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Razumikhin M, Smolyanova T, Nikolaeva A, Orlova E, Ivanov A, Belyakova O, Vyaznikova T, Selezneva N, Perevozchikov A, Sokolova A, Zubkova N, Efimova I, Dolzhikova I, Logunov D, Sakanjan E. Development and characterization of anti-SARS-CoV-2 intravenous immunoglobulin from COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Immunotherapy 2022; 14:1133-1147. [PMID: 35892311 PMCID: PMC9328115 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2022-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The authors describe the developmental process of intravenous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin from anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody-containing plasma. Furthermore, the authors investigated its safety and protective activity in animal models. Materials & methods: The manufacturing process included standard ethanol fractionation, chromatographic purification steps and virus removal or inactivation. Results: The authors produced pure and safe immunoglobulin for intravenous administration, with 98.1 ± 6.5 mg/ml protein content, of which 97.6 ± 0.7% was IgG. The concentration factor of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies was 9.4 ± 1.4-times. Safety studies in animals showed no signs of acute/chronic toxicity or allergenic or thrombogenic properties. Intravenous anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin protected immunosuppressed hamsters against SARS-Cov-2. Conclusion: The obtained results can allow the start of clinical trials to study the safety and efficacy in healthy adults. An intravenous immunoglobulin with a high concentration of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies was prepared from COVID-19 convalescent plasma, which could be utilized as a passive immunization tool in regard to COVID-19 treatment. The manufacturing process employed conforms to commonly held business standards within the intravenous immunoglobulin industry and includes plasma ethanol fractionation following chromatographic purification and special virus removal or inactivation steps. The results of the preclinical in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the immunoglobulin produced in this study is pure and safe enough to be considered for intravenous applications. The SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody concentration was found to have increased 9.4 ± 1.4-times compared with human plasma. The anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin showed no signs of toxicity and did not cause any blood clot formations when administered to rabbits. Furthermore, the anti-COVID-19 hyperimmune immunoglobulin was demonstrated to protect immunosuppressed hamsters against SARS-CoV-2. Pure and safe intravenous immunoglobulin with a high concentration of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies was produced from #COVID19 convalescent plasma and demonstrated protective effects against SARS-CoV-2 in immunosuppressed hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Olga Belyakova
- JSC NPO Microgen, 10, 2-nd Volkonsky, Moscow, 127473, Russia
| | | | | | | | - Alina Sokolova
- JSC NPO Microgen, 10, 2-nd Volkonsky, Moscow, 127473, Russia
| | | | - Irina Efimova
- JSC NPO Microgen, 10, 2-nd Volkonsky, Moscow, 127473, Russia
| | - Inna Dolzhikova
- Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology & Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation, 18 Gamaleya Str., Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Denis Logunov
- Federal State Budget Institution "National Research Centre for Epidemiology & Microbiology named after Honorary Academician N F Gamaleya" of The Ministry of Health of The Russian Federation, 18 Gamaleya Str., Moscow, 123098, Russia
| | - Elena Sakanjan
- JSC NPO Microgen, 10, 2-nd Volkonsky, Moscow, 127473, Russia
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Kurtović T, Ravlić S, Štimac A, Mateljak Lukačević S, Hećimović A, Kazazić S, Halassy B. Efficient and Sustainable Platform for Preparation of a High-Quality Immunoglobulin G as an Urgent Treatment Option During Emerging Virus Outbreaks. Front Immunol 2022; 13:889736. [PMID: 35655779 PMCID: PMC9152316 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.889736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During the pre-vaccine era of the COVID-19 pandemic convalescent plasma has once again emerged as a major potential therapeutic form of passive immunization that in specific cases still represents irreplaceable treatment option. There is a growing concern that variable concentration of neutralizing antibodies, present in convalescent plasma which originates from different donors, apparently affects its effectiveness. The drawback can be overcome through the downstream process of immunoglobulin fraction purification into a standardized product of improved safety and efficacy. All modern procedures are quite lengthy processes. They are also based on fractionation of large plasma quantities whose collection is not attainable during an epidemic. When outbreaks of infectious diseases are occurring more frequently, there is a great need for a more sustainable production approach that would be goal-oriented towards assuring easily and readily available immunoglobulin of therapeutic relevance. We propose a refinement strategy for the IgG preparation achieved through simplification and reduction of the processing steps. It was designed as a small but scalable process to offer an immediately available treatment option that would simultaneously be harmonized with an increased availability of convalescent plasma over the viral outbreak time-course. Concerning the ongoing pandemic status of the COVID-19, the proof of concept was demonstrated on anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma but is likely applicable to any other type depending on the current needs. It was guided by the idea of persistent keeping of IgG molecules in the solution, so that protection of their native structure could be assured. Our manufacturing procedure provided a high-quality IgG product of above the average recovery whose composition profile was analyzed by mass spectrometry as quality control check. It was proved free from IgA and IgM as mediators of adverse transfusion reactions, as well as of any other residual impurities, since only IgG fragments were identified. The proportion of S protein-specific IgGs remained unchanged relative to the convalescent plasma. Undisturbed IgG subclass composition was accomplished as well. However, the fractionation principle affected the final product's capacity to neutralize wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infectivity, reducing it by half. Decrease in neutralization potency significantly correlated with the amount of IgM in the starting material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tihana Kurtović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanda Ravlić
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Adela Štimac
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sanja Mateljak Lukačević
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Hećimović
- Croatian Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Saša Kazazić
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Beata Halassy
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
- Center of Excellence for Virus Immunology and Vaccines, Zagreb, Croatia
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Štimac A, Kurtović T, Pavlović N, Halassy B. Development of Improved High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Method for the Determination of Residual Caprylic Acid in Formulations of Human Immunoglobulins. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27051665. [PMID: 35268765 PMCID: PMC8912018 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality control of human immunoglobulin formulations produced by caprylic acid precipitation necessitates a simple, rapid, and accurate method for determination of residual caprylic acid. A high-performance liquid chromatography method for that purpose was developed and validated. The method involves depletion of immunoglobulins, the major interfering components that produce high background noise, by precipitation with acetonitrile (1:1, v/v). Chromatographic analysis of caprylic acid, preserved in supernatant with no loss, was performed using a reverse-phase C18 column (2.1 × 150 mm, 3 μm) as a stationary phase and water with 0.05% TFA–acetonitrile (50:50, v/v) as a mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min and run time of 10 min. The developed method was successfully validated according to the ICH guidelines. The validation parameters confirmed that method was linear, accurate, precise, specific, and able to provide excellent separation of peaks corresponding to caprylic acid and the fraction of remaining immunoglobulins. Furthermore, a 24−1 fractional factorial design was applied in order to test the robustness of developed method. As such, the method is highly suitable for the quantification of residual caprylic acid in formulations of human immunoglobulins for therapeutic use, as demonstrated on samples produced by fractionation of convalescent anti-SARS-CoV-2 human plasma at a laboratory scale. The obtained results confirmed that the method is convenient for routine quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Štimac
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (A.Š.); (B.H.)
| | - Tihana Kurtović
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Nediljko Pavlović
- Institute of Immunology, Inc., Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Beata Halassy
- Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, Rockefellerova 10, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Correspondence: (A.Š.); (B.H.)
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Ali S, Uddin SM, Ali A, Anjum F, Ali R, Shalim E, Khan M, Ahmed I, M Muhaymin S, Bukhari U, Luxmi S, Khan AS, Quraishy S. Production of hyperimmune anti-SARS-CoV-2 intravenous immunoglobulin from pooled COVID-19 convalescent plasma. Immunotherapy 2021; 13:397-407. [PMID: 33557591 PMCID: PMC7871744 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2020-0263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: This study assesses the feasibility of producing hyperimmune anti-COVID-19 intravenously administrable immunoglobulin (C-IVIG) from pooled convalescent plasma (PCP) to provide a safe and effective passive immunization treatment option for COVID-19. Materials & methods: PCP was fractionated by modified caprylic acid precipitation followed by ultrafiltration/diafiltration to produce hyperimmune C-IVIG. Results: In C-IVIG, the mean SARS-CoV-2 antibody level was found to be threefold (104 ± 30 cut-off index) that of the PCP (36 ± 8.5 cut-off index) and mean protein concentration was found to be 46 ± 3.7 g/l, comprised of 89.5% immunoglobulins. Conclusion: The current method of producing C-IVIG is feasible as it uses locally available PCP and simpler technology and yields a high titer of SARS-CoV-2 antibody. The safety and efficacy of C-IVIG will be evaluated in a registered clinical trial (NCT04521309).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed M Uddin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fatima Anjum
- Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology & Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Ali
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Elisha Shalim
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Khan
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Ahmed
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sheikh M Muhaymin
- Dow College of Biotechnology, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Bukhari
- Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shobha Luxmi
- Dow University Hospital, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdul S Khan
- National Control Laboratory for Biologicals, Islamabad, Pakistan
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5
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Li Y. The application of caprylic acid in downstream processing of monoclonal antibodies. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 153:92-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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6
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Multiple functions of caprylic acid-induced impurity precipitation for process intensification in monoclonal antibody purification. J Biotechnol 2018; 279:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Park DH, Kang GB, Kang DE, Hong JW, Lee MG, Kim KY, Han JW. A new manufacturing process to remove thrombogenic factors (II, VII, IX, X, and XI) from intravenous immunoglobulin gamma preparations. Biologicals 2016; 45:1-8. [PMID: 27876270 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Coagulation factors (II, VII, IX, X, and particularly XIa) remaining in high concentrations in intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) preparations can form thrombi, causing thromboembolic events, and in serious cases, result in death. Therefore, manufacturers of biological products must investigate the ability of their production processes to remove procoagulant activities. Previously, we were able to remove coagulation factors II, VII, IX, and X from our IVIG preparation through ethanol precipitation, but factor XIa, which plays an important role in thrombosis, remained in the intermediate products. Here, we used a chromatographic process using a new resin that binds with high capacity to IgG and removes procoagulant activities. The procoagulant activities were reduced to low levels as determined by the thrombin generation assay: <1.56 mIU/mL, chromogenic FXIa assay: <0.16 mIU/mL, non-activated partial thromboplastin time (NaPTT): >250 s, FXI/FXIa ELISA: <0.31 ng/mL. Even after spiking with FXIa at a concentration 32.5 times higher than the concentration in normal specimens, the procoagulant activities were below the detection limit (<0.31 ng/mL). These results demonstrate the ability of our manufacturing process to remove procoagulant activities to below the detection limit (except by NaPTT), suggesting a reduced risk of thromboembolic events that maybe potentially caused by our IVIG preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hwarn Park
- Green Cross Corp., Ihyeon-ro 30 beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Bu Kang
- Green Cross Corp., Ihyeon-ro 30 beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Eun Kang
- Green Cross Corp., Ihyeon-ro 30 beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeung Woon Hong
- Green Cross Corp., Ihyeon-ro 30 beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gyu Lee
- Research Center for Epigenome Regulation, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Yong Kim
- Green Cross Corp., Ihyeon-ro 30 beon-gil, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeung Whan Han
- Research Center for Epigenome Regulation, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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Weng YJ, Husebekk A, Skogen B, Kjaer M, Lin LT, Burnouf T. Anti-Human Platelet Antigen-1a Immunoglobulin G Preparation Intended to Prevent Fetal and Neonatal Alloimmune Thrombocytopenia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162973. [PMID: 27627660 PMCID: PMC5023090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal and neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) is a severe disease that is caused by maternal alloantibodies generated during pregnancy or at delivery as a result of incompatibility between maternal and fetal human platelet antigens (HPAs) inherited from the father. Antibody-mediated immune suppression using anti-HPA-1a immunoglobulins is thought to be able to prevent FNAIT caused by HPA-1a. A fractionation process to prepare anti-HPA-1a immunoglobulin (Ig) G (IgG) from human plasma was therefore developed. Anti-HPA-1a plasma was obtained from volunteer mothers who underwent alloimmunization against HPA-1a during a previous pregnancy. Plasma was cryoprecipitated and the supernatant treated with caprylic acid and solvent/detergent (S/D), purified by chromatography, nanofiltered, concentrated, and sterile-filtered. The anti-HPA-1a immunoglobulin fraction was characterized for purity and safety. PAK12 and quantitative monoclonal antibody immobilization of platelet antigen (MAIPA) assays were used to detect anti-HPA-1a IgG. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) removal during nanofiltration was assessed by spiking experiments, using cell culture-derived reporter HCV and luciferase analysis. The caprylic acid treatment precipitated non-Ig proteins yielding a 90% pure Ig supernatant. S-HyperCel chromatography of the S/D-treated supernatant followed by HyperCel STAR AX provided high IgG recovery (>80%) and purity (>99.5%), and efficient IgA and IgM removal. Concentrations of complement factors C3 and C4 were < 0.5 and < 0.4 mg/dL, respectively. The final IgG could be nanofiltered on Planova 20N under conditions removing more than 3 log HCV infectivity to baseline mock infection level, and concentrated to ca. 30 g/L. Proteolytic activity and thrombin generation were low in the final fraction. The Pak12 and MAIPA assays showed good recovery of anti-HPA-1a throughout the process. Clinical-grade HPA-1a IgG can be prepared using a process compliant with current quality requirements opening perspectives for the prevention of FNAIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jan Weng
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Anne Husebekk
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Björn Skogen
- Department of Medical Biology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Mette Kjaer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital North Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Finnmark Hospital Trust, Hammerfest, Norway
| | - Liang-Tzung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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9
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Kateja N, Agarwal H, Saraswat A, Bhat M, Rathore AS. Continuous precipitation of process related impurities from clarified cell culture supernatant using a novel coiled flow inversion reactor (CFIR). Biotechnol J 2016; 11:1320-1331. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Kateja
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
| | - Harshit Agarwal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
| | - Aditya Saraswat
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
| | - Manish Bhat
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
| | - Anurag S. Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Indian Institute of Technology Delhi; New Delhi India
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Singh N, Arunkumar A, Chollangi S, Tan ZG, Borys M, Li ZJ. Clarification technologies for monoclonal antibody manufacturing processes: Current state and future perspectives. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:698-716. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nripen Singh
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Abhiram Arunkumar
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Srinivas Chollangi
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Zhijun George Tan
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Michael Borys
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
| | - Zheng Jian Li
- Biologics Development; Global Manufacturing and Supply, Bristol-Myers Squibb; 35 South Street Hopkinton Massachusetts 01748
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11
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Zheng J, Wang L, Twarowska B, Laino S, Sparks C, Smith T, Russell R, Wang M. Caprylic acid-induced impurity precipitation from protein A capture column elution pool to enable a two-chromatography-step process for monoclonal antibody purification. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1515-25. [PMID: 26280674 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This article presents the use of caprylic acid (CA) to precipitate impurities from the protein A capture column elution pool for the purification of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) with the objective of developing a two chromatography step antibody purification process. A CA-induced impurity precipitation in the protein A column elution pool was evaluated as an alternative method to polishing chromatography techniques for use in the purification of mAbs. Parameters including pH, CA concentrations, mixing time, mAb concentrations, buffer systems, and incubation temperatures were evaluated on their impacts on the impurity removal, high-molecular weight (HMW) formation and precipitation step yield. Both pH and CA concentration, but not mAb concentrations and buffer systems, are key parameters that can affect host-cell proteins (HCPs) clearance, HMW species, and yield. CA precipitation removes HCPs and some HMW species to the acceptable levels under the optimal conditions. The CA precipitation process is robust at 15-25°C. For all five mAbs tested in this study, the optimal CA concentration range is 0.5-1.0%, while the pH range is from 5.0 to 6.0. A purification process using two chromatography steps (protein A capture column and ion exchange polishing column) in combination with CA-based impurity precipitation step can be used as a robust downstream process for mAb molecules with a broad range of isoelectric points. Residual CA can be effectively removed by the subsequent polishing cation exchange chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zheng
- Biologics Development Dept., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804
| | - Lu Wang
- Biologics Development Dept., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804
| | - Barbara Twarowska
- Biologics Development Dept., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804
| | - Sarah Laino
- Biologics Development Dept., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804
| | - Colleen Sparks
- Biologics Development Dept., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804
| | - Timothy Smith
- Biologics Development Dept., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804
| | - Reb Russell
- Biologics Development Dept., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804
| | - Michelle Wang
- Biologics Development Dept., Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bloomsbury, NJ, 08804
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Industrial application of impurity flocculation to streamline antibody purification processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.15.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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13
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El-Ekiaby M, Vargas M, Sayed M, Gorgy G, Goubran H, Radosevic M, Burnouf T. Minipool caprylic acid fractionation of plasma using disposable equipment: a practical method to enhance immunoglobulin supply in developing countries. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003501. [PMID: 25719558 PMCID: PMC4342257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is an essential plasma-derived medicine that is lacking in developing countries. IgG shortages leave immunodeficient patients without treatment, exposing them to devastating recurrent infections from local pathogens. A simple and practical method for producing IgG from normal or convalescent plasma collected in developing countries is needed to provide better, faster access to IgG for patients in need. Methodology/Principal Findings IgG was purified from 10 consecutive minipools of 20 plasma donations collected in Egypt using single-use equipment. Plasma donations in their collection bags were subjected to 5%-pH5.5 caprylic acid treatment for 90 min at 31°C, and centrifuged to remove the precipitate. Supernatants were pooled, then dialyzed and concentrated using a commercial disposable hemodialyzer. The final preparation was filtered online by gravity, aseptically dispensed into storage transfusion bags, and frozen at <-20°C. The resulting preparation had a mean protein content of 60.5 g/L, 90.2% immunoglobulins, including 83.2% IgG, 12.4% IgA, and 4.4% IgM, and residual albumin. There was fourfold to sixfold enrichment of anti-hepatitis B and anti-rubella antibodies. Analyses of aggregates (<3%), prekallicrein (5-7 IU/mL), plasmin (26.3 mU/mL), thrombin (2.5 mU/mL), thrombin-like activity (0.011 U/g), thrombin generation capacity (< 223 nM), and Factor XI (<0.01 U/mL) activity, Factor XI/XIa antigen (2.4 ng/g) endotoxin (<0.5 EU/mL), and general safety test in rats showed the in vitro safety profile. Viral validation revealed >5 logs reduction of HIV, BVDV, and PRV infectivity in less than 15 min of caprylic acid treatment. Conclusions/Significance 90% pure, virally-inactivated immunoglobulins can be prepared from plasma minipools using simple disposable equipment and bag systems. This easy-to-implement process could be used to produce immunoglobulins from local plasma in developing countries to treat immunodeficient patients. It is also relevant for preparing hyperimmune IgG from convalescent plasma during infectious outbreaks such as the current Ebola virus episode. Plasma-derived immunoglobulin G (IgG) is on WHO’s Essential Medicines List, yet developing countries face severe shortages of this critical treatment. Infusion of IgG prepared from locally-collected plasma provides an advantageous mix of antibodies to viral and bacterial pathogens found in the living environment, and this can reduce recurrent infections in immune-deficient patients. We developed a simple manufacturing process using disposable equipment (blood bags, hemodialyzer, and filters) to isolate immunoglobulins from minipools of 20 plasma donations. This process yields a ca. 90% pure virally-inactivated immunoglobulin fraction at 50–60% recovery. Anti-hepatitis B and anti-rubella immunoglobulins were enriched fourfold to sixfold. The product was free of in-vitro thrombogenic and proteolytic activity, confirming its expected clinical safety profile. Virus validations showed caprylic acid treatment robustly inactivated or removed infectivity of lipid-enveloped viruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus model. This simple and cost-effective process is implemented in Egypt to prepare experimental batches for clinical evaluation. It can enhance immunoglobulin supplies to treat immunodeficient patients through passive transmission of antibodies directed against local pathogens. The method requires minimal training and reasonable infrastructure, and is a practical means to prepare convalescent hyperimmune IgG during infectious outbreaks such as the current Ebola episode.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariángela Vargas
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Makram Sayed
- Environmental and Food Pollutant Laboratory, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | - George Gorgy
- Shabrawishi Blood Bank, Shabrawishi Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hadi Goubran
- Saskatoon Cancer Center, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | - Thierry Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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14
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What can cell culture flocculation offer for antibody purification processes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4155/pbp.14.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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15
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Germishuizen WA, Gyure DC, Stubbings D, Burnouf T. Quantifying the thrombogenic potential of human plasma-derived immunoglobulin products. Biologicals 2014; 42:260-70. [PMID: 25096922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyvalent immunoglobulin G (IgG) products obtained by fractionation of human plasma are used to treat a broad range of conditions, including immunodeficiency syndromes and autoimmune, inflammatory, and infectious diseases. Recent incidences of increased thromboembolic events (TEEs) associated with intravenous (IV) IgG (IVIG) led to recalls of some products and increased regulatory oversight of manufacturing processes in order to ensure that products are essentially free of procoagulant/thrombogenic plasma protein contaminants. Laboratory investigations have now identified activated factor XI (FXIa) as the likely causative agent of IVIG-related TEEs. Quantification of the thrombogenic potential is becoming a requirement made to fractionators (a) to validate the capacity of IVIG and subcutaneous IgG manufacturing processes to remove procoagulant contaminants and (b) to establish the safety of the final products. However, in the absence of a recommended test by the main regulatory authorities, several analytical approaches have been evaluated by fractionators, regulators, and university groups. This review focuses on the scientific rationale, merits, and applications of several analytical methods of quantifying the thrombogenic potential of IgG products and intermediates to meet the latest regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D C Gyure
- National Bioproducts Institute, Pinetown, South Africa
| | - D Stubbings
- National Bioproducts Institute, Pinetown, South Africa
| | - T Burnouf
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei City 110, Taiwan.
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Giese G, Myrold A, Gorrell J, Persson J. Purification of antibodies by precipitating impurities using Polyethylene Glycol to enable a two chromatography step process. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 938:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Wu YW, Champagne J, Toueille M, Gantier R, Burnouf T. Dedicated removal of immunoglobulin (Ig)A, IgM, and Factor (F)XI/activated FXI from human plasma IgG. Transfusion 2013; 54:169-78. [DOI: 10.1111/trf.12243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wen Wu
- Institute of Medical Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Research and Development, Chromatography Applications; Pall Life Sciences; Cergy France
- Pall Life Sciences; Northborough Massachusetts
- Human Protein Process Sciences (HPPS); Lille France
| | - Jérôme Champagne
- Institute of Medical Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Research and Development, Chromatography Applications; Pall Life Sciences; Cergy France
- Pall Life Sciences; Northborough Massachusetts
- Human Protein Process Sciences (HPPS); Lille France
| | - Magali Toueille
- Institute of Medical Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Research and Development, Chromatography Applications; Pall Life Sciences; Cergy France
- Pall Life Sciences; Northborough Massachusetts
- Human Protein Process Sciences (HPPS); Lille France
| | - René Gantier
- Institute of Medical Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Research and Development, Chromatography Applications; Pall Life Sciences; Cergy France
- Pall Life Sciences; Northborough Massachusetts
- Human Protein Process Sciences (HPPS); Lille France
| | - Thierry Burnouf
- Institute of Medical Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, College of Oral Medicine; Taipei Medical University; Taipei Taiwan
- Research and Development, Chromatography Applications; Pall Life Sciences; Cergy France
- Pall Life Sciences; Northborough Massachusetts
- Human Protein Process Sciences (HPPS); Lille France
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Morrill KM, Polo J, Lago A, Campbell J, Quigley J, Tyler H. Estimate of serum immunoglobulin G concentration using refractometry with or without caprylic acid fractionation. J Dairy Sci 2013; 96:4535-41. [PMID: 23664346 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2012-5843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Objectives of this study were to develop a rapid calf-side test to determine serum IgG concentrations using caprylic acid (CA) fractionation, followed by refractometry of the IgG-rich supernatant and compare the accuracy of this method with results obtained using refractometry using raw serum. Serum samples (n=200) were obtained from 1-d-old calves, frozen (-20°C), and shipped to the laboratory. Samples were allowed to thaw for 1h at room temperature. Fractionation with CA was conducted by adding 1mL of serum to a tube containing 45, 60, or 75µL of CA and 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5mL of 0.06 M acetic acid. The tube contents were mixed well, allowed to react for 1 min, and then centrifuged at 3,300 × g for 0, 10, or 20 min at 25°C. The %Brix and refractive index of the fractionated supernatant were determined using a digital refractometer. Nonfractionated serum was analyzed for %Brix (BRn), refractive index (nDn), and IgG concentration by radial immunodiffusion. The mean serum IgG concentration was 19.0 mg/mL [standard deviation (SD)=9.7], with a range of 3.5 to 47.0 mg/mL. The mean serum BRn was 8.6 (SD=0.91), with a range of 6.8 to 11.0. The mean serum nDn was 1.34566 (SD=0.00140), with a range of 1.34300 to 1.34930. Serum nDn was positively correlated with IgG concentration (correlation coefficient=0.86; n=185). Fractionated samples treated with 1mL 0.6 M acetic acid and 60µL of CA and not centrifuged before analysis resulted in a strong relationship between the refractive index of the fractionated supernatant and IgG (correlation coefficient=0.80; n=45). Regression was used to determine cut points indicative of 10, 12, and 14 mg of IgG/mL to determine the sensitivity and specificity of refractometry to identify failure of passive transfer (serum IgG <10 mg/mL at 24 h old). The nDn were 1.34414, 1.34448, and 1.34480 to predict 10, 12, and 14 mg of IgG/mL of serum, respectively. The BRn cut points were 7.6, 7.8, and 8.0, respectively. The nDn cut points of 1.34448 and 1.34480 resulted in similar specificities (82.9%), whereas the 1.34414 cut point had a specificity of 60.0%. The BRn cut point of 7.6 and 7.8%Brix resulted in a similar percentage of correctly classified samples (89.7 and 90.8%, respectively); however, the 7.8% Brix cut point resulted in fewer false positives. These results suggest that Brix refractometry of nonfractionated calf serum provides a strong estimate of IgG concentration and 7.8% Brix may be used as the cut point to identify failure of passive transfer in 1-d-old calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Morrill
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames Iowa, 50014, USA.
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Lewis KB, Hughes RJ, Epstein MS, Josephson NC, Kempton CL, Kessler CM, Key NS, Howard TE, Kruse-Jarres R, Lusher JM, Walsh CE, Watts RG, Ettinger RA, Pratt KP. Phenotypes of allo- and autoimmune antibody responses to FVIII characterized by surface plasmon resonance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61120. [PMID: 23667433 PMCID: PMC3648518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of antibody isotype/subtype switching may provide prognostic value regarding the state of immune responses to therapeutic proteins, e.g. anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies that develop in many hemophilia A patients, clinically termed “inhibitors”. A sensitive, high- information-content surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay has been developed to quantify IgG subtype distributions and the domain specificity of anti-drug antibodies. Plasma samples from 22 subjects with an allo- or auto-immune reaction to FVIII were analyzed. Pre-analytical treatment protocols were developed to minimize non-specific binding and specific matrix interference due to von Willebrand factor-FVIII interactions. The dynamic range for IgG quantification was 0.2–5 µg/ml (∼1–33 nM), allowing characterization of inhibitor-positive samples. Subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies were used to quantify the IgG subtype distribution of FVIII-specific antibodies. Most samples obtained from multiply-infused inhibitor subjects contained IgG4 antibodies. Several distinct phenotypes were assigned based on the IgG subtype distribution: IgG1, IgG4, IgG1 & IgG4, and IgG1, IgG2 & IgG4. An IgG1-only response was found in mild/moderate HA subjects during early FVIII infusions, and analysis of serial samples followed antibody class switching as several subjects’ immune responses developed. Competition studies utilizing a recombinant FVIII-C2 domain indicated 40–80% of FVIII-specific antibodies in most samples were directed against this domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B. Lewis
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Hughes
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Melinda S. Epstein
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Neil C. Josephson
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | - Nigel S. Key
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tom E. Howard
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at USC, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | | | - Jeanne M. Lusher
- Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Raymond G. Watts
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Ruth A. Ettinger
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kathleen P. Pratt
- Puget Sound Blood Center Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Division of Hematology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu Z, Gurgel PV, Carbonell RG. Purification of human immunoglobulins A, G and M from Cohn fraction II/III by small peptide affinity chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1262:169-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Menegatti S, Naik AD, Gurgel PV, Carbonell RG. Purification of polyclonal antibodies from Cohn fraction II + III, skim milk, and whey by affinity chromatography using a hexamer peptide ligand. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3139-48. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ruben G. Carbonell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; North Carolina State University; Raleigh NC USA
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22
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Brodsky Y, Zhang C, Yigzaw Y, Vedantham G. Caprylic acid precipitation method for impurity reduction: An alternative to conventional chromatography for monoclonal antibody purification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2012; 109:2589-98. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Validation of a simple, rapid and cost effective method for the estimation of caprylic acid and sodium caprylate from biological products using NEFA-C kit. Biologicals 2010; 38:321-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/19/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Duncan EH, Angov E. MSP-1p42-specific antibodies affect growth and development of intra-erythrocytic parasites of Plasmodium falciparum. Malar J 2009; 8:183. [PMID: 19650894 PMCID: PMC2729774 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-8-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibodies are the main effector molecules in the defense against blood stages of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Understanding the mechanisms by which vaccine-induced anti-blood stage antibodies work in protecting against malaria is essential for vaccine design and testing. Methods The effects of MSP-1p42-specific antibodies on the development of blood stage parasites were studied using microscopy, flow cytometry and the pLDH assay. To determine allele-specific effects, if present, allele-specific antibodies and the various parasite clones representative of these alleles of MSP-1 were employed. Results The mode of action of anti-MSP-1p42 antibodies differs among the parasite clones tested: anti-MSP-1p42 sera act mainly through invasion-inhibitory mechanisms against FVO parasites, by either preventing schizonts from rupturing or agglutinating merozoites upon their release. The same antibodies do not prevent the rupture of 3D7 schizonts; instead they agglutinate merozoites and arrest the development of young parasites at the early trophozoite stage, thus acting through both invasion- and growth inhibitory mechanisms. The second key finding is that antibodies have access to the intra-erythrocytic parasite, as evidenced by the labeling of developing merozoites with fluorochrome-conjugated anti-MSP-1p42 antibodies. Access to the parasite through this route likely allows antibodies to exert their inhibitory activities on the maturing schizonts leading to their inability to rupture and be released as infectious merozoites. Conclusion The identification of various modes of action by which anti-MSP-1 antibodies function against the parasite during erythrocytic development emphasizes the importance of functional assays for evaluating malaria vaccines and may also open new avenues for immunotherapy and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Herrera M, Meneses F, Gutiérrez JM, León G. Development and validation of a reverse phase HPLC method for the determination of caprylic acid in formulations of therapeutic immunoglobulins and its application to antivenom production. Biologicals 2009; 37:230-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2009.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Stiehm ER, Keller MA, Vyas GN. Preparation and use of therapeutic antibodies primarily of human origin. Biologicals 2008; 36:363-74. [PMID: 18789721 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2008.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2007] [Revised: 05/19/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies include polyclonal immunoglobulins isolated from regular or high-titered human plasma, sera from immunized animals, and monoclonal antibodies. This array of therapeutic antibodies is used for the prevention and treatment of many infectious diseases, antibody immunodeficiencies, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, and cancers. Polyclonal human immunoglobulins are available for intramuscular injection (IGIM), intravenous infusion (IGIV) and subcutaneous infusion (SCIG). We review these products and detail the therapeutic use of polyclonal human antibodies in the treatment of antibody immunodeficiencies, including their occasional local side effects (tenderness, sterile abscesses), minor systemic side effects (chills, muscle aches, malaise, headaches) and major side effects (aseptic meningitis, nephropathy, thrombosis).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Richard Stiehm
- Department of Pediatrics, UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Bergmann-Leitner ES, Mease RM, Duncan EH, Khan F, Waitumbi J, Angov E. Evaluation of immunoglobulin purification methods and their impact on quality and yield of antigen-specific antibodies. Malar J 2008; 7:129. [PMID: 18625058 PMCID: PMC2490700 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-7-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibodies are the main effectors against malaria blood-stage parasites. Evaluation of functional activities in immune sera from Phase 2a/b vaccine trials may provide invaluable information in the search for immune correlates of protection. However, the presence of anti-malarial-drugs, improper collection/storage conditions or concomitant immune responses against other pathogens can contribute to non-specific anti-parasite activities when the sera/plasma are tested in vitro. Purification of immunoglobulin is a standard approach for reducing such non-specific background activities, but the purification method itself can alter the quality and yield of recovered Ag-specific antibodies. METHODS To address this concern, various immunoglobulin (Ig) purification methods (protein G Sepharose, protein A/G Sepharose, polyethylene glycol and caprylic acid-ammonium sulphate precipitation) were evaluated for their impact on the quality, quantity and functional activity of purified rabbit and human Igs. The recovered Igs were analysed for yield and purity by SDS-PAGE, for quality by Ag-specific ELISAs (determining changes in titer, avidity and isotype distribution) and for functional activity by in vitro parasite growth inhibition assay (GIA). RESULTS This comparison demonstrated that overall polyethylene glycol purification of human serum/plasma samples and protein G Sepharose purification of rabbit sera are optimal for recovering functional Ag-specific antibodies. CONCLUSION Consequently, critical consideration of the purification method is required to avoid selecting non-representative populations of recovered Ig, which could influence interpretations of vaccine efficacy, or affect the search for immune correlates of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke S Bergmann-Leitner
- US Military Malaria Vaccine Program, Division of Malaria Vaccine Development, WRAIR, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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Burnouf T, Terpstra F, Habib G, Seddik S. Assessment of viral inactivation during pH 3.3 pepsin digestion and caprylic acid treatment of antivenoms. Biologicals 2007; 35:329-34. [PMID: 17363271 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2006.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 11/07/2006] [Accepted: 11/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Antivenoms are manufactured by the fractionation of animal plasma which may possibly be contaminated by infectious agents pathogenic to humans. This study was carried out to determine whether pre-existing antivenom production steps, as carried out by EgyVac in Egypt, may reduce viral risks. Two typical manufacturing steps were studied by performing down-scaled viral inactivation experiments: (a) a pH 3.3 pepsin digestion of diluted plasma at 30 degrees C for 1h, and (b) a caprylic acid treatment of a purified F(ab')2 fragment fraction at 18 degrees C for 1h. Three lipid-enveloped (LE) viruses [bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)] and one non-lipid-enveloped (NLE) virus [encephalomyocarditis virus (EMC)] were used as models. Kinetics of inactivation was determined by taking samples at 3 time-points during the treatments. The pH 3.3 pepsin digestion resulted in complete clearance of PRV (>7.0 log(10)) and in almost complete reduction of VSV (>4.5 but < or =6.4 log(10)), and in a limited inactivation of BVDV (1.7 log(10)). EMC inactivation was > or =2.5 but < or =5.7 log(10). The caprylic acid treatment resulted in complete inactivation of the 3 LE viruses tested: BVDV (>6.6 log(10)), PRV (>6.6 log(10)), and VSV (>7.0 log(10)). For EMC no significant reduction was obtained (0.7 log(10)). Cumulative reduction was >13.6, >11.5, >8.3 and > or =2.5 for PRV, VSV, BVDV and EMC, respectively. Therefore the current manufacturing processes of at least some animal antisera already include production steps that can ensure robust viral inactivation of LE viruses and moderate inactivation of a NLE virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Burnouf
- Human Plasma Product Services, 18 rue Saint-Jacques, F-59000 Lille, France.
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Abstract
Erythrovirus (parvovirus) B19 (B19) is a common human pathogen. It is a non-enveloped single-strand DNA virus packaging its genome in small tight capsids consisting of viral VP1 and VP2 proteins. It is now accepted that B19 is a relatively quickly evolving virus having diverged in several genetic variants recently identified. The main route of B19 transmission is respiratory, with a majority of infections occurring during childhood and manifesting as erythema infectiousum. B19 can also be transmitted vertically and via blood transfusion and organ transplantation. The majority of adult populations show immunological evidence of previous exposure to B19. Although the immune response is able to clear infection and provide life-long protection against B19, recent data suggest that in some, if not the majority, of individuals the acute phase of infection is followed by viral persistence in the blood or other tissues regardless of the host's immunocompetence. Transmission of B19 by blood and blood products and its resistance to common viral inactivation methods raises several blood safety questions, still unanswered. The diversity of B19 strains and the ability of the virus to persist in the presence of specific antibodies raise the issue of transmissibility by transfusion not so much to immunocompetent recipients but rather to the large proportion of recipients in whom there is some degree of immunodeficiency. The ability of the virus to reactivate in immunodeficient recipients may create difficulties in differentiating between transfusion transmission and reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Parsyan
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, UK.
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Abstract
From 22 to 25 million liters of plasma are fractionated yearly in about 70 fractionation plants, either private or government-owned, mainly located in industrialized countries, and with a capacity ranging from 50000 to three million liters. In an increasingly global environment, the plasma industry has recently gone through a major consolidation phase that has seen mergers and acquisitions, and has led to the closure of a number of small plants in Europe. Currently, some fifteen countries are involved into contract plasma fractionation programs to ensure a supply of plasma-derived medicinal products. The majority of the plasma for fractionation is obtained by automated plasmapheresis, the remaining (recovered plasma) being prepared from whole blood as a by-product of red cell production. Plasma for fractionation should be produced, and controlled following well established procedures to meet the strict quality requirements set by regulatory authorities and fractionators. The plasma fractionation technology still relies heavily on the cold ethanol fractionation process, but has been improved by the introduction of modern chromatographic purification methods, and efficient viral inactivation and removal treatments, ensuring quality and safety to a large portfolio of fractionated plasma products. The safety of these products with regards to the risk of transmission of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease seems to be provided, based on current scientific data, by extensive removal of the infectious agent during certain fractionation steps. The leading plasma product is now the intravenous immunoglobulin G, which has replaced factor VIII and albumin in this role. The supply of plasma products (most specifically coagulation products and immunoglobulin) at an affordable price and in sufficient quantity remains an issue; the problem is particularly acute in developing countries, as the switch to recombinant factor VIII in rich countries has not solved the supply issue and has even led to an increase of the mean price of plasma-derived factor VIII to the developing world. In the last few years, the plasma fractionation industry has improved greatly, and should remain essential in the years to come for the procurement of many essential medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Burnouf
- Human Plasma Product Services (HPPS), 18 rue Saint-Jacques, 59000 Lille, France.
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31
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Teschner W, Butterweck HA, Auer W, Muchitsch EM, Weber A, Liu SL, Wah PS, Schwarz HP. A new liquid, intravenous immunoglobulin product (IGIV 10%) highly purified by a state-of-the-art process. Vox Sang 2007; 92:42-55. [PMID: 17181590 DOI: 10.1111/j.1423-0410.2006.00846.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The ultimate goal was to generate an industrial-scale process suitable to produce a high-yield, safe and stable immunoglobulin G (IgG) preparation for intravenous administration, which is ready to use for customer convenience. This new liquid 10% IgG preparation (IGIV 10%) was compared to Gammagard SD, a licenced lyophilized immunoglobulin in biochemical and preclinical testing. MATERIALS AND METHODS The new process, which includes three dedicated virus clearance steps, is a streamlined combination of the currently applied and well-established manufacturing procedures. The biochemical characterization is done by standard methods focusing on purity, integrity and functionality of the preparation. Efficacy is demonstrated in vivo by mouse protection testing and in vitro by opsonization and protein A affinity chromatography. Pharmacokinetics in rats is evaluated after a single intravenous dose. The anaphylactoid potential is determined in rats and in guinea pigs, while thrombogenicity is assessed in a rabbit model. The influence of the products on vital functions is tested on dogs, while acute toxicity studies are carried out on mice and rats. RESULTS The biochemical characterization data demonstrate the high purity of monomeric IgG in the product. The mouse protection test showed that the protective activity against systemic bacterial infections of IGIV 10% is at least as good as the reference Gammagard SD. This result is supported by the broad spectrum of antibodies in high titres against bacteria and viruses and the high functional integrity of the IgG molecule (> or = 90% functionally intact IgG) in IGIV 10%. The opsonic activity of all IGIV 10% lots is similar to the one of the reference Gammagard SD. In safety and thrombogenicity studies, no adverse effects of IGIV 10% were observed. Pharmacokinetic studies showed no statistically significant differences between the two products. In the acute toxicity animal studies, IGIV 10% compared favourably to the reference Gammagard SD. CONCLUSIONS The new manufacturing process enables the production of a highly purified IgG preparation for intravenous administration. The product has an IgG subclass distribution similar to plasma and contains a broad spectrum of functionally intact antibodies. Preclinical studies demonstrate that the liquid IGIV 10% combines excellent qualities of efficacy, safety and tolerability.
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