1
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Kim JY, Jung J, Kim KM, Lee J, Im YH. TP53 mutations predict poor response to immunotherapy in patients with metastatic solid tumors. Cancer Med 2023. [PMID: 37081749 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND TP53 is the most commonly mutated gene across all cancer types. R175H mutation was considered structural mutation where the mutation causes misfolding of the protein and leads to a significant conformational alterations within p53's DNA binding domain. The aim of this study was to explain the reason why R175H worse the response to immunotherapy by analyzing tumor immune microenvironment through the expression of immune cells and PD-1. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients diagnosed with metastatic carcinoma, including colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer (BRCA), gastric cancer (GC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and 20 other cancer types, treated in a palliative setting at Samsung Medical Center between October 2019 and April 2021, were enrolled. Of these patients, those who underwent TDS analysis (TruSight™ Oncology 500 assay [TSO 500]) were finally analyzed. RESULTS Of 1770 patients, 1012 (57.2%) harbored genetic alterations in TP53. All mutations were single nucleotide variants (SNVs), and the most frequent SNV was R175H (n = 84, 7.5%) which was known as one of the most common hotspot TP53 mutation. The overall survival of patients with TP53 R175H mutations was significantly worse following chemotherapy (606 vs. 456 days, p < 0.001) or immunotherapy (822 vs. 350 days, p < 0.001) compared to those with TP53 mutation in other loci. RNA sequencing indicated that the immune response-related pathways were downregulated in tumors harboring TP53 R175H mutation. Moreover, the expression of CD8(+) T cells PD-1 were lowered in R175H mutation tumors. In the analysis of TP53 structural domain, compared to those having TP53 mutation in other domain, patients with mutations occurring in the nuclear exporter signal (NES) and E4F1-binding domains had significantly worse overall survival following chemotherapy (NES: 606 vs. 451 days, p = 0.043; E4F1: 606 vs. 469 days, p = 0.046) and immunotherapy (NES: 822 vs. 403 days, p < 0.001; E4F1: 822 vs. 413 days, p < 0.001). In addition, tumors with TP53 mutation and co-existing copy number amplification of CCND1, FGF4, and FGF19 in chromosome 11 conferred worse prognosis than those with only TP53 mutation (p < 0.050). DISCUSSION Each TP53 mutations indicated differential treatment outcomes following chemotherapy or immunotherapy in patients with metastatic cancer. Functional analysis including RNASeq suggested that TP53 mutation downregulated immune response. CONCLUSION Overall, we found each TP53 mutation to indicate different prognoses in patients with metastatic tumors undergoing chemotherapy and ICI treatment. Further validations, including a prospective cohort study or a functional study, would be particularly valuable in advancing the knowledge on this aspect and developing improved prognostic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Yeon Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jaeyun Jung
- Innovative Institute for Precision Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Mee Kim
- Department of Pathology and Translational Genomics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jeeyun Lee
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Innovative Institute for Precision Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Hyuck Im
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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2
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Zhang Y, Xie S, Wang X, Akram MA, Hu W, Dong L, Sun Y, Li H, Degen AA, Xiong J, Ran J, Deng J. Concentrations and bioconcentration factors of leaf microelements in response to environmental gradients in drylands of China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1143442. [PMID: 36938005 PMCID: PMC10019776 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1143442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Determining response patterns of plant leaf elements to environmental variables would be beneficial in understanding plant adaptive strategies and in predicting ecosystem biogeochemistry processes. Despite the vital role of microelements in life chemistry and ecosystem functioning, little is known about how plant microelement concentrations, especially their bioconcentration factors (BCFs, the ratio of plant to soil concentration of elements), respond to large-scale environmental gradients, such as aridity, soil properties and anthropogenic activities, in drylands. The aim of the present study was to fill this important gap. We determined leaf microelement BCFs by measuring the concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn in soils from 33 sites and leaves of 111 plants from 67 species across the drylands of China. Leaf microelement concentrations were maintained within normal ranges to satisfy the basic requirements of plants, even in nutrient-poor soil. Aridity, soil organic carbon (SOC) and electrical conductivity (EC) had positive effects, while soil pH had a negative effect on leaf microelement concentrations. Except for Fe, aridity affected leaf microelement BCFs negatively and indirectly by increasing soil pH and SOC. Anthropogenic activities and soil clay contents had relatively weak impacts on both leaf microelement concentrations and BCFs. Moreover, leaf microelement concentrations and BCFs shifted with thresholds at 0.89 for aridity and 7.9 and 8.9 for soil pH. Woody plants were positive indicator species and herbaceous plants were mainly negative indicator species of leaf microelement concentrations and BCFs for aridity and soil pH. Our results suggest that increased aridity limits the absorption of microelements by plant leaves and enhances leaf microelement concentrations. The identification of indicator species for the response of plant microelements to aridity and key soil characteristics revealed that woody species in drylands were more tolerant to environmental changes than herbaceous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaoting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Adnan Akram
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
- School of Economics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weigang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Longwei Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hailing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Abraham Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Junlan Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jinzhi Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jianming Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-ecosystems (SKLHIGA), College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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3
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Qin J, Xu J. Arginine methylation in the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. FEBS J 2022; 289:7292-7303. [PMID: 34358413 PMCID: PMC10181118 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial cells acquire mesenchymal characteristics during embryonic development, wound healing, fibrosis, and in cancer in a processed termed epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Regulatory networks of EMT are controlled by post-transcriptional, translational, and post-translational mechanisms, in which arginine methylation is critically involved. Here, we review arginine methylation-dependent mechanisms that regulate EMT in the aspects of signaling, transcriptional, and splicing regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Qin
- Central laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, Herman Ostrow School of Dentistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Norris Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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4
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Zhdanov O, Blatt MR, Zare-Behtash H, Busse A. Unidirectional versus bidirectional brushing: Simulating wind influence on Arabidopsis thaliana. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 3:e7. [PMID: 37077979 PMCID: PMC10095948 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants acclimate to various types of mechanical stresses through thigmomorphogenesis and alterations in their mechanical properties. Although resemblance between wind- and touch-induced responses provides the foundation for studies where wind influence was mimicked by mechanical perturbations, factorial experiments revealed that it is not always straightforward to extrapolate results induced by one type of perturbation to the other. To investigate whether wind-induced changes in morphological and biomechanical traits can be reproduced, we subjected Arabidopsis thaliana to two vectorial brushing treatments. Both treatments significantly affected the length, mechanical properties and anatomical tissue composition of the primary inflorescence stem. While some of the morphological changes were found to be in line with those induced by wind, changes in the mechanical properties exhibited opposite trends irrespective of the brushing direction. Overall, a careful design of the brushing treatment gives the possibility to obtain a closer match to wind-induced changes, including a positive tropic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleksandr Zhdanov
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Blatt
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Bower Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hossein Zare-Behtash
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Busse
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
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5
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Zargar O, Li Q, Nwaobi C, Pharr M, Finlayson SA, Muliana A. Thigmostimulation alters anatomical and biomechanical properties of bioenergy sorghum stems. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2022; 127:105090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2022.105090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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Chung KP, Huang YL, Chen YJ, Juan YH, Hsu CL, Nakahira K, Huang YT, Lin MW, Wu SG, Shih JY, Chang YL, Yu CJ. Multi-kinase framework promotes proliferation and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma through activation of dynamin-related protein 1. Mol Oncol 2020; 15:560-578. [PMID: 33152171 PMCID: PMC7858280 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies revealed the role of dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1), encoded by the DNM1L gene, in regulating the growth of cancer cells of various origins. However, the regulation, function, and clinical significance of DRP1 remain undetermined in lung adenocarcinoma. Our study shows that the expression and activation of DRP1 are significantly correlated with proliferation and disease extent, as well as an increased risk of postoperative recurrence in stage I to stage IIIA lung adenocarcinoma. Loss of DRP1 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines leads to an altered mitochondrial morphology, fewer copies of mitochondrial DNA, decreased respiratory complexes, and impaired oxidative phosphorylation. Additionally, the proliferation and invasion are both suppressed in DRP1-depleted lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Our data further revealed that DRP1 activation through serine 616 phosphorylation is regulated by ERK/AKT and CDK2 in lung adenocarcinoma cell lines. Collectively, we propose the multikinase framework in activating DRP1 in lung adenocarcinoma to promote the malignant properties. Biomarkers related to mitochondrial reprogramming, such as DRP1, can be used to evaluate the risk of postoperative recurrence in early-stage lung adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Pin Chung
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Huang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jung Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsiu Juan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kiichi Nakahira
- Department of Pharmacology, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Yen-Tsung Huang
- Institute of Statistical Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Wei Lin
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shang-Gin Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Yuan Shih
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Leong Chang
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department and Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chong-Jen Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Biomedical Park Hospital, Zhubei City, Taiwan
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7
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Wei C, Zhao X, Wang L, Zhang H. TRIP suppresses cell proliferation and invasion in choroidal melanoma via promoting the proteasomal degradation of Twist1. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3170-3181. [PMID: 32640040 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Choroidal melanoma (CM) remains the most prevalent form of intraocular malignancy, and the prognosis of affected patients is poor. While the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRAF-interacting protein (TRIP) is known to play key regulatory roles in multiple diseases, its relevance in CM remains uncertain. In the present study, we found that TRIP overexpression is sufficient to inhibit the proliferation, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CM cells in vitro, whereas the opposite phenotypes are observed following TRIP knockdown. We further determined that TRIP is able to promote the K48-polyubiquitination of EMT-associated transcription factor Twist-related protein 1, thereby suppressing EMT progression. Together, our results suggest that TRIP plays an important role in regulating the progression of CM and that it may therefore be an important therapeutic target for the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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8
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Liu L, Yu ZY, Yu TT, Cui SH, Yang L, Chang H, Qu YH, Lv XF, Zhang XA, Ren CC. A Slug-dependent mechanism is responsible for tumor suppression of p53-stabilizing compound CP-31398 in p53-mutated endometrial carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:8768-8778. [PMID: 32633026 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutation in the tumor suppressor gene p53 is the most frequent molecular defect in endometrial carcinoma (EC). Recently, CP-31398, a p53-stabilizing compound, has been indicated to possess the ability to alter the expression of non-p53 target genes in addition to p53 downstream genes in tumor cells. Herein, we explore the alternative mechanisms underlying the restoration of EC tumor suppressor function in mutant p53 by CP-31398. A p53-mutated EC cell was constructed in AN3CA cells with restored or partial loss of Slug using lentiviral vectors, followed by treatment with 25 μM CP-31398. A p53-independent mechanism of CP-31398 was confirmed by the interaction between mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) and Slug AN3CA cells treated with IWR-1 (inhibitor of Wnt response 1). Furthermore, the AN3CA cells were treated with short hairpin RNA against Slug, Wnt-specific activators (LiCl) or inhibitors (XAV-939) followed by CP-31398 treatment. Moreover, AN3CA cell proliferation and apoptosis were examined. A tumorigenicity assay was conducted in nude mice. CP-31398 could promote the apoptosis of p53-mutated EC cells, while Slug reversed this effect. Slug ubiquitination was found to occur via binding of Slug to MDM2 in AN3CA cells. We found that CP-31398 increased the GSK-3ß, p-Slug, Puma, Wtp53, and Bax expressions whereas Wnt, Mtp-53, Slug, Bcl-2, and Ki-67 expressions were decreased. However, these findings were reversed following the activation of the Wnt pathway and overexpression of Slug. Finally, the in vivo experimental evidence confirmed that CP-31398 with depleted Slug suppressed tumor growth by downregulating the Slug. Collectively, CP-31398-regulated Slug downregulation represses the p53-mutated EC via the p53/Wnt/Puma pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Yu
- Department of Gynecology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tan-Tan Yu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shi-Hong Cui
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yan-Hong Qu
- Department of Prenatal Diagnosis and Fetal Therapy, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-An Zhang
- Department of Imaging, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen-Chen Ren
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Zhao K, Wang D, Zhao X, Wang C, Gao Y, Liu K, Wang F, Wu X, Wang X, Sun L, Zang J, Mei Y. WDR63 inhibits Arp2/3-dependent actin polymerization and mediates the function of p53 in suppressing metastasis. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e49269. [PMID: 32128961 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201949269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that p53 plays a suppressive role in cancer metastasis, yet the underlying mechanism remains largely unclear. Regulation of actin dynamics is essential for the control of cell migration, which is an important step in metastasis. The Arp2/3 complex is a major nucleation factor to initiate branched actin polymerization that drives cell migration. However, it is unknown whether p53 could suppress metastasis through modulating Arp2/3 function. Here, we report that WDR63 is transcriptionally upregulated by p53. We show with migration assays and mouse xenograft models that WDR63 negatively regulates cell migration, invasion, and metastasis downstream of p53. Mechanistically, WDR63 interacts with the Arp2/3 complex and inhibits Arp2/3-mediated actin polymerization. Furthermore, WDR63 overexpression is sufficient to dampen the increase in cell migration, invasion, and metastasis induced by p53 depletion. Together, these findings suggest that WDR63 is an important player in the regulation of Arp2/3 function and also implicate WDR63 as a critical mediator of p53 in suppressing metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Decai Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaolong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chenfeng Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yongxiang Gao
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Kaiyue Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fang Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xianning Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xuejuan Wang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Linfeng Sun
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jianye Zang
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yide Mei
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, Division of Lifesciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
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10
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Liu A, Sun X, Xu J, Xuan Y, Zhao Y, Qiu T, Hou F, Qin Y, Wang Y, Lu T, Wo Y, Li Y, Xing X, Jiao W. Relevance and prognostic ability of Twist, Slug and tumor spread through air spaces in lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Med 2020; 9:1986-1998. [PMID: 31970942 PMCID: PMC7064118 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor spread through air spaces (STAS) is a novel pathologic characteristic in lung adenocarcinomas that indicates invasive tumor behavior. We aimed to explore the relationship between Twist, Slug and STAS in lung adenocarcinoma and to investigate the potential relationship between epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and STAS. MATERIALS AND METHODS Our study retrospectively analyzed 115 patients with resected lung adenocarcinomas to evaluate the relationship between Twist, Slug and STAS. STAS was diagnosed using hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression levels of Slug and Twist. RESULTS In this study, 56 (48.7%) patients had STAS, 40 (34.8%) patients had Slug overexpression, and 28 (24.3%) patients had Twist overexpression. Patients with either STAS or Slug and Twist overexpression experienced poor recurrence-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). There were significant associations between Twist overexpression, Slug overexpression and the presence of STAS. The logistic model further revealed that pathological stage, Twist overexpression and Slug overexpression were independent risk factors for STAS. A multivariate analysis that contained Twist, Slug, pathologic stage and STAS, showed that pathologic stage and STAS were independent prognostic factors for poor RFS and OS. Another multivariate model that contained Twist, Slug and pathologic stage, showed that pathologic stage, Twist overexpression and Slug overexpression were independent risk factors for poor RFS and OS. In the cohort with STAS, the multivariate analysis showed that pathologic stage and Twist overexpression were independent risk factors for poor survival. The subgroup analysis showed that patients with both Slug overexpression and Twist overexpression with STAS received a poor prognosis. CONCLUSIONS STAS, Slug and Twist were correlated with poor RFS and OS in resected lung adenocarcinomas. Additionally, STAS was correlated with the overexpression of Twist and Slug, which could potentially provide information on the mechanism of STAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Liu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xiao Sun
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Jin Xu
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yunpeng Xuan
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yandong Zhao
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Tong Qiu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Feng Hou
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yi Qin
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yuanyong Wang
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Tong Lu
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yang Wo
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Yujun Li
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Xiaoming Xing
- Department of PathologyAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
| | - Wenjie Jiao
- Department of Thoracic SurgeryAffiliated Hospital of Qingdao UniversityQingdaoChina
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11
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Bakshi A, Shafi R, Nelson J, Cantrell WC, Subhadarshani S, Andea A, Athar M, Elmets CA. The clinical course of actinic keratosis correlates with underlying molecular mechanisms. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:995-1002. [PMID: 31299087 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common premalignant skin lesions triggered by excessive ultraviolet exposure. The majority of AKs regress or persist, but some progress to squamous cell carcinomas. Biomarkers associated with their persistence, progression and regression have not been characterized. OBJECTIVES We performed skin biopsies in patients with extensive actinic damage to identify biomarkers that correlate with clinical progression and regression of AKs. METHODS This was an observational study of a cohort of patients with extensive actinic damage. AKs were mapped on a clear plastic template in 26 patients at months 3, 6, 9 and 11. Biopsies were taken from randomly selected, predetermined AKs and were evaluated for p53, E-cadherin, Snail, Slug and Twist. The study is registered at Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00027976. RESULTS p53 exhibited greater expression in clinically apparent AKs (histological score 2·89 ± 1·45) than in regressed AKs (0·75 ± 0·96); P < 0·01. There was also significantly less membrane E-cadherin, the lack of which is a marker of epithelial-mesenchymal transition, in clinically apparent AKs (1·89 ± 1·81) than in sun-exposed skin (3·07 ± 1·75); P < 0·005. The E-cadherin transcription repressors Snail, Slug and Twist were increased in AKs compared with sun-exposed skin. A limitation of the study is that measurement of histological biomarkers was not a primary end point. In addition, patients were allowed to apply sunscreens. CONCLUSIONS At the molecular level, loss of E-cadherin and an increase in p53 are linked to the dynamic interplay between the persistence, progression and regression of AKs. What's already known about this topic? Actinic keratoses (AKs) are common dysplastic epidermal lesions that result from chronic and excessive ultraviolet exposure. Biomarkers associated with progression and regression of AK have not been characterized. What does this study add? Decreased E-cadherin and increased p53, Snail, Slug and Twist (E-cadherin transcription factors) were associated with progression from AK to nonmelanoma skin cancer. What is the translational message? Strategies targeting these molecules may be effective in reversing rising skin cancer rates. E-cadherin, p53, Snail, Slug and Twist are potential biomarkers that may be used to assess the efficacy of existing chemopreventive agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakshi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, U.S.A
| | - R Shafi
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - J Nelson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - W C Cantrell
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - S Subhadarshani
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - A Andea
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, U.S.A
| | - M Athar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
| | - C A Elmets
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, U.S.A
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12
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Wu J, Chen J, Feng Y, Tian H, Chen X. Tumor microenvironment as the "regulator" and "target" for gene therapy. J Gene Med 2019; 21:e3088. [PMID: 30938916 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.3088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we focus on strategies for designing functional nano gene carriers, as well as choosing therapeutic genes targeting the tumor microenvironment. Gene mutations have a great impact on the occurrence of cancer. Thus, gene therapy plays a major role in cancer therapy and has the potential to cure cancer. Well-designed gene therapy largely relies on effective gene carriers, which can be divided into viral carriers and non-viral carriers. A gene carrier delivers functional genes to their intracellular target and avoids nucleic acids being degraded by nucleases in the serum. Most conventional cancer gene therapies only target cancer cells and do not appear to be sufficintly efficient to pass clinical trials. Accumulating evidence has shown that extending the therapeutic strategies to the tumor microenvironment, rather than the tumor cell itself, can allow more options for achieving robust anti-cancer efficiency. In addition, unusual features between tumor microenvironment and normal tissues, such as a lower pH, higher glutathione and reactive oxygen species concentrations, and overexpression of some enzymes, facilitate the design of smart stimuli-responsive gene carriers regulated by the tumor microenvironment. These carriers interact with nucleic acids and then form stable nanoparticles under physiological conditions. By regulation of the tumor microenvironment, stimuli-responsive gene carriers are able to change their properties and achieve high gene delivery efficiency. Considering the tumor microenvironment as the "regulator" and "target" when designing gene carriers and choosing therapeutic genes shows significant benefit with respect to improving the accuracy and efficiency of cancer gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanji Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Jilin Biomedical Polymers Engineering Laboratory, Changchun, China
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13
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Sivakumar P, Kim S, Kang HC, Shim MS. Targeted siRNA delivery using aptamer-siRNA chimeras and aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 11:e1543. [PMID: 30070426 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The sequence-specific gene-silencing ability of small interfering RNA (siRNA) has been exploited as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of a variety of diseases. However, efficient and safe delivery of siRNA into target cells is still a challenge in the clinical development of siRNA-based therapeutics. Recently, nucleic acid-based aptamers that target cell surface proteins have emerged as a new class of targeting moieties due to their high specificity and avidity. To date, various aptamer-mediated siRNA delivery systems have been developed to enhance the RNA interference (RNAi) efficacy of siRNA via targeted delivery. In this review, we summarize recent advances in developing aptamer-mediated siRNA delivery systems for RNAi therapeutics, mainly aptamer-siRNA chimeras and aptamer-functionalized nanocarriers incorporating siRNA, with a focus on their molecular designs and formulations. In addition, the challenges and engineering strategies of aptamer-mediated siRNA delivery systems for clinical translation are discussed. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Nucleic Acid-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmanaban Sivakumar
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kim
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kang
- Department of Pharmacy, Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, and BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Suk Shim
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
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14
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Kim J, Bae S, An S, Park JK, Kim EM, Hwang SG, Kim WJ, Um HD. Cooperative actions of p21WAF1 and p53 induce Slug protein degradation and suppress cell invasion. EMBO Rep 2014; 15:1062-8. [PMID: 25141863 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201438587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
How the p53 transcription factor/tumor suppressor inhibits cell invasion is poorly understood. We demonstrate that this function of p53 requires its direct interaction with p21(WAF1), a transcriptional target of p53, and that both p21 and p53 bind to Slug, which promotes cell invasion. Functional studies reveal that p21 and p53 cooperate to facilitate Mdm2-dependent Slug degradation and that this p53 function is mimicked by p53(R273H), a mutant lacking trans-activating activity. These actions of p21 and p53 are induced by γ-irradiation of cells and also operate in vivo. This is the first study to elucidate a mechanism involving p53 and p21 cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jongdoo Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea Department of Radiological Cancer Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seunghee Bae
- Molecular-Targeted Drug Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungkwan An
- Molecular-Targeted Drug Research Center, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Kuk Park
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Mi Kim
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Gu Hwang
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wun-Jae Kim
- Department of Urology, Chungbuk National University, Chungju, Korea
| | - Hong-Duck Um
- Division of Radiation Cancer Biology, Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea Department of Radiological Cancer Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Xu L, Freitas SMA, Yu FH, Dong M, Anten NPR, Werger MJA. Effects of trampling on morphological and mechanical traits of dryland shrub species do not depend on water availability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53021. [PMID: 23341918 PMCID: PMC3547011 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In semiarid drylands water shortage and trampling by large herbivores are two factors limiting plant growth and distribution. Trampling can strongly affect plant performance, but little is known about responses of morphological and mechanical traits of woody plants to trampling and their possible interaction with water availability. Seedlings of four shrubs (Caragana intermedia, Cynanchum komarovi, Hedysarum laeve and Hippophae rhamnoides) common in the semiarid Mu Us Sandland were grown at 4% and 10% soil water content and exposed to either simulated trampling or not. Growth, morphological and mechanical traits were measured. Trampling decreased vertical height and increased basal diameter and stem resistance to bending and rupture (as indicated by the increased minimum bend and break force) in all species. Increasing water availability increased biomass, stem length, basal diameter, leaf thickness and rigidity of stems in all species except C. komarovii. However, there were no interactive effects of trampling and water content on any of these traits among species except for minimum bend force and the ratio between stem resistance to rupture and bending. Overall shrub species have a high degree of trampling resistance by morphological and mechanical modifications, and the effects of trampling do not depend on water availability. However, the increasing water availability can also affect trade-off between stem strength and flexibility caused by trampling, which differs among species. Water plays an important role not only in growth but also in trampling adaptation in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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16
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Xu L, Yu FH, Werger M, Dong M, Anten NPR. Interactive effects of mechanical stress, sand burial and defoliation on growth and mechanical properties in Cynanchum komarovii. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2013; 15:126-134. [PMID: 22672443 DOI: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.2012.00629.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In drylands, wind, sand burial and grazing are three important factors affecting growth and mechanical properties of plants, but their interactive effects have not yet been investigated. Plants of the semi-shrub Cynanchum komarovii, common in semi-arid parts of NE Asia, were subjected to brushing, burial and defoliation. We measured biomass allocation and relative increment rates of dry mass (RGR(m)), height (RGR(h)) and basal diameter (RGR(d)). We also measured the stem mechanical properties, Young's modulus (E), second moment of area (I), flexural stiffness (EI) and breaking stress (σ(b)), and scaled these traits to the whole-plant level to determine the maximum lateral force (F(lateral)) and the buckling safety factor (BSF). Brushing increased RGR(m); neither burial nor defoliation independently affected RGR(m), but together they reduced it. Among buried plants, brushing positively affected stem rigidity and strength through increasing RGR(d), E, I and EI, and at whole plant level this resulted in a larger BSF and F(lateral). However, among unburied plants this pattern was not observed. Our results thus show that effects of mechanical stress and grazing on plants can be strongly modified by burial, and these interactions should be taken into account when considering adaptive significance of plant mechanical traits in drylands.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Lin JC, Wu YY, Wu JY, Lin TC, Wu CT, Chang YL, Jou YS, Hong TM, Yang PC. TROP2 is epigenetically inactivated and modulates IGF-1R signalling in lung adenocarcinoma. EMBO Mol Med 2012; 4:472-85. [PMID: 22419550 PMCID: PMC3443948 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201200222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Trop-2, a cell surface glycoprotein, contains both extracellular epidermal growth factor-like and thyroglobulin type-1 repeat domains. Low TROP2 expression was observed in lung adenocarcinoma tissues as compared with their normal counterparts. The lack of expression could be due to either the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) or hypermethylation of the CpG island DNA of TROP2 upstream promoter region as confirmed by bisulphite sequencing and methylation-specific (MS) polymerase chain reaction (PCR). 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine treatment on lung cancer cell (CL) lines, CL1-5 and A549, reversed the hypermethylation status and elevated both TROP2 mRNA and protein expression levels. Enforced expression of TROP2 in the lung CL line H1299 reduced AKT as well as ERK activation and suppressed cell proliferation and colony formation. Conversely, silencing TROP2 with shRNA transfection in the less efficiently tumour-forming cell line H322M enhanced AKT activation and increased tumour growth. Trop-2 could attenuate IGF-1R signalling-mediated AKT/β-catenin and ERK activation through a direct binding of IGF1. In conclusion, inactivation of TROP2 due to LOH or by DNA methylation may play an important role in lung cancer tumourigenicity through losing its suppressive effect on IGF-1R signalling and tumour growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Chen Lin
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Fu-Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
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18
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Melzer B, Seidel R, Steinbrecher T, Speck T. Structure, attachment properties, and ecological importance of the attachment system of English ivy (Hedera helix). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:191-201. [PMID: 21914660 PMCID: PMC3245459 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/err260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 07/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Root climbers such as English ivy (Hedera helix) rely on specialized adventitious roots for attachment, enabling the plants to climb on a wide range of natural and artificial substrates. Despite their importance for the climbing habit, the biomechanical properties of these specialized adventitious roots compared with standard roots and their performance in the attachment to different host species or inert substrates have not been studied. Here organs and tissues involved in the attachment are characterized and their significance in regard to a broader functional and ecological aspect is discussed. Depending on the substrate, the root clusters show different types of failure modes at various frequencies, demonstrating the close interaction between the climber and its substrates. With a Young's Modulus of 109.2 MPa, the attachment roots are relatively stiff for non-woody roots. The central cylinders of the attachment roots show a high tensile strength of 38 MPa and a very high extensibility of 34%. In host trees naturally co-distributed with English ivy, a 'balanced' occurrence of failure of the attachment system of the climber and the bark of the host is found, suggesting a co-evolution of climber and host. Maximum loads of root clusters normalized by the number of roots match those of individually tested attachment roots. In comparison with most subterranean roots the properties and structure of the attachment roots of English ivy show distinct differences. There exist similarities to the properties found for roots of Galium aparine, suggesting a trend in not fully self-supporting plants towards a higher extensibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Melzer
- Plant Biomechanics Group Freiburg, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Schaenzlestrasse 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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