1
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Venkatraman K, Lee CT, Garcia GC, Mahapatra A, Milshteyn D, Perkins G, Kim K, Pasolli HA, Phan S, Lippincott‐Schwartz J, Ellisman MH, Rangamani P, Budin I. Cristae formation is a mechanical buckling event controlled by the inner mitochondrial membrane lipidome. EMBO J 2023; 42:e114054. [PMID: 37933600 PMCID: PMC10711667 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2023114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cristae are high-curvature structures in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that are crucial for ATP production. While cristae-shaping proteins have been defined, analogous lipid-based mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here, we combine experimental lipidome dissection with multi-scale modeling to investigate how lipid interactions dictate IMM morphology and ATP generation. When modulating phospholipid (PL) saturation in engineered yeast strains, we observed a surprisingly abrupt breakpoint in IMM topology driven by a continuous loss of ATP synthase organization at cristae ridges. We found that cardiolipin (CL) specifically buffers the inner mitochondrial membrane against curvature loss, an effect that is independent of ATP synthase dimerization. To explain this interaction, we developed a continuum model for cristae tubule formation that integrates both lipid and protein-mediated curvatures. This model highlighted a snapthrough instability, which drives IMM collapse upon small changes in membrane properties. We also showed that cardiolipin is essential in low-oxygen conditions that promote PL saturation. These results demonstrate that the mechanical function of cardiolipin is dependent on the surrounding lipid and protein components of the IMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Venkatraman
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Christopher T Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Guadalupe C Garcia
- Computational Neurobiology LaboratorySalk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Arijit Mahapatra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
- Present address:
Applied Physical SciencesUniversity of North Carolina Chapel HillChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Daniel Milshteyn
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Guy Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Keun‐Young Kim
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Howard Hughes Medical InstituteAshburnVAUSA
- Present address:
Electron Microscopy Resource CenterThe Rockefeller UniversityNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Sebastien Phan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | | | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological SystemsUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCAUSA
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2
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Venkatraman K, Lee CT, Garcia GC, Mahapatra A, Milshteyn D, Perkins G, Kim KY, Pasolli HA, Phan S, Lippincott-Schwartz J, Ellisman MH, Rangamani P, Budin I. Cristae formation is a mechanical buckling event controlled by the inner membrane lipidome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532310. [PMID: 36993370 PMCID: PMC10054968 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Cristae are high curvature structures in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) that are crucial for ATP production. While cristae-shaping proteins have been defined, analogous mechanisms for lipids have yet to be elucidated. Here we combine experimental lipidome dissection with multi-scale modeling to investigate how lipid interactions dictate IMM morphology and ATP generation. When modulating phospholipid (PL) saturation in engineered yeast strains, we observed a surprisingly abrupt breakpoint in IMM topology driven by a continuous loss of ATP synthase organization at cristae ridges. We found that cardiolipin (CL) specifically buffers the IMM against curvature loss, an effect that is independent of ATP synthase dimerization. To explain this interaction, we developed a continuum model for cristae tubule formation that integrates both lipid and protein-mediated curvatures. The model highlighted a snapthrough instability, which drives IMM collapse upon small changes in membrane properties. We also showed that CL is essential in low oxygen conditions that promote PL saturation. These results demonstrate that the mechanical function of CL is dependent on the surrounding lipid and protein components of the IMM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailash Venkatraman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Christopher T Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Guadalupe C Garcia
- Computational Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla CA 92097
| | - Arijit Mahapatra
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Daniel Milshteyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Guy Perkins
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - H Amalia Pasolli
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn VA 20147
| | - Sebastien Phan
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, Center for Research in Biological Systems, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Padmini Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Itay Budin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Lead contact
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3
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Mitchison-Field LM, Belin BJ. Bacterial lipid biophysics and membrane organization. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 74:102315. [PMID: 37058914 PMCID: PMC10523990 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
The formation of lateral microdomains is emerging as a central organizing principle in bacterial membranes. These microdomains are targets of antibiotic development and have the potential to enhance natural product synthesis, but the rules governing their assembly are unclear. Previous studies have suggested that microdomain formation is promoted by lipid phase separation, particularly by cardiolipin (CL) and isoprenoid lipids, and there is strong evidence that CL biosynthesis is required for recruitment of membrane proteins to cell poles and division sites. New work demonstrates that additional bacterial lipids may mediate membrane protein localization and function, opening the field for mechanistic evaluation of lipid-driven membrane organization in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna My Mitchison-Field
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Brittany J Belin
- Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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4
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Ge Y, Boopathy S, Nguyen TH, Lugo CM, Chao LH. Absence of Cardiolipin From the Outer Leaflet of a Mitochondrial Inner Membrane Mimic Restricts Opa1-Mediated Fusion. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:769135. [PMID: 35004847 PMCID: PMC8728091 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.769135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a tetra-acylated di-phosphatidylglycerol lipid enriched in the matrix-facing (inner) leaflet of the mitochondrial inner membrane. Cardiolipin plays an important role in regulating mitochondria function and dynamics. Yet, the mechanisms connecting cardiolipin distribution and mitochondrial protein function remain indirect. In our previous work, we established an in vitro system reconstituting mitochondrial inner membrane fusion mediated by Opa1. We found that the long form of Opa1 (l-Opa1) works together with the proteolytically processed short form (s-Opa1) to mediate fast and efficient membrane fusion. Here, we extend our reconstitution system to generate supported lipid bilayers with asymmetric cardiolipin distribution. Using this system, we find the presence of cardiolipin on the inter-membrane space-facing (outer) leaflet is important for membrane tethering and fusion. We discuss how the presence of cardiolipin in this leaflet may influence protein and membrane properties, and future applications for this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Ge
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sivakumar Boopathy
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tran H Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Camila Makhlouta Lugo
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Luke H Chao
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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5
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Joubert F, Puff N. Mitochondrial Cristae Architecture and Functions: Lessons from Minimal Model Systems. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11070465. [PMID: 34201754 PMCID: PMC8306996 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11070465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are known as the powerhouse of eukaryotic cells. Energy production occurs in specific dynamic membrane invaginations in the inner mitochondrial membrane called cristae. Although the integrity of these structures is recognized as a key point for proper mitochondrial function, less is known about the mechanisms at the origin of their plasticity and organization, and how they can influence mitochondria function. Here, we review the studies which question the role of lipid membrane composition based mainly on minimal model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Joubert
- Laboratoire Jean Perrin, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UMR 8237, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Nicolas Puff
- Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UFR 925 Physique, 75005 Paris, France
- Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Diderot-Paris 7, UMR 7057 CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
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6
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Cambré A, Aertsen A. Bacterial Vivisection: How Fluorescence-Based Imaging Techniques Shed a Light on the Inner Workings of Bacteria. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2020; 84:e00008-20. [PMID: 33115939 PMCID: PMC7599038 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00008-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in fluorescence-based imaging techniques over the past 3 decades has improved the ability of researchers to scrutinize live cell biology at increased spatial and temporal resolution. In microbiology, these real-time vivisections structurally changed the view on the bacterial cell away from the "watery bag of enzymes" paradigm toward the perspective that these organisms are as complex as their eukaryotic counterparts. Capitalizing on the enormous potential of (time-lapse) fluorescence microscopy and the ever-extending pallet of corresponding probes, initial breakthroughs were made in unraveling the localization of proteins and monitoring real-time gene expression. However, later it became clear that the potential of this technique extends much further, paving the way for a focus-shift from observing single events within bacterial cells or populations to obtaining a more global picture at the intra- and intercellular level. In this review, we outline the current state of the art in fluorescence-based vivisection of bacteria and provide an overview of important case studies to exemplify how to use or combine different strategies to gain detailed information on the cell's physiology. The manuscript therefore consists of two separate (but interconnected) parts that can be read and consulted individually. The first part focuses on the fluorescent probe pallet and provides a perspective on modern methodologies for microscopy using these tools. The second section of the review takes the reader on a tour through the bacterial cell from cytoplasm to outer shell, describing strategies and methods to highlight architectural features and overall dynamics within cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Cambré
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abram Aertsen
- KU Leuven, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Tabarez A, García W, Palomo MJ. Soy lecithin as a potential alternative to powdered egg yolk for buck sperm cryopreservation does not protect them from mitochondrial damage. Anim Reprod Sci 2020; 217:106473. [PMID: 32408967 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2020.106473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to address whether soy lecithin (SL) was an effective non-penetrating cryoprotectant for buck sperm cryopreservation in the presence of seminal plasma. There was also an attempt to determine the optimal concentration of BHT as an antioxidant in powdered egg yolk (PEY) or in SL based media. Two ejaculates were collected from six bucks and mixed ejaculates were aliquoted into washed, using centrifugation procedures, and unwashed samples. In Experiment 1, washed sperm were re-suspended in PEY (15%) or SL (1%) media, while unwashed semen was only diluted in SL medium. In Experiment 2, washed and unwashed sperm were diluted in PEY and SL media, respectively, with there being different BHT concentrations (0.6, 2.0 and 5.0 mM). In both experiments, after 4 h of refrigeration, there were no differences neither in sperm viability nor plasma membrane functional integrity (HOST) between groups when there were evaluations using eosin-nigrosine staining. After thawing, however, there was a negative effect on motility of washed sperm preserved in SL media. Furthermore, results from cytometry evaluations indicated there was a larger population of thawed sperm with intact plasma (SYBR-14+/PI-) and acrosome (PE-PNA-) membranes, but inactive mitochondria (Mitotracker deep red-) when SL media were used. When there was BHT supplementation, there was only a slight enhancement of motility of spermatozoa preserved in PEY media with 5 mM BHT. In conclusion, when effectiveness and efficiencies are considered, PEY is the non-penetrating cryoprotectant that should be utilized for buck sperm cryopreservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Tabarez
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Wilber García
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Jesús Palomo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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Bustamante J, Acosta L, Karadayian AG, Lores-Arnaiz S. Ketamine induced cell death can be mediated by voltage dependent calcium channels in PC12 cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2019; 111:104318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2019.104318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Pinault M, Guimaraes C, Dumas J, Servais S, Chevalier S, Besson P, Goupille C. A 1D High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography Method Validated to Quantify Phospholipids Including Cardiolipin and Monolysocardiolipin from Biological Samples. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Pinault
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Médecine de Tours Université de Tours 37000 Tours France
| | - Cyrille Guimaraes
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Médecine de Tours Université de Tours 37000 Tours France
| | - Jean‐François Dumas
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Tours Université de Tours 37200 Tours France
| | - Stéphane Servais
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- IUT de Tours Université de Tours 37100 Tours France
| | - Stephan Chevalier
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Tours Université de Tours 37200 Tours France
| | - Pierre Besson
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- Faculté de Pharmacie de Tours Université de Tours 37200 Tours France
| | - Caroline Goupille
- Université de Tours, INSERM N2C UMR1069 37032 Tours cedex 01 France
- CHRU de Tours, Hôpital Bretonneau 2 boulevard Tonnellé 37000 Tours France
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10
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Almendro-Vedia VG, García C, Ahijado-Guzmán R, de la Fuente-Herreruela D, Muñoz-Úbeda M, Natale P, Viñas MH, Albuquerque RQ, Guerrero-Martínez A, Monroy F, Pilar Lillo M, López-Montero I. Supramolecular zippers elicit interbilayer adhesion of membranes producing cell death. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2824-2834. [PMID: 30251671 PMCID: PMC6202437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background The fluorescent dye 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) is widely used as a mitochondrial marker. NAO was reported to have cytotoxic effects in cultured eukaryotic cells when incubated at high concentrations. Although the biochemical response of NAO-induced toxicity has been well identified, the underlying molecular mechanism has not yet been explored in detail. Methods We use optical techniques, including fluorescence confocal microscopy and lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) both in model membranes built up as giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) and cultured cells. These experiments are complemented with computational studies to unravel the molecular mechanism that makes NAO cytotoxic. Results We have obtained direct evidence that NAO promotes strong membrane adhesion of negatively charged vesicles. The attractive forces are derived from van der Waals interactions between anti-parallel H-dimers of NAO molecules from opposing bilayers. Semi-empirical calculations have confirmed the supramolecular scenario by which anti-parallel NAO molecules form a zipper of bonds at the contact region. The membrane remodeling effect of NAO, as well as the formation of H-dimers, was also confirmed in cultured fibroblasts, as shown by the ultrastructure alteration of the mitochondrial cristae. Conclusions We conclude that membrane adhesion induced by NAO stacking accounts for the supramolecular basis of its cytotoxicity. General significance Mitochondria are a potential target for cancer and gene therapies. The alteration of the mitochondrial structure by membrane remodeling agents able to form supramolecular assemblies via adhesion properties could be envisaged as a new therapeutic strategy. NAO promotes interbilayer adhesion of negatively charged lipid vesicles. Membrane adhesion derives from the self-assembly of NAO into antiparallel H-dimers. The adhesion strength promoted by antiparallel H-aggregates is 10−6 J/m2. The formation of NAO H-aggregates produces cell death in fibroblasts. The molecular mechanism of NAO cytotoxicity relies on the adhesion ability of H-dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor G Almendro-Vedia
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina García
- Dto. Química Física Biológica, Instituto de Química-Física "Rocasolano" (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Ahijado-Guzmán
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego de la Fuente-Herreruela
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Muñoz-Úbeda
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Natale
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat H Viñas
- ETS de Sistemas Informáticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Alan Turing s/n, 28031 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Queiroz Albuquerque
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, L3 3AF Liverpool, United Kingdom; São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo (USP), 13566-590 São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Andrés Guerrero-Martínez
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Monroy
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain
| | - M Pilar Lillo
- Dto. Química Física Biológica, Instituto de Química-Física "Rocasolano" (CSIC), Serrano 119, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Iván López-Montero
- Dto. Química Física, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Hospital Doce de Octubre (i+12), Avenida de Córdoba s/n, 28041 Madrid, Spain.
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11
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El Khoury M, Swain J, Sautrey G, Zimmermann L, Van Der Smissen P, Décout JL, Mingeot-Leclercq MP. Targeting Bacterial Cardiolipin Enriched Microdomains: An Antimicrobial Strategy Used by Amphiphilic Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10697. [PMID: 28878347 PMCID: PMC5587548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10543-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Some bacterial proteins involved in cell division and oxidative phosphorylation are tightly bound to cardiolipin. Cardiolipin is a non-bilayer anionic phospholipid found in bacterial inner membrane. It forms lipid microdomains located at the cell poles and division plane. Mechanisms by which microdomains are affected by membrane-acting antibiotics and the impact of these alterations on membrane properties and protein functions remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrated cardiolipin relocation and clustering as a result of exposure to a cardiolipin-acting amphiphilic aminoglycoside antibiotic, the 3′,6-dinonyl neamine. Changes in the biophysical properties of the bacterial membrane of P. aeruginosa, including decreased fluidity and increased permeability, were observed. Cardiolipin-interacting proteins and functions regulated by cardiolipin were impacted by the amphiphilic aminoglycoside as we demonstrated an inhibition of respiratory chain and changes in bacterial shape. The latter effect was characterized by the loss of bacterial rod shape through a decrease in length and increase in curvature. It resulted from the effect on MreB, a cardiolipin dependent cytoskeleton protein as well as a direct effect of 3′,6-dinonyl neamine on cardiolipin. These results shed light on how targeting cardiolipin microdomains may be of great interest for developing new antibacterial therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micheline El Khoury
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL B1.73.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jitendriya Swain
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL B1.73.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guillaume Sautrey
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL B1.73.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.,Université de Lorraine, UMR CNRS UL 7565, 1 Blvd. Des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cedex, Nancy, France
| | - Louis Zimmermann
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Joseph Fourier/CNRS, Institut de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, rue de la Chimie, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Van Der Smissen
- Université Catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, avenue Hippocrate 75, UCL B1.75.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Décout
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Joseph Fourier/CNRS, Institut de Pharmacochimie Moléculaire, rue de la Chimie, F-38041, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Paule Mingeot-Leclercq
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, avenue E. Mounier 73, UCL B1.73.05, 1200, Brussels, Belgium.
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12
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Lin TY, Weibel DB. Organization and function of anionic phospholipids in bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:4255-67. [PMID: 27026177 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7468-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In addition to playing a central role as a permeability barrier for controlling the diffusion of molecules and ions in and out of bacterial cells, phospholipid (PL) membranes regulate the spatial and temporal position and function of membrane proteins that play an essential role in a variety of cellular functions. Based on the very large number of membrane-associated proteins encoded in genomes, an understanding of the role of PLs may be central to understanding bacterial cell biology. This area of microbiology has received considerable attention over the past two decades, and the local enrichment of anionic PLs has emerged as a candidate mechanism for biomolecular organization in bacterial cells. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of anionic PLs in bacteria, including their biosynthesis, subcellular localization, and physiological relevance, discuss evidence and mechanisms for enriching anionic PLs in membranes, and conclude with an assessment of future directions for this area of bacterial biochemistry, biophysics, and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Yu Lin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Douglas B Weibel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
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13
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Lores-Arnaiz S, Lombardi P, Karadayian AG, Orgambide F, Cicerchia D, Bustamante J. Brain cortex mitochondrial bioenergetics in synaptosomes and non-synaptic mitochondria during aging. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:353-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Schaffroth C, Bogacz M, Dirdjaja N, Nißen A, Krauth-Siegel RL. The cytosolic or the mitochondrial glutathione peroxidase-type tryparedoxin peroxidase is sufficient to protect procyclic Trypanosoma brucei from iron-mediated mitochondrial damage and lysis. Mol Microbiol 2015; 99:172-87. [PMID: 26374473 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
African trypanosomes express three virtually identical glutathione peroxidase (Px)-type enzymes that occur in the cytosol (Px I and II) and mitochondrion (Px III) and detoxify fatty acid-derived hydroperoxides. Selective deletion of the genes revealed that procyclic Trypanosoma brucei lacking either the cytosolic or mitochondrial enzyme proliferate nearly as wild-type parasites, whereas the knockout of the complete genomic locus is lethal. Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses revealed that the Px I-III-deficient parasites lose their mitochondrial membrane potential, which is followed by a loss of the lysosomal signal but not the glycosomal one. Mitochondrial damage and cell lysis are prevented by Trolox, ubiquinone derivatives and the iron chelator deferoxamine, whereas starch-deferoxamine is inefficient. In glucose-rich medium, cell death is attenuated suggesting that oxidants generated by the respiratory chain contribute to the lethal phenotype. Thus, the Px-type peroxidases protect procyclic cells from an iron-mediated oxidative membrane damage that originates at the mitochondrion. This contrasts with the situation in bloodstream cells, where the lysosome is the primarily affected organelle. Strikingly, either the cytosolic or the mitochondrial form of the peroxidases is required and sufficient to protect the mitochondrion and prevent cell lysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Schaffroth
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marta Bogacz
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natalie Dirdjaja
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Amrei Nißen
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R Luise Krauth-Siegel
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg (BZH), Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Matsumoto K, Hara H, Fishov I, Mileykovskaya E, Norris V. The membrane: transertion as an organizing principle in membrane heterogeneity. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:572. [PMID: 26124753 PMCID: PMC4464175 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The bacterial membrane exhibits a significantly heterogeneous distribution of lipids and proteins. This heterogeneity results mainly from lipid-lipid, protein-protein, and lipid-protein associations which are orchestrated by the coupled transcription, translation and insertion of nascent proteins into and through membrane (transertion). Transertion is central not only to the individual assembly and disassembly of large physically linked groups of macromolecules (alias hyperstructures) but also to the interactions between these hyperstructures. We review here these interactions in the context of the processes in Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli of nutrient sensing, membrane synthesis, cytoskeletal dynamics, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouji Matsumoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, SaitamaJapan
| | - Hiroshi Hara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University, SaitamaJapan
| | - Itzhak Fishov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-ShevaIsrael
| | - Eugenia Mileykovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Vic Norris
- Laboratory of Microbiology Signals and Microenvironment EA 4312, Department of Science, University of Rouen, Mont-Saint-AignanFrance
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16
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Völgyi K, Gulyássy P, Háden K, Kis V, Badics K, Kékesi KA, Simor A, Györffy B, Tóth EA, Lubec G, Juhász G, Dobolyi A. Synaptic mitochondria: a brain mitochondria cluster with a specific proteome. J Proteomics 2015; 120:142-57. [PMID: 25782751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The synapse is a particularly important compartment of neurons. To reveal its molecular characteristics we isolated whole brain synaptic (sMito) and non-synaptic mitochondria (nsMito) from the mouse brain with purity validated by electron microscopy and fluorescence activated cell analysis and sorting. Two-dimensional differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry based proteomics revealed 22 proteins with significantly higher and 34 proteins with significantly lower levels in sMito compared to nsMito. Expression differences in some oxidative stress related proteins, such as superoxide dismutase [Mn] (Sod2) and complement component 1Q subcomponent-binding protein (C1qbp), as well as some tricarboxylic acid cycle proteins, including isocitrate dehydrogenase subunit alpha (Idh3a) and ATP-forming β subunit of succinyl-CoA ligase (SuclA2), were verified by Western blot, the latter two also by immunohistochemistry. The data suggest altered tricarboxylic acid metabolism in energy supply of synapse while the marked differences in Sod2 and C1qbp support high sensitivity of synapses to oxidative stress. Further functional clustering demonstrated that proteins with higher synaptic levels are involved in synaptic transmission, lactate and glutathione metabolism. In contrast, mitochondrial proteins associated with glucose, lipid, ketone metabolism, signal transduction, morphogenesis, protein synthesis and transcription were enriched in nsMito. Altogether, the results suggest a specifically tuned composition of synaptic mitochondria. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Neurons communicate with each other through synapse, a compartment metabolically isolated from the cell body. Mitochondria are concentrated in presynaptic terminals by active transport to provide energy supply for information transfer. Mitochondrial composition in the synapse may be different than in the cell body as some examples have demonstrated altered mitochondrial composition with cell type and cellular function in the muscle, heart and liver. Therefore, we posed the question whether protein composition of synaptic mitochondria reflects its specific functions. The determined protein difference pattern was in accordance with known functional specialties of high demand synaptic mitochondria. The data also suggest specifically tuned metabolic fluxes for energy production by means of interaction with glial cells surrounding the synapse. These findings provide possible mechanisms for dynamically adapting synaptic mitochondrial output to actual demand. In turn, an increased vulnerability of synaptic mitochondria to oxidative stress is implied by the data. This is important from theoretical but potentially also from therapeutic aspects. Mitochondria are known to be affected in some neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, and proteins with elevated level in synaptic mitochondria, e.g. C1qbp represent targets for future drug development, by which synaptic and non-synaptic mitochondria can be differentially affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Völgyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Péter Gulyássy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; MTA-TTK NAP MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Háden
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Viktor Kis
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Badics
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Adrienna Kékesi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Attila Simor
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Balázs Györffy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Eszter Angéla Tóth
- Department of Immunology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; Faculty of Science Research and Instrument Core Facility (ELTE FS-RICF), Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna A-1090, Austria
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary; MTA-TTK NAP MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Arpád Dobolyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary.
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17
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Iyoshi S, Cheng J, Tatematsu T, Takatori S, Taki M, Yamamoto Y, Salic A, Fujimoto T. Asymmetrical distribution of choline phospholipids revealed by click chemistry and freeze-fracture electron microscopy. ACS Chem Biol 2014; 9:2217-22. [PMID: 25122546 DOI: 10.1021/cb500558n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Choline-containing phospholipids (Cho-PLs) are major components of all cellular membranes. We developed an electron microscopic technique to investigate the poorly understood problem of how Cho-PLs are distributed between membrane leaflets. Our method relies on generating freeze-fracture replicas of cells metabolically labeled with the choline analog, propargylcholine, followed by "click" reaction to conjugate biotin to propargylcholine head groups, and immunodetection of biotin with colloidal gold. Using this method in budding yeast, we found that, surprisingly, the Golgi and plasma membrane display a cytoplasmic leaflet-dominant asymmetry in Cho-PL distribution; in contrast, Cho-PLs are evenly distributed between the exoplasmic and cytoplasmic leaflets of other organelle membranes. In mammalian culture cells, the plasma membrane shows symmetrical Cho-PL distribution between leaflets, suggesting a fundamental difference between yeast and mammals. Our method should be expandable to other classes of lipids and will be useful for deciphering the mechanism responsible for generating lipid asymmetry in biological membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Iyoshi
- Department
of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jinglei Cheng
- Department
of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tsuyako Tatematsu
- Department
of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Sho Takatori
- Department
of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yukio Yamamoto
- Graduate
School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Adrian Salic
- Department
of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Toyoshi Fujimoto
- Department
of Anatomy and Molecular Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
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18
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Tsesin N, Khalfin B, Nathan I, Parola AH. Cardiolipin plays a role in KCN-induced necrosis. Chem Phys Lipids 2014; 183:159-68. [PMID: 24995676 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a unique anionic, dimeric phospholipid found almost exclusively in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is essential for the function of numerous enzymes that are involved in mitochondrial energy metabolism. While the role of cardiolipin in apoptosis is well established, its involvement in necrosis is enigmatic. In the present study, KCN-induced necrosis in U937 cells was used as an experimental model to assess the role of CL in necrosis. KCN addition to U937 cells induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, while the antioxidants inhibited necrosis, indicating that ROS play a role in KCN-induced cell death. Further, CL oxidation was confirmed by the monomer green fluorescence of 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) and by TLC. Utilizing the red fluorescence of the dimeric NAO, redistribution of CL in mitochondrial membrane during necrosis was revealed. We also showed that the catalytic activity of purified adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase complex, known to be modulated by cardiolipin, decreased following KCN treatment. All these events occurred at an early phase of the necrotic process prior to rupture of the cell membrane. Furthermore, CL-deficient HeLa cells were found to be resistant to KCN-induced necrosis as compared with the wild type cells. We suggest that KCN, an effective reversible inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase and thereby of the respiratory chain leads to ROS increase, which in turn oxidizes CL (amongst other membrane phospholipids) and leads to mitochondrial membrane lipid reorganization and loss of CL symmetry. Finally, the resistance of CL-deficient cells to necrosis further supports the notion that CL, which undergoes oxidation during necrotic cell death, is an integral part of the milieu of events taking place in mitochondria leading to membrane disorganization and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tsesin
- Departments of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Boris Khalfin
- Departments of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Ilana Nathan
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel; Hematology Institute, Soroka University Medical Center, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
| | - Abraham H Parola
- Departments of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.
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19
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Ren M, Phoon CKL, Schlame M. Metabolism and function of mitochondrial cardiolipin. Prog Lipid Res 2014; 55:1-16. [PMID: 24769127 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Since it has been recognized that mitochondria are crucial not only for energy metabolism but also for other cellular functions, there has been a growing interest in cardiolipin, the specific phospholipid of mitochondrial membranes. Indeed, cardiolipin is a universal component of mitochondria in all eukaryotes. It has a unique dimeric structure comprised of two phosphatidic acid residues linked by a glycerol bridge, which gives rise to unique physicochemical properties. Cardiolipin plays an important role in the structural organization and the function of mitochondrial membranes. In this article, we review the literature on cardiolipin biology, focusing on the most important discoveries of the past decade. Specifically, we describe the formation, the migration, and the degradation of cardiolipin and we discuss how cardiolipin affects mitochondrial function. We also give an overview of the various phenotypes of cardiolipin deficiency in different organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindong Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Colin K L Phoon
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Michael Schlame
- Department of Anesthesiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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20
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Hypothesis of lipid-phase-continuity proton transfer for aerobic ATP synthesis. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1838-42. [PMID: 24084698 PMCID: PMC3851912 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The basic processes harvesting chemical energy for life are driven by proton (H(+)) movements. These are accomplished by the mitochondrial redox complex V, integral membrane supramolecular aggregates, whose structure has recently been described by advanced studies. These did not identify classical aqueous pores. It was proposed that H(+) transfer for oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) does not occur between aqueous sources and sinks, where an energy barrier would be insurmountable. This suggests a novel hypothesis for the proton transfer. A lipid-phase-continuity H(+) transfer is proposed in which H(+) are always bound to phospholipid heads and cardiolipin, according to Mitchell's hypothesis of asymmetric vectorial H(+) diffusion. A phase separation is proposed among the proton flow, following an intramembrane pathway, and the ATP synthesis, occurring in the aqueous phase. This view reminiscent of Grotthus mechanism would better account for the distance among the Fo and F1 moieties of FoF1-ATP synthase, for its mechanical coupling, as well as the necessity of a lipid membrane. A unique active role for lipids in the evolution of life can be envisaged. Interestingly, this view would also be consistent with the evidence of an OXPHOS outside mitochondria also found in non-vesicular membranes, housing the redox complexes.
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21
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Horvath SE, Daum G. Lipids of mitochondria. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:590-614. [PMID: 24007978 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 606] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A unique organelle for studying membrane biochemistry is the mitochondrion whose functionality depends on a coordinated supply of proteins and lipids. Mitochondria are capable of synthesizing several lipids autonomously such as phosphatidylglycerol, cardiolipin and in part phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid and CDP-diacylglycerol. Other mitochondrial membrane lipids such as phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, sterols and sphingolipids have to be imported. The mitochondrial lipid composition, the biosynthesis and the import of mitochondrial lipids as well as the regulation of these processes will be main issues of this review article. Furthermore, interactions of lipids and mitochondrial proteins which are highly important for various mitochondrial processes will be discussed. Malfunction or loss of enzymes involved in mitochondrial phospholipid biosynthesis lead to dysfunction of cell respiration, affect the assembly and stability of the mitochondrial protein import machinery and cause abnormal mitochondrial morphology or even lethality. Molecular aspects of these processes as well as diseases related to defects in the formation of mitochondrial membranes will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne E Horvath
- Institute of Biochemistry, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12/2, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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22
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Baile MG, Whited K, Claypool SM. Deacylation on the matrix side of the mitochondrial inner membrane regulates cardiolipin remodeling. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:2008-20. [PMID: 23637464 PMCID: PMC3681703 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e13-03-0121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of the clinically relevant tafazzin-mediated cardiolipin (CL) remodeling pathway is incomplete. In this study, a new trafficking step required for CL remodeling has been identified. Further, it is demonstrated that flux through this CL remodeling pathway is controlled by the strength of the mitochondrial electrochemical gradient. The mitochondrial-specific lipid cardiolipin (CL) is required for numerous processes therein. After its synthesis on the matrix-facing leaflet of the inner membrane (IM), CL undergoes acyl chain remodeling to achieve its final form. In yeast, this process is completed by the transacylase tafazzin, which associates with intermembrane space (IMS)-facing membrane leaflets. Mutations in TAZ1 result in the X-linked cardiomyopathy Barth syndrome. Amazingly, despite this clear pathophysiological association, the physiological importance of CL remodeling is unresolved. In this paper, we show that the lipase initiating CL remodeling, Cld1p, is associated with the matrix-facing leaflet of the mitochondrial IM. Thus monolysocardiolipin generated by Cld1p must be transported to IMS-facing membrane leaflets to gain access to tafazzin, identifying a previously unknown step required for CL remodeling. Additionally, we show that Cld1p is the major site of regulation in CL remodeling; and that, like CL biosynthesis, CL remodeling is augmented in growth conditions requiring mitochondrially produced energy. However, unlike CL biosynthesis, dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential stimulates CL remodeling, identifying a novel feedback mechanism linking CL remodeling to oxidative phosphorylation capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Baile
- Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2185, USA
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23
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The role of lipid domains in bacterial cell processes. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:4050-65. [PMID: 23429192 PMCID: PMC3588084 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14024050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Membranes are vital structures for cellular life forms. As thin, hydrophobic films, they provide a physical barrier separating the aqueous cytoplasm from the outside world or from the interiors of other cellular compartments. They maintain a selective permeability for the import and export of water-soluble compounds, enabling the living cell to maintain a stable chemical environment for biological processes. Cell membranes are primarily composed of two crucial substances, lipids and proteins. Bacterial membranes can sense environmental changes or communication signals from other cells and they support different cell processes, including cell division, differentiation, protein secretion and supplementary protein functions. The original fluid mosaic model of membrane structure has been recently revised because it has become apparent that domains of different lipid composition are present in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cell membranes. In this review, we summarize different aspects of phospholipid domain formation in bacterial membranes, mainly in Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis. We describe the role of these lipid domains in membrane dynamics and the localization of specific proteins and protein complexes in relation to the regulation of cellular function.
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24
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Eckmann J, Eckert SH, Leuner K, Muller WE, Eckert GP. Mitochondria: Mitochondrial membranes in brain ageing and neurodegeneration. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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25
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Samhan-Arias AK, Ji J, Demidova OM, Sparvero LJ, Feng W, Tyurin V, Tyurina YY, Epperly MW, Shvedova AA, Greenberger JS, Bayir H, Kagan VE, Amoscato AA. Oxidized phospholipids as biomarkers of tissue and cell damage with a focus on cardiolipin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1818:2413-23. [PMID: 22464971 PMCID: PMC3398793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipid species are important, biologically relevant, lipid signaling molecules that usually exist in low abundance in biological tissues. Along with their inherent stability issues, these oxidized lipids present themselves as a challenge in their detection and identification. Often times, oxidized lipid species can co-chromatograph with non-oxidized species making the detection of the former extremely difficult, even with the use of mass spectrometry. In this study, a normal-phase and reverse-phase two dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectrometric system was applied to separate oxidized phospholipids from their non-oxidized counterparts, allowing unambiguous detection in a total lipid extract. We have utilized bovine heart cardiolipin as well as commercially available tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin oxidized with cytochrome c (cyt c) and hydrogen peroxide as well as with lipoxygenase to test the separation power of the system. Our findings indicate that oxidized species of not only cardiolipin, but other phospholipid species, can be effectively separated from their non-oxidized counterparts in this two dimensional system. We utilized three types of biological tissues and oxidative insults, namely rotenone treatment of lymphocytes to induce mitochondrial damage and cell death, pulmonary inhalation exposure to single walled carbon nanotubes, as well as total body irradiation, in order to identify cardiolipin oxidation products, critical to the cell damage/cell death pathways in these tissues following cellular stress/injury. Our results indicate that selective cardiolipin (CL) oxidation is a result of a non-random free radical process. In addition, we assessed the ability of the system to identify CL oxidation products in the brain, a tissue known for its extreme complexity and diversity of CL species. The ability of the two dimensional HPLC-mass spectrometric system to detect and characterize oxidized lipid products will allow new studies to be formulated to probe the answers to biologically important questions with regard to oxidative lipidomics and cellular insult. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidized phospholipids - their properties and interactions with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Olga M. Demidova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Louis J. Sparvero
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Weihong Feng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vladimir Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andrew A. Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Del Valle I, Gómez-Durán A, Holt WV, Muiño-Blanco T, Cebrián-Pérez JA. Soy lecithin interferes with mitochondrial function in frozen-thawed ram spermatozoa. JOURNAL OF ANDROLOGY 2012; 33:717-25. [PMID: 22134371 DOI: 10.2164/jandrol.111.014944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Egg yolk and milk are the 2 major membrane cryoprotectants commonly used in freezing media for the long-term preservation of semen (alone or in combination with others). However, in recent years, there have been increasing arguments against the use of egg yolk or milk because of the risk of introducing diseases through the use of cryopreserved semen. In this study, we analyzed the protective effect of lecithin as an alternative to egg yolk for the cryopreservation of ram semen, using a range of functional markers for sperm viability, motility, apoptosis, and mitochondrial functionality analyses (mitochondrial inner membrane surface [MIMS], mitochondrial inner membrane potential [MIMP], and cell membrane potential) as methods of assessment in samples diluted in 3 different media: Tris-citrate-glucose as control and 2 media supplemented with soy lecithin or egg yolk. The results showed that lecithin was able to effectively protect certain sperm quality characteristics against freezing-induced damage. However, lecithin induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or mitochondrial loss that was not reflected by modifications in sperm motility in fresh semen. MIMS and MIMP values decreased in thawed lecithin-treated samples, concomitant with a lower (P < .05) percentage of total and progressively motile cells, compared with those in egg yolk-containing samples. Further incubation of thawed samples revealed changes in motility and mitochondrial functionality that otherwise would not have been detected. These results indicated that lecithin may have affected the inner mitochondrial membrane in frozenthawed spermatozoa and confirmed that sublethal damages that seriously affect sperm functionality, not detected by classic sperm quality analyses, can be evidenced by changes in the inner mitochondrial membrane surface. These findings strengthen the relationship between mitochondrial membrane potential and motility and show that the mitochondrial alterations induced by the cryopreservation process could be specific targets for the improvement of semen cryopreservation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Del Valle
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Zaragoza, Miguel Servet, 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain
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27
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Kicia M, Janeczko N, Lewicka J, Hendrich AB. Comparison of the effects of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and colistin on the morphology of cardiolipin domains in Escherichia coli membranes. J Med Microbiol 2011; 61:520-524. [PMID: 22160313 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.037788-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane domains characterized by unique protein and lipid composition allow for compartmentalization and regulation of various biological processes. In Escherichia coli cardiolipin domains play a key role in the dynamic organization of bacterial membranes, and their distribution depends on the stage of the cell cycle. We studied the influence of subinhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin and colistin on the morphology and distribution of E. coli cardiolipin domains. Using the fluorescent dye 10-N-nonyl acridine orange we found that exposure of bacteria to ciprofloxacin significantly increased the percentage of filamentous cells with altered morphology of the cardiolipin domains, while colistin did not induce any significant changes. These results allow us to conclude that inhibition of DNA gyrase causes effects even at the bacterial membrane level and those changes can be easily visualized using 10-N-nonyl acridine orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Kicia
- Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Natalia Janeczko
- Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jagoda Lewicka
- Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Andrzej B Hendrich
- Department of Medical Biology and Parasitology, Wrocław Medical University, ul. Mikulicza-Radeckiego 9, 50-367 Wrocław, Poland
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28
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Diechtierow M, Krauth-Siegel RL. A tryparedoxin-dependent peroxidase protects African trypanosomes from membrane damage. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:856-68. [PMID: 21640819 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydroperoxide detoxification in African trypanosomes is achieved by 2-Cys-peroxiredoxin (TXNPx)- and non-selenium glutathione peroxidase (Px)-type enzymes which both obtain their reducing equivalents from the unique trypanothione/tryparedoxin system. Previous RNA interference approaches revealed that the cytosolic TXNPx and the Px-type enzymes are essential for Trypanosoma brucei. Because of partially overlapping in vitro substrate specificities and subcellular localisation the physiological function of the individual enzymes was not yet clear. As shown here, TXNPx and Px are expressed at comparable levels and in their active reduced state. Px-overexpressing parasites were less sensitive toward linoleic acid hydroperoxide but not hydrogen peroxide. Kinetic studies confirmed that Px-but not TXNPx-reduces lipophilic hydroperoxides including phospholipids with high efficiency. Most interestingly, the severe proliferation defect of Px-depleted bloodstream cells could be rescued by Trolox, but not by hydrophilic antioxidants, in the medium. This allowed us to knock-out the three Px genes individually and thus to distinguish their in vivo role. Deletion of the cytosolic Px I and II resulted in extremely fast membrane peroxidation followed by cell lysis. Cells lacking specifically the mitochondrial Px III showed a transient growth retardation and cardiolipin peroxidation but adapted within 24h to normal proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Diechtierow
- Biochemie-Zentrum der Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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29
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Dumas JF, Goupille C, Julienne CM, Pinault M, Chevalier S, Bougnoux P, Servais S, Couet C. Efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation in liver mitochondria is decreased in a rat model of peritoneal carcinosis. J Hepatol 2011; 54:320-7. [PMID: 21094554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2009] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Cancer cachexia is a dynamic process characterized by a negative energy balance induced by anorexia and hypermetabolism. The mechanisms leading to hypermetabolism are not totally elucidated. This study examines the efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and energy wasting in liver mitochondria isolated from rats with cancer cachexia induced by peritoneal carcinosis (PC). METHODS PC was generated by an intraperitoneal injection of cancer cells (PROb) in BDIX rats. The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation and energy wasting as well as the role played by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cardiolipin (mitochondrial inner membrane phospholipid) in these processes were assessed in liver mitochondria of PC and pair-fed control rats. RESULTS The efficiency of oxidative phosphorylation decreased (-26%) while energy wasting increased (+22%) in liver mitochondria from PC compared to control rats. The increased energy wasting was associated with a higher cardiolipin content (+55%, p<0.05; R(2)=0.64, p<0.05) and with a lower n-6/n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio in cardiolipin (-45%, p<0.05; R(2)=0.21, p<0.05) in PC rats. ROS production was increased by 12-fold in liver mitochondria from PC rats. CONCLUSIONS The efficiency of ATP synthesis was reduced and energy wasting processes were increased in liver mitochondria of PC rats. This suggests that liver mitochondria from PC rats request more nutrients than liver mitochondria from control rats to maintain the same ATP production. These alterations were associated to the content and fatty acid composition of cardiolipin.
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30
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Heit B, Yeung T, Grinstein S. Changes in mitochondrial surface charge mediate recruitment of signaling molecules during apoptosis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2010; 300:C33-41. [PMID: 20926778 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00139.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions with negative lipids contribute to the subcellular localization of polycationic proteins. In situ measurements using cytosolic probes of surface charge indicate that normal mitochondria are not noticeably electronegative. However, during apoptosis mitochondria accrue negative charge and acquire the ability to attract cationic proteins, including K-Ras. The marked increase in the surface charge of mitochondria occurs early in apoptosis, preceding depolarization of their inner membrane, cytochrome c release, and flipping of phosphatidylserine across the plasmalemma. Using novel biosensors, we determined that the increased electronegativity of the mitochondria coincided with and was likely attributable to increased exposure of cardiolipin, which is dianionic. Ectopic (over)expression of cardiolipin-binding proteins precluded the increase in surface charge and inhibited apoptosis, implying that mitochondrial exposure of negatively charged lipids is required for progression of programmed cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Heit
- Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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31
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Zhao W, O W, Fung Y, Cheung MP. Analysis of mitochondria by capillary electrophoresis: cardiolipin levels decrease in response to carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201000018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Moro L, Arbini AA, Hsieh JT, Ford J, Simpson ER, Hajibeigi A, Oz OK. Aromatase deficiency inhibits the permeability transition in mouse liver mitochondria. Endocrinology 2010; 151:1643-52. [PMID: 20194728 DOI: 10.1210/en.2009-1450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lack of estrogens affects male physiology in a number of ways, including severe changes in liver metabolism that result in lipid accumulation and massive hepatic steatosis. Here we investigated whether estrogen deficiency may alter the functionality and permeability properties of liver mitochondria using, as an experimental model, aromatase knockout (ArKO) male mice, which cannot synthesize endogenous estrogens due to a disruption of the Cyp19 gene. Liver mitochondria isolated from ArKO mice displayed increased activity of the mitochondrial respiratory complex IV compared with wild-type mice and were less prone to undergo cyclosporin A-sensitive mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) induced by calcium loading. The altered permeability properties of the mitochondrial membranes were not due to changes in reactive oxygen species, ATP levels, or mitochondrial membrane potential but were associated with increased content of the phospholipid cardiolipin, structural component of the mitochondrial membranes and regulator of the MPT pore, and with increased mitochondrial protein levels of Bcl-2 and the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), regulator and component of the MPT pore, respectively. Real-time RT-PCR demonstrated increased mRNA levels for Bcl-2 and ANT2 but not for the ANT1 isoform in ArKO livers. Supplementation of 17beta-estradiol retrieved ArKO mice from massive hepatic steatosis and restored mitochondrial permeability properties, cardiolipin, Bcl-2, and ANT2 levels. Overall, our findings demonstrate an important role of estrogens in the modulation of hepatic mitochondrial function and permeability properties in males and suggest that estrogen deficiency may represent a novel positive regulator of Bcl-2 and ANT2 proteins, two inhibitors of MPT occurrence and powerful antiapoptotic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Moro
- Institute of Biomembranes and Bioenergetics, National Research Council, Via Amendola 165/A, 70126 Bari, Italy.
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33
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Mileykovskaya E, Dowhan W. Cardiolipin membrane domains in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2009; 1788:2084-91. [PMID: 19371718 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2008] [Revised: 04/01/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) plays a key role in dynamic organization of bacterial and mitochondrial membranes. CL forms membrane domains in bacterial cells, and these domains appear to participate in binding and functional regulation of multi-protein complexes involved in diverse cellular functions including cell division, energy metabolism, and membrane transport. Visualization of CL domains in bacterial cells by the fluorescent dye 10-N-nonyl acridine orange is critically reviewed. Possible mechanisms proposed for CL dynamic localization in bacterial cells are discussed. In the mitochondrial membrane CL is involved in organization of multi-subunit oxidative phosphorylation complexes and in their association into higher order supercomplexes. Evidence suggesting a possible role for CL in concert with ATP synthase oligomers in establishing mitochondrial cristae morphology is presented. Hypotheses on CL-dependent dynamic re-organization of the respiratory chain in response to changes in metabolic states and CL dynamic re-localization in mitochondria during the apoptotic response are briefly addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Mileykovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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34
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Lobasso S, Saponetti MS, Polidoro F, Lopalco P, Urbanija J, Kralj-Iglic V, Corcelli A. Archaebacterial lipid membranes as models to study the interaction of 10-N-nonyl acridine orange with phospholipids. Chem Phys Lipids 2009; 157:12-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Nantes IL, Mugnol KCU. Incorporation of Respiratory Cytochromes in Liposomes: An Efficient Strategy to Study the Respiratory Chain. J Liposome Res 2008; 18:175-94. [DOI: 10.1080/08982100802340367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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36
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Bawa B, Abbott LC. Analysis of calcium ion homeostasis and mitochondrial function in cerebellar granule cells of adult CaV 2.1 calcium ion channel mutant mice. Neurotox Res 2008; 13:1-18. [PMID: 18367436 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CaV 2.1 voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) are highly expressed by cerebellar neurons, and their dysfunction is linked to human disorders including familial hemiplegic migraine, episodic ataxia type 2 and spinocerebellar ataxia type 6. Altered calcium homeostasis, due to dysfunctional Ca(V 2.1 VGCC can severely affect mitochondrial function, eventually leading to neuronal cell death. We study leaner and tottering mice, which carry autosomal recessive mutations in the gene coding for the alpha 1A pore-forming subunit of CaV 2.1 VGCC. Both leaner and tottering mice exhibit cerebellar ataxia and epilepsy. Excessive leaner cerebellar granule cell (CGC) death starts soon after postnatal day 10, but it is not known whether the degree of CGC cell death observed in adult leaner mice is significantly different from wild type mice. We used Fluoro-Jade and TUNEL staining to quantify apoptotic cell death in leaner and wild type CGC. We investigated calcium homeostasis, mitochondrial function and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in isolated CGC, using indicator dyes Fura-2AM, TMRM and CMH2DCFDA, respectively. We observed a small but significant increase in number of apoptotic adult leaner CGC. Calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial function also were altered in leaner CGC. However, no significant differences in ROS levels were observed. It is possible that CGC death in leaner mice may be related to mitochondrial dysfunction but may not be directly related to decreased basal intracellular calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhupinder Bawa
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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37
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Rodriguez ME, Azizuddin K, Zhang P, Chiu SM, Lam M, Kenney ME, Burda C, Oleinick NL. Targeting of mitochondria by 10-N-alkyl acridine orange analogues: role of alkyl chain length in determining cellular uptake and localization. Mitochondrion 2008; 8:237-46. [PMID: 18514589 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2008.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
10-N-Nonyl acridine orange (NAO) is used as a mitochondrial probe because of its high affinity for cardiolipin (CL). Targeting of NAO may also depend on mitochondrial membrane potential. As the nonyl group has been considered essential for targeting, a systematic study of alkyl chain length was undertaken; three analogues (10-methyl-, 10-hexyl-, and 10-hexadecyl-acridine orange) were synthesized and their properties studied in phospholipid monolayers and breast cancer cells. The shortest and longest alkyl chains reduced targeting, whereas the hexyl group was superior to the nonyl group, allowing very clear and specific targeting to mitochondria at concentrations of 20-100 nM, where no evidence of toxicity was apparent. Additional studies in wild-type and cardiolipin-deficient yeast cells suggested that cellular binding was not absolutely dependent upon cardiolipin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam E Rodriguez
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine (BRB-324), Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106-4942, USA
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38
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Cole NB, Dieuliis D, Leo P, Mitchell DC, Nussbaum RL. Mitochondrial translocation of alpha-synuclein is promoted by intracellular acidification. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:2076-89. [PMID: 18440504 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a central role in the selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Expression of the PD protein alpha-synuclein or its familial mutants often sensitizes neurons to oxidative stress and to damage by mitochondrial toxins. This effect is thought to be indirect, since little evidence physically linking alpha-synuclein to mitochondria has been reported. Here, we show that the distribution of alpha-synuclein within neuronal and non-neuronal cells is dependent on intracellular pH. Cytosolic acidification induces translocation of alpha-synuclein from the cytosol onto the surface of mitochondria. Translocation occurs rapidly under artificially-induced low pH conditions and as a result of pH changes during oxidative or metabolic stress. Binding is likely facilitated by low pH-induced exposure of the mitochondria-specific lipid cardiolipin. These results imply a direct role for alpha-synuclein in mitochondrial physiology, especially under pathological conditions, and in principle, link alpha-synuclein to other PD genes in regulating mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson B Cole
- Genetic Diseases Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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39
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Liu J, Epand RF, Durrant D, Grossman D, Chi NW, Epand RM, Lee RM. Role of phospholipid scramblase 3 in the regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced apoptosis. Biochemistry 2008; 47:4518-29. [PMID: 18358005 DOI: 10.1021/bi701962c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced apoptosis, tBid is targeted to mitochondria and causes cytochrome c release. We investigated the regulation of tBid-induced cytochrome c release and apoptosis by phospholipid scramblase 3 (PLS3). Overexpression of PLS3 enhanced, whereas downregulation of PLS3 delayed, TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis and targeting of tBid to mitochondria. On the basis of the theory that tBid targets mitochondrial cardiolipin, we hypothesize that PLS3 enhances translocation of cardiolipin to the mitochondrial surface to facilitate tBid targeting. NAO, a cardiolipin binding dye, was first used to quantify the distribution of cardiolipin. Overexpression of PLS3 increases, whereas downregulation of PLS3 decreases, the percentage of cardiolipin on the mitochondrial surface. Determination of the tBid binding capacity on the mitochondrial surface by FITC-labeled tBid(G94E) also confirmed that tBid binding capacity increased upon PLS3 overexpression and decreased with downregulation of PLS3. PLS3 activity, determined by a lipid flip-flop assay, was activated by calcium and tBid but inhibited by Bcl-2. Mutation of the calcium binding motif abolishes the lipid flip-flop activity of PLS3. PLS3 and tBid may form a bidirectional positive feedback loop that is antagonized by Bcl-2. Overexpression of PLS3 does not affect mitochondrial potential but does interfere with mitochondrial respiration and production of reactive oxygen species. These studies thus establish PLS3 as an important downstream effector of Bcl-2 and tBid in apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihua Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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40
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Mukhopadhyay K, Whitmire W, Xiong YQ, Molden J, Jones T, Peschel A, Staubitz P, Adler-Moore J, McNamara PJ, Proctor RA, Yeaman MR, Bayer AS. In vitro susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus to thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal protein-1 (tPMP-1) is influenced by cell membrane phospholipid composition and asymmetry. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:1187-1197. [PMID: 17379728 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/003111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-induced platelet microbicidal proteins (e.g. tPMP-1) are small cationic peptides released from mammalian platelets. As the cytoplasmic membrane (CM) is a primary target of tPMPs, distinct CM characteristics are likely to affect the cells' susceptibility profiles. In Staphylococcus aureus, CM surface charge and hydrophobicity are principally determined by the content and distribution of its three major phospholipid (PL) constituents: negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL) and positively charged lysyl-PG (LPG). PL composition profiles, and inner vs outer CM leaflet PL distributions, were compared in an isogenic tPMP-susceptible (tPMP(S)) and -resistant (tPMP(R)) S. aureus strain pair (ISP479C vs ISP479R respectively). All PLs were asymmetrically distributed between the outer and inner CM leaflets in both strains. However, in ISP479R, the outer CM leaflet content of LPG was significantly increased vs ISP479C (27.3+/-11.0 % vs 18.6+/-7.0 % respectively; P=0.05). This observation correlated with reduced binding of the cationic proteins cytochrome c, poly-L-lysine, tPMP-1 and the tPMP-1-mimetic peptide, RP1, to tPMP-1(R) whole cells and to model liposomal CMs with LPG content and distribution similar to that of tPMP-1(R) strains. Collectively, selected CM parameters correlated with reduced staphylocidal capacities of tPMP-1 against certain S. aureus strains, including relative increases in outer CM leaflet positive charge and reduced surface binding of cationic molecules. These findings offer new insights into mechanisms of antimicrobial peptide susceptibility and resistance in S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Mukhopadhyay
- The LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - William Whitmire
- The LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Yan Q Xiong
- The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Harbour-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- The LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Jaime Molden
- The Department of Medicine, Harbour-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Tiffanny Jones
- The LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Andreas Peschel
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Petra Staubitz
- Cellular and Molecular Microbiology, Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jill Adler-Moore
- Department of Microbiology, California State Polytechnical State University-Pomona, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Peter J McNamara
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Richard A Proctor
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Michael R Yeaman
- The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Harbour-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- The LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Arnold S Bayer
- The David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- The Department of Medicine, Harbour-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
- The LA Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, USA
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Martínez-Abundis E, García N, Correa F, Franco M, Zazueta C. Changes in specific lipids regulate BAX-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. FEBS J 2007; 274:6500-10. [PMID: 18028444 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2007.06166.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests the existence of lipid microdomains in mitochondria, apparently coexisting as structural elements with some of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore-forming proteins and members of the Bcl-2 family. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of the main components of membrane microdomains (e.g. cholesterol and sphingolipids) in activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) by recombinant BAX (rBAX). For this purpose, we used chemically modified renal cortex mitochondria and renal cortex mitochondria from hypothyroid rats that show a modified mitochondrial lipid composition in vivo. Oligomeric rBAX induced an enhanced permeability conformation in the mPTP of control mitochondria. rBAX failed to induce mPTP opening when the cholesterol and ganglioside content of mitochondria were modified with the chelator methyl-beta-cyclodextrin. Accordingly, hypothyroid mitochondria, with endogenously lower cholesterol and ganglioside content, showed resistance to mPTP opening induced by rBAX. These observations suggest that enriched cholesterol and ganglioside domains in the mitochondrial membranes may determine BAX interaction with the mPTP. An intriguing observation was that chemical extraction of cholesterol and ganglioside in control mitochondria did not have an effect on rBAX insertion. Conversely, in hypothyroid mitochondria, rBAX insertion was diminished dramatically compared with control mitochondria. The membrane and protein changes associated with thyroid status and their possible role in rBAX docking into the membranes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Martínez-Abundis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, México
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42
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Rodrigues T, de França LP, Kawai C, de Faria PA, Mugnol KCU, Braga FM, Tersariol ILS, Smaili SS, Nantes IL. Protective Role of Mitochondrial Unsaturated Lipids on the Preservation of the Apoptotic Ability of Cytochrome c Exposed to Singlet Oxygen. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:25577-87. [PMID: 17567586 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700009200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c-mediated apoptosis in cells submitted to photodynamic therapy raises the question about the ability of photodynamically oxidized cytochrome c (cytc405) to trigger apoptosis as well as the effect of membranes on protein photo-oxidation. Cytochrome c was submitted to irradiation in the presence of MB+ in phosphate buffer and in the presence of four types of phosphatidylcholine/phosphatidylethanolamine/cardiolipin (PCPECL) liposomes (50/30/20%): totally saturated lipids (tsPCPECL), totally unsaturated lipids (tuPCPECL), partially unsaturated (80%) lipids, with unsaturation in the PC and PE content (puPCPECL80), and partially unsaturated (20%) lipids, with unsaturation in the CL content (puPCPECL20). Cytc405 was formed by irradiation in buffered water and in tsPCPECL and puPCPECL20 liposomes. In the presence of tuPCPECL and puPCPECL80, cytochrome c was protected from photodynamic damage (lipid-protected cytochrome c). In CL liposomes, 25% unsaturated lipids were enough to protect cytochrome c. The presence of unsaturated lipids, in amounts varying according to the liposome composition, are crucial to protect cytochrome c. Interesting findings corroborating the unsaturated lipids as cytochrome c protectors were obtained from the analysis of the lipid-oxidized derivatives of the samples. Native cytochrome c, lipid-protected cytochrome c, and cytc405 were microinjected in aortic smooth muscle cells. Apoptosis, characterized by nucleus blebbing and chromatin condensation, was detected in cells loaded with native and lipid protected cytochrome c but not in cells loaded with cytc405. These results suggest that photodynamic therapy-promoted apoptosis is feasible due to the protective effect of the mitochondrial lipids on the cytochrome c structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rodrigues
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Bioquímica Universidade de Mogi das Cruzes, Prédio I, Sala 1S-15, Mogi das Cruzes 08780-911, São Paulo, Brazil
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Rousset S, Nocentini S, Rouillard D, Baroche C, Moustacchi E. Mitochondrial Alterations in Fanconi Anemia Fibroblasts Following Ultraviolet A or Psoralen Photoactivation¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2002)0750159maifaf2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Agafonov AV, Gritsenko EN, Shlyapnikova EA, Kharakoz DP, Belosludtseva NV, Lezhnev EI, Saris NEL, Mironova GD. Ca2+-induced phase separation in the membrane of palmitate-containing liposomes and its possible relation to membrane permeabilization. J Membr Biol 2007; 215:57-68. [PMID: 17443385 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-007-9005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A Ca(2+)-induced phase separation of palmitic acid (PA) in the membrane of azolectin unilamellar liposomes has been demonstrated with the fluorescent membrane probe nonyl acridine orange (NAO). It has been shown that NAO, whose fluorescence in liposomal membranes is quenched in a concentration-dependent way, can be used to monitor changes in the volume of lipid phase. The incorporation of PA into NAO-labeled liposomes increased fluorescence corresponding to the expansion of membrane. After subsequent addition of Ca(2+), fluorescence decreased, which indicated separation of PA/Ca(2+) complexes into distinct membrane domains. The Ca(2+)-induced phase separation of PA was further studied in relation to membrane permeabilization caused by Ca(2+) in the PA-containing liposomes. A supposition was made that the mechanism of PA/Ca(2+)-induced membrane permeabilization relates to the initial stage of Ca(2+)-induced phase separation of PA and can be considered as formation of fast-tightening lipid pores due to chemotropic phase transition in the lipid bilayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey V Agafonov
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Transport, Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Biophysics RAS, Institutskaya str. 3, Pushchino, Moscow Region 142290, Russia.
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Kaewsuya P, Danielson ND, Ekhterae D. Fluorescent determination of cardiolipin using 10-N-nonyl acridine orange. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 387:2775-82. [PMID: 17377779 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2006] [Revised: 01/10/2007] [Accepted: 01/16/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) plays an essential role as a marker for cell apoptosis. Quantitative detection of phospholipids (PLs) by UV absorbance is problematic due to the presence of few double bonds in the structure. Although 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) has been utilized for fluorescent visualization of liposomes and mitochondria through its interaction with CL, in this work, we have developed a specific fluorescent method for CL in solution using NAO. The interaction of sodium n-dodecyl sulfate (SDS), used to treat cells prior to lipid extraction, and other PLs found in cell membranes such as phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidiylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM) with NAO is investigated. The fluorescence intensity of the 0.5 microM NAO signal is strongly quenched by SDS below 25% methanol in water but with a methanol content above 50%, no quenching of NAO by SDS is observed. No fluorescence quenching of NAO with a 50% methanol/50% water solvent by the previously mentioned PLs or 4-20 microM cholesterol with the exception of PG at above 8 microM is noted. Using this 50% methanol/50% water solvent, the fluorescence signal due to the NAO-CL interaction is quite stable from 3 to at least 15 min. With excitation and emission wavelengths set at 518 and 530 nm, respectively, 20 microM NAO provides an inverse linear fluorescence response at 0.2-10 microM CL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9929. The detection limit is 0.2 microM and the limit of quantification is 0.6 microM. Structurally analogous acridine orange and phenosafranin dyes are less effective as fluorescent probes for CL. The CL in the whole cell and membrane samples is quantitatively determined by standard addition to range from 0.2 to 1.5 microM. The level of CL in cell membrane samples, previously subjected to staurosporine which initiates cell apoptosis, is increased but not significantly through use of the t-test.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kaewsuya
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
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Zazueta C, Franco M, Correa F, García N, Santamaría J, Martínez-Abundis E, Chávez E. Hypothyroidism provides resistance to kidney mitochondria against the injury induced by renal ischemia-reperfusion. Life Sci 2007; 80:1252-8. [PMID: 17303178 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Massive Ca(2+) accumulation in mitochondria, plus the stimulating effect of an inducing agent, i.e., oxidative stress, induces the so-called permeability transition, which is characterized by the opening of a nonspecific pore. This work was aimed at studying the influence of thyroid hormone on the opening of such a nonspecific pore in kidney mitochondria, as induced by an oxidative stress. To meet this objective, membrane permeability transition was examined in mitochondria isolated from kidney of euthyroid and hypothyroid rats, after a period of ischemia/reperfusion. It was found that mitochondria from hypothyroid rats were able to retain accumulated Ca(2+) to sustain a transmembrane potential after Ca(2+) addition, as well as to maintain matrix NAD(+) and membrane cytochrome c content. The protective effect of hypothyroidism was clearly opposed to that occurring in ischemic reperfused mitochondria from euthyroid rats. Our findings demonstrate that these mitochondria were unable to preserve selective membrane permeability, except when cyclosporin A was added. It is proposed that the protection is conferred by the low content of cardiolipin found in the inner membrane. This phospholipid is required to switch adenine nucleotide translocase from specific carrier to a non-specific pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Zazueta
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ignacio Chávez, Tlalpan, DF 014080, México
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Sharma NS, Shikhanovich R, Schloss R, Yarmush ML. Sodium butyrate-treated embryonic stem cells yield hepatocyte-like cells expressing a glycolytic phenotype. Biotechnol Bioeng 2006; 94:1053-63. [PMID: 16604521 DOI: 10.1002/bit.20936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells serve as a promising technology to obtain specific cell types for a number of biomedical applications. Because traditional techniques, such as embryoid body formation result in a wide array of differentiated cells such as hepatic, neuronal, and cardiac lineages, strategies have been utilized which favor cell-specific differentiation to generate more uniformity. In the present study, we have investigated the use of sodium butyrate in a monolayer culture configuration to mediate hepatocyte differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells. Several functional assays used to characterize hepatocyte function (viz. urea secretion, intracellular albumin content, cytokeratin 18, and glycogen staining) were used to analyze the differentiating cell population, suggesting the presence of an enriched population of hepatocyte-like cells. Since mature hepatocytes mediate energy metabolism predominantly through oxidative means as opposed to hepatocyte precursors, which are primarily glycolytic, we have performed a kinetic analysis of glycolytic and functional capacity to characterize the differentiated cells. In conjunction with mitochondrial mass and activity measurements, we show that Na-butyrate-mediated differentiated cells mediate energy metabolism predominantly through glycolysis. This metabolic and mitochondrial characterization can assist in evaluating stem cell differentiation and may prove useful in identifying key regulatory molecules in mediating further differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Sharma
- Department of Chemical & Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, 98 Brett Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, USA
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Munteanu E, Verdier M, Grandjean-Forestier F, Stenger C, Jayat-Vignoles C, Huet S, Robert J, Ratinaud MH. Mitochondrial localization and activity of P-glycoprotein in doxorubicin-resistant K562 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:1162-74. [PMID: 16499877 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 01/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now well-established that P-glycoprotein 170 (P-gp), an efflux pump involved in multidrug resistance (MDR) is overexpressed at the plasma membrane of doxorubicin-resistant K562 leukemia cells. Nevertheless, several results suggested: (i) that P-gp-mediated drug efflux was not the only mechanism involved in resistance; (ii) that intracellular compartments could accumulate the drug, preventing it from reaching its nuclear targets; (iii) that agents able to reverse multidrug resistance may lead to intracellular drug redistribution. We have studied the localization of P-gp in mitochondria as well as its functional properties in this compartment. Using several monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) directed against different P-gp epitopes, a protein was detected in the cytoplasm of two doxorubicin-resistant K562 sublines and, by confocal laser scanning microscopy, this protein was shown to co-localize in the Golgi apparatus and in mitochondria, in equivalent proportions. Purified mitochondria were isolated from K562 cell variants; the presence of a protein of about 170 kDa and reacting with several anti-P-gp antibodies was assessed in MDR cells by Western blotting and flow cytometry. Functional assays have shown that mitochondrial P-gp was involved in doxorubicin accumulation inside the organelle but not in its efflux, suggesting an orientation of P-gp in the mitochondrial membrane inverse to that observed in the plasma membrane. A potential role for mitochondrial P-gp in MDR cells would be to protect the nucleus from doxorubicin. This is the first demonstration of the presence and functional activity of P-gp in mitochondria of MDR cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Munteanu
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Mitochondriale, EA 3842 Faculté de Médecine, Limoges, France
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Mileykovskaya E, Zhang M, Dowhan W. Cardiolipin in energy transducing membranes. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:154-8. [PMID: 15807653 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0095-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a phospholipid located exclusively in energy transducing membranes such as the bacterial cytoplasmic membrane and the inner membrane of mitochondria. It plays both a structural and a functional role in many multimeric complexes associated with these membranes. The role of cardiolipin in higher order organization of components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain revealed by a combined molecular genetic and biochemical approach is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mileykovskaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas-Houston, Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Garcia Fernandez MI, Ceccarelli D, Muscatello U. Use of the fluorescent dye 10-N-nonyl acridine orange in quantitative and location assays of cardiolipin: a study on different experimental models. Anal Biochem 2005; 328:174-80. [PMID: 15113694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2004.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2003] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescent dye 10-N-nonyl acridine orange (NAO) is extensively used for location and quantitative assays of cardiolipin in living cells on the assumption of its high specificity for cardiolipin; however, the limits and the mechanism of this specificity are not clear. Moreover, whether factors such as the membrane potential in mitochondria may limit the consistency of the results obtained by this method is open to discussion. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of some experimental factors on the selective fluorescence of NAO in the presence of cardiolipin in artificial and natural membranes (mitochondria). The results show that the fluorescence of NAO, due to interaction with cardiolipin, is significantly modified by factors that control the spatial arrangement of cardiolipin molecules within the space of the membrane under investigation. Moreover, the present observations suggest that the specific effect of cardiolipin is to facilitate the dimerization of this fluorescent dye, thus confirming that reliable measurements of cardiolipin concentration can be obtained only when the NAO/cardiolipin molar ratio is equal to 2. The finding is also reported that in isolated respiring mitochondria the interaction of NAO with cardiolipin is somewhat related to the respiratory state of mitochondria.
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