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Banerjee S, Ansari AA, Upadhyay SP, Mettman DJ, Hibdon JR, Quadir M, Ghosh P, Kambhampati A, Banerjee SK. Benefits and Pitfalls of a Glycosylation Inhibitor Tunicamycin in the Therapeutic Implication of Cancers. Cells 2024; 13:395. [PMID: 38474359 PMCID: PMC10930662 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The aberrant glycosylation is a hallmark of cancer progression and chemoresistance. It is also an immune therapeutic target for various cancers. Tunicamycin (TM) is one of the potent nucleoside antibiotics and an inhibitor of aberrant glycosylation in various cancer cells, including breast cancer, gastric cancer, and pancreatic cancer, parallel with the inhibition of cancer cell growth and progression of tumors. Like chemotherapies such as doxorubicin (DOX), 5'fluorouracil, etoposide, and cisplatin, TM induces the unfolded protein response (UPR) by blocking aberrant glycosylation. Consequently, stress is induced in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) that promotes apoptosis. TM can thus be considered a potent antitumor drug in various cancers and may promote chemosensitivity. However, its lack of cell-type-specific cytotoxicity impedes its anticancer efficacy. In this review, we focus on recent advances in our understanding of the benefits and pitfalls of TM therapies in various cancers, including breast, colon, and pancreatic cancers, and discuss the mechanisms identified by which TM functions. Finally, we discuss the potential use of nano-based drug delivery systems to overcome non-specific toxicity and enhance the therapeutic efficacy of TM as a targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Affan A. Ansari
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Sunil P. Upadhyay
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Daniel J. Mettman
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
- Pathology Department, City VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Jamie R. Hibdon
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (M.Q.); (P.G.)
| | - Pratyusha Ghosh
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA; (M.Q.); (P.G.)
| | - Anjali Kambhampati
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
| | - Sushanta K. Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; (A.A.A.); (S.P.U.); (D.J.M.); (J.R.H.); (A.K.)
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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2
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Li H, Zhang J, An C, Dong S. Probing N-Glycan Functions in Human Interleukin-17A Based on Chemically Synthesized Homogeneous Glycoforms. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:2846-2856. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Chemical Biology at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Chemical Biology at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuanjing An
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Chemical Biology at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Suwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, and Department of Chemical Biology at School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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3
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Naseri R, Navabi SJ, Samimi Z, Mishra AP, Nigam M, Chandra H, Olatunde A, Tijjani H, Morais-Urano RP, Farzaei MH. Targeting Glycoproteins as a therapeutic strategy for diabetes mellitus and its complications. Daru 2020; 28:333-358. [PMID: 32006343 PMCID: PMC7095136 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00327-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glycoproteins are organic compounds formed from proteins and carbohydrates, which are found in many parts of the living systems including the cell membranes. Furthermore, impaired metabolism of glycoprotein components plays the main role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study is to investigate the influence of glycoprotein levels in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. METHODS All relevant papers in the English language were compiled by searching electronic databases, including Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane library. The keywords of glycoprotein, diabetes mellitus, glycan, glycosylation, and inhibitor were searched until January 2019. RESULTS Glycoproteins are pivotal elements in the regulation of cell proliferation, growth, maturation and signaling pathways. Moreover, they are involved in drug binding, drug transportation, efflux of chemicals and stability of therapeutic proteins. These functions, structure, composition, linkages, biosynthesis, significance and biological effects are discussed as related to their use as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its complications. CONCLUSIONS The findings revealed several chemical and natural compounds have significant beneficial effects on glycoprotein metabolism. The comprehension of glycoprotein structure and functions are very essential and inevitable to enhance the knowledge of glycoengineering for glycoprotein-based therapeutics as may be required for the treatment of diabetes mellitus and its associated complications. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Naseri
- Internal Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Seyed Jafar Navabi
- Internal Medicine Department, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Zeinab Samimi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Abhay Prakash Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal (A Central) University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India.
| | - Manisha Nigam
- Department of Biochemistry, Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal, Uttarakhand, 246174, India
| | - Harish Chandra
- Department of Microbiology, Gurukul Kangri Vishwavidhyalya, Haridwar, Uttarakhand, 249404, India
| | - Ahmed Olatunde
- Department of Biochemistry, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Nigeria
| | - Habibu Tijjani
- Natural Product Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Bauchi State University, Gadau, Nigeria
| | - Raquel P Morais-Urano
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, 13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brasil
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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4
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Rozov SM, Permyakova NV, Deineko EV. Main Strategies of Plant Expression System Glycoengineering for Producing Humanized Recombinant Pharmaceutical Proteins. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:215-232. [PMID: 29625542 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Most the pharmaceutical proteins are derived not from their natural sources, rather their recombinant analogs are synthesized in various expression systems. Plant expression systems, unlike mammalian cell cultures, combine simplicity and low cost of procaryotic systems and the ability for posttranslational modifications inherent in eucaryotes. More than 50% of all human proteins and more than 40% of the currently used pharmaceutical proteins are glycosylated, that is, they are glycoproteins, and their biological activity, pharmacodynamics, and immunogenicity depend on the correct glycosylation pattern. This review examines in detail the similarities and differences between N- and O-glycosylation in plant and mammalian cells, as well as the effect of plant glycans on the activity, pharmacokinetics, immunity, and intensity of biosynthesis of pharmaceutical proteins. The main current strategies of glycoengineering of plant expression systems aimed at obtaining fully humanized proteins for pharmaceutical application are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rozov
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Glyco-Engineering of Plant-Based Expression Systems. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 175:137-166. [PMID: 30069741 DOI: 10.1007/10_2018_76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Most secreted proteins in eukaryotes are glycosylated, and after a number of common biosynthesis steps the glycan structures mature in a species-dependent manner. Therefore, human therapeutic proteins produced in plants often carry plant-like rather than human-like glycans, which can affect protein stability, biological function, and immunogenicity. The glyco-engineering of plant-based expression systems began as a strategy to eliminate plant-like glycans and produce human proteins with authentic or at least compatible glycan structures. The precise replication of human glycans is challenging, owing to the absence of a pathway in plants for the synthesis of sialylated proteins and the necessary precursors, but this can now be achieved by the coordinated expression of multiple human enzymes. Although the research community has focused on the removal of plant glycans and their replacement with human counterparts, the presence of plant glycans on proteins can also provide benefits, such as boosting the immunogenicity of some vaccines, facilitating the interaction between therapeutic proteins and their receptors, and increasing the efficacy of antibody effector functions. Graphical Abstract Typical structures of native mammalian and plant glycans with symbols indicating sugar residues identified by their short form and single-letter codes. Both glycans contain fucose, albeit with different linkages.
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Boudabbous M, Ben Hmad I, Saibi W, Mssawra M, Belghith H, Gargouri A. Trans-glycosylation capacity of a highly glycosylated multi-specific β-glucosidase from Fusarium solani. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:559-571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1721-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Mills BJ, Laurence Chadwick JS. Effects of localized interactions and surface properties on stability of protein-based therapeutics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 70:609-624. [PMID: 27861887 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Protein-based therapeutics garner significant attention because of exquisite specificity and limited side effects and are now being used to accomplish targeted delivery of small-molecule drugs. This review identifies and highlights individual chemical attributes and categorizes how site-specific changes affect protein stability based on published high-resolution molecular analyses. KEY FINDINGS Because it is challenging to determine the mechanisms by which the stability of large, complex molecules is altered and data are sparse, smaller, therapeutic proteins (insulin, erythropoietin, interferons) are examined alongside antibody data. Integrating this large pool of information with the limited available studies on antibodies reveals common mechanisms by which specific alterations affect protein structure and stability. SUMMARY Physical and chemical stability of therapeutic proteins and antibody drug conjugates (ADCs) is of critical importance because insufficient stability prevents molecules from making it to market. Individual moieties on/near the surface of proteins have substantial influence on structure and stability. Seemingly small, superficial modification may have far-reaching consequences on structure, conformational dynamics, and solubility of the protein, and hence physical stability of the molecule. Chemical modifications, whether spontaneous (e.g. oxidation, deamidation) or intentional, as with ADCs, may adversely impact stability by disrupting local surface properties or higher order protein structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney J Mills
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Jennifer S Laurence Chadwick
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.,BioAnalytix Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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Hudak JE, Belardi B, Appel MJ, Solania A, Robinson PV, Bertozzi CR. Piperidine-based glycodendrons as protein N-glycan prosthetics. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4791-4800. [PMID: 27283789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The generation of homogeneously glycosylated proteins is essential for defining glycoform-specific activity and improving protein-based therapeutics. We present a novel glycodendron prosthetic which can be site-selectively appended to recombinant proteins to create 'N-glycosylated' glycoprotein mimics. Using computational modeling, we designed the dendrimer scaffold and protein attachment point to resemble the native N-glycan architecture. Three piperidine-melamine glycodendrimers were synthesized via a chemoenzymatic route and attached to human growth hormone and the Fc region of human IgG. These products represent a new class of engineered biosimilars bearing novel glycodendrimer structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason E Hudak
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Brian Belardi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mason J Appel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Angelo Solania
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter V Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Carolyn R Bertozzi
- Department of Chemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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9
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Maxson JE, Luty SB, MacManiman JD, Abel ML, Druker BJ, Tyner JW. Ligand independence of the T618I mutation in the colony-stimulating factor 3 receptor (CSF3R) protein results from loss of O-linked glycosylation and increased receptor dimerization. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:5820-7. [PMID: 24403076 PMCID: PMC3937653 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.508440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CSF3 granulocyte colony-stimulating factor receptor CSF3R have recently been found in a large percentage of patients with chronic neutrophilic leukemia and, more rarely, in other types of leukemia. These CSF3R mutations fall into two distinct categories: membrane-proximal mutations and truncation mutations. Although both classes of mutation have exhibited the capacity for cellular transformation, several aspects of this transformation, including the kinetics, the requirement for ligand, and the dysregulation of downstream signaling pathways, have all been shown to be discrepant between the mutation types, suggesting distinct mechanisms of activation. CSF3R truncation mutations induce overexpression and ligand hypersensitivity of the receptor, likely because of the removal of motifs necessary for endocytosis and degradation. In contrast, little is known about the mechanism of activation of membrane-proximal mutations, which are much more commonly observed in chronic neutrophilic leukemia. In contrast with CSF3R truncation mutations, membrane-proximal mutations do not exhibit overexpression and are capable of signaling in the absence of ligand. We show that the Thr-615 and Thr-618 sites of membrane-proximal mutations are part of an O-linked glycosylation cluster. Mutation at these sites prevents O-glycosylation of CSF3R and increases receptor dimerization. This increased dimerization explains the ligand-independent activation of CSF3R membrane-proximal mutations. Cytokine receptor activation through loss of O-glycosylation represents a novel avenue of aberrant signaling. Finally, the combination of the CSF3R membrane proximal and truncation mutations, as has been reported in some patients, leads to enhanced cellular transformation when compared with either mutation alone, underscoring their distinct mechanisms of action.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Humans
- Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic/genetics
- Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic/metabolism
- Leukemia, Neutrophilic, Chronic/pathology
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mutation, Missense
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Multimerization
- Receptors, Colony-Stimulating Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Colony-Stimulating Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia E. Maxson
- From the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology
- Knight Cancer Institute, and
| | - Samuel B. Luty
- From the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology
- Knight Cancer Institute, and
| | - Jason D. MacManiman
- From the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology
- Knight Cancer Institute, and
| | - Melissa L. Abel
- From the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Brian J. Druker
- From the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology
- Knight Cancer Institute, and
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Portland, Oregon 97239
| | - Jeffrey W. Tyner
- From the Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology
- Knight Cancer Institute, and
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and
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10
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Castilho A, Neumann L, Daskalova S, Mason HS, Steinkellner H, Altmann F, Strasser R. Engineering of sialylated mucin-type O-glycosylation in plants. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:36518-26. [PMID: 22948156 PMCID: PMC3476317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.402685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper N- and O-glycosylation of recombinant proteins is important for their biological function. Although the N-glycan processing pathway of different expression hosts has been successfully modified in the past, comparatively little attention has been paid to the generation of customized O-linked glycans. Plants are attractive hosts for engineering of O-glycosylation steps, as they contain no endogenous glycosyltransferases that perform mammalian-type Ser/Thr glycosylation and could interfere with the production of defined O-glycans. Here, we produced mucin-type O-GalNAc and core 1 O-linked glycan structures on recombinant human erythropoietin fused to an IgG heavy chain fragment (EPO-Fc) by transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana plants. Furthermore, for the generation of sialylated core 1 structures constructs encoding human polypeptide:N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2, Drosophila melanogaster core 1 β1,3-galactosyltransferase, human α2,3-sialyltransferase, and Mus musculus α2,6-sialyltransferase were transiently co-expressed in N. benthamiana together with EPO-Fc and the machinery for sialylation of N-glycans. The formation of significant amounts of mono- and disialylated O-linked glycans was confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. Analysis of the three EPO glycopeptides carrying N-glycans revealed the presence of biantennary structures with terminal sialic acid residues. Our data demonstrate that N. benthamiana plants are amenable to engineering of the O-glycosylation pathway and can produce well defined human-type O- and N-linked glycans on recombinant therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Castilho
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Laura Neumann
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Sasha Daskalova
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Hugh S. Mason
- The Biodesign Institute and School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Herta Steinkellner
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
| | - Friedrich Altmann
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria, and
| | - Richard Strasser
- From the Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna Austria
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11
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Suriano R, Ghosh SK, Chaudhuri D, Mittelman A, Banerjee A, Tiwari RK. Sialic acid content of tissue-specific gp96 and its potential role in modulating gp96-macrophage interactions. Glycobiology 2009; 19:1427-35. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwp096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
In recent decades, protein-based therapeutics have substantially expanded the field of molecular pharmacology due to their outstanding potential for the treatment of disease. Unfortunately, protein pharmaceuticals display a series of intrinsic physical and chemical instability problems during their production, purification, storage, and delivery that can adversely impact their final therapeutic efficacies. This has prompted an intense search for generalized strategies to engineer the long-term stability of proteins during their pharmaceutical employment. Due to the well known effect that glycans have in increasing the overall stability of glycoproteins, rational manipulation of the glycosylation parameters through glycoengineering could become a promising approach to improve both the in vitro and in vivo stability of protein pharmaceuticals. The intent of this review is therefore to further the field of protein glycoengineering by increasing the general understanding of the mechanisms by which glycosylation improves the molecular stability of protein pharmaceuticals. This is achieved by presenting a survey of the different instabilities displayed by protein pharmaceuticals, by addressing which of these instabilities can be improved by glycosylation, and by discussing the possible mechanisms by which glycans induce these stabilization effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo J Solá
- Laboratory for Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, Facundo Bueso Bldg., Lab-215, PO Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-3346
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Dissing-Olesen L, Thaysen-Andersen M, Meldgaard M, Højrup P, Finsen B. The function of the human interferon-beta 1a glycan determined in vivo. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:338-47. [PMID: 18445781 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.138263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human interferon-beta (rhIFN-beta) is the leading therapeutic intervention shown to change the cause of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, and both a nonglycosylated and a significantly more active glycosylated variant of rhIFN-beta are used in treatment. This study investigates the function of the rhIFN-beta1a glycan moiety and its individual carbohydrate residues, using the myxovirus resistance (Mx) mRNA as a biomarker in Mx-congenic mice. We showed that the Mx mRNA level in blood leukocytes peaked 3 h after s.c. administration of rhIFN-beta1a. In addition, a clear dose-response relationship was confirmed, and the Mx response was shown to be receptor-mediated. Using specific glycosidases, different glycosylation analogs of rhIFN-beta1a were obtained, and their activities were determined. The glycosylated rhIFN-beta1a showed significantly higher activity than its deglycosylated counterpart, due to a protein stabilization/solubilization effect of the glycan. It is interesting to note that the terminating sialic acids were essential for these effects. Conclusively, the structure/bioactivity relationship of rhIFN-beta1a was determined in vivo, and it provided a novel insight into the role of the rhIFN-beta1a glycan and its carbohydrate residues. The possibilities of improving the pharmacological properties of rhIFN-beta1a using glycoengineering are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Dissing-Olesen
- Medical Biotechnology Center, University of Southern Denmark, Winsløwparken 25, 2, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
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Sommereyns C, Michiels T. N-glycosylation of murine IFN-beta in a putative receptor-binding region. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2006; 26:406-13. [PMID: 16734561 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2006.26.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human and mouse genomes contain more than 20 related genes encoding diverse type I interferons (IFNs- alpha/beta), cytokines that are crucial for resistance of organisms against viral infections. Although the amino acid sequences of various IFN-alpha/beta subtypes differ markedly, they are all considered to share a common three-dimensional structure and to bind the same heterodimeric receptor, composed of the IFNAR-1 and IFNAR-2 subunits. Analysis of available mammalian IFN-beta sequences showed that they all carry 1 to 5 predicted N-glycosylation sites. Murine IFN-beta contains three predicted N-glycosylation sites (Asn29, Asn69, Asn76), one of which (Asn29) is located in the AB loop, in a region predicted to interact with the type I IFN receptor. The aim of this work was to test if this site is indeed N-glycosylated and if this glycosylation would affect IFN antiviral activity. We showed that all three N-glycosylation sites predicted from the sequence, including Asn29, carry N-linked sugars. Mutation of individual N-glycosylation sites had a weak negative influence on IFN antiviral activity. In contrast, the complete loss of glycosylation dramatically decreased activity. Our data suggest that interaction of murine IFN-beta with the IFNAR could locally differ from that of human IFN-alpha2 and human IFN-beta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Sommereyns
- Université Catholique de Louvain, Christian de Duve Institute of Cellular Pathology, Microbial Pathogenesis Unit, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium
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15
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Wopereis S, Lefeber DJ, Morava E, Wevers RA. Mechanisms in protein O-glycan biosynthesis and clinical and molecular aspects of protein O-glycan biosynthesis defects: a review. Clin Chem 2006; 52:574-600. [PMID: 16497938 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.063040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic diseases that affect the biosynthesis of protein O-glycans are a rapidly growing group of disorders. Because this group of disorders does not have a collective name, it is difficult to get an overview of O-glycosylation in relation to human health and disease. Many patients with an unsolved defect in N-glycosylation are found to have an abnormal O-glycosylation as well. It is becoming increasingly evident that the primary defect of these disorders is not necessarily localized in one of the glycan-specific transferases, but can likewise be found in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugars, their transport to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi, and in Golgi trafficking. Already, disorders in O-glycan biosynthesis form a substantial group of genetic diseases. In view of the number of genes involved in O-glycosylation processes and the increasing scientific interest in congenital disorders of glycosylation, it is expected that the number of identified diseases in this group will grow rapidly over the coming years. CONTENT We first discuss the biosynthesis of protein O-glycans from their building blocks to their secretion from the Golgi. Subsequently, we review 24 different genetic disorders in O-glycosylation and 10 different genetic disorders that affect both N- and O-glycosylation. The key clinical, metabolic, chemical, diagnostic, and genetic features are described. Additionally, we describe methods that can be used in clinical laboratory screening for protein O-glycosylation biosynthesis defects and their pitfalls. Finally, we introduce existing methods that might be useful for unraveling O-glycosylation defects in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan Wopereis
- Laboratory of Pediatrics and Neurology and Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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16
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Sinclair AM, Elliott S. Glycoengineering: the effect of glycosylation on the properties of therapeutic proteins. J Pharm Sci 2006; 94:1626-35. [PMID: 15959882 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins have revolutionized the treatment of many diseases but low activity or rapid clearance limits their utility. New approaches have been taken to design drugs with enhanced in vivo activity and half-life to reduce injection frequency, increase convenience, and improve patient compliance. One recently used approach is glycoengineering, changing protein-associated carbohydrate to alter pharmacokinetic properties of proteins. This technology has been applied to erythropoietin and resulted in the discovery of darbepoetin alfa (DA), a hyperglycosylated analogue of erythropoietin that contains two additional N-linked carbohydrates, a threefold increase in serum half-life and increased in vivo activity compared to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO). The increased serum half-life allows for less frequent dosing to maintain target hemoglobin levels in anemic patients. Carbohydrates on DA and other molecules can also increase molecular stability, solubility, increase in vivo biological activity, and reduce immunogenicity. These properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus M Sinclair
- Amgen, Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320-1799, USA.
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17
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Eguchi H, Ikeda Y, Ookawara T, Koyota S, Fujiwara N, Honke K, Wang PG, Taniguchi N, Suzuki K. Modification of oligosaccharides by reactive oxygen species decreases sialyl lewis x-mediated cell adhesion. Glycobiology 2005; 15:1094-101. [PMID: 16000697 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwj003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Modification of cell surface oligosaccharides by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the biological effect of such modifications on cell adhesion were investigated. Treatment of HL60, a human promyelocyte leukemia cell line, with ROS, generated by a combination of hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase (HX/XO), decreased the sialic acid content on the cell surface, as indicated by a flow cytometric analysis involving sialic acid-specific lectins, and a concomitant increase of free sialic acid was observed in the supernatant. A cell adhesion assay showed that the HX/XO treatment of HL60 cells decreases their capability of binding to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), probably because of an impairment of the interaction involving E-selectin, whereas the decrease in the binding was canceled by the addition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. In fact, cell surface sialyl lewis x (sLe x), but not lewis x (Le x), was decreased by HX/XO treatment. Thus, it is more likely that the impaired interaction is based on diminished levels of the selectin ligand. Cleavage of sialic acid by ROS was further verified by the degradation of 4MU-Neu5Ac by HX/XO in the presence of hydrogen peroxide and iron ion. These results indicate that glycosidic linkage of sialic acid is a potential target for superoxide and other related ROS. It is well known that ROS cause cellular damages such as lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation, but, as suggested by the findings reported in the literature, ROS may also regulate cell adhesion via the structural alteration of sialylated oligosaccharides on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Eguchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Hyogo College of Medicine, 1-1 Mukogawa, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
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18
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Dela Cruz CS, Lee Y, Viswanathan SR, El-Guindy AS, Gerlach J, Nikiforow S, Shedd D, Gradoville L, Miller G. N-linked glycosylation is required for optimal function of Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus-encoded, but not cellular, interleukin 6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 199:503-14. [PMID: 14970177 PMCID: PMC2211829 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20031205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus interleukin-6 (vIL-6) is a structural and functional homologue of the human cytokine IL-6 (hIL-6). hIL-6 and vIL-6 exhibit similar biological functions and both act via the gp130 receptor subunit to activate the Janus tyrosine kinase (JAK)1 and signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)1/3 pathway. Here we show that vIL-6 is N-linked glycosylated at N78 and N89 and demonstrate that N-linked glycosylation at site N89 of vIL-6 markedly enhances binding to gp130, signaling through the JAK1-STAT1/3 pathway and functions in a cytokine-dependent cell proliferation bioassay. Although hIL-6 is also N-glycosylated at N73 and multiply O-glycosylated, neither N-linked nor O-linked glycosylation is necessary for IL-6 receptor alpha-dependent binding to gp130 or signaling through JAK1-STAT1/3. As distinct from vIL-6, unglycosylated hIL-6 is as potent as glycosylated hIL-6 in stimulating B cell proliferation. These findings highlight distinct functional roles of N-linked glycosylation in viral and cellular IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles S Dela Cruz
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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19
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Rudd PM, Mattu TS, Masure S, Bratt T, Van den Steen PE, Wormald MR, Küster B, Harvey DJ, Borregaard N, Van Damme J, Dwek RA, Opdenakker G. Glycosylation of natural human neutrophil gelatinase B and neutrophil gelatinase B-associated lipocalin. Biochemistry 1999; 38:13937-50. [PMID: 10529240 DOI: 10.1021/bi991162e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Gelatinase B is a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9) involved in tissue remodeling, development, cancer, and inflammation. Neutrophils produce three major forms of (pro)gelatinase B: 92 kDa monomers, homodimers, and complexes of gelatinase B covalently bound to neutrophil gelatinase B-associated lipocalin (NGAL). In contrast to the case for other proteinases, little information about the glycosylation of any natural human MMP is available. Here, both gelatinase B and NGAL were purified from human peripheral blood neutrophils, and the entire contents of the released N- and O-glycan pools were analyzed simultaneously using recently developed high-performance liquid chromatography-based technology. The results are discussed within the context of the domain structure of gelatinase B and a molecular model of NGAL based on data from this study and the three-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) structure of the protein. More than 95% of the N-linked glycans attached to both gelatinase B and NGAL were partially sialylated, core-fucosylated biantennary structures with and without outer arm fucose. The O-linked glycans, which were estimated to comprise approximately 85% of the total sugars on gelatinase B, mainly consisted of type 2 cores with Galbeta1,4GlcNAc (lactosamine) extensions, with or without sialic acid or outer arm fucose. This paper also contains the first report of O-linked glycans attached to NGAL. Although both proteins were isolated from neutrophils and contained O-linked glycans mainly with type 2 cores, the glycans attached to individual serine/threonine residue(s) in NGAL were significantly smaller than those on gelatinase B. In contrast to NGAL, gelatinase B contains a region rich in Ser, Thr, and Pro typical of O-glycosylated mucin-like domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Rudd
- Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, U.K
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20
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Sato Y, Liu C, Wojczyk BS, Kobata A, Spitalnik SL, Endo T. Study of the sugar chains of recombinant human amyloid precursor protein produced by Chinese hamster ovary cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1472:344-58. [PMID: 10572956 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(99)00140-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The N- and O-glycans of recombinant amyloid precursor protein (APP), purified from Chinese hamster ovary cells transfected with the human 695-amino acid form of APP, were separately released by hydrazinolysis under different conditions. The reducing ends of the released N- and O-glycans were reduced with NaB3H4 and derivatized with 2-aminobenzamide (2AB), respectively. After acidic N-glycans were obtained by anion-exchange column chromatography, these were converted to neutral oligosaccharides by sialidase digestion, demonstrating that their acidic nature was entirely due to sialylation. The sialidase-treated N-glycans were then fractionated by lectin column chromatography and their structures were determined by linkage-specific sequential exoglycosidase digestion. These results demonstrated that recombinant APP has bi- and triantennary complex type N-glycans with fucosylated and nonfucosylated trimannosyl cores. In a similar fashion, the 2AB-labeled O-glycans derived from APP were determined to be mono- and disialylated core type 1 structures. Taken together, these results indicate that recombinant APP has sialylated bi- and triantennary N-glycans with fucosylated and nonfucosylated cores and sialylated O-glycans with core type 1 structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sato
- Department of Glycobiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
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21
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Han Y, Wilson DB, Lei XG. Expression of an Aspergillus niger phytase gene (phyA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1999; 65:1915-8. [PMID: 10223979 PMCID: PMC91276 DOI: 10.1128/aem.65.5.1915-1918.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/1998] [Accepted: 02/10/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytase improves the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus in plant foods to humans and animals and reduces phosphorus pollution of animal waste. Our objectives were to express an Aspergillus niger phytase gene (phyA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to determine the effects of glycosylation on the phytase's activity and thermostability. A 1.4-kb DNA fragment containing the coding region of the phyA gene was inserted into the expression vector pYES2 and was expressed in S. cerevisiae as an active, extracellular phytase. The yield of total extracellular phytase activity was affected by the signal peptide and the medium composition. The expressed phytase had two pH optima (2 to 2.5 and 5 to 5.5) and a temperature optimum between 55 and 60 degrees C, and it cross-reacted with a rabbit polyclonal antibody against the wild-type enzyme. Due to the heavy glycosylation, the expressed phytase had a molecular size of approximately 120 kDa and appeared to be more thermostable than the commercial enzyme. Deglycosylation of the phytase resulted in losses of 9% of its activity and 40% of its thermostability. The recombinant phytase was effective in hydrolyzing phytate phosphorus from corn or soybean meal in vitro. In conclusion, the phyA gene was expressed as an active, extracellular phytase in S. cerevisiae, and its thermostability was affected by glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Han
- Department of Animal Science, Molecular and Cell Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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22
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Han Y, Lei XG. Role of glycosylation in the functional expression of an Aspergillus niger phytase (phyA) in Pichia pastoris. Arch Biochem Biophys 1999; 364:83-90. [PMID: 10087168 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1999.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Economical and thermostable phytase enzymes are needed to release phytate-phosphorus in plant foods for human and animal nutrition and to reduce phosphorus pollution of animal waste. Our objectives were to determine if a methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris, was able to express a phytase gene (phyA) from Aspergillus niger efficiently and if suppression of glycosylation by tunicamycin affected its functional expression. The gene (1.4 kb) was inserted into an expression vector pPICZalphaA with a signal peptide alpha-factor, under the control of AOX1 promoter. The resulting plasmid was transformed into two P. pastoris strains: KM71 (methanol utilization slow) and X33 (wild-type). Both host strains produced high levels of active phytase (25-65 units/ml of medium) that were largely secreted into the medium. The expressed enzyme was cross-reacted with the polyclonal antibody raised against the wild-type enzyme and showed two pH optima, 2.5 and 5.5, and an optimal temperature at 60 degrees C. Compared with the phyA phytase overexpressed by A. niger, this phytase had identical capacity in hydrolyzing phytate-phosphorus from soybean meal and slightly better thermostability. Deglycosylation of the secreted phytase resulted in reduction in the size from 95 to 55 kDa and in thermostability by 34%. Tunicamycin (20 microg/ml of medium) resulted in significant reductions of both intracellular and extracellular phytase activity expression. Because there was no accumulation of intracellular phytase protein, the impairment did not seem to occur at the level of translocation of phytase. In conclusion, glycosylation was vital to the biosynthesis of the phyA phytase in P. pastoris and the thermostability of the expressed enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Han
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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23
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Sato T, Furukawa K. Differences in N-acetyllactosamine synthesis between beta-1,4-galactosyltransferases I and V. Glycoconj J 1999; 16:73-6. [PMID: 10580653 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006957921382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Unlike classical beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta-1,4-GalT I), beta-1,4-GalT V (formerly IV**) has little activity towards 1 mM N-acetylglucosamine [Sato et al. (1998) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:472-477]. The human beta-1,4-GalTs I and V were expressed individually in Sf-9 cells by transfection of the full coding sequences, and their N-acetyllactosamine synthetase activities were determined towards different N-acetylglucosamine concentrations. Kinetic studies using the cell homogenates as an enzyme source revealed that beta-1,4-GalTs I and V possess Km values of 0.6 mM and 33 mM towards N-acetylglucosamine, and of 48 microM and 41 microM towards UDP-Gal, respectively. No significant inhibition of N-acetyllactosamine synthesis with alpha-lactalbumin was observed for beta-1,4-GalT V but the significant inhibition with alpha-lactalbumin was observed for beta-1,4-GalT I.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sato
- Department of Biosignal Research, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Japan
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24
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Van den Steen P, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Opdenakker G. Concepts and principles of O-linked glycosylation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 33:151-208. [PMID: 9673446 DOI: 10.1080/10409239891204198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis, structures, and functions of O-glycosylation, as a complex posttranslational event, is reviewed and compared for the various types of O-glycans. Mucin-type O-glycosylation is initiated by tissue-specific addition of a GalNAc-residue to a serine or a threonine of the fully folded protein. This event is dependent on the primary, secondary, and tertiary structure of the glycoprotein. Further elongation and termination by specific transferases is highly regulated. We also describe some of the physical and biological properties that O-glycosylation confers on the protein to which the sugars are attached. These include providing the basis for rigid conformations and for protein stability. Clustering of O-glycans in Ser/Thr(/Pro)-rich domains allows glycan determinants such as sialyl Lewis X to be presented as multivalent ligands, essential for functional recognition. An additional level of regulation, imposed by exon shuffling and alternative splicing of mRNA, results in the expression of proteins that differ only by the presence or absence of Ser/Thr(/Pro)-rich domains. These domains may serve as protease-resistant spacers in cell surface glycoproteins. Further biological roles for O-glycosylation discussed include the role of isolated mucin-type O-glycans in recognition events (e.g., during fertilization and in the immune response) and in the modulation of the activity of enzymes and signaling molecules. In some cases, the O-linked oligosaccharides are necessary for glycoprotein expression and processing. In contrast to the more common mucin-type O-glycosylation, some specific types of O-glycosylation, such as the O-linked attachment of fucose and glucose, are sequon dependent. The reversible attachment of O-linked GlcNAc to cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins is thought to play a regulatory role in protein function. The recent development of novel technologies for glycan analysis promises to yield new insights in the factors that determine site occupancy, structure-function relationship, and the contribution of O-linked sugars to physiological and pathological processes. These include diseases where one or more of the O-glycan processing enzymes are aberrantly regulated or deficient, such as HEMPAS and cancer.
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25
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Karlen S, De Boer ML, Lipscombe RJ, Lutz W, Mordvinov VA, Sanderson CJ. Biological and molecular characteristics of interleukin-5 and its receptor. Int Rev Immunol 1998; 16:227-47. [PMID: 9505190 DOI: 10.3109/08830189809042996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-5 (IL5) is a T cell-derived cytokine involved in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. It specifically controls the production, the activation and the localization of Eosinophils. The Eosinophils are the major cause of tissue damage resulting in the symptoms of asthma and related allergic disorders. T cells purified from bronchoalveolar lavage and peripheral blood of asthmatics secrete elevated amount of IL5. Therefore IL5 emerges to be an attractive target for the generation of new anti-allergic drugs. Agents which inhibit either the production or the activity of IL5 could be expected to ameliorate the pathological effects of the allergic response. A better understanding of the biology of IL5 and the regulation of its expression is, however, a prerequisite for the development of new therapeutic agents. This review covers the major biological, molecular and structural aspects of IL5 research since the identification of this cytokine ten years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Karlen
- TVWT Institute for Child Health Research, West Perth, Australia
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26
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Van den Steen P, Rudd PM, Dwek RA, Van Damme J, Opdenakker G. Cytokine and protease glycosylation as a regulatory mechanism in inflammation and autoimmunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 435:133-43. [PMID: 9498072 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5383-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are locally produced hormones that alert the innate and specific immune systems. Many cytokines induce, enhance and govern the traffic of leukocytes. An important mechanism in cell trafficking and migration through endothelial basement membranes and connective tissues is the cytokine-regulated production of matrix degrading proteases. The latter include the serine proteinases of plasminogen activation and metalloproteinases such as collagenases, stromelysins and gelatinases. Many cytokines and all known matrix proteinases are glycoproteins and thus occur as sets of glycoforms. The relation between structures and functions of these glycoproteins has already been probed extensively at the protein level but not yet at the carbohydrate level. Attached oligosaccharides target the cytokines and proteinases to specific cellular receptors and matrix binding sites. In addition, a number of cytokines possess lectin-like functions and may thus interact with carbohydrates of the host or parasites. These intermolecular interactions influence for instance the compartmentalisation, the cell- and tissue-specific distribution and the pharmacokinetics of cytokines and proteinases. Attempts were done to deduce structure-function rules for the intramolecular effects of carbohydrates on cytokines and matrix proteinases. The relatively voluminous N-linked sugars downmodulate the specific activities of enzymes and cytokines. Because in host stress reactions (infection, inflammation, trauma) N-linked glycosylation is less efficient, glycosylation may constitute an important regulatory mechanism in the cytokine network and in multi-enzyme cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Van den Steen
- Rega Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Verschelde JL, Ampe C, Guisez Y, Oefner C, Vandekerckhove J, Tavernier J. Analysis of three human interleukin 5 structures suggests a possible receptor binding mechanism. FEBS Lett 1998; 424:121-6. [PMID: 9539134 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00146-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We compared three crystal structures of human interleukin 5 (hIL5) expressed in either E. coli (hIL5E.coli), Sf9 cells (hIL5sf9) or Drosophila cells (hIL5Drosophila). The dimeric hIL5 structures show subtle but significant conformational differences which are probably a consequence of the different crystallization conditions trapping this protein into one of two states. We refer to these two distinct conformations as the 'open' and 'tight' state, according to the packing around the cleft between the two subunits. We hypothesize that these two stable conformational states reflect the structure of the free or receptor bound hIL5.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Verschelde
- Flanders' Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Department of Medical Protein Research, University Ghent, Faculty of Medicine, Gent, Belgium
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28
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Yang J, Teplyakov A, Quail JW. Crystal structure of the aspartic proteinase from Rhizomucor miehei at 2.15 A resolution. J Mol Biol 1997; 268:449-59. [PMID: 9159482 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1997.0968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The crystal structure of the aspartic proteinase from Rhizomucor miehei (RMP, EC 3. 4. 23. 23) has been refined to 2.15 A resolution to a crystallographic R-value of 0.215 and an Rfree of 0.281. The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) error for the atomic coordinates estimated from a Luzzati plot is 0.2 A. The r.m.s. deviations for the bond distances and bond angles from ideality are 0.01 A and 1.7 degrees, respectively. RMP contains two domains that consist predominantly of beta-sheets. A large substrate-binding cleft is clearly visible between the two domains, and the two catalytic residues Asp38 and Asp237 are located in the middle of the cleft with a water molecule bridging the carboxyl groups of Asp38 and Asp237. Due to crystal packing, the C-terminal domain is more mobile than the N-terminal domain. Most of the aspartic proteinases (except renin) reach their maximum activity at acidic pH. We propose that the optimum pH of each aspartic proteinase is determined by the electrostatic potential at the active site, which, in turn, is determined by the positions and orientations of all the residues near the active site. RMP is the most glycosylated among the aspartic proteinases. The carbohydrate moieties are linked to Asn79 and Asn188. Asn79 is in the middle of a beta-strand and Asn188 is on a surface loop in contrast to the previous hypothesis proposed by Brown and Yada that they are both on surface beta-turns. RMP has a very high thermal stability. The high thermal stability is probably due to the high level of glycosylation. We propose that the highly flexible carbohydrates act as heat reservoirs to stabilize the conformation of RMP and therefore give the enzyme a high level of thermal stability. Three-dimensional structural and sequence alignments of RMP with other aspartic proteinases show that RMP is most structurally homologous to that of Mucor pusillus (MPP), and differs from other fungal enzymes as much as it does from the mammalian enzymes. This suggests that RMP and MPP diverged from the main stream of aspartic proteinases at an early stage of evolution. The present study adds a second member to this subfamily of aspartic proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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Nakahara Y, Miyata T, Hamuro T, Funatsu A, Miyagi M, Tsunasawa S, Kato H. Amino acid sequence and carbohydrate structure of a recombinant human tissue factor pathway inhibitor expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells: one N-and two O-linked carbohydrate chains are located between Kunitz domains 2 and 3 and one N-linked carbohydrate chain is in Kunitz domain 2. Biochemistry 1996; 35:6450-9. [PMID: 8639592 DOI: 10.1021/bi9524880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human tissue factor pathway inhibitor is a protease inhibitor with three tandem Kunitz-type inhibitory domains. The recombinant protein (r-hTFPI) was produced using Chinese hamster ovary cells, and its polypeptide and carbohydrate chain structures were analyzed. The complete amino acid sequence, composed of 276 residues, was determined using a protein sequencer after protease digestion and it was identical to that predicted from the cDNA sequence. Among three potential N-glycosylation sites, both Asn117 and Asn167 were fully N-glycosylated but Asn228 was not. Thr175 was also fully O-glycosylated, but Ser174 was partially O-glycosylated. Carbohydrate composition and mass spectrometric analyses of the undecapeptide OG-11 (residues Leu 170approximately Leu180) showed that two O-linked carbohydrate chains consisted of a type-1 core structure (Gal-GalNAc-Ser/Thr) with 0-3 mol of N-acetylneuraminic acid(s). The N-linked carbohydrate chains were analyzed by two-dimensional carbohydrate mapping combined with sequential glycosidase digestion, after the reducing-ends of carbohydrate residues were tagged with 2-aminopyridine and non-reducing-end sialic acids were removed with sialidase. All the N-linked structures in r-hTFPI were complex-type carbohydrate chains with one fucose residue attached to the reducing-end GlcNAc and consisted of bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary carbohydrate chains in the ratio 1.9:1.3:1.0. Fucosylated tri- and tetraantennary carbohydrate chains with one or two N-acetyllactosaminyl repeats were also found (30% of carbohydrate chains determined). Thus, the region between Kunitz domains 2 and 3 encoded by exon 7 was highly glycosylated by two O-linked carbohydrate chains at Ser174 and Thr175 and one N-linked carbohydrate chain at Asn167. These results indicated that the region is occupied by a cluster of three bulky and acidic carbohydrate chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Nakahara
- Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
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31
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The Role of Interleukin 5 in the Production and Function of Eosinophils. BLOOD CELL BIOCHEMISTRY 1996. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-585-31728-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Dickason RR, Huston MM, Huston DP. Enhanced detection of human IL-5 in biological fluids utilizing murine monoclonal antibodies which delineate distinct neutralizing epitopes. Cytokine 1994; 6:647-56. [PMID: 7534492 DOI: 10.1016/1043-4666(94)90053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 5 (IL-5) is a homodimeric cytokine arranged in a head-to-tail configuration covalently linked by two disulfide bonds. IL-5 has pleiotropic effects on murine and human leukocytes and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders. To facilitate the study of functionally relevant IL-5 domains involved in receptor binding and to develop a highly sensitive and specific ELISA capable of detecting IL-5 in biological fluids, a library of murine anti-human IL-5 (hIL-5) mAb was generated to baculovirus expressed recombinant hIL-5 (rhIL-5). Fifteen subclones of seven hybridomas were characterized. All mAb bound hIL-5, but not murine IL-5 (mIL-5), and neutralized hIL-5 biological activity in the BCl1 proliferation assay. By competitive ELISA, the mAb were divided into two binding groups. Utilizing comparative analysis with TRFK-5, a rat anti-mIL-5 mAb crossreactive with hIL-5, at least three hIL-5 neutralizing epitopes were defined. By ELISA and Western analysis, each epitope was shown to be present as a conformationally identical pair on the hIL-5 dimer. Various combinations of mAb in sandwich ELISA were used to predict the relative proximity of each epitope pair. Utilizing mAb binding characteristics, highly sensitive and specific sandwich ELISA were developed with a minimum detection limit of 6.25 pg hIL-5/ml (P < 0.05). Quantitation of hIL-5 in both serum and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid demonstrated the utility of these anti-hIL-5 mAb for investigating the role of hIL-5 in inflammation. These mAb should also serve as useful reagents for epitope mapping of functional hIL-5 domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Dickason
- Department of Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
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