism in insects is linked to a number of life history traits: a positive relationship is hypothesized between melanism, immune function, fecundity and lifespan. However, it is not clear how activation of the immune system affects trade-offs between life history traits in female mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor) differing in cuticle melanization. The females with tan, brown and black cuticles examined in the present study did not differ in the intensity of encapsulation response, fecundity and longevity when their immune system was not activated. However, we found that immune activation and cuticle melanization have a significant effect on life history traits. Offspring number and lifespan decreased in females with tan and brown cuticles, while the fecundity and lifespan of black females were not affected. Importantly, we inserted the implants again and found a significant decrease in the strength of encapsulation response in females with tan and brown cuticles. In contrast, black females increased melanotic reactions against the nylon implant, suggesting immunological priming. The results show that cuticle melanization plays an important adaptive role under the risk of being infected, while the lack of these benefits before the insertion of nylon monofilaments suggests that there are costs associated with an activated immunity system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis Krams
- Department of Psychology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA. .,Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Riga, Latvia. .,Institute of Ecology and Earth Science, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Gordon M Burghardt
- Departments of Psychology and Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Ronalds Krams
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Giedrius Trakimas
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Life Sciences and Technology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia.,Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ants Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Science, University of Tartu, Vanemuise 46, 51014, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Severi Luoto
- English, Drama and Writing Studies & School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, Turku Brain and Mind Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Influence of mating and age on susceptibility of the beetle Anoplophora glabripennis to the fungal pathogen Metarhizium brunneum. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 136:142-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
15
|
Hillyer JF. Insect immunology and hematopoiesis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:102-18. [PMID: 26695127 PMCID: PMC4775421 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Insects combat infection by mounting powerful immune responses that are mediated by hemocytes, the fat body, the midgut, the salivary glands and other tissues. Foreign organisms that have entered the body of an insect are recognized by the immune system when pathogen-associated molecular patterns bind host-derived pattern recognition receptors. This, in turn, activates immune signaling pathways that amplify the immune response, induce the production of factors with antimicrobial activity, and activate effector pathways. Among the immune signaling pathways are the Toll, Imd, Jak/Stat, JNK, and insulin pathways. Activation of these and other pathways leads to pathogen killing via phagocytosis, melanization, cellular encapsulation, nodulation, lysis, RNAi-mediated virus destruction, autophagy and apoptosis. This review details these and other aspects of immunity in insects, and discusses how the immune and circulatory systems have co-adapted to combat infection, how hemocyte replication and differentiation takes place (hematopoiesis), how an infection prepares an insect for a subsequent infection (immune priming), how environmental factors such as temperature and the age of the insect impact the immune response, and how social immunity protects entire groups. Finally, this review highlights some underexplored areas in the field of insect immunobiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julián F Hillyer
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 35-1634, Nashville, TN 37235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Krams I, Krama T, Trakimas G, Kaasik A, Rantala M, Škute A. Reproduction is costly in an infected aquatic insect. ETHOL ECOL EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/03949370.2015.1089943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I.A. Krams
- Institute of Systematic Biology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment BIOR, Rīga, Latvia
| | - T. Krama
- Institute of Systematic Biology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
| | - G. Trakimas
- Institute of Systematic Biology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Center for Ecology and Environmental Research, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - A. Kaasik
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - M.J. Rantala
- Department of Biology & Turku Brain and Mind Center, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A. Škute
- Institute of Systematic Biology, Daugavpils University, Daugavpils, Latvia
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Nava-Sánchez A, González-Tokman D, Munguía-Steyer R, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Does mating activity impair phagocytosis-mediated priming immune response? A test using the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. Acta Ethol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-015-0215-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
18
|
Krams I, Kecko S, Kangassalo K, Moore FR, Jankevics E, Inashkina I, Krama T, Lietuvietis V, Meija L, Rantala MJ. Effects of food quality on trade-offs among growth, immunity and survival in the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:431-439. [PMID: 24771711 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The resources available to an individual in any given environment are finite, and variation in life history traits reflect differential allocation of these resources to competing life functions. Nutritional quality of food is of particular importance in these life history decisions. In this study, we tested trade-offs among growth, immunity and survival in 3 groups of greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae fed on diets of high and average nutritional quality. We found rapid growth and weak immunity (as measured by encapsulation response) in the larvae of the high-energy food group. It took longer to develop on food of average nutritional quality. However, encapsulation response was stronger in this group. The larvae grew longer in the low-energy food group, and had the strongest encapsulation response. We observed the highest survival rates in larvae of the low-energy food group, while the highest mortality rates were observed in the high-energy food group. A significant negative correlation between body mass and the strength of encapsulation response was found only in the high-energy food group revealing significant competition between growth and immunity only at the highest rates of growth. The results of this study help to establish relationships between types of food, its nutritional value and life history traits of G. mellonella larvae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, 5401, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sanita Kecko
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, 5401, Daugavpils, Latvia
| | - Katariina Kangassalo
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Fhionna R Moore
- School of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 4HN, UK
| | - Eriks Jankevics
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1067 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Inna Inashkina
- Latvian Biomedical Research and Study Centre, 1067 Rīga, Latvia
| | - Tatjana Krama
- Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, 5401, Daugavpils, Latvia
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Science, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | | | - Markus J Rantala
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Resource availability as a proxy for terminal investment in a beetle. Oecologia 2015; 178:339-45. [PMID: 25582868 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-014-3210-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Terminal investment hypothesis is a longstanding theoretical idea that organisms should increase their reproductive effort as their prospects for survival and reproduction decline. However, numerous attempts to test the terminal investment in reproduction have yielded contradictory results. This study reports an experimental confirmation of the terminal investment hypothesis. It was predicted that immune-challenged yellow mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor) are more likely to follow terminal investment strategy when their food resources are limited. Our results suggest the key role of food resources while making decisions to follow a terminal investment strategy. We found that male individuals invested in their sexual attractiveness at the expense of immune response and survival when food was not available. In contrast, the beetles did not decrease their lifespan and did not invest in the attractiveness of their sex odours under conditions of food ad libitum. Our results show the importance of food availability and quality in understanding the evolution of reproductive strategies.
Collapse
|
20
|
Krams IA, Krama T, Moore FR, Kivleniece I, Kuusik A, Freeberg TM, Mänd R, Rantala MJ, Daukšte J, Mänd M. Male mealworm beetles increase resting metabolic rate under terminal investment. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:541-50. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Krams
- Institute of Systematic Biology; University of Daugavpils; Daugavpils Latvia
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - T. Krama
- Institute of Systematic Biology; University of Daugavpils; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - F. R. Moore
- School of Psychology; University of Dundee; Dundee UK
| | - I. Kivleniece
- Institute of Systematic Biology; University of Daugavpils; Daugavpils Latvia
| | - A. Kuusik
- Department of Plant Protection; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Science; Tartu Estonia
| | - T. M. Freeberg
- Department of Psychology and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology; University of Tennessee; Knoxville TN USA
| | - R. Mänd
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences; University of Tartu; Tartu Estonia
| | - M. J. Rantala
- Department of Biology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - J. Daukšte
- Institute of Food Safety; Animal Health and Environment “BIOR”; Riga Latvia
| | - M. Mänd
- Department of Plant Protection; Institute of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences; Estonian University of Life Science; Tartu Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Krams I, Daukste J, Kivleniece I, Krama T, Rantala MJ. Previous encapsulation response enhances within individual protection against fungal parasite in the mealworm beetle Tenebrio molitor. INSECT SCIENCE 2013; 20:771-777. [PMID: 23956033 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7917.2012.01574.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Immune defenses of insects show either broad reactions or specificity and durability of induced protection against attacking parasites and pathogens. In this study, we tested whether encapsulation response against nylon monofilament increases between two attempts of activation of immune system in mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor, and whether previous exposure to nylon monofilament may also increase protection against an entomopathogenic fungus. We found that survival of beetles subjected to immune activation by nylon implant and subsequent fungal exposure a week later was significantly higher than survival of beetles which had been subjected to fungal infection only. This result suggests that previous immune activation by the nylon implant may be considered as broad spectrum "immune priming" which helps to fight not only the same intruder but also other parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indrikis Krams
- Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia; Institute of Systematic Biology, University of Daugavpils, Daugavpils
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Trauer U, Hilker M. Parental legacy in insects: variation of transgenerational immune priming during offspring development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63392. [PMID: 23700423 PMCID: PMC3658988 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In insects, a parental immune challenge can prepare and enhance offspring immune activity. Previous studies of such transgenerational immune priming (TGIP) mainly focused on a single offspring life stage. However, different developmental stages may be exposed to different risks and show different susceptibility to parental immune priming. Here we addressed the question (i) whether TGIP effects on the immunity of Manduca sexta offspring vary among the different developmental offspring stages. We differentiated between unchallenged and immunochallenged offspring; for the latter type of offspring, we further investigated (ii) whether TGIP has an impact on the time that enhanced immune levels persist after offspring immune challenge. Finally, we determined (iii) whether TGIP effects on offspring performance depend on the offspring stage. Our results show that TGIP effects on phenoloxidase (PO) activity, but not on antibacterial activity, vary among unchallenged offspring stages. In contrast, TGIP effects on PO and antibacterial activity did not vary among immunochallenged offspring stages. The persistence of enhanced immune levels in immunochallenged offspring was dependent on the parental immune state. Antibacterial (but not PO) activity in offspring of immunochallenged parents decreased over five days after pupal immune challenge, whereas no significant change over time was detectable in offspring of control parents. Finally, TGIP effects on the developmental time of unchallenged offspring varied among stages; young larvae of immunochallenged parents developed faster and gained more weight than larvae of control parents. However, offspring females of immunochallenged parents laid fewer eggs than females derived from control parents. These findings suggest that the benefits which the offspring gains from TGIP during juvenile development are paid by the adults with reduced reproductive power. Our study shows that TGIP effects vary among offspring stages and depend on the type of immunity (PO or antibacterial activity) as well as the time past offspring immune challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ute Trauer
- Institute of Biology – Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Hilker
- Institute of Biology – Applied Zoology/Animal Ecology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Predation selects for low resting metabolic rate and consistent individual differences in anti-predator behavior in a beetle. Acta Ethol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10211-013-0147-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|